Minor Project

On
Government Rural Development Schemes: A Study of Agriculture
Schemes
Submitted By,

Amit Pandey

Reg. No. - 2010MB78

Semester-1

Under the Kind Supervision

of

Prof. G.P Sahu

To

School of Management Studies

MNNIT, Allahabad
November, 2010

1
 Certificate

This is to certify that the present project titled, “Government Rural

Development Schemes: A Study of Agriculture Schemes” submitted in
the School of Management Studies, Motilal Nehru National Institute Of
Technology, Allahabad has been carried out under my supervision and guidance.
And her present project titled is forwarded for evaluation.

Submitted By Project Supervisor Head of Department

Amit Pandey Dr. G.P Sahu Dr. Geetika Tripathi

2
 CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1 About
1.2 History
1.3 Problem faced by farmers
1.4 Motivation
1.5 Organization of Report
1.6 Finding
1.7 Field of study
1.8 Conclusion

2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of topic
2.3 Consulted Research papers & Journals
2.4 Expected actual data
2.5 Identifying the Research gap
2.6 Gap analysis
2.7 Conclusion

3. Research Plan
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research issues and challenges

3
 3.3 Research questions
3.4 Motivation
3.5 Objective of Study
3.6 Research objective
3.7 Scope of study
3.8 Research methodology
3.9 Concluding remarks

4. Data Analysis
4.1 Introduction of data analysis
4.2 Process of data analysis
4.3 Finding of data analysis
4.4 Conclusion

5. Recommendation and Conclusion

6. References

4
List of Figures:-

Figure4.1 gender
Figure4.2 age-group
Figure4.3 occupation
Figure4.4 annual income
Figure4.5 education
Figure4.6 Farm demonstration been provided in the village.
Figure4.7 Monetary benefits and subsidies are provided for buying engines
/ pumps.

Figure4.8 The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.

Figure4.9 Discount is provided for irrigation purpose.
Figure4.10 Improved technologies for the production of rice, wheat and
pulses are being used
Figure4.11 The agricultural scheme running in your area is satisfactory
Figure4.12 The food security scheme available in your area is useful.
Figure4.13 Monetary benefits and subsidies provided for buying engines
pumps are substantial
Figure4.14 The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.
Figure4.15 Discount provided for irrigation purpose is satisfactory.
Figure4.16 Are the new techniques implied in agriculture are satisfied
Figure4.17 Experts often visit our farms.
Figure4.18 Farmers go to farming school for learning new technology.
Figure4.19 Visit of officials to your farms is useful.
Figure4.20 The modern farming methods / technology are up to the
satisfaction.
Figure4.21 The learning of new technology in farming school is satisfactory.
Figure4.22 Adequate feed for fishes are provided to us.
Figure4.23 Agricultural pamphlets distributed among our farmer
groups/councils.
Figure4.24 Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.
Figure4.25 Farmers participate in the 'Kisan Fair' held in our village.
Figure4.26 Kisan Fair' provides information and awareness about latest
techniques.
Figure4.27 Are agricultural pamphlets distributed among your farmer
groups/councils?
Figure4.28 Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.
Figure4.29 The soil is tested by experts on a regular basis.
Figure4.30 The ph-level of the soil is normal.
5
Figure4.31 Bank provides us with loans for agricultural purposes.
Figure4.32 The procedure to get kisan credit issued is known to all farmers.
Figure4.33 The kisan credit card increases the purchasing power of the
farmers.
Figure4.34 Availability of funds for farmer is up to satisfaction.
Figure4.35 Interest on loan is satisfactory.
Figure4.36 Payment of interest by the government in one crop loan deposit is
beneficial.
Figure4.37 Most farmers have a state government seed certificate.
Figure4.38 The produced seeds are sold to the government at twice their
original price.
Figure4.39 Production of seeds in farm is beneficial.
Figure4.40 The rate on which the seeds are sold is satisfactory.
Figure4.41 Terms and condition on which government procure the seeds.

6
List of Table

Table 3.1 Percentage of People below Poverty Line In India (1973-2004)

Table 3.2 Percentage Distribution of the Respondents by Location and Sex
Table 3.3 Percentage Distribution of the Demographic Variables of
Respondents by Location and Sex
Table 4.1 Farm demonstration been provided in the village.
Table 4.2 Monetary benefits and subsidies are provided for buying engines
/ pumps.

Table 4.3 The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.
Table4.4 Discount is provided for irrigation purpose.
Table4.5 Improved technologies for the production of rice, wheat and
pulses are being used
Table4.6 The agricultural scheme running in your area is satisfactory
Table4.7 The food security scheme available in your area is useful.
Table4.8 Monetary benefits and subsidies provided for buying engines
pumps are substantial
Table4.9 The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.
Table4.10 Discount provided for irrigation purpose is satisfactory.
Table4.11 Are the new techniques implied in agriculture are satisfied
Table4.12 Experts often visit our farms.
Table4.13 Farmers go to farming school for learning new technology.
Table4.14 Visit of officials to your farms is useful.
Table4.15 The modern farming methods / technology are up to the
satisfaction.
Table 4.16 The learning of new technology in farming school is satisfactory.
Table4.17 Adequate feed for fishes are provided to us.
Table4.18 Agricultural pamphlets distributed among our farmer
groups/councils.
Table4.19 Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.
Table4.20 Farmers participate in the 'Kisan Fair' held in our village.
Table4.21 Kisan Fair' provides information and awareness about latest
techniques.
Table4.22 Are agricultural pamphlets distributed among your farmer
groups/councils?
Table4.23 Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.
Table4.24 The soil is tested by experts on a regular basis.
Table4.26 The ph-level of the soil is normal.
Table4.27 Bank provides us with loans for agricultural purposes.

7
Table4.28 The procedure to get kisan credit issued is known to all farmers.
Table4.29 The kisan credit card increases the purchasing power of the
farmers.
Table4.30 Availability of funds for farmer is up to satisfaction.
Table4.31 Interest on loan is satisfactory.
Table4.32 Payment of interest by the government in one crop loan deposit is
beneficial.
Table4.33 Most farmers have a state government seed certificate.
Table4.34 The produced seeds are sold to the government at twice their
original price.
Table4.35 Production of seeds in farm is beneficial.
Table4.36 The rate on which the seeds are sold is satisfactory.
Table4.37 Terms and condition on which government procure the seeds.

8
 Acknowledgement

I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me, for i have completed my
project effectively and moreover on time.
I am equally grateful to my supervisor Dr. G.P Sahu. He gave me moral support
and guided me in different matters regarding the topic. He had been very kind and patient
while suggesting me the outlines of this project and correcting my doubts. I thank him for
his overall supports.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents who helped me a lot in
gathering different information, collecting data and guiding me from time to time in
making this project. Despite of their busy schedules, they gave me different ideas in
making this project unique.

Thanking you

9
Executive Summary
Surveys are important tools in understanding any scheme’s implementation at the ground level. It
is a pointer whether a program running by some agencies is beneficial to the masses or not or it
just a mere paper work.
The rural survey was focusing on agricultural schemes running by central government for
rural people i.e. farmers .The target location was villages’ outskirts of Allahabad city. The survey
team further is divided in further sub-group to carry out data collect from them in the form of a
questionnaire which were set of different questions on the agricultural schemes running in these
areas.
The different schemes taken in account are – Kisan Credit Card, National Food
Security Mission, Agricultural Technology Management Agency, Agricultural Information
Development, Beej Gram Yojna and Soil Development Scheme. These schemes have huge
importance for medium or low level farmers as they can increase their farm productivity
drastically.
Also this project helps us to look deep inside the socio-cultural factors prevalent in rural
India which is hampering the growth of agricultural sector as a whole. Many other factors related
to this scenario like literacy, health and financial is also looked upon.
For data collection we used 5 pointer likert scale measuring, the awareness and
satisfaction level of the respondents of the survey. The data collected was good and after further
refinement is ready for tabulation.
The final interpretation of the final data is according to to our requirement and fulfils our
objectives.

10
 CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 About:-

11
 In spite of more than 60 years of independence India has made much progress in
the field of agriculture as it has made in other fields like IT, manufacturing sectors
etc.From time of acute shortage to self sufficient India has made large progress in
the field of agriculture. Some of its important achievement is:
 From food shortages (1947) and import to self-sufficiency and exports
(1971).
 From subsistence farming to intensive technology led cultivation.
 Today, India is the front ranking producer of many crops in the world.
 Largest producer of pulses, tea, and milk.
 Second Largest producer of fruits, vegetables, wheat, rice, groundnut
and sugarcane.
 Ushered in through the green, white, blue and yellow revolutions
 Contributes to 24%of GDP
 Provides food to 110 Billion110 Billion people
 Sustains 65% of the population: helps alleviate poverty
 Produces 51 major Crops
 Provides Raw Material to Industries
 Contributes to 1/6 Contributes 6th of the export earnings
 One of the 12 Bio-diversity centers in the world with over
 46,000 species of plants and 86,000 species of animals recorded

1.2 History:-
Agriculture in India has a long history dating back to ten thousand years. Indian agriculture
began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and
animals. Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for
agriculture. Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year Indian products soon
reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India.
Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped
and venerated. The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in
India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic

12
patronage. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing
uniform growth. Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic
of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural program.

1.3 Problems faced by farmers:-

Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of India’s people
depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically
nor environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural commodities are low.
Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are
among the factors responsible. Farmers' access to markets is hampered by poor roads,
rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation.
—World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008"

The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:

 According to World Bank, Indian Branch: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural
Development", India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing
investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty.
Government intervenes in labor, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate
infrastructure and services. World Bank also says that the allocation of water is
inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating.
The overuse of water is currently being covered by over pumping aquifers, but as these
are falling by foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource.
 Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land
reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce.
 Inconsistent government policy. Agricultural subsidies and taxes often changed without
notice for short term political ends.
 The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 20,000 m²) and is subject to
fragmentation, due to land ceiling acts and in some cases, family disputes. Such small
holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low
productivity of labor.

13
  Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered
by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land
holdings.
 Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was
irrigated in 2003–04, which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically
the Monsoon season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a
whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth. Farm credit is regulated by
NABARD, which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent.
At the same time over pumping made possible by subsidized electric power is leading to
an alarming drop in aquifer levels.

1.4 Motivation:-

The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage
infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has not been able to implement various
schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes are Construction
of Rural Go downs, Market Research and Information Network, and Development /
Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization.

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the
research leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. The Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields, including
research and education.[7] The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of
agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specializes in statistical techniques for
animal and plant breeding.

Recently Government of India has set up Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the
agriculture program... However the recommendations have had a mixed reception.

1. mixed farming

14
In August 2001 India's Parliament passed the Plant Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights Act, a
sui generis legislation. Being a WTO member, India had to comply with TRIPS and include
PVP. However, farmers' rights are of particular importance in India and thus the Act also allows
for farmers to save, sow and sell seeds as they always have, even if it is of a protected variety.
This not only saves the livelihoods of many farmers, it also provides an environment for the
continuing development and use of landraces.

1.5 Organization of the Report:-

At first I collected data regarding the current rural situation of India, the history of the schemes
and the current working schemes. Then, we made a Questionnaire to check the efficiency of
these schemes and their present working condition.
Thus I have divided this report into 5 chapters, first the introduction part which deals with the
present schemes and their History and giving a brief idea what we need to do. Then the second
chapter is Literature Review where all the research papers I have consulted and the references
taken and also sources from where data have been taken. The third chapter I have decided to be
kept as Research Plan which deals with issues related to rural agriculture and research
methodology. The chapter four describes data analysis which includes methods of data
collection. Thus, in last Chapter I end up with, Summary and conclusion for this report. Also, I
have added my personal recommendations by which the rural health can be improved further.

1.6 Findings
The outcome of this survey gave us gave us the proper status of the schemes running in
rural belt. It also helps us to under why the schemes fail or it does not have the desire
outcome with which it was started. The outcome of this survey provides us with ground
level data which help us in introspecting the causes of the schemes success and failure.

1.7 Field of study:-

Work in this area may be broadly divided into the following categories:-
Agricultural economic policy and development
 Food economics and statistics
 Trade in agriculture

15
  Agro-economic research
 Area, production and yield estimates
 Statistics of investment, growth, wages, employment, Costs, Prices, trade and related
variables in agriculture.
 Collection, collation, dissemination and publication of Agricultural Statistics
 National crop forecasting (Crop& Weather Watch Group Meetings and operationalisation of
New Schemes on FASAL and Extended Range Weather Forecast)
 Economic and Statistical work involved in important adhoc assignments like Revision of
base of WPI for Agricultural Commodities, Conduct of National/International Conferences,
etc. 

1.8 Conclusion:-
To improve the prevailing situation, the problem of rural health is to be addressed both at the
macro (national and state) and micro level (district and regional), in a holistic way, with genuine
efforts to bring the poorest of the population to the centre of the fiscal policies. A comprehensive
revised National Health Policy addressing the existing inequalities, and work towards promoting
a long-term perspective plan exclusively for rural health is the current need.
Strengthening of agriculture will help in upliftment of the farmers but also benefit the larger
section of the rural poor who are directly engaged in agriculture or indirectly linked with
agriculture as consumers. Efficient way of production, stabilized prices, higher income from
agriculture would create a more conjugative environment in the country for the development of
the economy as a whole and of rural population in particular.

16
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

17
2.1 Introduction:-

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge
including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or
original experimental work.Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as
theses, projects a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its
ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the
basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area.A well-structured
literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with
consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and
comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.

All of us have time and again said that India is primarily an agrarian society. Even today almost
70% of the population depends on agriculture, but in the last century, the country’s economic
and social life revolved around agriculture and peasants. Therefore, organizing the peasantry was
essential for getting freedom. However, there was really no serious concern about agriculture. It
was only when there was failure of crops due to drought, floods, crop diseases etc. resulting in
famine conditions that the Government had to wake up. Therefore, management of famine was
the responsibility or the job of the Home Department. There was no Department of Agriculture
in British India until1870 when a proposal was made to establish a Department of Agriculture
and Commerce. This did not happen because there were droughts or famines which caused
thousands of deaths, but because of civil war in America in 1863–64, the supply of cotton to
textile mills in Manchester was affected. Therefore, the British Government was exploring the
possibility of getting cotton. India had the potential to supply cotton to Britain. Therefore, Lord
Mayo the Governor General requested creation of a Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
He indeed wanted to help Indian agriculture besides growing cotton. But what were approved in
1871 were the Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce. Earlier, there was the need
of veterinarians to look after the health and breeding of horses which were used by the army.

The recommendation for establishing a Veterinary College in Bengal stated: ‘In this school the
cow should constitute the main or sole subject of attention and the horse and other domestic
18
animals will receive scant notice’. However, a quarterly journal of veterinary science and animal
management was started in 1882, thereby clearly showing the need of animal science including
breeding, but the main emphasis was the horse. We might now ask if there was any information,
research and teaching about such important animals like buffalo, goat, camel and others. The
answer is ‘possibly not’. However, it is clear from this that there was no emphasis on agriculture
in general, and crops in particular. Allan Octavian Hume, who became the first Chief of the
Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce in 1879 stated ‘though originally designated
the Department of Agriculture, etc. This Department has never, from the first, been so
constituted as to permit of its dealings either directly or effectively with agricultural matters’.
Thus the creation of the Department of Agriculture, etc. did not necessarily put any emphasis on
agriculture and farmers in India. Hume founded the Indian National Congress in 1885, which
eventually spearheaded the freedom movement.

What is needed now?

Agriculture in its broadest sense remains the most important sector of the society even though its
contribution to economy might have declined. Agriculture remains and will remain the source of
food supply in the world. But agriculture is a part of the rural society and culture. Therefore,
improvement of agriculture means the improvement of rural society, environment and quality of
life. This includes housing, sanitation, health care, energy, water supply, road and
telecommunication, rural industry, literature and arts. If today in India we think of PanchayatRaj
institution, there is also a need for the people to know about its management and legal systems.
Thus when agriculture is talked in isolation we deprive students of the aspects of social
development. Why cannot we think of enhanced agricultural production being taught along with
health care and sanitation? The university has to be an institution which offers an opportunity to
students to learn and also become capable of earning. Therefore, it is time that we make
agriculture as an integral part of university education and broaden the outlook of teachers and
students. A person having started as a student of biologyshould has the possibility of growing
into a social scientist. The narrow loyalties of disciplines which restrict the vision must give way
to broader perceptions but having a strong anchor of a discipline and related areas. C.
Subramanian said: ‘The time has come to realize that agricultural sciences cannot function in

19
isolation. It has to interact with other scientific disciplines. Mathematics has its own impact on
agricultural sciences; physics has its own and of course so does biology.
We have come a long way since the establishment of first University of Agricultural Science and
Technology and has made a significant contribution towards crop improvement. However, in the
process crop variety has been made so important that it became the central theme of crop
production and also synonymous with agriculture and rural development. Then we talk and look
for the basis of sustainable agriculture without holistic thinking.

2.2 History of topic

As we are taking about agriculture sector, which constitute a major pillar of Indian economy we
look upon different aspects of agriculture as a whole in order to understand literature of different
schemes. There are huge numbers of agrarian schemes running in India (funded centrally, state
or both) direct responsible for the betterment of farmers or this sector as a whole.
In spite of each of these schemes being equally beneficial for the farmers in one way or other, I
have chosen following ten schemes for their literature review.

2.2.1 National food security mission:-

Introduction:-
The National Development Council (NDC) in its 53rd meeting held on 29thMay, 2007 adopted a
resolution to launch a Food Security Mission comprising rice, wheat and pulses to increase the
production of Rice by 10 million tons, Wheat by 8 million tons and Pulses by 2 million tons by
the end of the Eleventh Plan (2011-12). Accordingly, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, ‘National
Food Security Mission’ (NFSM), has been launched from 2007-08 to operationalise the above
mentioned resolution.
The National Food Security Mission will have three components
(i) National Food Security Mission – Rice (NFSM-Rice);
(ii) National Food Security Mission – Wheat (NFSM-Wheat); and
(iii) National Food Security Mission – Pulses (NFSM-Pulses).

Mission Objectives:-

20
  Increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses through area expansion and productivity
enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country;
 Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level;
 Creation of employment opportunities; and
 Enhancing farm level economy (i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the
farmers.

Strategy:-

To achieve the above objectives, the Mission would adopt following strategies:
 Implementation in a mission mode approach through active engagement of all the
stakeholders at various levels;
 Promotion and extension of improved technologies i.e., seed, Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM) including micronutrients, soil amendments, and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) and resource conservation technologies along with capacity building
of the farmers;
 Flow of fund would be closely monitored to ensure that interventions reach the target
beneficiaries on time;
 Various interventions proposed would be integrated with the district plan and targets for
each identified district would be fixed; and
 Constant monitoring and concurrent evaluation for assessing the impact of the
interventions for a result oriented approach by the implementing agencies.

Area of Operation of Food Security Mission:-

 NFSM – Rice, NFSM – Wheat and NFSM – Pulses will be implemented in identified
districts of different States.
 The GC, based on the latest available data, is empowered to include or exclude the
districts for implementation of various components of the Mission.

Monitoring:-
 The National Food Security Mission will have a strong mechanism of monitoring and
evaluation with the involvement of all the implementing agencies and the line

21
 departments. At the district level, monitoring will be undertaken by DFSMEC supported
by the Project Management Team.
 Close monitoring of physical and financial targets of various program interventions
would be done by the monitoring teams. Format for monitoring these interventions would
be prescribed by NFSMEC.
 The State Department of Economics and Statistics will be involved in adopting the
prescribed format for data collection pertaining to different parameters of the Mission for
monitoring to suit the local requirements.
 At the State level, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to be
constituted under the Chairmanship of the State Mission Director with members from the
line departments, SAUs, lead banks, ICAR institutes and the national crop development
directorates nodal for the State.
 At the National level, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to
be constituted under the Chairmanship of the Mission Director with members from
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
SAUs, Directorate of Rice, Wheat and Pulses Development, research institutions
concerned and officials of State Departments concerned.
 Directorate of Rice/Wheat/ Pulses Development will be the convener of the Committees
for the identified states, i.e., the Directorate of Wheat Development, Ghaziabad for the
northern States; the Directorate of Rice Development, Patna for the eastern States; and
the Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal for the Central and the southern States.

2.2.2 ATMA scheme:-

General Instructions for Implementation of ATMA Programme:-

1. The Chief Executive Officers of the Zilla Panchayats, who are the Executive Directors of
District Level ATMA Steering Committees, shall guide/facilitate the Line Departments to
execute the approved activities strictly as per GOI norms

22
2. The District Joint Directors of Agriculture and Taluka Assistant Directors of Agriculture, who
are the Member Sectaries of District and Taluka Level Committees, are requested to ensure
proper and successful implementation of the project through effective coordination among the
line departments and all the other concerned organizations/institutions.
3. Meetings of the District Level ATMA Steering Committees and Taluka Level ATMA
Implementation Committees shall be regularly convened and decisions shall be taken there on,
for timely implementation of the programme.
4. Field Activities shall be carried out in accordance with GOI approval and strictly as per the
ceiling limits for the present ongoing activities.
5. Acknowledgements for the funds received shall be sent to the SAMETI RC (South)
immediately and due action shall be taken to provide the funds to the implementing officers,
without any further delay.
6. They shall ensure audit of their ATMA accounts by Charted Accounts and furnish the same to
the Department, so that the same is submitted to the GOI for further release of grants.
7. There shall be perfect coordination among all the Line Departments, duly ensuring proper
allocation of funds for carrying out extension activities, as per the identified needs, while
preparing SREPs.
8. Timely implementation of activities is a must to ensure higher success rate.
9. Issues to be observed while utilizing funds:
 A minimum of 10 per cent of the allocations shall be utilized through the NGOs, Agri
Business and Agri Clinic Entrepreneurs, Input Dealers and others.
 Reservation shall be given for SC, ST, OBC, Minorities, Women Farmers as per the
norms of the State and Central Governments.
 Services of Contractual Staff shall be utilized as per norms of GOI.

10. Progress Reports shall be sent in prescribed formats within 5th of the succeeding months.
Concept of farm school and related cost norms/ceilings:-
1. The National Commission on Farmers has recommended that Farm Schools may be
established in the fields of outstanding farmers. Such Farm Schools will be based on the
principals of “learning by doing” as well as ‘seeding and harvesting is believing with focus on
farmer-to farmer extension. The Farm School would help in developing a cost effective
extension system.
23
2. The key features of the Farm Schools to be promoted under the ATMA programme are given
below:
 Farm Schools would be operationalized at Block/Gram Panchayat level.
 These would be set up in the field of outstanding farmers and awareness of nationally
recognized awards for farmers. These could also be set up in a Government / Non-
Government Institutions.
 “Teachers” in the Farm Schools could be progressive farmers, extension functionaries or
experts belonging to Government or Non-Government Sector.
 One of the main activities of Farm Schools would be to operationalise Front Line
Demonstrations in one or more crops and/or allied sector activities. These demonstrations
would focus on Integrated Crop Management including field preparation, seed treatment,
IPM, INM etc.,
 Farm Schools would provide season long technical back stopping/training to target
farmers.
 The “students” of Farm Schools would be leaders of Commodity Interest Groups (CIGs)
formed in different village and other farmers.
 “Students” would visit Farm Schools as per specified schedule or as may be necessary
“Teachers” may also visit students as and when necessary.
3. Knowledge and skills of ‘teachers’ would be upgraded on continuous basis through training at
district/state/national level institutions and exposure visits, etc.
4. In addition to technical support through Farm Schools, knowledge and skill of “students” may
also be upgraded though training at district/state level and exposure visits, etc.,
5. “Students” would have the responsibility of providing extension support to other farmers in
the respective village or neighbouring villages.

2.2.3 National watershed development scheme:-

Introduction:-
A National Watershed Development Programme for Rain fed Areas (NWDPRA) project was
implemented in the period 93-97 in the same micro watershed, but without including the area to
the south west of the Cherpulasseri -Pattambi road. The objectives of this project are:

24
stabilization of hill slopes, regeneration of vegetative cover and improvement in productivity of
fuel, fodder and crop using low cost innovative techniques, developing awareness of integrated
watershed among the community and generation of ample local employment. This project was
completed in 1997. Since IRTC is having enough benchmark data about this watershed, we
thought that we could do a post project assessment of the NWDPRA project implemented at
Nellaya.
The present study was originally intended to make a comprehensive assessment, both qualitative
and quantitative, of the NWDPRA project. However, the objectives were modified due to the
winding up of the KRPLLD project and subsequent shortening of the project period. The
modified objectives are
To assess the effects of watershed development activities perceived by the watershed
community with respect to soil erosion, soil moisture content, soil fertility, crop yield, increase in
crop area and increase in milk yield.
To assess the awareness on natural resources conservation achieved among the people through
the implementation of the project. To study the conflicts aroused if any, due to the over
exploitation of ground water and mechanism developed to overcome the conflicts.
Methodology:-
Since a field study to quantify gains requires data collection over a long period of time, it was
decided to assess the gains of the NWDPRA project based on the perception among the different
stakeholders. The different stake holders of the project are: direct beneficiaries and non
beneficiaries living in the project area, the Mitra kisans who played a major role in the
implementation of the project, the employees of agriculture and allied departments directly
involved in the project implementation, the office bearers of the gram panchayat body and the
contractors who were involved in the execution of different construction works related to the
project.
 Random sample survey
For getting the response of the people of the watershed, area a field survey was conducted
using an interview schedule among 10% households selected employing the method of
random sampling. Starting from the ridge line of the watershed the 1st, 11th, 21st, 31st
---------- houses were selected for detailed survey by counting the houses based on their

25
 geographical spread. In fact, this resulted in the selection of proportionate number of
households from the ridge, midland and valley portions.
 Selected Interviews
The actors who played an important role in the formulation and implementation of the
project were interviewed using the technique of open-ended dialogue; officials, Mitra
kisans, people’s representatives and some farmers who could achieve good results from
project activities were interviewed in this way
 Case studies
Case studies were made to find out the problem over exploitation of groundwater in this
watershed development project area and the social problems it has created.
 Quantitative assessment of water level improvement
 To have a quick estimate of the ground water improvement or depletion, the water levels
in the control wells whose benchmark water table data are available, are taken.
 Survey of bore wells in the watershed area
The overdraft of deep ground water is taking place in this watershed due to th e
proliferation of bore wells. To have an idea of the quantity of water thus extracted, the
depth, capacity of pump fitted, duration of pumping every day, the year of installation
etc, were taken in most of the bore wells coming in the watershed area.
 Collection of secondary data
To find some correlation between rainfall and water availability, rainfall data of the last
fifteen years were collected from the nearest rain gauge station at Regional Agriculture
Research Station, Pattambi. The different registers regarding the watershed project
available at the Krishibhavan, Nellaya, Participatory Resource Maps kept at Grama
Panchayat office, Nellaya, milk collection details at Pengattiry milk society etc were
scanned to collect relevant details.

2.2.4 Kisan credit card scheme:-

Introduction:-

26
Kisan Credit Cards were started by the Government of India, RBI (Reserve Bank of India), and
NABARD (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) in 1998-99 to help farmers
access timely and adequate credit.

The Kisan Credit Care allows farmers to have cash credit facilities without going through the
credit screening processes repeatedly. Repayment can be rescheduled if there is a bad crop
season, and extensions are offered for up to 4 years. The card is valid for 3 years and subject to
annual renewals. Banks in India that lend for agricultural purposes usually offer the KCC.
Withdrawals are made using slips, cards, and a passbook.

Given the enormity of the credit requirements on one hand and the vagaries of the nature on the
other, financing agriculture has been a gigantic task for banks in India. Ensuring timeliness and
adequacy of credit to farmers have posed the most serious challenges to banks engaged in
financing agriculture. Financial sector reforms, ushered in as a part of the liberalization of the
Indian economy in the beginning of nineties, has infused a spirit of competitiveness and
enterprise among the banks in their endeavor for serving their customers in the best possible
manner. NABARD has been playing a proactive and catalytic role in guiding the banks to meet
the emerging challenges. Towards this end, several innovative strategies have been evolved by
NABARD. The instrument of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) is one of the key products developed to
improve the farmer’s accessibility to bank credit, simplify credit delivery mechanism and
provide more flexibility in use of credit. Model scheme of Kisan Credit Card formulated by
NABARD in 1998-99 is being implemented in all the States and Union territories. About 1.94
crore. Kisan Credit Cards have been issued upto 31 October 2001 by the banks throughout the
country. It is envisaged that every eligible agricultural farmer would be provided with a Kisan
Credit Card by 31st March, 2004. In accordance with the announcement in the GOI budget 2001-
02, Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) has been introduced as a ‘add-on benefit’ and
all the Kisan Credit Card holders would be insured for Rs. 50,000 at a nominal premium of Rs.
15/- per annum as agreed to by General Insurance (Public Sector) Association.

Objectives of the Scheme:-

27
  To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure
of crops as a result of natural calamities, pests and diseases.

 To encourage farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs and
higher technology in agriculture.

 To help stabilise farm incomes, particularly in disaster years.

 To support and stimulate primarily production of food crops and oilseeds.

 Farmers to be covered: All farmers (both loanee and non-loanee irrespective of their size
of holdings) including sharecroppers, tenant farmers growing insurable crops covered.

 Sum insured: The sum insured extends upto the value of threshold yield of the crop, with
an option to cover upto 150% of average yield of the crop on payment of extra premium.

 Premium subsidy: 50% subsidy in premium allowed to Small and Marginal Farmers, to
be shared equally by the Government of India and State Government/Union Territory.
Premium subsidy to be phased out over a period of 5 years.

Kisan Credit Card Scheme – Salient features

 Eligible farmer will be provided a Kisan Credit Card and a Pass Book or a Card-cum-
Passbook.
 Revolving cash credit facility allowing any number of drawals and repayments within the
limit.
 Entire production credit needs for full year plus ancillary activities related to crop
production to be considered while fixing limit. In due course, allied activities and non
farm short term credit needs may also be covered.
 Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scales of
finance.
 Seasonal sub limits may be fixed at the discretion of banks.
 Limit of valid for 3 years subject to annual review.

28
  Conversion /reschedulement of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to
natural calamities.
 As incentive for good performance, credit limits could be enhanced to take cares of
increase in costs, changing in cropping pattern etc.
 Security, margin and rate of interest as per RBI norms.
 Operations may be through issuing branch / PACS or through other designated branches
at the discretion of bank.
 Withdrawals through slips /cheques accompanies by card and passbook.
 Personal Accident Insurance of Rs. 50,000 for death and permanent disability and Rs.
25,000/- for partial disability available to Kisan Credit Card holder at an annual premia of
Rs. 15/- per annum.

Advantages of the KCC Scheme

 Full year’s credit requirement of the borrower taken care of.
 Minimum paper work and simplification of documentation for drawal of funds from the
bank.
 Access to adequate and timely credit to farmer.
 Assured availability of credit for 3 years and avoidance of uncertainly involved in
accessing credit on a year to year basis.
 Annual review of limit and provision for enhancement subject to satisfactory operations.
 Flexibility in use of credit and saving in interest burden.
 Flexibility of drawing cash from a branch other than the issuing branch at the discretion
of the bank.
 Availability of the life cover/ disability insurance at very low premium in case the
farmers meets with accident.

Benefits of the Scheme to the Banks

 Reduction in work load for branch staff by avoidance of repeat appraisal and processing
of loan papers under Kisan Credit Card Scheme.

29
  Minimum paper work and simplification of documentation for drawal of funds from the
bank.

 Improvement in recycling of funds and better recovery of loans.

 Reduction in transaction cost to the banks.

 Better Banker - Client relationships.

Coverage of Crop Loans disbursed under KCC:-

Under the Reshtriya Krishi Bima Yojna (RKBY) GIC has agreed that the crop loans disbursed
for eligible crops under the Crop Insurance Scheme will be covered under the CCIS, now under
Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojna. However, the banks are expected to maintain all back up records
relating to compliance with "RKBY" and its seasonality discipline, cut-off date for submitting
declarations and end use, etc. as in the case of normal crop loans.

Personal Accident Insurance Scheme -Salient features :

 Designated insurance company will nominate one office at district level to function as
nodal office for coordinating implementation of personal accident insurance scheme for
KCC holders in the district.
 Nominated office of insurance company to issue a Master Insurance Policy to each
DCCB/RRB covering all its KCC holders.
 Premium payable Rs.15/- for a one year policy while Rs.45/- for a 3-year policy.

 Insurance coverage available under Policy only from date of receipt of premium at
insurance company.
 Banks to ensure to incorporate name of Nominee in Kisan Credit Card-cum-Pass Book.

 Simplified claim settlement procedure evolved under Scheme whereby an Enquiry-cum-

Verification Committee comprising Branch Manager of implementing bank, Lead Bank

30
Major Steps taken by NABARD:

 A Brochure on KCC Scheme highlighting the salient features, advantages and other
relevant information about the Scheme was brought out by Head Office and ROs were
asked to circulate the brochure to State govt. departments, Commercial Banks,
Cooperative Banks, RRBs and other concerned agencies/officers so as to generate wider
awareness about the Scheme.

 Floor limit of Rs.5000/- for issue of KC Cards stands withdrawn.

 Studies on KCC Scheme have been entrusted to BIRD and NABARD Staff College to
facilitate feed back on the ground level issues/problems so that changes, where necessary,
could be considered.

 Studies on the implementation of the Scheme undertaken by NABARD periodically.

 On the lines of instructions of RBI to Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks and RRBs
have been advised that they may, at their discretion, pay interest at a rate based on their
perception and other relevant factors on the minimum credit balances in the cash credit
accounts under the Kisan Credit Cards of farmers during the period from 10th to the last
day of each calendar month.

 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were advised to initiate innovative publicity campaign in
each area of operation in order to cater all eligible farmers under KCC.

Progress in implementation of the Scheme

 Since launching in August 1998, around 2.38 crore Kisan Credit Cards issued upto 31
March 2002 by Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial Banks put
together.

 Scheme implemented in all States and Union Territories (except Chandigarh, Daman &
Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli) with all Cooperative Banks, RRBs and Commercial
Banks participating.

31
  Agency-wise/State-wise progress in issue of cards by all banks during 2001-02 and since
inception of Scheme.

2.2.5 Beej gramin yojna:-

Introduction:-
Seed Village Programme is implemented in the country to upgrade the quality of farmer saved
seed. The programme is implemented through State Departments of Agriculture, State
Agricultural Universities and State Seeds Corporations. Following assistance is provided under
the programme:
i. Distribution of foundation/certified seed at 50% cost for half an acre per farmer.
ii. Training of the farmers in seeds production and seed technology. An amount of Rs.15000 for
a group of 50-150 farmers is provided.
iii. Development of local storage capacity of appropriate quality. Assistance @ 33% subject to a
maximum of Rs.3000 for 20 quintals capacity and Rs.2000 for 10 quintals capacity to SC/ST
farmers and @25% subject to a maximum of Rs.2000 for 20 quintals capacity and Rs.1500 for
10 quintals capacity for other farmers is provided.

Beej gramin yojna-salient features:-

 In initial year of Road map (08-09) one village in each block covered under Seed Village
Scheme
 In 2009-10 two villages in each block being covered
 From this year 4 villages to be covered in each block
 Desirous farmers of selected villages are given foundation seed at half the cost
 Training imparted at three stages
 Seed storage bins of 5 qtls capacity given on subsidy.
 Target is to cover 10% of villages in the last year of Road Map(2012-13)

Seed Production on Govt. Farms

 Seed production started in 2006-07.

 Present status.

32
  Cost of cultivation met by state fund.
 Strengthening of infrastructure through RKVY.
 Irrigation facility developed on all farms.
 Land development of farms using laser land leveler.
 Mechanized harvesting done to avoid admixture of seed.
 Farms are to be barbed fenced to check the damage of pulses from blue bull.
 Foundation seed production done on these farms.
 150 storage go downs are being constructed
 State controls the entire production and distribution of seed.
 Seed made available to farmers through Bihar Rajya Beej Nigam under various schemes.

Krishi Mela under this scheme proves to be a grand success:-

The four-day Krishi Mela held at the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad, from
October 2, proved to be a grand success. According to UAS officials, an estimated 7.4lakh
people, including farmers, extension workers and students, attended the event. Record sale The
stall set up by the UAS and the Karnataka State Seeds Corporation achieved a record sale of
1,000 quintals of seeds worth Rs.50 lakh. Farmers bought seeds for the rabi season, including
rapeseed, wheat, jowar and Bengal gram. The UAS book stalls had witnessed hectic sales of
books on the latest farming technology, organic farming, integrated farming and related topics.
Another attraction at the event was the demonstration of successful models of farming by the
selected progressive farmers and new methods of cultivation for different crops developed by the
UAS. Farmers from the neighbouring States of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh too queued up
for this event. There was an interaction between farmers and experts on the concluding day.

2.2.6 Soil and water conservation scheme:-

Introduction:-

In a predominantly agricultural system, the objective of improving the productivity, profitability

and prosperity of the farmers and achieving agricultural development on an ecologically
sustainable basis can be attained only when conservation, development and management of the
land and water resources are assured. As watersheds support the entire dry land agriculture /

33
horticulture and also remain the catchments for tanks and reservoirs, their health is essential for
development. The strength of the watershed development programmes will largely determine the
growth in agriculture.

Land and water conservation is the basic responsibility of Agricultural Engineering Department.
The Mission mode approach of the Government is to accomplish the goals of saving every drop
of rain, providing adequate water for agriculture and conservation of life support system – land
and water resources through watershed management and irrigation water management strategies.

While Soil and water conservation programme is implemented by Agricultural Engineering

Department, Soil Survey and soil Testing schemes are implemented by Agriculture Department.

Soil Survey and Land Use Organization:-

The objective of the Soil Survey and Land Use Organisation is the conduct of soil survey and
preparation of soil resources inventory including the nature of soil occurring in the area, their
morphological, physical and chemical characteristics through field studies and laboratory
analysis, classification according to internationally recognised system of soil classification and
mapping their extent on standard topographic base and finally interpreting it for variety of uses.
The above survey is being taken up through the four soil survey units functioning at Coimbatore,
Thanjavur, Vellore and Thirunelveli. Now this scheme is being implemented through Non-plan
funding. An area of 1.14 lakh ha. has been surveyed as against the target of 1.10 lakh ha. for the
year 2002-03. An area of 1.10 lakh ha. will be covered during 2003-04.

Soil Testing Laboratories and Mobile Soil Testing Laboratories:-

Soil Testing Laboratories are functioning in the State to analyse the soil samples collected from
the farmers' fields in order to advise the farmers on specific fertilser recommendations on the
basis of native soil fertility. There are 19 Soil Testing Laboratories functioning in different
districts to analyse 8.42 lakhs samples per annum. Besides these laboratories, 16 Mobile Soil
Testing Laboratories are also doing this service at farmers' doorstep, i.e. in villages on a notified
date enabling the farmers to get on the spot analysis and advice on their soils. These Soil Testing
Laboratories also help farmers in suggesting suitable reclamatory measures like application of

34
soil amendments for the problem soils, preparing village level fertility indices and assessing Soil
and Water Conservation quality of irrigation water. The Central Control Laboratory functioning
at Kudumianmalai has to supervise and guide the functioning of Soil Testing Laboratories. This
laboratory will also analyse and check samples drawn from these laboratories so as to correlate
the results and ensure the correctness of the procedures adopted. This serves to strengthen the
quality control of fertilizers and also serves as a watchdog on quality parameters.

Now this scheme is being implemented through Non-plan funding. A total number of 6.83 lakh
soil samples have been analysed during 2002-03. It is programmed to analyse 8.1 lakh soil
samples during 2003-04.

Preparation and Distribution of Bio Fertilizer Packets:-

Though fertilizers are readymade artificial manures supplying essential nutrients for boosting
crop production, their continuous and indiscriminate use makes the soils sterile and results in
degradation of soil potential. Hence use of different types of organic manures bio-fertilizers, etc.
plays an important role as a part of Integrated Nutrient Management Package. In view of non-
availability of adequate quantity of organic manures, bio-fertilizers using microorganisms to fix
atmospheric nitrogen have come in handy as a result of technology development in modern
agriculture. Six bio fertilizer production centres functioning at Cuddalore, Ramanathapuram,
Salem, Kudumianmalai, Sakkottai and Trichy are producing 1400 tonnes of Bio- fertilizers. The
above centers are also provided with automatic mixing and packing units to ensure the quality of
the bio fertilizer with a longer shelf life. An amount of Rs. 250.53 lakhs is proposed for 2003-04
for the above scheme.

Waste Land Development:-

20 lakhs hectares of cultivable wasteland would be brought under cultivation through a massive
"Wasteland Development Programme" to be implemented over the period of 5 years. This
programme incorporates a Micro-Watershed Development Approach with focus on soil and
water conservation and is being implemented with the cooperation of the private sector through
people’s participation. This will pave the way to enrich rural economy in a speedy manner. The
programme on "Wasteland Development" has three main components. The first component

35
relates to bringing fallow lands both current and permanent, owned by individual farmers under
productive economic activity through agri-clinical approach. This programme 9.4 Soil and
Water Conservation will be intensified in the year 2003-04. The second component comprises
getting corporate houses and federation of self-help groups to undertake development of
wasteland along with an associated rural industry. The third component focuses on promoting
agri-based food processing industry with a minimum investment of Rs.1 crore in each of the 385
blocks of the State under the New Anna Marumalarchi Thittam. An amount of Rs.25 crores is
provided for the year 2003-04 towards implementation of wasteland programme under
participatory approach (Rs.20 crores) and Rs.5 crores for Agri-clinic approach. It has been
estimated that 10 lakh rural people would be benefitted by the end of the fifth year of the project.
The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs. 1630 crores. In view of the heavy funds
requirement, the project will need support from an external agency. The concept paper has been
prepared and posed for external agency support of World Bank.

Agricultural Engineering Department:-

Land and Water Conservation are the basic and responsibility of Agricultural Engineering
Department (AED). The goals for Agricultural Engineering Department have been outlined in
the Chief Minister's 15 points programme: Saving every drop of rain, more crop per drop,
adequate water for agriculture, conservation of life support systems- Land and Water Resources
and Livelihood security through employment generation. The Mission for “Land and Water
Conservation” will be actualized through Watershed Management and Irrigation Water
Management strategies listed below with appropriate action plans.

 Watershed Management
· Prevention of soil erosion and Conservation of soil moisture
· Promoting Water harvesting techniques to impound runoff water and On Farm
Water Harvesting.
· Arresting further expansion of wastelands by protecting lands from erosion
hazards and promoting alternate / appropriate land use according to their
capability.

36
 · Renovation of Village Ponds, Ooranies, Temple tanks and other traditional Water
storage.
· Retarding pollution by controlling sediment carried pollutants
 Irrigation Water Management
· Optimizing Water use and ensuring equity in Water distribution and maximizing
production
· Creation of farmer’s organization for sustainable Water Management in
Command Areas
· Creation of well irrigation facilities and stabilization of existing facilities.
· Conservation of Water under Well Irrigated conditions by Drip and Sprinkler
Irrigation systems for promotion of Horticulture crops, Sugarcane and Coconut
and bringing more areas under irrigation with increased yields. The above
strategies will be converted into action plans to be carried out under State Plan
and Centrally Sponsored schemes, besides convergence of programmes like
SGSY, SGRY, PMGY and new Anna Marumalarchi Thittam in the respective
project areas.

2.2.7 Joint lending group scheme:-

Introduction:-

Innovations such as the SHG-Bank linkage programme have proved to be successful in

providing financial services from the formal banking sector to asset-less or very poor. This is
also in line with RBI's policy of "financial inclusion". In order to develop effective credit
products for mid segment clients having access to productive assets, NABARD had piloted the
project during 2004-05 in 8 states of the country through 13 RRBs through the mechanism of
joint liability approach. These select banks during 2004-05 have promoted 285 JLGs and
extended bank finance of Rs 4.48 crores. In the second year of the project i.e. 2005-06, banks
have disbursed Rs 6.79 crores to 488 JLGs.

Besides the above pilot project, another pilot programme was launched in Andhra Pradesh during
2004-05 through group based lending programme aimed exclusively at small and marginal

37
farmers. The Government of Andhra Pradesh through its Agriculture Department primarily
designed this initiative by promoting Rythu Mithra Groups (RMGs) on the SHG model. During
2005-06, banks have extended finance of Rs.131.78 crore to 12,468 RMGs. RMGs are also
expected to serve as a conduit for technology transfer, facilitate access to market information and
market, assist in carrying out activities like soil testing, training, health camps, assess input
requirements, etc., to its members.

NABARD has played a primary role in preparing the guidelines for credit linking these groups,
drafting and sharing the documents to be used by financing institutions. Further, it has
undertaken sample studies to identify gaps in the functioning of the RMGs and also designed,
funded and also conducted training and capacity building initiatives for different stakeholders in
pilot project districts.

The results of the above programmes have demonstrated that the JLG approach can be
successfully adopted by banks to reach clients like tenant farmers, share croppers, oral lessees,
farmers with small land holdings without proper land records etc. The formal banking system has
rarely been able to provide credit to tenant farmers on account of their inability to offer
collaterals. However, the mechanism of JLG would enable banks to extend credit on the basis of
mutual guarantee provided by the members of JLG. It would also reduce transaction costs of
both banks and borrowers and help in loan recovery.

Based on the experience gained in implementation of the pilot project, a Scheme for financing
JLGs of tenant farmers and oral lessees is evolved for implementation by all the commercial
banks including RRBs. The salient features of the Scheme are as under:

Objectives:-The scheme aims at the following objectives.

 To augment flow of credit to tenant farmers cultivating land either as oral lessees or
sharecroppers and small farmers who do not have proper title of their land holding
through formation and financing of JLGs.
 To extend collateral free loans to target clients through JLG mechanism.
 To build mutual trust and confidence between banks and tenant farmers.

38
General features of JLG:-

A Joint Liability Group (JLG) is an informal group comprising preferably of individuals coming
together for the purposes of availing bank loan either singly or through the group mechanism
against mutual guarantee. The JLG members would offer a joint undertaking to the bank that
enables them to avail loans. The JLG members are expected to engage in similar type of
economic activities like crop production. The management of the JLG is to be kept simple with
little or no financial administration within the group.

Tenant -Any person who holds land under another person's name and pays rent to such other
person on account of the use of land is called a tenant i.e. Tenant is a person who has taken the
lease and is liable to pay rent for the piece of land. Oral lessees - The term refers to tenancy
without legal sanction and permission or without any written agreement. Sharecroppers -
Tenants who pay rent to landlords by way of sharing crops grown (in lieu of rent by cash) may
be called sharecroppers

Criteria for selection of JLG members:-

JLGs can be formed primarily consisting of tenant farmers and small farmers cultivating land
without possessing proper title of their land.

 Members should be of similar socio economic status and background carrying out
farming activities and who agree to function as a joint liability group.
 The groups must be organised by the likeminded farmers and not imposed by the bank or
others.
 The members should be residing in the same village/ area and should know and trust each
other well enough to take up joint liability for group/ individual loans.
 The members should be engaged in agricultural activity for a continuous period of not
less than 1 year within the area of operations of the bank branch.
 The group members should not be a defaulter to any other formal financial institution.
 JLG should not be formed with members of the same family and more than one person
from the same family should not be included in the JLG.

39
  There is a need for a very active member of the group to ensure leadership role and
ensure the activities of the JLG. The selection of a good /able/active leader for the JLG is
an essential need which will ultimately benefit all the JLG members. However, care
should be taken to ensure that benami loans are not cornered by the group leader.

Size of the JLG:-

The group should be formed preferably with 4 to 10 members to enable the group members to
offer mutual guarantee. While informal group of upto 20 members could also be considered,
such large groups are found to be not effective in fulfilling mutual guarantee obligations in the
case of farmers. Therefore, smaller groups of farmers (4-10 members) are recommended for
effective functioning of JLG.

Formation of JLGs:-

Banks may initially form JLGs by using their own staff wherever feasible. Banks may also
engage business facilitators like NGOs and other individual rural volunteers to assist banks in
promoting the concept and formation of groups.

On formation of JLGs, the bank officials need to discuss with the JLG members the bank’s
regulations, lending procedures, services etc. The principles of self-help and group strength need
to be emphasized. Group cohesion has to be ensured. Adequate emphasis should be placed on
the roles, expectations and functions of the group/members & the benefits of group dynamics.

State Government Departments like Agriculture Department also could form JLGs of tenant
farmers and small farmers not having clear land title. The JLGs of such eligible farmers can also
serve as a conduit for technology transfer, facilitating common access to market information; for
training and technology dissemination in activities like soil testing, training, health camps and
assessing input requirements.

Savings by JLG:-

The JLG is intended primarily to be a credit group. Therefore, savings by the JLG members is
voluntary. All the JLG members may be encouraged to open an individual "no frills” account.

40
However, if the JLG chooses to undertake savings as well as credit operations through the group
mechanism, such groups should open a savings account in the name of JLG with atleast two
members being authorised to operate the account on behalf of the group.

JLG Models:-

Banks can finance JLG by adopting any of the two models.

Model A – Financing Individuals in the Group: The JLG would normally consist of 4 to 10
individuals. The group would be eligible for accessing separate individual loans from the
financing bank. All members would jointly execute one inter-se document (making each one
jointly and severally liable for repayment of all loans taken by all individuals in the group). The
financing bank could assess the credit requirement, depending on the crops to be cultivated,
available cultivable land and credit absorption capacity of the individual. However, there has to
be mutual agreement and consensus among all members about the amount of individual debt
liability that will be created.

Model B – Financing the Group: The JLG would consist preferably of 4 to 10 individuals and
function as one borrowing unit. The group would be eligible for accessing one loan, which could
be combined credit requirement of all its members. The credit assessment of the group could be
based on the available cultivable area by each member of the JLG. All members would jointly
execute the document and own the debt liability jointly and severally. JLG is mainly a credit
product. But if the members want to save through the group, banks can open saving account in
the name of the JLG to be operated by two members of the group as decided through a resolution
by the JLG.

Critical factors in JLG approach:-

The success of JLG concept depends on several factors. However, following factors are critical;

 The concept depends heavily on mutual trust within the groups and on peer pressure for
the repayment of loans.

41
  The quality of group leadership is critically important for the sustainability of the group.
 The JLG exists only for the single purpose of expediting certain categories of loans.
Generally they are not multifunctional groups.

2.2.8 Integrated nutrient management schemes:-

Introduction:-

The main objective of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Division is to ensure adequate
availability of quality fertilizers to farmers through periodical demand assessment and timely
supply, promoting integrated nutrient management, which is soil test-based judicious and
balanced use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures and bio-fertilizers,
promotion of organic farming and ensuring quality control of fertilizers through implementation
of Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985.

Fertilizer Consumption:-

India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world after China and the
USA. Against 21.65 million tonne of fertilizer nutrients (NPK) consumed during 2006-07, the
nutrient consumption is 22.57 million tonne during 2007-08. The consumption of major
fertilizers namely, Urea, DAP, MOP, SSP and Complexes were 25.96, 7.50, 2.88, 2.29 and 6.57
million tonne during 2007-08. India is by and large self sufficient in respect of Urea and about 90
per cent in case of DAP. The all India average fertilizer consumption is 116.5 kg/ha of NPK
nutrients, though there is wide variation from state to state varying from 212.7 kg/ha in Punjab,
208.2 kg/ha in Andhra Pradesh, 190.9 kg/ha in Haryana to less than 5 kg/ha in States like
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland etc. Considering the skewed pattern of fertilizer use,
Government of India is promoting balanced and integrated use of fertilizer nutrient through
various initiatives. As a result, NPK consumption ration has now improved to 5.5:2.1:1 during
2007-08 from 7.0:2.7:1 during 2000-01.

42
Price of Fertilizers:-

Presently urea is the only fertilizer which is under Statutory Price Control. To ensure adequate
availability of fertilizers to farmers at reasonable rates, subsidy is provided by Government of
India. Urea, the most consumed fertilizers, is subsidized under the New Urea Pricing Scheme,
whereas P&K fertilizers, which are decontrolled, are covered under the Concession Scheme. The
policy for uniform freight subsidy on all fertilizers under the fertilizer subsidy regime is also
implemented. There is no change in the prices of major fertilizers since 28.02.2002. However,
the prices of complexes grade of fertilizers have been reduced on nutrients based pricing of
subsidized fertilizer w.e.f. 18.06.2008.

Buffer Stocking of P&K Fertilizers:-

A buffer stock of limited quantity of Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Muriate of Potash
(MOP) is being maintained at strategic locations to met emergent requirements. These stocks are
in the nature of rolling stocks and are replenished when depleted. Besides meeting emergent
needs, the Buffer Stock also helps to meet requirements of States which have low demand and
hence sometimes find it difficult to induce suppliers to move fertilizers in small quantities.

Fertilizer Quality Control:-

Fertilizer is the most critical and costly input for sustaining agricultural production and ensuring
food security of the country. The Government ensures the quality of fertilizers through Fertilizer
Control Order (FCO), issued under Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate, the trade, price,
quality and distribution of fertilizers in the country. The State Governments are the enforcement
agencies for implementation of the provisions of FCO, 1985. The Order strictly prohibits the
manufacture, import and sale of any fertilizer, which does not meet prescribe standards. The
FCO provides for compulsory registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers and dealers,
specifications of all fertilizes manufactured/imported and sold in the country, regulation on
manufacture of fertilizer mixtures, packing and marking on the fertilizer bags, appointment of
enforcement agencies, setting up of quality control laboratories and prohibition on
manufacture/import and sale of non-standard/spurious/adulterated fertilizers. To check the
quality of fertilizes sold in the country, there are 71 Fertilizer Quality Control Laboratories at

43
present, which includes 4 Central Government laboratories namely; Central Fertilizer Quality
Control & Training Institute, Faridabad and is three Regional Laboratories at Chennai, Navi
Mumbai and Kalyani (Near Kolkata). These laboratories have a total annual analyzing capacity
of 1.31 lakh samples. The analytical capacity and the number of samples analyzed and found non
standard during the last 5 years are as follow:

The percentage of non standard samples on all India basis is hovering around 6% samples during
last 5 years. However, there is a large variation from state to state.

Promotion of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM):-

The Government is promoting soil test-based balanced and judicious use of chemical fertilizers,
biofertilizers and locally available organic manures like farmyard manure, compost, nadeep
compost, vermi compost and green manure to maintain soil health and its productivity. A
Centrally Sponsored Scheme, "National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility"
(NPMSF) has been approved during 2008-09 with an outlay of Rs.429.85 crores for the
remaining period of XI Plan. The two existing schemes namely: i) centrally sponsored scheme of
Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizers and ii) Central Sector Scheme "Strengthening of
Central Fertilizer and Quality Control & Traiing Institutes and its Regional Labs. have been
subsumed in the new scheme w.e.f. 1.4.2009. The components of the new scheme include setting
up of 500 new soil testing laboratories, strengthening of the existing 315 soil testing laboratories,
setting up of 250 mobile soil testing laboratories, promotion of organic manures, soil
amendments and distribution of micro nutrients, setting up of 20 new fertilizers quality control
laboratories and strengthening of 63 existing fertilizer quality control laboratories during 11th
Plan.

There are 686 Soil Testing Laboratories (2007-08) in India. These include 560 static and 126
mobile Laboratories maintained by State Governments and fertilizer industry with an annual
analyzing capacity of about 7 million soil samples. During 2008-09, an amount of Rs.16.63 crore
has been released under NPMSF for 42 new Static Soil Testing Laboratories (STLs), 44 Mobile
Soil Testing Laboratories (MSTLs), strengthening of 39 existing soil testing laboratories, 2 new

44
fertilizer quality control laboratories and strengthening of 19 existing fertilizers quality control
laboratories (FQCLs) in 16 States.

2.2.9 ICDP Rule:-

Introduction:-

Integrated Cooperative Development Project (ICDP) Scheme was introduced by NCDC in the
year 1985-86 with the following objectives:

 Development of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies as multipurpose self-reliant

entities;
 Development of allied sector cooperatives
 Development of viable functional linkages among cooperatives.

Salient features:-

 A Macro Plan is prepared for the whole of selected district keeping in view the local
resources and needs.
 The Project is implemented by a district level cooperative institution, generally the
District Central Cooperative Bank, which is termed as the Project Implementing Agency
(PIA).
 To assist the DCCB in project implementation, a project implementation team (PIT) is
constituted at the district level to prepare Business Development Plan for the societies,
assess the society-wise infrastructural and other requirements and provide assistance
accordingly.
 The systems and procedures are streamlined and viable functional linkages are
established to make the operations cost-effective.
 Gaps in managerial skills are identified and necessary training is provided to personnel in
cooperatives. PIT personnel provide training and guidance with the help of experts in the
related field where necessary.
 The Scheme also has an incentive component for motivating the paid staff of primary
cooperatives to perform better and improve the functioning of the cooperatives.

45
  Funding -- NCDC funds the ICD Projects through State Governments. The project
funding is under two heads – i) Loan and ii) Subsidy.
 Purpose of loan- The loan is for creation of infrastructure facilities – such as godowns,
banking counter, transport vehicles, small processing units, etc. and strengthening of
share capital / providing margin money for augmenting the business of the societies.
 Subsidy is provided for project implementation cost of project preparation, manpower
development and training, monitoring and incentives. Subsidy component is restricted to
30% of the total project cost and is shared between the NCDC and the State Government
on 50:50 basis.

Pattern of funding:-

 The National Cooperative Development Corporation sanctioned to the State Govt. in the
form of Loan component and Subsidy component which comprises 28% to 30% as
Subsidy of the total block cost and the rest 72% as Loan.
 The State Govt. in return provides 50% Share Capital contribution to the beneficiaries
Cooperative Societies and the remaining 50% as Loan. No Subsidy Component has been
provided to the Cooperative Societies.
 The Subsidy Component has been provided by the National Cooperative Development
Corporation for the Project Implementation Team of the Project which includes the
following items:-
i. Manpower Development and Training for beneficiaries.
ii. Incentives to Apex/ Primary Cooperative Societies.
iii. Management Cost of the Project Implementation Team

 The State Govt. will accord sanction and release of Funds as per Year-Wise Pattern of
funding by the National Cooperative Development Corporation and the same will be
reimbursed by the National Cooperative Development Corporation.

2.2.10 National horticulture mission:-

Introduction:-

46
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) will be implemented in all the States and Union
Territories of India except the North Eastern States, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
and Uttaranchal (for which a separate Technology Mission for integrated
development of horticulture exists) to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector
covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushroom, spices, flowers, aromatic plants,
cashew and cocoa. Programmes for the development of coconut will be implemented by the
Coconut Development Board (CDB), independent of the Mission. This will be a Centrally
sponsored scheme in which Government of India shall provide 100% assistance to the State
Missions during Tenth Plan. During the XI Plan, the Government of India assistance will be 85%
with 15% contribution by the State Governments.

Mission objectives:-

The main objectives of the Mission are:

 To provide holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based regionally
differentiated strategies which include research, technology promotion,
extension, post harvest management, processing and marketing, in
consonance with comparative advantage of each State/region and its diverse agro-
climatic feature;

 To enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support

to farm households;

 To establish convergence and synergy among multiple on-going and

planned programmes for horticulture development;
 To promote, develop and disseminate technologies, through a seamless blend of
traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge;
 To create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and unskilled persons,
especially unemployed youth;

47
Strategy:-

 To achieve the above objectives, the mission would adopt the following strategies:
 Ensure an end-to-end holistic approach covering production, post harvest
management, processing and marketing to assure appropriate returns to
growers/producers;
 Promote R&D technologies for production, post-harvest management and processing;
 Enhance acreage, coverage, and productivity through:
(a) Diversification, from traditional crops to plantations, orchards, vineyards, flower
and vegetable gardens;
(b) Extension of appropriate technology to the farmers for high-tech
horticulture cultivation and precision farming.
 Assist setting up post harvest facilities such as pack house, ripening chamber, cold
storages, Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storages etc, processing units for value
addition and marketing infrastructure;
 Adopt a coordinated approach and promotion of partnership, convergence and
synergy among R&D, processing and marketing agencies in public as well as private
sectors, at the National, Regional, State and sub-State levels;
 Where appropriate and feasible, promote National Dairy Development Board
(NDDB) model of cooperatives to ensure support and adequate returns to farmers;
 Promote capacity-building and Human Resource Development at all levels.

Procedure for approval and implementation:-

 States will be required to prepare a State Horticulture Mission Document (SHMD)

projecting a plan of action for the X Plan and XI Plan periods. The SHMD will form
the basis for preparing Annual Action Plans (AAP). The AAP will be area based, on
the basis of existing potential for horticulture development, available infrastructure
for monitoring and implementation, available unspent balance out of previous release
and capacity to absorb the funds in commissioning the project. The Ministry of

48
 Agriculture would communicate the tentative outlay for the year by April/May if
not earlier to each State which in turn will indicate sector-wise/district-wise
allocation. The agencies at the District level will prepare the Annual Action Plan
(AAP) keeping in view their priority and potential and submit the plan to the State
Horticulture Mission within the allocated sum. The States could engage
TSG/Consultancy services for preparing the SHMD and AAP. The State
Horticulture Mission in turn will prepare a consolidated proposal for the state as a
whole, get it vetted by the State Executive Committee (SEC) and furnish 25 copies of
the same to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) for consideration by the National
Executive Committee. The SHM may spend up to 5% of the annual allocation for
formulating the SHM and Annual Plans. Attempt would be made in the AAP to
address all the issues relating to horticultural development covering production,
post-harvest management and marketing.
 The SHM will upload the AAP, as communicated to the National level EC indicating
approval by SLEC, on the web site exclusively created for the purpose. The same will
be replaced after its approval by National level EC. Attempts will be made to
display the position regarding approvals of the AAP on line.

Position of ongoing schemes:-

Presently, horticulture development programmes are being implemented through a number of
Schemes viz. National Horticulture Board (NHB) programmes, Coconut development
Programmes, Technology Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture North Eastern
States (TMNE), Human Resource Development (HRD) in Horticulture, integrated
Development of Horticulture in Tribal and Hilly Areas and Horticulture programmes
under the Macro Management Scheme. Of these, the schemes on HRD and Tribal Areas and
Programmes under Macro Management will be subsumed under National Horticulture Mission
(NHM). The Macro Management scheme provides flexibility to the States to allow new
interventions within 10 per cent of the total allocation for the State; which will be
maintained in the NHM. The NHB programmes are entrepreneur-driven and the Board would
continue to implement its programmes. The NHB will also provide a launching pad for the
Mission, by way of pooling experts and housing the Technical Support Group. Technology

49
Mission in North Eastern States (TMNE) programmes, which are focused for the
development of the North Eastern and Himalayan States, will continue as a separate scheme.
The Coconut Development Board (CDB), which has been created through an Act of Parliament
for overseeing the development of coconut in the country, would continue to independently
implement coconut development programmes.

Mission interventions:-
 The Mission will be demand and need based in each segment. Technology will play an
important role in different interventions. Technologies such as Information
Communication Technology (ICT), Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
will be widely used for planning and monitoring purposes including identification of sites
for creating infrastructure facilities for post harvest management, markets and
production forecasts.
 The interventions envisaged for achieving the desired goals would be varied and
regionally differentiated with focus on potential crops to be developed in
clusters by deploying modern and hi-tech interventions and duly ensuring
backward and forward linkages.

2.3 Consulted Research Papers and Journals:-

Entrepreneurship in rural micro agri -linked businesses

-Dr. Neetu Andotra
Rural micro agriculture linked businesses though encountered perennial problems of research
crunch, offers immense growth, employment co-efficient & implication for distribution in
agrarian economy of district Kathua, J&K State. Their emergence is the result of unremunerative
& seasonal character of agriculture, marginalization of small farmers, eviction of tenants and a
number of policy measures initiated by the Govt. for promoting self-employment. The paper
examines the significance of Background and key motivational factors in sustaining rural micro
entrepreneurship using X2, tests of significance and factor analysis. The study suggests adoption
of an integrated & multidisciplinary development approach by including training, institutional,

50
financial support as a composite package coupled with improved Technology in agriculture
to create `income and output’ affect which in –turn would increase raw material & demand for
rurally produced goods.

Measuring Vulnerability and Poverty

-Raghav Gaiha and Katsushi Imai
This paper measures the vulnerability of households in rural India, based upon the ICRISAT
panel survey. We employ both ex ante and ex post measures of vulnerability.
The latter are decomposed into aggregate and idiosyncratic risks and poverty components. Our
decomposition shows that idiosyncratic risks account for the largest share, followed by poverty
and aggregate risks. Despite some degree of risk-sharing, the landless or small farmers are
vulnerable to idiosyncratic risks, forcing them to reduce consumption. Income-augmenting
policies therefore must be combined with those that not only reduce aggregate and idiosyncratic
risks but also build resilience against them.

Kisan Credit Card

-Danish Faruqui
Provision of timely and adequate credit has been one of the major challenges for banks in India
in dispensation of agricultural and rural credit to the farmers. Constant innovation is required in
order to achieve the aim. Agricultural credit cards are not a new concept in the field of
agricultural banking in India. The scheme had already been introduced in a number of public
sector banks in a few states much earlier. These schemes were niche-marketed and were
exclusively preserved for the privileged class of farmers and the small and marginal farmers did
not have much access to them. Similarly cash credit facilities were being extended by several
public sector banks and cooperative banks to farmers with the view to improving their access to
credit. Again this scheme was used only selectively. The KCC scheme was started by the
Government of India (GOI) in consultation with the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) and
NABARD (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) 1998-99 to join the features
of both these schemes and to overcome their shortcomings.

51
THE “TIPPING POINT” IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE
(Understanding the Withdrawal of Indian Rural Youth)
-Amrita Sharma and Anik Bhaduri
Recent trends suggest that India might very well be at the "tipping point" of the
transition in its agriculture dependent population. A large proportion of youth in the countryside
is on their way out of agriculture. Rising disenchantment with the profession pushes them
out of agriculture while opportunities in other sectors of the booming economy pull them out of
agriculture. This is suggested by this study which attempts to identify the drivers of this process
of withdrawal and assess the odds of an average farmers’ move out of agriculture.
Undertaken as a part of strategic analysis of India' s river interlinking program under way
at IWMI (funded by the Challenge Program for Water and food) it was designed to understand
what trajectory Indian agriculture will take in future. Data for the study came from
interviews of a large number of rural male youth (sample size-1609) across 14 locations
spanning 12 states of the country. The interviews focused on their aspirations and plans for
shift to other occupations. A binary choice log it model was then developed to identify the
important factors which influence a young person’s decision-making. The assumption behind
the model was that a farmer (characterized by his age, skill level, education, landholding
size, irrigation and location of his farmland) seeks to maximize his welfare by making a choice
about remaining in his present agricultural occupation or not.
The regression results suggest that youth who possess non-farm skills are 1.4 times more
likely to move out of agriculture. Age has a significant role as the odds ratio in favor of
shifting out of agriculture is high among farmers below 30 years of age. These results are
supported by observations from other countries where occupational mobility was found to be
higher among younger farmers and they were found to be more sensitive to income differentials
between farm and non-farm occupations farm prices, and interest rates. Further, this study found
that availability of irrigation did not have any significant impact on withdrawal behavior. The
small and marginal farmers expressed a great desire to quit farming possibly because of the
low viability of smallholder agriculture. But, as the land size increased the tendency
towards withdrawal gained among the large holder category as well thus suggesting a U-
shape relationship between farm size and willingness towards withdrawal Interestingly, all
these factors seem to become more dominant and their coefficients improve for villages

52
farther removed from towns. Thus importance of proximity to urban areas for occupation
choice seems to be indicated.

The phenomenon deserves attention since it challenges the myth of persistence of

overpopulated workforce in agriculture. With the current 8 percent growth rate of the
Indian economy the fall in agricultural population is likely to only get steeper. This will
have far-reaching implications for the way agriculture is likely to be organized in future.
We foresee aging of the farmer population increased feminization of agricultural
workforce and mechanization of farms. This will put great demands on the extension
agencies, technology providers and the agricultural institutions that will have to wake up and
recognize the requirements of the new-age farmer. The demands will be greater on the irrigation
institutions which have by far ignored the role of women as farmers and as irrigators. A number
of recent occurrences suggest that India might very well be at the “tipping point” of the
(de)growth in its agricultural population and with growing urbanization, better literacy
standards and greater skill attainment by rural youth it might take a steep turn southwards thus
changing the nature of farming in the country drastically.

Grower heterogeneity and the gains from contract farming: The case of
Indian poultry

- Bharat Ramaswami, Pratap Singh Birthal, P.K. Joshi

Purpose:-The purpose of this paper is to offer an empirical analysis of contract farming (CF) for
poultry in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

Design/methodology/approach – Through a probit equation, the factors that matter to their

participation in contracting are evaluated. The estimation of income gains is considered within a
treatment effects model. The risk benefits from contracting are estimated by simulating the
variability of returns if the contract farmers were to be independent growers.

Findings – This paper shows that the poultry integrators in Andhra Pradesh are able to
appropriate almost the entire efficiency gains from contracting. Yet, the contract growers are

53
better off with the contract. This outcome is because of grower heterogeneity and the way it is
employed in the selection of contract growers. The paper also finds that contract growers do gain
substantially in terms of risk reduction.

Research limitations/implications -The CF literature reminds us that these arrangements often

fail because of opportunistic behavior. The poultry example shows that contracting is a useful
institution when processor interests are closely aligned to that of the grower. This paper
describes the circumstances under which this alignment is obtained.

Originality/value- First, it adds to the small and growing body of work that estimates the
income gains to contract growers. Second and going beyond existing work on developing
countries, this paper also addresses the risk benefits from contracting. Thirdly, this paper
estimates the income gains from contracting to the processing firms.

Indian agri-seed industry: understanding the entrepreneurial process

-Sushil Kumar, Jabir Ali

Purpose-The paper aims to discuss and analyse the entrepreneurial process in Indian seed
business and factors affecting entrepreneurship in this sector.

Design/methodology/approach -The paper is based on in-depth personal interviews with 40

entrepreneurs involved in 31 seed ventures belonging to five districts covering three states of
India – Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttarakhand. These firms were selected following the
convenient method of sampling. All major components of entrepreneurial process – personal
traits and background of the entrepreneur, legal and financial environment, and market structure
– were studied in detail. Descriptive and relational data-analytic methods were adopted such as
frequency distribution, cross tabulation, and correlation analysis.

Findings –Realizing the importance of availability of quality seed to the farming community in
adequate quantity in the country, current government policies are geared towards promoting and
fostering entrepreneurship in seed industry in India. The paper finds that the firms established
during last five to ten years have shown continuous growth indicating attractiveness of the

54
industry. Ability to build entrepreneurial team with complementary skills and knowledge and
experience of the lead entrepreneurs are found to be the critical success factors in this industry.

Research limitations/implications -The findings of the paper are based on mainly qualitative
data/information collected only from 40 entrepreneurs belonging to 31 seed ventures.

Practical implications -The study findings have implications for policy makers as well as for
prospective entrepreneurs. It will help in designing appropriate policy instruments promote and
foster entrepreneurship on one hand and provide suggestions for new entrepreneurs for creating
sustainable new seed ventures on the other.

Originality/value The paper is original and value loaded in the sense that this provides the
practical implications for understanding the entrepreneurial process in a very critical segment of
the agriculture sector.

Reforming the agricultural extension system in India: What do we know

about what works where and why?

- Raabe, Katharina

"In order to realize agricultural potential and to increase agricultural yields, India's extension
system has experienced major conceptual, structural, and institutional changes since the late
1990s. This paper reviews existing reform programs and strategies currently existing in
agricultural extension in India. It distinguishes strategies that have been employed to strengthen
both the supply and demand sides of service provision in the area of agricultural extension, and it
reviews the effects of the demand- and supply-side strategies on the access to and the quality of
agricultural extension services. The ultimate objectives are (1) to gain a view on what works
where and why in improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension in a decentralized
environment; (2) to identify measures that strengthen and improve agricultural extension service
provision; and (3) to reveal existing knowledge gaps. Although the range of extension reform
approaches is wide, this paper shows that an answer to the question of what works where and
55
why is complicated by the absence of sound and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative
impact and evaluation assessment studies. Even evidence from the National Agricultural
Technology Project and the Diversified Agricultural Support Project of the World Bank, the
women empowerment programs of the Danish International Development Agency, the Andhra
Pradesh Tribal Development Project, and the e-Choupal program of the Indian Tobacco
Company is subject to methodological and identification problems. Conclusions regarding the
importance (1) of implementing both decentralized, participatory, adaptive, and pluralistic
demand- and supply-side extension approaches; (2) of involving the public, private, and third
(civil society) sectors in extension service provision and funding; and (3) of strengthening the
capacity of and the collaboration between farmers, researchers, and extension workers are
necessarily tentative and require further quantification. The paper seeks to inform policymakers
and providers of extension services from all sectors about the need to make performance
assessments and impact evaluations inherent components of any extension program so as to
increase the effectiveness of extension service reforms." from Author's Abstract

On-farm studies under Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)

Education Programme in India - Some results

- R.K. Nanwal and K.P. Singh

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University started Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) programme to expose the out-going final year undergraduate students of
agriculture discipline. The students are placed in rural areas and attached to farmers’ families to
study the crop production technology adopted by the farmer family, its techno-economic survey
and extent of agriculture extension in the preparation of technology to the farmers. The students
are guided and supervised by a team of specialized teachers and scientists from Regional
Research Stations and District Agricultural Science Technology Centers. In this programme
during the year 2001-2002 a class of 60 students was offered this programme. These students
were placed in 15 villages of six districts of Haryana state. Prior to their placement, the students
were given basic training for carrying out survey work in the field. Out of the data collected and
submitted by these students to the teacher incharge, compilation and analysis were made on total
income from agriculture including milch and draught animals, expenditure, net income from

56
subsidiary occupation. These data were utilized for finding out net income from agriculture,
subsidiary income and income per earning family member of the farmer. The size of holding
varied between 3 acres to 18 acres and, therefore, small, medium and large holding farmers were
covered in these studies.

The analysis of data on net income reveal that income from agriculture (crops + livestock) was
higher under large size holding, however, per unit net income was more under small and medium
size holder. Subsidiary income from subsidiary occupation like sale of vegetable, operating
telephone booth, preparation and sale of animal feed, operating of a shop was found to be a good
source of income to the farmers’ family. Therefore, income per earning family member per
hectare was higher when there was a subsidiary occupation of the family. These on-farm studies
indicate that small farm can give good earning provided sufficient resource base is available with
the farmer. The combination of agriculture including livestock with a subsidiary occupation may
help in the improvement of the economic condition of the farmer. The studies further reveal that
a combination of education and on-farm research and extension programme had better exposure
of fresh agricultural graduates to the real ground problems at farmers field and acted as a tool of
the feed back to research workers for planning their research programmes.

Sustainable development of rainfed agriculture in India

- Kerr, John M.

India's agricultural growth has been sufficient to move the country from severe food crises of the
1960s to aggregate food surpluses today. Most of the increase in agricultural output over the
years has taken place under irrigated conditions. The opportunities for continued expansion of
irrigated area are limited; however, so Indian planners increasingly are looking to rainfed, or
unirrigated agriculture to help meet the rising demand for food projected over the next several
decades. Given that rainfed agriculture should receive greater emphasis in public investments, a
key issue is how much investment should be allocated among different types of rainfed
agriculture. This paper addresses a wide variety of issues related to rainfed agricultural
development in India. It examines the historical record of agricultural productivity growth in
different parts of the country under irrigated and rainfed conditions, and it reviews the evidence

57
regarding agricultural technology development and adoption, natural resource management,
poverty alleviation, risk management, and policy and institutional reform. It presents background
information on all of these topics, offering some preliminary conclusions and recommending
areas where further research is needed. The analysis of agricultural productivity growth is based
on district level data covering the Indo-Gangetic plains and peninsular India from 1956 to 1990.

Weather-risk hedging by farmers: An empirical study of willingness-to-pay in

Rajasthan, India

- Rajiv Seth,Valeed A. Ansari,Manipadma Datta

Purpose –Small farmers in developing countries have very little means of managing the
weather-risk to their agricultural produce. Weather derivatives could provide a solution, but the
demand for such instruments and the willingness to invest in them needs to be researched. The
purpose of this paper is to assess weather-risk hedging by farmers, focusing on the willingness to
pay in Rajasthan, India

Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents results of a contingent valuation study

done on the findings of a survey carried out in six villages in the state of Rajasthan. The survey
was done on over 500 farmers after explaining the concept of weather derivatives and how they
would work to help them hedge their weather-related yield risk. The survey included questions
on factors, which could have a bearing on the farmers' willingness to pay, and a bidding game
where responses were solicited to premiums in a hypothetical market. Probit and logit models are
used to determine probabilities of “Yes” responses to various bids and the mean willingness-to-
pay.

Findings –The paper brings out a model, which uses nine independent variables affecting the
probability of a farmer saying “Yes” to a price quoted to him for a weather derivative. Using the
results from the probit and logit models, the farmers' mean willingness-to-pay is determined to
be around 8.8 per cent of the maximum possible payout of weather derivative contract.

Originality/value – With weather derivatives being accepted as a means of risk management for
agriculture in developing countries, the willingness-to-pay figures determined in this paper
58
would provide an insight to the structuring and pricing of weather derivatives, especially in
developing countries.

Weather derivatives: risk-hedging prospects for agriculture and power

sectors in India

- Anil K. Sharma, Ashutosh Vashishtha

Purpose –This article aims to examine the state of risk management in agriculture and power
sector of India, evaluate the effectiveness of weather derivatives as alternative risk management
tools and basic framework required to implement them.
Design/methodology/approach – Applications of traditional risk-hedging tools and techniques
in Indian agricultural and power sectors have proved to be costly, inadequate, and more
importantly, a drag on the country's fiscal system. Mostly they offer a hedge against only the
price risk. The volume related risk, which is rather more serious and highly weather-dependent,
remains practically unhedged. This study has used existing literature and empirical evidences for
analyzing the various issues related to risk management in agriculture and power sector.
Traditional derivative strategies have been used to construct weather derivatives contracts with
different underlying weather indices.
Findings –The article suggests that how an appropriate weather-based derivative contract system
may be a more flexible, economical and sustainable way of managing the volume-related
weather risk in an economy, like India, having predominant agricultural and power sectors.
Originality/value – The article will be of value to all those who have some stakes in agricultural
and power sectors of an economy and would like to mange the volume related risk in these
sectors.

2.4 Expected- Actual data:-

The data which we received was mainly from the specified areas which were neighbouring
Allahabad district only, thus we were expecting data from those areas only but in large masses
but when we actually went to do the survey, we found very few peoples at first.
Later, somehow when we were able to manage gather interest in them, they were hiding the basic
facts from us like i.e. faking age, annual income etc. Thus, we were not able to get the actual data

59
that which age group we were actually surveying and whether they were falling in different
income group. Thus, there was a small difference between the data which we were expecting
from the villagers and those that we actual received.

2.5 Identifying the research gap:-

In spite of all the initiative the the desire out is hardly matched at ground level.There are follows
reasons for that:
 The schemes are widely different so related research matter is hard to find
 Also foreign research in equivalent schemes are totally different in context to the Indian
scenario
 Also currently hardly any research is going on so current data is scare
 Also the data which is available is very old and schemes have been revamp many a times
in between so that old research is hardly of any use
 Also government bodies are reluctant to provide actual facts and figures about any
scheme

2.6 Gap analysis:-

By analyzing the difficulties about the research material, followings inference can be drawn out:

 The available literature is in prescribe format as most of it is in some way meant for
government researches, so to extract matter from that we have to first understand it’s
original requirement in the scheme then have to acquire proper knowledge from it
 As research material is widely scattered for different schemes we have to interlink them
for a better understanding
 Also as foreign researches materials are sometime give totally contrast view of prevalent
problems here so proper interpretation of these report in our context is must
 Also the old data have to be translate in current context to fulfill our requirements
 Also proper sources have to be use to get authentic past survey reports

2.7 Conclusion

60
In spite of all the problems faced in finding proper research material the literature review of the
schemes was done efficiently. More and more through reading of different literature, abstract
from books, journals, research papers etc is done more it help in deeper understanding of the
schemes, their implementation and their probable desire outcome.
Literature reviews also help us to understand other socio-eco aspects affect the success or
failure of these schemes heavily. Some of the factors found by us are health, education, financial
status, caste, creed etc. Like education level of a farmer depict how much he is aware of the
scheme benefits, his financial status depicts whether he is capable for large class farming or not
or whether he is liable for different loans available or not. These reviews will help us to
formulate our survey in a better way.

61
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH PLAN

62
3.1 Introduction:-
The aim of this evaluation study is to gather information and critically analyze the Rural
Agriculture Development Program launched by the government.

The analysis presented here covers the following area:

a. Project description.
b. Research design and methodology.
c. Effects on training and research capacity.
d. Impact on health care delivery and research.
e. Current position and future prospects.

3.2 Research issues & challenges:-

Confederation of Indian Industry points out that Indian agriculture still suffers from:-

 Poor productivity.
 Falling water levels.
 Expensive credit.
 A distorted market.
 Many intermediaries who increase cost but do not add much value.
 Laws that stifle private investment.
 Controlled prices.
 Poor infrastructure.
 Produce that does not meet international standards.
 Inappropriate research.
 Tax evasion by unorganized sector leading to the lack of a level playing field.

It is here the challenge arises considering the implementation of the technology at various levels
in the Global community. The need of the hour is not application of the technology but the
63
adoption of appropriate technology, which would suit the particular level of the global
community. In India, the farming practices are too haphazard and non-scientific and hence need
some forethought before implementing any new technology.

Applications of agricultural inputs at uniform rates across the field without due regard to in-field
variations in soil fertility and crop conditions does not yield desirable results in terms of crop
yield. The management of in-field variability in soil fertility and crop conditions for improving
the crop production and minimizing the environmental impact is the crux of precision farming.

Thus, the information on spatial variability in soil fertility status and crop conditions is a pre-
requisite for adoption of precision farming. Space technology including global positioning
system (GPS) and GIS holds good promise in deriving information on soil attributes and crop
yield, and allows monitoring seasonally- variable soil and crop characteristics, namely soil
moisture, crop-phenology, growth, evapotranspiration, nutrient deficiency, crop disease, and
weed and insect infestation, which, in turn, help in optimizing inputs and maximizing crop yield
and income. Though widely adopted in developed countries, the adoption of precision farming in
India is yet to take a firm ground primarily due to its unique pattern of land holdings, poor
infrastructure, lack of farmers’ inclination to take risk, socio-economic and demographic
conditions.

3.3 Research Questions:-

 What are the critical issues in Indian agriculture?

 The irrigation infrastructure in India is disparate in its access and reach to various regions
in the country. Similar irrigation facilities do not occur across all regions and within the
same region not all farmers have equal access. What are the main reasons for this
inefficiency?
 There have been criticisms of the current policies in managing food scarcity caused by
drought and failure of rains. What is your opinion about the current food policy and food
security in India?
 At the national level there is repeated talk about interlinking of rivers and small dams.
How feasible are these two proposals?

64
3.4 Motivation:-

Every research is based on a motivation because what makes people to undertake research? This
is an always a question of fundamental importance. Our motivations behind this project are-
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research
 Desire to be of service to society

However, this is not an exhaustive list .Many more factors such as directives of government,
curiosity about new things; desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and
awakening are also play an important role to choose this area as our research.

3.5 Objective of the Study:-

1. To analyze the concept and purpose, definition, policy and the practices of agriculture in the
selected area of India i.e. Allahabad and the interconnections between the prevailing political
ideology in the whole country.
2. To analyze and identify the similarities and dissimilarities in the differential Growth of Rural
Health in India.
3. To analyze the relative role of primary health care Centers and in achieving healthy rural
India.
4. To critically analyze the factors associated with successful outcomes and problems of Rural
Health of India.

3.6Research Objective:-
Specific research objectives included the following:-
(1) Provide a descriptive analysis of the data collected in the survey
(2) Identify the health problems in Allahabad
(3) Assess clinic demand and estimate willingness to pay for health services.

65
3.7 Scope of Study: -

There are few limitations when we conducted the research process for Survey on Health,
these are as follows:

1. Time Limit: The major constraint which we faced during conduction of this
research was it’s time limit. We couldn’t get into the much details of this Survey due
to lack of time. We have a fixed period of 4 months, in which we had to complete
our Preparation of Questionnaire, then analyse the data and then conduct a Survey on
the findings of our raw data. Based on this Information we had to make a report,
which limited us to depend on our primary findings.

2. Proximity of the area: As we were limited to do our research on the villages and
rural areas which were close to Allahabad district only. Thus, we were forced to
make our assumption that this is only the real state of whole rural India.

3.8 Research Methodology:-

RESPONDENTS' PROFILE OF THE TARGET GROUP

The survey covered a total of about 100 respondents from 3 different locations surrounding
Allahabad. The sex distribution of the target group in the sample is almost fifty-fifty; 50.3
percent males and 49.7 percent females. The respondents consist of all age groups, 36.2 of them
belong to 16 to 30 year of age and 35.6 percent come under 31 to 45 age group. . 22.1 percent of
the target group falls between 46 to 60 years of age, followed by 6.1 percent, who are above 60
years of age. The region surrounding Jhushi has younger respondents (41.7 percent) as
compared to 27.2 percent from Phaphamau region. At the same time Phaphamau region has less
representation in the age group of 46 to 60 (27.8 percent) and above 60 years (13.9

66
percent).Only 7 percents are in the above 60-year age group in other regions.
Table 3.1
Percentage of People below Poverty Line
In India (1973–2004)

Years Rural Urban Combined

1973 56.4 49.0 54.9

1983 45.7 40.8 44.5

1993 37.3 32.3 36.0
2004 28.3 25.7 27.5

Source: Planning Commission

Education
Table 3.1 shows that more than half (52.2 percent) of the sample respondents are illiterate,
followed by one-fifth (26.2percent) who have studied up to 51h standard and 13.1 percent who
studied up to 9 th standard. Further, Table 3.1 shows that 14.6 percent respondents have
studied in 10th and beyond 10 th standard. Males are more educated than females in all the
educational categories. There is a gap of 20 percent and 9 percent among the males and females
respectively who studied up to 10 th or beyond 10th standard. Subedar Ganj region has more
illiterates (57.8 percent) and lesser number ofrespondents who studied up to 10th standard and
beyond (11.7 percent) than other regions.

Occupation
The analysis of personal characteristics of the respondents in terms of their occupation in
Table 3.1 presents an interesting occupational profile. It shows that the respondents are
divided almost equally in three major occupation categories; 28.0 percent agriculturists, 28.3
percent self employed persons and 27.2 percent housewives. Agriculturists are more from Jhushi
region (30.7 percent) than in other regions. But it has lesser representation of housewives (14.7
percent). From Phaphamau region the sample has lesser percentage of self employed
persons (22.5 percent) and comparatively more housewives (36.6 percent). .Subedar Ganj

67
region presents slightly different picture with minimum number of service people (4..8 percent)
and maximum percentage of people in business (10 percent).

On expected lines, very less percentage of respondents is from Type-1 location (11.3
percent) in comparison to 34.8 percent from Type-2 and 37.9 percent from Type-3 location.
Type-1 location has more representation among the self-employed persons (39.4 percent) and
service holders (11.3 percent) and business categories than from other locations. Percentage of
female respondents is lesser in agriculture, self employed and service categories. Of
course, a large number of them (54.7 percent) are housewives.

Income
Since, the sample was drawn from relatively poor parts and weaker sections of the towns and
villages. 71.1 percent of the respondents belong to "lower income group" having annual
family income up to Rs 20,000. For other 19 percent, the annual family income is only
40,000, followed by 6.2 percent with family income more than 40,000.

Table -3.2: Percentage Distribution of the

Respondents by Location and Sex

Among lower Region Sex Total

income group, Phapha Subedar
Phaphamau region Jhushi mau
Other Areas
Ganj
Male Female
has
Sexmaximum
68
Male 51.5 50.0 50.6- 49.8 100 50.3
Female 48.6 50.0 49.4 50.2 100 49.7
Age
16-30yrs 36.1 41.7 27.2 35.6 34.8 37.6 36.2
3 1 -45yrs 35.3 32.5 31.1 39.4 36.4 34.9 35.6
46-60yrs 22.8 19.7 27.8 21.3 22.6 21.6 22.1
60+ 5.7 6.1 13.9 3.7 6.2 6.0 6.1
Education
Illiterate 45.9 49.2 54.4 57.8 43.2 61.3 52.2
Upto 5th std 19.8 21.9 21.1 18.9 21.7 18.6 20.2
6-9 std 14.9 14.2 11.1 11.7 15.1 11.0 13.1
-10-12 std and 19.3 143 13.3 11.7 20.0 9.0 14.6
above
Occupation
Agriculture 36.7 23.1 26.1 26.1 39.4 16.6 28.0
Self employed 34.2 22.5 36.1 25.6 33.9 22.7 28.3
Service 9.0 8.6 7.8 4.8 12.1 2.2 7.2
Business 2.2 2.2 3.9 10.0 9.1 1.5 5.3
Student 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.1 1.5 2.1 1.8
House-wife 14.7 38.6 23.9 29.3 0.0 54.7 27.2
Unemployed 1.6 1.1 0.0 3.0 3.3 0.3 1.8
Retired 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.3
Income
Upto 20,000 67.4 81.7 71.1 66.5 70.0 72.2 71.1
20001-40000 25.5 10.3 15.0 21.7 19.6 18.4 19.0
40000+ 6.5 7.8 13.3 2.6 7.3 5.1 6.2
Not reported 0.5 0.3 0.6 9.3 3.2 4.3 3.7
Total 368 360 180 540 729 719 1448

Table -3.3: Percentage Distribution of the Demographic Variables of

Respondents by Location and Sex

Variables Type of Location Sex Total

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Male Female
Sex
Male 50.6 50.2 50.2 100 50.1
Female 49.4 49.8 49.8 100 49.7
Age
16-30yrs 34.8 35.9 37.9 34.8 37.6. 36.2

69
 31-45yrs 42.3 35.5 29.2 36.4 34.9 35.6
46-60yrs 17.5 22.3 26.5 22.6 21.6 22.1
60+ 5.4 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.0 6.1
Education
Illiterate 50.6 49.6 56.7 43.2 61.3 52.2
Upto 5th std 19.8 23.8 16.9 21.7 18.6 20.2
6-9 std 11.9 14.8 12.5 15.1 11.0 13.1
10-12 std and 17.7 11.9 14.2 20.0 9.0 14.6
Occupation
Agriculture 11.3 34.8 37.9 39.4 16.6 28.0
Self employed 39.4 28.9 16.7 33.9 22.7 28.3
Service 11.3 5.7 4.6 12.1 2.2 7.2
Business 6.7 4.7 4.6 9.1 1.5 5.3
Student 1.9 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.1 1.8
House-wife 26.5 23.6 31.7 0.0, 54.7 27.2
Unemployed 2.5 1.2 1.7 3.3 0.3 1.8
Retired 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3
Income
Upto 20000 75.8 70.3 67.1 .70.0 72.2 71.1
20001-40000 14.8 20.1 22.1 19.6 18.4 19.0
40000+ 6.5 6.6 5.6 7.3 5.1 6.2
Not reported 2.9 3.1 5.2 3.2 4.3 3.7
Total 480 488 480 729 719 1448

Scaling Techniques:-

Summated scales (or Likert-type scales) are developed by utilizing the item analysis approach
wherein a particular item is evaluated on the basis of how well it discriminates between those
persons whose total score is high and those whose score is low. Those items or statements that
best meet this sort of discrimination test are included in the final instrument. Thus, summated
scales consist of a number of statements which express either a favorable or unfavorable attitude
towards the given object to which the respondent is asked to react. The respondent indicates his
agreement or disagreement with each statement in the instrument. Each response is given a
numerical score, indicating its favorableness or un-favorableness, and the scores are totaled to
measure the respondent’s attitude. In other words, the overall score represents the respondent’s
position on the continuum of favorable & un-favorableness towards an issue. Most frequently
used summated scales in the study of social attitudes follow the pattern devised by Likert. For
this reason they are often referred to as Likert-type scales. In a Likert scale, the respondent is
asked to respond to each of the statements in terms of several degrees, usually five degrees (but
at times 3 or 7 may also be used) of agreement or disagreement. For example, when asked to

70
express opinion whether one considers his job quite pleasant, the respondent may respond in any
one of the following ways:
(i) Strongly agree, (ii) agree, (iii) undecided, (IV) disagree, (v) strongly disagree.

We find that these five points constitute the scale. At one extreme of the scale there is
strongagreement with the given statement and at the other, strong disagreement, and between
them lie intermediate points. We may illustrate this as under:

Each point on the scale carries a score. Response indicating the least favorable degree of job
satisfaction is given the least score (say 1) and the most favorable is given the highest score (say
5). These score—values are normally not printed on the instrument but are shown here just to
indicate the scoring pattern. The Likert scaling technique, thus, assigns a scale value to each of
the five responses. The same thing is done in respect of each and every statement in the
instrument. This way the instrument yields a total score for each respondent, which would then
measure the respondent’s favorableness toward the given point of view. If the instrument
consists of, say 30 statements, the following score values would be revealing.

30 × 5 = 150 most favorable response possible

30 × 3 = 90 A neutral attitude
30 × 1 = 30 most unfavorable attitude.

The scores for any individual would fall between 30 and 150. If the score happens to be above
90, it shows favorable opinion to the given point of view, a score of below 90 would mean
unfavorable opinion and a score of exactly 90 would be suggestive of a neutral attitude.
Procedure: The procedure for developing a Likert-type scale is as follows:
1. As a first step, the researcher collects a large number of statements which are relevant to
the attitude being studied and each of the statements expresses definite favorableness or
71
 un-favorableness to a particular point of view or the attitude and that the number of
favorable and unfavorable statements is approximately equal.
2. After the statements have been gathered, a trial test should be administered to a number
of subjects. In other words, a small group of people, from those who are going to be
studied finally, are asked to indicate their response to each statement by checking one of
the categories of agreement or disagreement using a five point scale as stated above.
3. The response to various statements are scored in such a way that a response indicative of
the most favorable attitude is given the highest score of 5 and that with the most
unfavorable attitude is given the lowest score, say, of 1.
4. Then the total score of each respondent is obtained by adding his scores that he received
for separate statements.
5. The next step is to array these total scores and find out those statements which have a
high discriminatory power. For this purpose, the researcher may select some part of the
highest and the lowest total scores, say the top 25 per cent and the bottom 25 per cent.
These two extreme groups are interpreted to represent the most favorable and the least
favorable attitudes and are used as criterion groups by which to evaluate individual
statements. This way we determine which statements consistently correlate with low
favorability and which with high favorability.
6. Only those statements that correlate with the total test should be retained in the final
instrument and all others must be discarded from it.
Advantages:
The Likert-type scale has several advantages. Mention may be made of the important ones.
1. It is relatively easy to construct the Likert-type scale in comparison to Thurstone-type
scale because Likert-type scale can be performed without a panel of judges.
2. Likert-type scale is considered more reliable because under it respondents answer each
statement included in the instrument. As such it also provides more information and data
than does the Thurstone-type scale.
3. Each statement, included in the Likert-type scale, is given an empirical test for
discriminating ability and as such, unlike Thurstone-type scale, the Likert-type scale
permits the use of statements that are not manifestly related (to have a direct relationship)
to the attitude being studied.

72
 4. Likert-type scale can easily be used in respondent-centered and stimulus-centered studies
i.e., through it we can study how responses differ between people and how responses
differ between stimuli.
5. Likert-type scale takes much less time to construct; it is frequently used by the students
of opinion research. Moreover, it has been reported in various research studies that there
is high degree of correlation between Likert-type scale and Thurstone-type scale.
Limitations:
There are several limitations of the Likert-type scale as well. One important limitation is that,
with this scale, we can simply examine whether respondents are more or less favorable to a topic,
but we cannot tell how much more or less they are. There is no basis for belief that the five
positions indicated on the scale are equally spaced. The interval between ‘strongly agree’ and
‘agree’ may not be equal to the interval between “agree” and “undecided”. This means that
Likert scale does not rise to a stature more than that of an ordinal scale, whereas the designers of
Thurstone scale claim the Thurstone scale to be an interval scale. One further disadvantage is
that often the total score of an individual respondent has little clear meaning since a given total
score can be secured by a variety of answer patterns. It is unlikely that the respondent can validly
react to a short statement on a printed form in the absence of real-life qualifying situations.
Moreover, there “remains a possibility that people may answer according to what they think they
should feel rather than how they do feel.”4 This particular weakness of the Likert-type scale is
met by using a cumulative scale which we shall take up later in this chapter. In spite of all the
limitations, the Likert-type summated scales are regarded as the most useful in a situation
wherein it is possible to compare the respondent’s score with a distribution of scores from some
well defined group. They are equally useful when we are concerned with a program of change or
improvement in which case we can use the scales to measure attitudes before and after the
programmed of change or improvement in order to assess whether our efforts have had the
desired effects. We can as well correlate scores on the scale to other measures without any
concern for the absolute value of what is favorable and what is unfavorable. All this accounts for
the popularity of Likert-type scales in social studies relating to measuring of attitudes.

3.9 Concluding Remarks:

73
In the conclusion I would say that we were able to successfully design our way of doing
research. We have developed a good research objective to work onto and by making initial
questionnaires; we started to collect data from the villagers.

In the next 2 chapters we will discuss the various methods to collect data and then analysing it.
Also, we will summarise our findings and put on required recommendations.

74
 CHAPTER4
DATA ANALYSIS

75
4.1 Introduction of data analysis:-

Data Analysis is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal
of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making.
Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a
variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains
Data analysis is an interplay of inquiry between experience and knowledge that we as the
inquirers bring to the research, and the information that is imbedded in the data. Analysis is an
ongoing part of the research process – from the framing of the initial questions, the designing of
the first program strategy to the “testing” of a set of beliefs about why and how things happen the
way they that do and what the results of our program efforts been on an individual or
community. We examine the data using different lenses to answer different questions – to
describe a phenomena or event or population, to capture the development of skills and
characteristics, or to determine differences based on a proscribed set of variables. We examine,
define, conceptualize, and quantify the data in order to answer our questions about who, what,
when, where, why, how and how much. We use it as a light to guide our path as we move
forward in our efforts to make changes in society and in people’s lives.
Analysis tells us different things at different points in our process of learning more and
understanding our work better. At the formative level of evaluation it tells us what to do and
what approach to take in doing it based on what we have learned about the people we are trying
to engage. At the process level it tells us the steps that we need to take in mapping out our
approach; and what we do and do not accomplish along the way. At the level of impact our
analysis will tell us what effect we have had on participants in the course of our efforts. At the
level of outcome it will tell us something about changes in circumstance and the social standards
of the environment.

What are the steps in analyzing data

 Create a structure, instruments and a process for collecting data
 Catalogue data as it is being collected according to identifier information, method,
constituency, or data type and store in a safe and confidential place
 Read data as it is being collected (if feasible) to identify patterns or categories

76
  Develop a system of delineating categories and patterns (colors or numerical)
 At a pre determined point (midway through data collection) review (read or observe) all
the data
 Weed out incomplete data
 Code the data according to categories identified
 Look for patterns in the data and across the data (triangulation)
 Draw your findings back to the research questions and see what conclusions or
interpretations you can make and Develop the next set of questions

4.2 Process for Data Analysis:-

 Data Collection
o Choosing the methods
o Operationalizing the research questions
o Deciding the Sample
 Data Cataloguing
o Creating systems for organizing and storing data
o Ensuring confidentiality
 Data Debriefing
o First impressions of experience of process of data collection
o First impressions of Content of data
 Data Analysis
o Identifying themes/codes in data
o Identifying ideas and patterns in the data
 Interpretation
o Understanding the data in relation to other data sets (triangulation of data or
comparison of data)
o Understanding what the data means to you based on your knowledge and
experience
 Findings
77
 o Results or conclusions drawn from the data in relation to the research questions
o Identification of additional questions for further inquiry
 Application of Learning
o Program planning and development
o Policy and practice change
o Community education and organizing

Some examples of this type of data collection tool would include:

 In-person surveys – used to gain general answers to basic questions

 Direct or participatory observations – where the researcher is directly involved with the
study group

 Interviews – used to gain more in depth answers to complex questions

4.3 Finding of the Data Analysis:-

Gender

Figure: 4.1

Analysis: According to our survey most of the respondents are men around 90%.

78
Age of the respondent

Figure: 4.2

Analysis: According to our survey respondents are of different age groups, 36.84% (31-45),
34.56% (46-60), 32.46% (18-30) and rest others.

Occupation:-

Figure: 4.3

79
Analysis: According to our survey most of the respondents are agriculture related around 85%
and rest are sparing distributed.

Income:

Figure: 4.4

Analysis: Most of the respondents are of low income group (upto Rs 19000) around 67.54%
followed by 27.19% in (Rs 19000- Rs50000).

Education level of respondent

Figure 4.5
Analysis: The survey showed that the respondents are of various proportions (22.81% illiterate,
21.05% upto 10th, 23.46% upto 12th and rest others).

80
 National Food Security Mission:-
Awareness
Farm demonstration been provided in the village.

Figure: 4.6
Analysis: According to this survey majority of the people are aware about this scheme (around
70% taking both strongly agreed and strongly disagreed) For subsequent stages while discussing
i will take both strongly and partially agreed together to analysis data

Table: 4.1
Education * Scheme 1: Awareness: Q1 Cross tabulation
Count
Scheme 1: Awareness: Q1
Neutral / No Somewhat
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Opinion Disagree Strongly Disagree Total
Education Illiterate 5 9 4 6 2 26
Upto 10th 5 10 1 4 4 24
Upto 12th 10 13 1 3 0 27
Graduate & Above 13 18 3 0 3 37
Total 33 50 9 13 9 114

Analysis: By our survey we find that as the education level of the respondents increases the
awareness about agrarian schemes also increased. From 5(illiterate) to 13(graduate) the rise less
is a significant one if we take the partially agree people into account.

Monetary benefits and subsidies are provided for buying engines / pumps.

81
 Figure: 4.7

Analysis: We find that around 50%(taking strongly and partially agreed together) are knowing
about the monetary benefit.
Table:4.2
Education * Scheme 1: Awareness: Q2 Crosstabulation
Count

Scheme 1: Awareness: Q2 Total

Neutral / No Somewhat
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Opinion Disagree Strongly Disagree
Education Illiterate 1 2 10 7 6 26
th
Upto 10 6 5 2 4 7 24
Upto 12th 9 13 2 2 1 27
Graduate & Above 9 13 6 4 5 37
Total 25 33 20 17 19 114

Analysis: Here also as the education increases awareness about the monetary benefit increases.
From 3 illiterate (agree) to 22 in graduate which is a significant jump.
The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.

82
 Figure: 4.8
Analysis: Around 2/3 of the respondents know about the production increament of arhar mung
etc.

Table:4.3
Education * Scheme 1: Awareness: Q3 Crosstabulation
Count
Scheme 1: Awareness: Q3 Total
Neutral / No Somewhat
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Opinion Disagree Strongly Disagree
Education Illiterate 8 7 2 6 3 26
th
Upto 10 7 8 4 1 4 24
th
Upto 12 8 8 3 4 4 27
Graduate & Above 13 15 4 3 2 37
Total 36 38 13 14 13 114
Analysis: Here also as the education increases awareness about the monetary benefit increases.
From 15 illiterate(agree) to 29 in graduate which is a significant jump(double).It can be infer
that most people are aware of the scheme.

Discount is provided for irrigation purpose.

83
 Figure: 4.9
Analysis: More that 54 %( taking strongly and partially agreed together) know about the scheme.

Table:4.4
Education * Scheme 1: Awareness: Q4 Crosstabulation
Count
Scheme 1: Awareness: Q4 Total
Neutral / No Somewhat
Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Opinion Disagree Strongly Disagree
Education Illiterate 6 4 7 3 6 26
th
Upto 10 5 6 3 4 6 24
th
Upto 12 10 10 3 2 2 27
Graduate & Above 8 13 4 4 8 37
Total 29 33 17 13 22 114

Analysis: Here also as the education increases awareness about the monetary benefit increases.
From 10 illiterate (agree) to 21 in graduate .The disagreed also form a major chunk around
30%.So the awareness is highly discrete.

Improved technologies for the production of rice, wheat and pulses are being used.

84
 Figure: 4.10

Analysis: In our survey more than 60% of the respondents are knowing about improved
technologies of rice, wheat production etc.
Table:4.5
Education * Scheme 1: Awareness: Q5 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Awareness: Q5

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 5 11 3 5 2 26

Upto 10th 6 4 6 5 3 24

Upto 12th 8 10 3 4 2 27

Graduate & Above 11 17 2 4 3 37

Total 30 42 14 18 10 114

Analysis Here also as the education increases awareness about the monetary benefits increases.
From 16 illiterate (agree) to 28 in graduate. But if we take the total people which comes around
72 which from majority thus in all we can say that people have awareness about this scheme

85
Satisfaction
The agricultural scheme running in your area is satisfactory.

Figure: 4.11
Analysis: In this we find that the satisfaction is very poor around 34% if we take bout partially
and strongly agreed responses.
Table:4.6
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q1

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 2 6 5 9 4 26

Upto 10th 1 6 3 11 3 24

Upto 12th 1 8 5 10 3 27

Graduate & Above 2 14 2 12 7 37

Total 6 34 15 42 17 114

Analysis: In this we find that the only 40 response some what positive other were not some we
conclude that very less people are satisfied inspite of rise of literacy level

The food security scheme available in your area is useful.

86
 Figure: 4.12
Analysis: Only around 30% of respondents have given positive answers to satisfaction level

Table:4.7
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q2

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 0 4 10 6 6 26

Upto 10th 1 5 6 9 3 24

Upto 12th 2 9 8 5 3 27

Graduate & Above 3 11 10 6 7 37

Total 6 29 34 26 19 114

Analysis: We find that although with the rise of education level (from 4 in illiterate to 14 in
graduate) which is 35 in in this case the satisfaction of this scheme is very less.

Monetary benefits and subsidies provided for buying engines / pumps are substantial.

87
 Figure: 4.13
Analysis: Here also only 32 percent of respondents are satisfied which is very less

Table:4.8
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q3 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 2 5 8 5 6 26

Upto 10th 0 5 6 9 4 24

Upto 12th 1 11 5 6 4 27

Graduate & Above 3 10 10 9 5 37

Total 6 31 29 29 19 114

Analysis : As the education level increase then only 37 in total respondent give positive answer
which is very less. This shows that the satisfaction is less for this scheme.

The production of arhar, mung, wheat, etc., has increased.

88
 Figure: 4.14
Analysis: Here we find around 59% people are satisfaction which is a positive sign

Table:4.9
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q4 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q4 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 6 10 3 5 2 26

Upto 10th 2 9 3 6 4 24

Upto 12th 2 12 7 4 2 27

Graduate & Above 4 22 4 5 2 37

Total 14 53 17 20 10 114

Analysis: As the education increases the satisfaction level remains somewhat same but it
increases overall to 67 which show a significant level of satisfaction

Discount provided for irrigation purpose is satisfactory.

89
 Figure: 4.15
Analysis: We find only a few that is 37% people are satisfied

Table:4.10
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q5 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q5 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 1 6 8 4 7 26

Upto 10th 1 9 3 8 3 24

Upto 12th 0 10 3 11 3 27

Graduate & Above 2 13 6 11 5 37

Total 4 38 20 34 18 114

Analysis: Inspite of rise in education level there not much rise in satisfaction level is 42
respondents that is around 40% of sample which is quite low.

Satisfied with the level of agricultural works in your area.

90
 Figure: 4.16
Analysis: Only around 30% of the respondents are satisfied

Table:4.11
Education * Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q6 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 1: Satisfaction: Q6 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 1 3 12 8 2 26

Upto 10th 2 8 3 9 2 24

Upto 12th 0 7 10 7 3 27

Graduate & Above 0 15 6 8 8 37

Total 3 33 31 32 15 114

Analysis: We see that rise of education level has no role in the satisfaction of this scheme. Also
the total no of respondents are very for satisfied column which show failure of this scheme

Agricultural Technology Management Agency

91
Awareness
Experts often visit our farms.

Figure: 4.17
Analysis: Around 42% of the respondents are familiar with it which gives a very low level of
indicator of scheme awareness

Table:4.12
Education * Scheme 2: Awareness: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Awareness: Q1

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 1 10 4 7 4 26

Upto 10th 3 6 2 5 8 24

Upto 12th 3 7 8 7 2 27

Graduate & Above 9 8 7 8 5 37

Total 16 31 21 27 19 114

Analysis: The awareness increase very slowly with the increase in education level. Also the total
no of people showing positive answering are 47 which is around 45% of total respondent.

92
Farmers go to farming school for learning new technology.

Figure: 4.18
Analysis: The awareness is very low as only 25% of the respondents gave positive answer

Table:4.13
Education * Scheme 2: Awareness: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Awareness: Q2 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 1 5 4 9 7 26

Upto 10th 5 1 2 7 9 24

Upto 12th 3 3 5 8 8 27

Graduate & Above 7 3 7 14 6 37

Total 16 12 18 38 30 114

Analysis: The educations have no effect in the awareness of the scheme. Also the total no of
respondents only 28 agreed which showed that awareness is very low for this particular scheme

Satisfaction
93
Visit of officials to your farms is useful.

Figure: 4.19
Analysis: The satisfaction is very low as only 15% respondents of people give positive answer.

Table:4.14
Education * Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q1 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 1 6 5 9 5 26

Upto 10th 1 3 1 11 8 24

Upto 12th 0 1 6 13 7 27

Graduate & Above 1 4 2 17 13 37

Total 3 14 14 50 33 114

Analysis: The education level rise has no effect in the satisfaction level of people. Also very few
(only 17) are satisfied which points towards failure of the scheme

The modern farming methods / technology are up to the satisfaction.

94
 Figure: 4.20
Analysis: Around 43% of the the people total that they are satisfied with the scheme

Table:4.15
Education * Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q2

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 8 4 4 8 2 26

Upto 10th 6 5 3 10 0 24

Upto 12th 2 7 9 6 3 27

Graduate & Above 7 11 7 8 4 37

Total 23 27 23 32 9 114

Analysis: Again education level increase has no effect in the satisfaction level. More over the
total positive answer is 50 which is roughly 2/5 of total respondents which is not very convincing
The learning of new technology in farming school is satisfactory.

95
 Figure: 4.21

Analysis: The level is very low as only 11% people are satisfied with these schemes.

Table:4.16
Education * Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q3

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 2 2 6 11 5 26

Upto 10th 2 1 6 8 7 24

Upto 12th 1 0 8 7 11 27

Graduate & Above 3 2 9 15 8 37

Total 8 5 29 41 31 114

Analysis: The education level has no relationship (effect) with satisfaction level. More over the
total respondents who are satisfied is only 13 % of this scheme which show that the most all
people are unsatisfied.

Adequate feed for fishes are provided to us.

96
 Figure: 4.22

Analysis: As major chunk of people are neutral so the satisfied people are very low around 14%

Table:4.17
Education * Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q4 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 2: Satisfaction: Q4

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 3 3 10 4 6 26

Upto 10th 0 2 12 6 4 24

Upto 12th 0 4 10 5 8 27

Graduate & Above 1 3 12 9 12 37

Total 4 12 44 24 30 114

Analysis: Again education level has no role in satisfaction level. Also the people (16) give
positive answer which shows satisfaction at grassroot level is very low.

Agricultural Information Development

97
Awareness
Agricultural pamphlets distributed among our farmer groups/councils.

Figure: 4.22
Analysis: Around 32% of the people are aware with the scheme which is very low

Table:4.18
Education * Scheme 3: Awareness: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Awareness: Q1

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 1 3 6 6 10 26

Upto 10th 6 1 1 7 9 24

Upto 12th 3 5 2 9 8 27

Graduate & Abo 5 12 6 8 6 37

ve

Total 15 21 15 30 33 114

Analysis: The education level rise has very slow rise in awareness level. More over total people
responding positively is 36 which is small part of total samples.

Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.

98
 Figure: 4.23
Analysis: Again the awareness is low as only 29% of the respondents are aware

Table:4.19
Education * Scheme 3: Awareness: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Awareness: Q2

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 2 2 7 7 8 26

Upto 10th 5 3 0 5 11 24

Upto 12th 5 1 8 5 8 27

Graduate & Above 6 9 8 6 8 37

Total 18 15 23 23 35 114

Analysis: The education has no role in awareness of the scheme. Also only 33% of the people
give positive response so the awareness level of particular aspect is very low

Farmers participate in the ‘Kisan Fair’ held in our village.

99
 Figure: 4.24
Analysis: Surprisingly only 25% respondents show interest which show a lack of awareness of
this scheme

Table:4.20
Education * Scheme 3: Awareness: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Awareness: Q3 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 2 1 6 8 9 26

Upto 10th 4 4 2 4 10 24

Upto 12th 4 3 6 4 10 27

Graduate & Above 7 4 10 6 10 37

Total 17 12 24 22 39 114

Analysis: Again the education has no role in incrementing the awareness level of the scheme.
Also very only number of respondents (29) are aware which show the lack of awareness as a
whole

Kisan Fair' provides information and awareness about latest techniques.

100
 Figure: 4.25
Analysis: Again the awareness is low as the percentage of positive response is around 26%
Table:4.21
Education * Scheme 3: Awareness: Q4 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Awareness: Q4 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 2 1 7 9 7 26

Upto 10th 5 4 1 5 9 24

Upto 12th 2 5 6 6 8 27

Graduate & Above 7 4 8 10 8 37

Total 16 14 22 30 32 114

Analysis: The education has no role in the increment of awareness level. Also only 30 people are
aware which is low as compare to sample size

Satisfaction

101
Are agricultural pamphlets distributed among your farmer groups/councils?

Figure: 4.26
Analysis: Only 18% of the respondents are satisfied so the level of satisfaction is low

Table:4.22
Education * Scheme 3: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Satisfaction: Q1

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 0 4 6 10 6 26

Upto 10th 2 1 2 9 10 24

Upto 12th 1 4 6 12 4 27

Graduate & Above 1 8 5 14 9 37

Total 4 17 19 45 29 114

Analysis: We find that the education has no role in the satisfaction level Also only 21
respondents give positive answer which indicates that the scheme is a failure.

Kisan council / Chaupal is held regularly in our village.

102
 Figure: 4.27

Table:4.23
Education * Scheme 3: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 3: Satisfaction: Q2 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 0 3 9 9 5 26

Upto 10th 0 4 3 9 8 24

Upto 12th 0 2 8 8 9 27

Graduate & Above 1 7 3 12 14 37

Total 1 16 23 38 36 114

Soil Development Scheme

103
Awareness
The soil is tested by experts on a regular basis.

Figure: 4.28

Analysis: The awareness is high as around 60% know about this scheme.

Table:4.24
Education * Scheme 4: Awareness: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 4: Awareness: Q1

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 3 10 2 6 5 26

Upto 10th 7 10 1 2 4 24

Upto 12th 3 13 4 4 3 27

Graduate & Above 8 13 6 4 6 37

Total 21 46 13 16 18 114

Analysis: The awareness remains stagnant as the education level increase. But total no of aware
people are 67 which is a major chunk of the sample.

104
Satisfaction
The soil is tested by experts on a regular basis.

Figure: 4.29
Analysis: Only 38% of the people are satisfied which is quite low

Table:4.25
Education * Scheme 4: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 4: Satisfaction: Q1

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 2 6 8 7 3 26

Upto 10th 1 5 4 8 6 24

Upto 12th 1 5 6 12 3 27

Graduate & Above 2 7 3 14 11 37

Total 6 23 21 41 23 114

Analysis: Again the rise of education has no role in satisfaction level. More over people only 29
persons are satisfied which shows that the scheme is not progress well.

The ph-level of the soil is normal.

105
 Figure: 4.30
Analysis: Around 55% people are satisfied with the scheme.

Table:4.26
Education * Scheme 4: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 4: Satisfaction: Q2

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 5 9 6 5 1 26

Upto 10th 1 13 6 2 2 24

Upto 12th 1 12 4 9 1 27

Graduate & Above 3 19 3 10 2 37

Total 10 53 19 26 6 114

Analysis: Here with the rise of education level people are more satisfied with the scheme it is
increasingly gradually. Also the total respondents satisfied are 63 which show that the people are
generally satisfied with the scheme.

Kisan Credit Card

106
Awareness
Bank provides us with loans for agricultural purposes

.
Figure: 4.31

Analysis: Most the people are aware around 82%.

Table:4.27
Education * Scheme 5: Awareness: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Awareness: Q1

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 8 11 2 4 1 26

Upto 10th 8 12 1 2 1 24

Upto 12th 11 11 3 1 1 27

Graduate & Above 17 17 2 0 1 37

Total 44 51 8 7 4 114

Analysis: The rise in awareness with the rise in education level is gradual. Also all people are
aware of the scheme

107
The procedure to get kisan credit issued is known to all farmers.

Figure: 4.32
Analysis: Most of the people (4/5) are aware of this clause

Table:4.28
Education * Scheme 5: Awareness: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Awareness: Q2

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree Total

Education Illiterate 6 7 4 5 4 26

Upto 10th 9 9 2 2 2 24

Upto 12th 6 12 2 4 3 27

Graduate & Above 13 14 0 7 3 37

Total 34 42 8 18 12 114

Analysis: The rise in awareness level with rise in education level is gradual. Most of the
respondent know about the scheme main points

108
The kisan credit card increases the purchasing power of the farmers.

Figure: 4.33
Analysis: Around 75% of respondent are aware that the utility of this scheme

Table:4.29
Education * Scheme 5: Awareness: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Awareness: Q3 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 7 7 4 5 3 26

Upto 10th 7 10 3 0 4 24

Upto 12th 11 10 3 1 2 27

Graduate & Above 14 18 4 1 0 37

Total 39 45 14 7 9 114

Analysis: The increase in awareness level is slow with the education level increment.Inspite of
this majority of people known about this scheme

109
Satisfaction
Availability of funds for farmer is up to satisfaction.

Figure: 4.34
Analysis: Around 55% respondents are satisfied with the scheme’s funding

Table:4.30
Education * Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q1

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 3 15 5 3 0 26

Upto 10th 1 12 7 1 3 24

Upto 12th 4 7 6 8 2 27

Graduate & Above 3 19 7 8 0 37

Total 11 53 25 20 5 114

Analysis: The sectional increase (in somewhat satisfied) is gradual overwise it is constant .Also
toatal satisfaction is shown by 64 persons which is a healthy sign for the scheme.

110
Interest on loan is satisfactory.

Figure: 4.35
Analysis: Very less person only (1.75%) strongly satisfied with existing rate

Table:4.31
Education * Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q2 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 0 6 12 4 4 26

Upto 10th 1 10 8 2 3 24

Upto 12th 0 13 9 3 2 27

Graduate & Above 1 17 9 6 4 37

Total 2 46 38 15 13 114

Analysis: The education increase the satisfaction level sectorially (in somewhat satisfied)
otherwise it is constant. The total positive is 48 which is less than 505 of the sample size

111
Payment of interest by the government in one crop loan deposit is beneficial.

Figure: 4.36
Analysis: The number of person totally satisfied is very low around 7% which show that the
interest rates are that much beneficial.

Table:4.32
Education * Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 5: Satisfaction: Q3

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 1 6 13 3 3 26

Upto 10th 3 7 7 4 3 24

Upto 12th 2 17 5 2 1 27

Graduate & Above 2 16 8 9 2 37

Total 8 46 33 18 9 114

Analysis: The education level increase the satisfaction in somewhat satisfied column otherwise it
is constant or have no effect. Also satisfied people are 54 which are around 50% of the sample.
So more work is to be done to increase the level of satisfaction.

112
BeejGraminYojna
Awareness
Most farmers have a state government seed certificate.

Figure: 4.37

Analysis: Very less persons around 33% are aware of this scheme

Table:4.33
Education * Scheme 6: Awareness: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 6: Awareness: Q1 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 1 4 4 8 9 26

Upto 10th 5 5 5 3 6 24

Upto 12th 3 8 8 4 4 27

Graduate & Above 7 5 9 6 10 37

Total 16 22 26 21 29 114

Analysis: As the education level increases it does not have any effect or significant effect for the
awareness of this scheme only 38 of total respondent are aware of it.

113
The produced seeds are sold to the government at twice their original price.

Figure: 4.38
Analysis: Around 25% of the respondents know about this scheme

Table:4.34
Education * Scheme 6: Awareness: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 6: Awareness: Q2 Total

Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Strongly Agree Agree Opinion Disagree Disagree

Education Illiterate 0 4 5 11 6 26

Upto 10th 2 2 6 6 8 24

Upto 12th 2 8 5 6 6 27

Graduate & Above 3 7 13 3 11 37

Total 7 21 29 26 31 114

Analysis: Education has literally no role in this scheme’s awareness. Only 28 people know about
it which shows a significant awareness

114
Satisfaction
Production of seeds in farm is beneficial.

Figure: 4.39

Analysis: Large no of people around 69% are satisfied which is a good indicator

Table:4.35
Education * Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q1 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q1 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 7 9 5 4 1 26

Upto 10th 3 10 7 4 0 24

Upto 12th 5 14 6 2 0 27

Graduate & Above 10 15 7 5 0 37

Total 25 48 25 15 1 114

Analysis: As the education increases the satisfaction level increase only a little amount.But
overall no of people satisfied is significant.

115
The rate on which the seeds are sold is satisfactory.

Figure: 4.40
Analysis: Around 40% of the respondents are satisfied with the rate for which seeds are sold.

Table:4.36
Education * Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q2 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q2 Total

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Education Illiterate 0 12 6 7 1 26

Upto 10th 4 9 7 3 1 24

Upto 12th 1 8 13 5 0 27

Graduate & Above 2 14 2 14 5 37

Total 7 43 28 29 7 114

Analysis: Education has no role in the satisfaction level, it is somewhat constant. More over only
50 persons of total are satisfied which give indicator of it being failure.

116
Terms and condition on which government procure the seeds.

Figure: 4.41

Analysis: More than 55% respondents are satisfied with the scheme

Table:4.37
Education * Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q3 Crosstabulation

Count

Scheme 6: Satisfaction: Q3

Strongly Somewhat Neutral / No Somewhat Strongly

Satisfied Satisfied Opinion Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Total

Education Illiterate 1 4 9 9 3 26

Upto 10th 2 6 9 5 2 24

Upto 12th 1 4 14 5 3 27

Graduate & Above 1 11 8 10 7 37

Total 5 25 40 29 15 114

Analysis: In this scheme also education has no role. As the total no of respondents are 20 which
is approximately 25% of the total it give indicator of this schemes failure.

117
4.4 Conclusion:-
In the conclusion I would say that we were successfully able to collect the required data from the
respondents in the two villages which we have surveyed.
The data analysis across various parameters like Awareness and Satisfaction of the schemes give
us the real view of the implementation of the schemes in the rural areas. The interpretation of the
received data shows that education level of the respondents has put huge impact on the
awareness and satisfaction of the various schemes.
In the majority of the schemes, respondents who have studied till high school or intermediate
were able to respond to our questions in a better manner. Also, it’s been noticed that the higher
number of these people were aware about the current schemes launched by the government.
In the next Chapter, the conclusion and the recommendations to run these schemes more
effectively is been discussed.

118
 CHAPTER5
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

119
5.1 Recommendation for government schemes:-

National Food Security Mission

 People know about this scheme but they do not know how to use it.
 It is better to go in the field areas and talk to farmers about increasing the production.
 Give information about the relaxation on pipe, engine etc given by the government.
 Peoples are not satisfied from the relaxation given by the government on irrigation so it is
important to increase it.

Agricultural Technology Management Agency

 Peoples visit in fields are not helpful for farmers it means they do not negotiate properly
with farmer which is very important.
 2/5 of total respondents are not convince from technology or services under this are
provided it is important to improve it through which it work properly at grassroot level.
 Very less people know about learning school of agriculture for this advertising is very
important through pamphlets, meeting etc.
Agricultural Information Development
 The village in which we have to go on survey chaupal is not organized which is important
for rural development.
 Pamphlets are not distributed uniformly which is to be done at every short duration time
period in which some agriculture development tips are given.
 Kissan Fair is organize at least once in a month.
Soil development scheme
 After taking sample of field expert must come back and give information to the farmer
about their soil and how they increase the production.
 Expert give information about the fertilizer they used because it maintain the ph level of
soil.

Kisan credit card:

120
  Talk to farmers through some meeting or some mela to remove fear to take loan this card.
 There should be some discount on interest for small farmers.
 There should some increment of government share in interest when money is return in
one crop it work as attraction point for farmers.
 Do some advertisement through some social work in rural areas it helps to increase in
awareness of people.

Beej Gramin Yojna

 It requires a lot of awareness among people so it is important to work on it.
 The price in which government purchase the seed must be increase because when farmer
produce seed in field then he require to buy food from market.
 Terms and condition are somewhat flexible for feasibility of farmers.

Recommendation for governments

a) Since the macro framework is too uniform, rigid and is often unresponsive to local
realities, it is necessary to liberalize the legal framework to encourage farmers to
cooperate to help themselves and to pursue development activities through participatory
approaches based on their needs and capacities;
b) National level development policy frameworks should be tailored to the complexities of
rural livelihood systems with a better focus on the rural poor; local land tenure and use
systems should be compatible with indigenous property rights;
c) National governments should promote participatory decentralized rural development
framework backed by resource allocation to local areas (districts, subdistricts, villages).
Programmes at the central level should converge at the local level, using and improving
both the pre-existing and the newly-created local structures to ensure that resources are
deployed to meet local needs;
d) Collaborative mechanisms to bring together government, NGOs, CSOs, private sector
and self help organizations and the community to achieve better targeting and improve
the quality of implementation of projects and programmes through a local participatory
process should evolve or be established. Collaboration between the government sector,

121
 with its significant human resources and material, and the NGO sector, with its flexibility
and outreach, would yield dramatic results on poverty alleviation and ensure sustainable
agriculture and resource management;
e) Institutional capacity building should be enhanced by upgrading the skill level of those
working in these institutions;
f) Increased participation in local governance should be ensured through greater devolution
to local self-government authorities and to provide more resources to CSOs;
g) Organize PDRD training (orientation, conscientization and sensitization) for all
government officers on poverty alleviation, sustainable agriculture and natural resource
management;
h) Create a "single window" framework to support NGO/SHOs for registration formalities,
supervision of their work and regulation of their activities.
i) Promoting networking/alliance building is an important aspect of a meaningful SHO
approach. NGO/SHO networking creates synergies, which can be used for poverty
alleviation, sustainable agricultural development and natural resource management.
j) Evolve mechanisms promoting the flow of information at different levels so that
convergence and complementarity of information and knowledge systems can be tapped.
Such a process should facilitate experience sharing, information dissemination and
building a knowledge base.

Recommendation for NGO/private sector

The NGO/private sector should:

a) Assist the participatory process and develop methodologies for formulating management plans
according to local realities and capacities, taking into consideration local livelihood systems;

b) Devise support systems specific to the needs and capacities of different areas (e.g. from
micro-finance to more developed credit systems);

c) Advocate and lobby for necessary amendments to restrictive legal frameworks and help
formulate them in a manner conducive to participatory decentralized rural development, duly
filling the institutional vacuum from district to village level;

122
d) Assist in defining the role and mandate of the different stakeholders and evolve a human
resource development programme responding to the needs of these different layers of
decentralization;

e) Provide training, resource material, exchange of success stories to strengthen SHO capacity to:

 Improve financial capability;

 Provide technical support;
 Enhance entrepreneurial capacity;
 Build "people-to-people" alliances;
 Develop conscientization, animation and facilitation through training and social
mobilization. Finally,

f) NGOs with a comparative advantage in networking, alliance building, information and

communication should embrace PDRD and take all steps for its adoption and implementation at
the field level.

Recommendation for SHO

a) The greatest challenge in poverty alleviation is to enable the poor to perceive the possibility of
change. SHOs should therefore adopt conscientization and awareness building among the poor
and organize them into self help groups and then into bigger organizations so that they can take
total control of their own lives;

b) They should strengthen local managerial, financial and administrative capacities so that the
poor can take up their new responsibilities and challenges;

c) SHOs should facilitate village level planning by the community to enable the poor to
implement, monitor and evaluate it.

d) SHOs in collaboration with NGOs should organize local communities to bring pressure on
service providers - be it government or private sector - for effective and appropriate delivery of
services to the village community, and to provide feedback to the appropriate forum/authorities
concerned.

123
e) They should develop built-in mechanisms to sustain their operations for a longer-term. Built-
in mechanisms include group management, organization and development, information sharing,
saving, creation of seed capital and training for responsible leadership.

Recommendation for society:-

a) The mobilization of farmers should be done with the help of eminent persons of the
society so that the effect is large and effective
b) The society must work together to raise voice against any kind of injustice and non-
implementation of schemes. They must file a complaint through RTI etc to the
responsible authorities, as a responsible citizen of India and make the government take
adequate action about it.
c) The farmers should attend various functions like “krishi mela” and activities like
“farmers school” to become more aware.
d) They should visit district farm head-quarters to get known about new schemes.

5.2 Conclusion:-
Over the large part of our data analysis we find that the reality of the schemes are contrast to
what they are projected by the government. The awareness is very low so satisfaction is a far-off
thing for the farmers. We rampant corruption, government apathy, agencies casual approach and
also people’s reluctant attitude worsen the case. In the analysis the most known schemes were
Kisan Credit Card, Soil Development Scheme and Beej Gram Yojna while Agriculture
Information Development scheme had a pathetic progress. The other schemes like NFSM,
ATMA have a very wide and diverse response. Also one major finding is that the farmer doesn’t
know about the scheme as a whole: only some points are known which hamper their chance of
reaping the benefits of that particular scheme.
Also we find that many middlemen ( or groups in some case) are disguising the people not to
apply for any scheme or some misinformation is spread. Society and government has to come
together to eradicate this menace. In some case respondents take bank official treat or entertain
only influencing people while some complain that Government official seldom or never visit
their farms and also if they approach them hardly any help is offered to them from otherside.This
might be the reason for many respondents giving answer negative.

124
6. Reference:-

 Report on Integrated Watershed Development Programme: Baif Experience by B.K.

Kakade

 Report on Centrally Sponsored Programme for Reclamation and Development of

Alkali &Acid Soils (As on March 2009)

 Report on Seed Systems Innovations in Semi-Arid Tropics of Andhra Pradesh

by Andhra Pradesh government
 Kisan Credit Card - A Study by Samir Samantara(National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development Mumbai 2010)
 NFSM Operational Guidelines by Ministry of Agriculture Govt of India
 Guidelines For Modified ‘Support To State Extension Programmes For Extension
Reforms’ Scheme, 2010 By Department Of Agriculture & Cooperation Ministry Of
Agriculture Government Of India June, 2010
 Report Of Visit To Bihar To Review Implementation Of Important Schemes And
Programmes by Bihar Govt
 Presentation on Seed Production and Distribution System in Bihar by Department of
Agriculture, Bihar
 Central Schemes running in U.P (XLS.Sheet) by U.P Agriculture Department
 Centrally Sponsored Schemes Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation In the service of
farmers’ by Ministry of Agriculture ,Govt of India
 Strategic Plans For Extension Of Green Revolution In Eastern Uttar Pradesh By
Department Of Agriculture Uttar Pradesh 2010

 "CIA Factbook: India". CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html. Retrieved
2008-06-10.
 http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
 Agriculture sector Indo British Partnership network, Retrieved on December 2007
 Coorg, Coffee India is the 6th largest coffee producer in the world
 Lester R. Brown World's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure Earth
Policy Institute, Retrieved on- February 2008
 http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
 Indian agriculture Agribusiness Information Centre, Retrieved on- February 2008
 http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
 Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2008). "The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth
Outstrips Agriculture". New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html?_r=1. Retrieved 23
April 2010.
 Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on- February 2008
 Objectives Indian agricultural research institute, Retrieved on December 2007

125
 Farmers Commission
 "India Country Overview 2008". World Bank. 2008.
http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/
INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141
127~theSitePK:295584,00.html.
 "India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development". World Bank.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EX
TSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273764~menuPK:548214~pagePK:34004173~
piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html.
 Is Northwestern India's Breadbasket Running Out of Water?
 Multiple authors (2004). Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2004.
http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.6(a)All%20lndia%20Area,%20Production%20and
%20Yield%20of%20Rice.xls.
 Sankaran, S. "28". Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development. pp. 492–
493.
 Satellites Unlock Secret To Northern India's Vanishing Water
 Columbia Conference on Water Security in India
 Keepers of the spring: reclaiming our water in an age of globalization, By Fred
Pearce, page 77.
 Gupta, page 54
 Harris & Gosden, page 385
 Lal, R. (August 2001). "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues
and research focus from 1955 to 2000". Soil and Tillage Research 61 (1-2): 3–12 [3].
doi:10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2
 agriculture, history of. Encyclopedia Britannica 2008.

126