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Module 4 - Thermal Physics (Part 1)

This document provides an overview of thermal physics concepts including: - Heat is a form of energy that transfers from hot to cold areas, while temperature measures how hot or cold something is. - Molecular motion increases with heat, as seen when water boils on a stove. Heat transfers via conduction, convection and radiation. - Temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin relate to molecular kinetic energy and velocity. Materials expand when heated as particle spacing increases, and contract when cooled. - Engineers must account for thermal expansion and contraction in designs using expansion joints or matching expansion coefficients between materials.

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Gabriel Ramos
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64 views18 pages

Module 4 - Thermal Physics (Part 1)

This document provides an overview of thermal physics concepts including: - Heat is a form of energy that transfers from hot to cold areas, while temperature measures how hot or cold something is. - Molecular motion increases with heat, as seen when water boils on a stove. Heat transfers via conduction, convection and radiation. - Temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin relate to molecular kinetic energy and velocity. Materials expand when heated as particle spacing increases, and contract when cooled. - Engineers must account for thermal expansion and contraction in designs using expansion joints or matching expansion coefficients between materials.

Uploaded by

Gabriel Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Physics for Engineers Engr. Lara Jane D.

Mendoza
Instructor
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Module 4 – Thermal Physics (Part 1)


Introduction

You’re likely familiar with thermometers


and taking temperatures, feeling hot and
cold, and what it takes to boil water. Now
it's time to expand upon your intuitive
understanding of heat and temperature.
Thermal physics is the study of heat,
temperature and how these affect
matter.
Heat and Temperature
Heat and temperature are not the same thing. Actually, heat is a form of energy,
while temperature is how hot or cold something is.
Heat
When you put water on a stove and turn on the
burner, it will boil if heated to the right temperature.
The heat energy the burner creates to warm up the
water is called heat. By definition, heat is a form of
energy where energy moves from a hot area to a
colder area.
To understand, you need to explore what happens at
the molecular level. When you put a pot of water on
the stove and turn on the burner, the molecules within
the water start to get excited and move faster. You can
even see this excitement if you’ve ever witnessed water
rolling around in the pan. This is because the heat
from the burner went into the colder water. Eventually,
the hot water will evaporate into the colder air.
Heat
And there you have it, that’s an example of heat energy. In total, there are three
different ways heat energy can transfer, called conduction, convection and
radiation.
Measuring Heat

Since objects can gain or lose heat, there


must be a way to measure heat energy. The
work required for heat to be transferred is
measured in Joules (J). While joule is the
most common, you might also hear of heat
measured in a calorie (cal). This makes
sense, since the tool used to measure heat
in a chemical reaction is called a
calorimeter.
Temperature

The quantity that tells us how hot or cold


something is compared to a standard is called
temperature.
What does temperature represent?
Temperature is related to the average kinetic
energy of the molecules of the matter for which
the temperature represents.
The higher the temperature, the faster the
molecules’ kinetic energy and velocity.

KE = ½ m v2
Measuring Temperature

Because of this relationship between temperature, KE


and average molecular velocity, we can conclude
that all molecular velocity should stop when the
temperature is zero.
Molecular velocity does stop when the absolute
temperature reaches absolute zero.
The temperature scales that you are likely used to
are Fahrenheit and Celsius, which are relative scales.
The associated absolute scales are Rankine and
Kelvin.
Temperature

Temperature Celsius Kelvin


Water 0°C 273K
Freezing
Water 100°C 373K
Boiling
Converting Temperature

Celsius - Fahrenheit Celsius - Kelvin

𝟓 𝑲 = °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
°𝑪 = (°𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐)
𝟗
°𝑪 = 𝑲 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
𝟗
°𝑭 = °𝑪 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟓

Fahrenheit - Rankine
𝑹 = °𝑭 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
°𝑭 = 𝑹 − 𝟒𝟔𝟎
Expansion and Contraction

When substances expand or contract,


the particles stay the same size
Only the spaces between the particles
changes
The particles in the solid vibrate more
when it is heated thus take up more
room – EXPANSION
On the other hand, particles vibrate
less at a lower temperature causing it to
be closer together - CONTRACTION
Similar to liquid and gases when heated
Expansion and Contraction

Why there is a gap between the railway


tracks?

When a material is heated it expands and when


it is cooled it contracts. When it is summer
season the railway track is heated and so it
expands. So the length of the railway track
increases. When it is winter season the railway
track is cooled and so it contracts. So the
length of the railway track decreases.
Expansion and Contraction
Road and bridges include expansion joints so
that it won’t break as the weather changes.

The Eiffel Tower is 6.75 inches shorter in winter


than in summer. Expansion joints

We have to consider the expansion and


contraction of solids when we build things!

Expansion joints
Thermal Expansion

 The thermal expansion of solids result in very


powerful forces.
 Engineers must account for these expansions
in their designs.
 Bridges and roads need expansion joints.
 The rebar in concrete must have the same
coefficient of expansion as the concrete.
 Engineers can also take advantage of
coefficients of expansion in their design of
products.
Coefficient of Expansion
Linear Expansion
The expansion in length of solid bodies on heating.

∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝒐 ∆𝑻
where:
∆𝐿 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕
𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕
∆𝑇 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑜
Area Expansion
The expansion in area of solid bodies on heating. It is sometimes called the
superficial expansion.

∆𝑨 = 𝜸𝑨𝒐 ∆𝑻
where:
∆𝐴 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝛾 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 𝟐𝜶
𝐴𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
∆𝑇 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒐
Volume Expansion
The expansion in volume of solid bodies on heating. It is sometimes called the
cubic expansion.

∆𝑽 = 𝜷𝑽𝒐 ∆𝑻
where:
∆𝑉 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 𝟑𝜶
𝑉𝑜 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
∆𝑇 − 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒐

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