Fundamental Unit Of

Chapter-5
Life: Cell
cONCEPT MAPPING
Type of Organism

Unicellular Multicellular
One Many celled, e.g. man, caw, dog.
cell. e8. amocba,
paramecium, bacteria insects, plant, fungi
Okaryotic Cell

Cell pe of Cell Plant Eukaryotic Cell

LEukaryotic eLAnimal
Eukaryotic cell
Components of Cell

Cell wall C e l l membrane/ Cyloplasm

(ln plants) Plasma Mambrane
(Both plants &
animals) Cell Organelle
Nucleond Nucleu
(in Prokaryoles) finEukaryotes)

Endoplasmie Lysosomes Vacuoles Centrioless

Reticulum
Mitochondria Plastids (Only In plants)
Golgi apparatus
Rough Smooth
ER ER

Chromoplast Leucoplast Chloroplast

 Cauar djotm Nucleus
ube
CD Pme adjustment

Ar
Cells

Cotiito
MMIn

Fig. 5.1: Compound microscope Fig.: Onion Peel Cells

All living forms are composed of microscopic units called as 'Cells'.
Acellis the basic structural and functional unit of all ife forms.
Studyofstructureand compositionofcellis called as Cytology'.
Cell was first discovered and observed by Robert Hooke in a thin dead slice
ofcork in the year 1665.
First free living cell was discovered by A. V. Lecuwenhoek. in 1674.

Protoplasm is an aggregate of various chemicals such as water, ions, salts

and other organic molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic

acids, vitamins etc. along with cell organelle & nucleus.

Its consistency differs under different condition, Its exists in sol-gel states.

Cell Theory :
Two biologists, Schleiden and Schwann (1838) gave the Cell theory which states that:
) All plants and animals are composed ofcells.

i) Cell is the basic unit of life.

(ii) All cell arise from pre-existing cells.
Viruses are the exceptions ofcell theory.
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CELL
Cell theoa
lwo biologists, Schleiden and Schuaan1838) 9aue -be Cell_
theor which states hat 2

ALPlanis and animals axe comPosed o cells

Cell is the bas unii a Life
[iRR)_ All cell_ariseaom pre- exislig cells.
Vízuses_are dhe exteptions ocelltheorHey have ro_cells
ProKaryotíc Cell
TYPES Of CELLS Stngie telled

Eukaxythc Cell
LMulcelled
ProKotionic Cells Eukarlnic Cells
Very minute in sizel1-l6n) Faivlylarqe în Size (5-100um)
Aluats unicellular Hay be unicelkular
or mullicellula
Nucleolus absent Nucleolus Paegent
Single caomoscme paæsent Moxe Hhan one chomesome Present

Cx: Bacteria x: AL plart and Animay

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Unicellulaz nganísm
Tubes of Omanis.m

Huhicellular Ovganís m

Choneteistics Unicellular OxagnismsMaLtHcelulay orgaDism

Cell number Single cel Lange no of cells

unction AIluetions.ar pohnecdDifhesluretions.porform.by S

bu Single cel differentcells.
RePaoductfon Ivolues he Ainglecell|Specialised cells aemm cellsi
Life span Shot
Long
Exambles Amoe ba, Paramecifum
Pand,fungi Arinals
bacteza etc

Cell Size8Size c_cell is yavable depending upon the ybe

o Daanism

Size otypical Cell in a multicellula oxqanism Xanges

om 0:a im o 18 cm m Hdca Micometer
The largest Cell is ostaich Egg Lis tm log,13.tm uwide
4 Kweight)
The longest cetl is nerve cell (upto 1 m
Smallest Cells s0 tar Known aro mycoplasma.
DELTA Notebook
Cell Shape :Cells are of variable shapes and sizes. Their shape isaccording
branched
to the
(pigmented),
function.
Generally cells ae spherical but they may be elongated (nerve cell).
discoidal (RBC). Spindle- shaped (muscle cell) etc.

Columnar
rom Cells
the Stomach
Squamous Epithelium Ciliated Epithelium
from the Trachea

Striped Muscle Fibres

Smooth Muscle Fibres
Muscle Fibres
from the Intestine
from the Hear

Red Blood
Cartilage cells
Dendrite
O Bone Cell Cells or
White Blood
Cell

Erythrocytes

Nerve Cell with Axon and Dendrites

Spem um

Different kinds of cell found in the human body

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Componends otcell_2
Plasma membaahe
Nucleus
LA) Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane Plasma Hembxrone

(a)_Plasma membiane is Selectively pemeable io natum means,
allous o permits the ertr and exit ofSDme ma-tezials in ad
oui oflhe cellL

2(b)_ Cell membxane is also caled plasma noembxare|phsma lemma

Cc His lhe limiing boundax of each cetl wbich Sepantes the
tytoplasnm om is Suzouhchngs
) idfoundin both plact as wellas animal cells
e)
Le) H is ade ub o Paodeins and lipids whem pacteins_are
Sanduichedb layem of lipids.
4 is flexble and can be -alded, boken_and xeunHec.

D Eunctions ot Plasma Membmne

La) H zequlates the moververslo oletules
insideand outside
he cell
Cb) 1helps in maimaininq ihe distin Comosttion.ecell
-

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ansporta-ion o molecules accoss-he plas ma oembraei

lhis can be don in fbltooinq unys

Dífusion MOvemenotSolutes oxr ions 0m btgher

contertaaion to louwer concentxation is_clled e
ditusion. t does not require erer hereore,i
iS Called as passÍve -sanspot
High Copendsatioh Low concento Hon

Diffusion

Osmosis8 lhe movemerti o Saluet or uwaler om higher

Concentation to louer Contentrahon dhàugh a Sëmi_
pexmeable membrane is called a3 OSmosfs.
Plasma Membane

Osmosis

Endomosis Mouemerst o Solverit trto celt is calted fndomesis

Exomosis Movemeri Solueri oulside the Cell is Called
DELTA Notebook Eomosis
Types of Solutions on the Basis of Concentration and its effect on cell:

6O

Hypertonic sotonic HypotonicC

Swollen
Plasmolysed RBC
RBC

H,OL
MO

Exosmosis Endosmosis

Fig.: Effect of different types of solution on RBC's placed in them.

(a) Isotonic Solution : When the concentration of the solution outside the cell is
equal to the concentration of cytoplasm of the cell, it is called as isotonic solution.
Hypertonic Solution: When the concentration solution cell is
(b) ofthe
more than the inside the cell. Due to this, cell loses water
outside the
and becomes
plasmolysed. Plasmolysis-Shrinking of the protoplasm away from the cel wall
due to Excessive loss of water (Exosmosis)
solutions outside the cell is
(c) Hypotonic Solutions: When the concentration ofthe
lesser than that of cytoplasm of cell, cell swells up and bursis. due to excessive
end osmosis.
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Cell lall
I1is be oudexmost coueyinq of the plant cells
tis obsert in animal cells
Cell wall is rigid stoon, hick poxous and non-living
Stauclure H i8 made uof cellulose_and hemicellulbse
Cell uoalls two odjacent Cells andjoined by a layer
Called middle lamella ard micoscopic channelscalled
plasmodes.mata -for xanspot

Functions of Cell Wall 8

l a pzovides definile shapedo he cell
(b H prauides slength -o dhe Cell
( I+ is pexmeable and alows ent»amolecules dittexent
3izeS_

Nucleus
Nucleus is he most imboatant cell ongarelle which direcis
and contols all Hs cellular gcdivhies
iscalled as Headquazter of dhe cell
J t uns discovexed by Robext Bxouon in 1831
Tn euKaryales,a well detined nucleus is Preserit uuhile în
PaoKaxyotes,awell defined nucleus fs absent.
raKoyotes conHain a Pmimitive nucleus_called Nucltoid.
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nucleanmembrdne.
+has double layered covexingcalled as
nucleolus_
Besides nuclea membrane nucleus also conkains
anc chxomatin_mterial made up ot chaomation.
ch>omainmade up ot ONA and Paotein -that ukmately4
Condense and bam chaomasome..
Chsemasomes On chomahin ateial_cansigt oDNA_which.
Stoeg and xangmits esn_beredita inomation for the-
Cell inctiang0u ad reproHuee
he unctional segmertofDNA ( DDKyibonoclei acid) is Koouon
AS E N E .

Functionsot lucleus g
a) H contzols all the medabolic oclivihies o the cell and
Tequlates the celL cuele.
Cb) H helps intansmisson o hereditaay chaclers-tm
paxents to betr offspings

SAh Cl4 PRINTED Nores Y6c

DELTA Notebook
 Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

The liquid
part in which the
other organelles
float.

Cytoplasm was discovered by Kolliker in 1862.

It is the site biosynthetic and catabolic pathways.
of both
It can be divided into two parts:
Cytosol: Aqueous soluble part contains various fibrous proteins forming
cytoskeletion. It contain about 90% water, 7% Protein 2% carbohydrates
& 1% etc.
Cell organelles: Living part of the cells having definite shape, structure
and function bounded by plasma membrane. There are single membrane
bound, dopuble membrane bound and non membrane bound Cell
organelles.

Single Membrane Double Membrane Non Membrane

bound cellorganells bound cellorganells bound cell organells

eg. ER, LysOsomes, eg. Mitochondria, eg. Ribosome,
Golgibodis, & Vacuoles Plastids Centrosomes,
Peroxisams These 2 also have their Microtubules
| own DNA material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Itis the network of membrane bound tubules and sheet present in the cytoplasm.
It was discovered by Porter, Claude and Fullam.
These are present in all cells except prokaryotes and mammaliam erythrocytes.

poomeo
nd
ulum

plesmic
retioulum

R.E.R S.E.R

Endoplusmic reticulum is of tno types

 Smooth ER Rough ER
Made of tubules mainly. Made of Cistemae and vesicles.
Helps in steroid, lipids and Helps in protein synthesis.
Polysaccharide synthesis.
Ribosomes are absent. Contains ribosome on its surface.
Helps in membrane biogenesis.

Function of ER:
(a) It is the only organelle which serves as a channel for the transport of materials between
various regions of cytoplasm and between cytoplasm and nucleus.
(b) It also functions as a cytoplasmic framework to provide surface some of the biochemical
activities. It forms endoskeleton ofcell.
(c) It helps in synthesis offats, protien, steroids, cholesterol etc.
(d) SER plays a crucial role in detoxification of drugs and poisonous by products.
cell
(e)Membrane biogenesis: Protein & Lipids produced by ER are used to produced
membrane.

GolgiApparatus
Golgi apparatus consists of a system of membrane bounded fluid filled vesicles arranged parallel
to each other in stacks called Cisternae along with some large and spherical vacuoles. It was
discovered by Camilo Golgi. It is absent in prokaryotes, mammalian RBC's & sieve cells.
The Golgi Apparatus

Lumen incoming
Incoming Cis FacE
Transport
Vesicle
Cistermae

Newly
Formed
vesicles

Outgoing-
Transport
Vesicles
Functions of Golgiapparatus
Its function include the storage, modification, Packaging & secretion of products in
(a)
vesicles.
(b) It involved in the formation of lysosomes.
(c) It is secretary in nature.
(d) Ithelps in melanin synthesis.
(e) It involved in the synthesis of cell wall & plasma membrane alsoo
Mitochondria
Outer Membranenerinembrane Matrix
ONA
pace Crislac Ribosomes

Inner Membrane

Itis a rod shaped structure found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells except mammaliam RBC's.
These are also absent in prokaryotes.
It was first seen by Kolliker in insect cells in 1880.
Itis also called as Power House oftheCell' or the 'Storage
Battery
It is double membranous structure where outer membrane has specific proteins while
inner membrane is folded inside to form chambers called Cristac.
Mitochondria hasitsown DNA& Ribosomes

Functionsof Mitochondria:
(a) Its mains function is to produce store and release the energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) The energy currency of the cell.
(b) It is the site for cellular respiration (Kreb cycle) in which ATP are produced.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Ribosomes

aaakidas
RibosomesUVL

Lamellae
Cisternae Vesicles Tubules

(Ribosomes located on different cell organells and their part)

Ribosomes are the sitesof protein synthesis.

All strctural and functional proteins (cnzymes) coded by the nuclear DNA are
synthesized upon cytoplasmic ribosomes. The DNA codes are transcripted into
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Which comes out the Nucleous and Translated
(Protein synthesis) by Ribosonmes attached to RER in the formof Proteins.
Functions of Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are the main site of protein synthesis. Synthesized protcins is
transported by endoplasmic reticulum.

Plastids
is structure, found only in plant cells.
ItBesides
double membranous discoidal
being discoidal of rhombic in plant cells, they occur in variable shapes like in
(algae.) They can be'U"- shaped. iral, coiled, ribbon-sl ped etc.

Depending upon the type ofpigmentpresent in them, they are offollowing three types:
) Leucoplast The primary functions is storage of starch, oil, proteins. White,
found in non-photosynthesis tissue of plant such as Root, bulbn, seeds, ete. They
can change into other type of plastics.
(i) Chromoplast- These are coloured plastids except green it imparts colour to fruits
& tlowers.
(ii) Chloroplast-Green in colour, found in aerial parts of plants
These are found only in plant cell.It helps in the process of photosynthesis so it is called the
'Kitchen of cell in plant.
Ouler
Gr ana

Membrane
Chloroplas:

Mermori Stroma
Chloroplast have following two parts:
() Grana: It constitutes the lamellar system. These are found layered on top of each
other. These stacks are called Grana. Each granum of the chloroplast is formed by
superimposed closed compartments called Thylakoids.
Function: They are the sites of light reaction of photosynthesis as they contain
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthetic units.
Gi) Stroma: It is a granular transparent substance also called as matrix. Grana are
embedded in it. Besides Grana they also contain lipid droplets, starch grains,
ribosomes etc.
Function: This is the site of dark reaction of photosynthesis. Also helps in protein

synthesis due to presence of ribosomes.

Vacuoles Vaçuole
Mitochondria
Tonoplast

Nucleus-

These are membrance bounded regions in the cytoplasm containing water and other
substances.
They are bounded by a single membrane called Tonoplast.
In animal cells vacuoles are absent or smaller in size in plant cells a single large vacuole is
found which occupies about 90% of the volume ofcell.
Functions:
It helps in maintaining osmotic pressure in a cell & stores toxic metabolic products (Waste
product water, sugar, protein etc.) of plant cell.

Lysosome (Suicidal Bag)

Lysosome

They are tiny membrane bound vesicles containing powertul digestive enzymes tor

intracellular digestion.
Lysosome absent in RBcs
Lysosomes are synthesised by golgi body & enzyme present in it are synthesised by
RER.
(a) Their main function is phagy = digestion.
Functions
(6) They are kind of waste disposal system.
(c) They help in &
digesting foreign materials cels.
Suicidal Bag: During disturbances in cellular metabolism (i.e., in case of celldamage).
lysosomes burst and their enzymes are released into the cytoplasm and they digest their own
cell. So they are also called 'Suicidal Bag.
 Difference between Animal cell and Plant cell

Plant Cel Animal Cell

Contain chloroplasts for
No chloroplasts
phtosynthesis.
Have a cell wall to maintain No cell wall

structure and rigidity,

Usually do not contain
Contain cilia and/or flagella
lysosomes and Peroxisomes. Cells are fluid and flexible,
Cells
are square and rigid or many shapes.
OmeiC shaped. Cells can move around.
Has small or no vacuoles.
Limited movement.
Have one large central vacuole. Have ysosome
Rovugh endoplaamie

mic Centriole
Chbop nddoplasme
retrun
Nuclcus
Aysoeort

Gold envelope gibos osomes

aPPartu
MtOchOnnoa

ough

Nuckls
aceit toplasmn
wall
Cell wall
Mitoehondri
bonome

Cytoplasm
Chioroplas

Cell Divislon: New cells are formed in organisms in order to grow to replace old, dead and injured
cells, and to form gametes required for reproduction. The process by which new cells are made is
called cell division.
The are two main types of cell division:
is called
)Mitosis: The process of cell division by which most of the cells divide for growth
mitosis. In this process, each cell called mother cell divides to form two identical daughier
cells (Fig. 5.7). daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as mother cel. It
The
helps in growth and repairof tissues in organisms.
) Melosls Specificcells of reproductive organs ortissues inanimals and plantsdivide to form
gametes, which after fertilisation give rise to offspring. They divide by a different procesSS
called meiosis which involves two consecutive diVisions. When a cell divides by meiosis it
produces tour new cells instead otjust two (Fig. 5.8).
The n e w cells only have
half the number
of chromosomes than that of the mother cells.

. G.73ftui
 QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Name the largest cell of living world?
2. Who gave thefluid mosaic model
3.
of plasmamembrane?
as the
Which cell organelle is called 'Head quarter ofcell?
4. Which cell organclle is called a s ' P o w e r house o fc e l l ' ?

5. Which cell organelle contains enzymes for ATP production?

6. Inmitochondria, which portion contains specific proteins?
Which cell organelle is called as 'Digestive bag'in?
8. Which organelle controls osomostic pressure acell?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
What is the composition of protoplasm?
2. Define cell1?
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
4.

.
Why plasma membrane is called as selectively permeable membrane?
Define Cristae ?
6. Stae any two function of Golgi body?
Name various type of plastids present in a plant cell?
8. State the main function ot lysosome ?
9. Which cell organcells in known as powerhouse of cell and why ?
10. What is the function ofSER?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Draw a neat and labelled diagram of mitochondria.
2. Differentiate between plant and animals cell with suitable figures.
3. Nucleus.
Write a short
the
note on cell?
4.
5.
Explain effectof concentration of solution the
Who proposed cell theory. What are its postulates?
on

6. Draw a neat
labelled diagram of plantcell?
I.
How does unicellular organism differ from Multicellular organism ?
8.
What are
plastids? Explain its
structure and types?
9. What are the functionsof vacuoles?
10. Expand the following:ATP, DNA, RNA alongwith its function.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Fill in the Blanks:
I. andd. .proposed the cell theory
2. Nucleus in the cell is discovered by. .
3. Mitochondria are found in
.. cels
4.
5.
A. be made into crystal. (bacterium, Virus, amoeba)
can
The main constituent of cell-wall in plant is..
6. .organelle is the power house ofthecells.**************|
7. Chromosomes are made up of nucleic acid and..
MCQ:
Which of the following is an example of a
fledged as a full fledged organism?
single cell that does not function as a full

(a) White blood cells (WBC) (b) Amoeba

(c) WBC and Amoeba (d) Paramecium
2. Who discovered the first living cell ?
(a) Robert Hooke (b) Lecuwenhoek
(c) Purkinje (d) RobertBrown
3. Who used the word 'protoplasm first time for living cells?
(a) Robert Hooke (b) Leeuwenhoek
(c) WBC and Amoeba (d) Robert Brown
. Which organelle is considered as a suicide bag?
(a) Centrosome (b) Mesosomes
(c) Lysosomes (d) Chromosome
in human
5.
Which ofthefollowingorganelle is present onion
(a) Cell wall
cels but not
(b) cytoplasm
cheekcells?
(c) nucleus (d) plasma membrane
.
Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs ?

(a) GolgiApparatus (b) Lysosomes

(d) Vacuoles
(C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function of centriole is
(a) formation of spindle f+bre (b) nucleolus formationation
(c) cell wall formation (d) cell division initiation
8. viruses are
(a) Uni cellular micro-organisms (b) Bi-Cellular micro-organisms
(d) Non-cellular micro-organisms
(c) Multi-cellular micro-organisms
Which ofthe followingg often distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
?

(a) centrioles (b)nucleus

(d) rough ER
(C) Chromation
Match the following
C1 C2
A. Smooth Endoplamic reticule 1. Amoeba
B. Nuleoid 2. Nulls
C. Food Vauoles 3. Baitena
4. Detoxif+cation
E. Mitoclandina
5. Lewoplast
. Pasties
6. Suicidal Bags.
Assention :Cell in the fultiaval and strutnal unit oflife.
Reason : Cell perform all the life process and
from the struture of the liting bcings.
True and False:
solution.
I. Plant cell will plasmolysed when paced in a hypotonic
2. Animal all will shrink in a hyputomic solution.
3. Mito handia is known as sutidal bag of all.
4. Cell wall is prent is plant cell.
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