KKKL 3144

POWER ENGINEERING
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT ON VOLTAGE CONTROL METHODS

NAME: OOI WOEI SONG A121674

DATE: 5 APRIL 2011
LECTURER: DR.HUSSAIN
Q1: Study the basic operations and functions of PSCAD. Execute the simple power system
provided as a base case and determine the voltages at various buses and power flow along the
transmission line.

By using the PSCAD file (power engineering), the circuit shown below was executed. The
voltages at various buses and power flow along the transmission line were displayed above
the multimeters.
Q2: Vary the load power in steps of 10% between 1000 MW to 3000 MW while keeping the
constant power factor at 0.85 and plot the variation of load bus voltage against the load real
power. Based on your findings analyze the variation in the plot. Give a justification why the
voltage varies with load variation.

Load reactive
load power,P (MW) load bus voltage, Vr (kV) power,Q (MVAR)
1000 65.08 620
1200 64.98 743
1400 64.88 868
1600 64.78 992
1800 64.68 1116
2000 64.58 1239
2200 64.48 1363
2400 64.38 1487
2600 64.28 1611
2800 64.18 1735
3000 64.08 1859

graph of variation of load bus voltage against the load

real power
65.2
65
64.8
64.6
64.4
Load Bus Voltage,64.2
Vr (kV)
64
63.8
63.6
63.4
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Load Power, P (MW)

Graph of variation of load bus voltage against the load real power

In the power distribution system, when there was an increasing of real power on the load, it
means that this power system having increasing load at the receiving end, the load current has
been increased.

With the increasing of load at the receiving end, it tends to be loaded and higher than the SIL.
Therefore, it will produce a voltage drop at the receiving end.

1 A
From the equation: IR= V - V . I increased. However, the power supply was remained
B s B R R
constant, Vs=constant. Therefore the VR will decrease.
This question mentioned that the power factor has to be remained constant for every
increasing of real power. Hence, from the Pythagorean Theorem, the increasing of real power
will increase the reactive power as well, in the condition of the power factor has to be
remained constant.

Therefore, the apparent power for this system will be increased too. S=VI*. While voltage is
remained to be constant, hence, there will be an increasing on the current supply.

Q new
Qori
θ

Pori Pnew

Q3: Now, to maintain the load bus voltage (Vr), at base case load, equal to generator bus
voltage (Vs) of 66 kV, a shunt capacitor compensation method at load bus is adopted. Modify
the base case by installing appropriate Y connected capacitor bank to achieve 66 KV at load
bus (Vs = Vr). Determine the value of capacitance per phase required for this compensation
and comment on the changes in transmission loss compared to the base case loss.

Shunt capacitor is used for this transmission system to supply the requisite reactive power to
maintain the receiving end voltage at a satisfactory level and to minimize the loss and voltage
drop.
To explain the transmission loss on this system:

Let a current I1+j I2 flow through a resistance R with is the resistance on the transmission line.
The power loss is (I12+ I22) R. The power loss due to reactive component is I22 R.
Compensating the feeder will result in a change only in I2. Hence the new power loss will be
(I12+(I2-Ic) 2) R where Ic is the compensating current.

Original power loss: (I12+ I22) R

After compensating power loss: (I12+(I2-Ic) 2) R

Power saved:original power loss-after compensating power loss=(2 I2Ic-Ic2) R

Hence the decrease in power loss due to compensating part of reactive current is (2 I2Ic-Ic2) R.

However, there is no compensating on base case. Hence, the loss is equal to the original
power loss. Therefore, the base case loss is greater than that of the transmission line with
compensating.

Q4: Instead of using shunt compensation method, series capacitor compensation method is
suggested to implement. Adapt series compensation method as shown in figure below to
maintain Vs=Vr as in Q3. Through simulation, determine the value of capacitance per phase
required for this compensation and comment on the changes in transmission loss compare to
the base case loss.

From the ABCD modeling shows that, with the increasing of the capacitor vale on B:-Xcj, the
current from the sending end will be increased so that to maintain the voltage drops on the
receiving end. Due to the increasing of current in the transmission line, the resistance R will
consume more power=I2R. Hence, the will be more power loss on this series compensating
transmission line compared to the base case with has lower current flow.
Q5: Since the transformers are equipped with tap changers, it is better to adjust the tap setting
to maintain Vs= Vr. Simulate and determine the tap setting of the transformer so that Vs=Vr .
Give your opinion why it is (or it is not) better to use this method of voltage control. Justify
your answer based on simulation results.

Tap setting for T1

Tap setting for T2

Based on the simulation result, it shows that the tap changing transformer is the better way for
voltage control. This is due to there is no power loss in the transmission line compared to
previous simulation by using shunt and series capacitors. For the tap changing transformer
method in this simulation, the voltage can be maintained at the same level with the sending
part and without any loss of power during the transmission line.