TRAFFIC FLOW and QUEUEING THEORY I. Primary Elements of Traffic Flow (Macroscopic Approach) a. Flow, q ~ the equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass a point ona highway during a time period less than I hour. (veh/hr) 9 = (kus) b. Density, k - sometimes referred to as concentration, is the number of vehicles traveling over a unit length of highway at an instant in time. (veh/km), (veh/mi) No. of vehicles Length of roadway or lane c. Speed, u - is the distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of time. (km/hr), (mi/hr) Time Mean Speed, ft, = ize Space Mean Speed, us = 2% ‘Scanned with CamScanner. Time mean speed: yu anbe n ue uy = time mean speed Yu;= sum of all spot speeds (kph) n= no. of vehicles ». Space mean speed: se = sum of the reciprocal of spot u - 1 speeds n= no, of vehicles Jy = space mean speed Scanned with CamScannerI, Primary Elements of Traffic Flow (Microscopic Approach) ' 1 1 {Clearance (m) 1 Lim) __t Gap (sec) 1 t i \ ' il F< Spacing (m) or Headway (sec) —> ' 1 Ill. Speed-Density Relationship - as density increases, speed decreases. When the density reaches its maximum (referred to as the jam density, kj), speed becomes zero because vehicles tend to line up end to end. Similarly, when density reaches its minimum (nearly equal to zero), speed will reach what is referred to as the free flow speed, Uy. a. Greenshield’s Model: Hs = Br 7k b Greenberg Model: J Hs = cing Scanned with CamScannerJAM DENSITY Refers to the extreme traffic density when traffic flow stops completely. i, = Ada ky = Vaow Where, kj = jam density cap = flow capacity of the highway Vhow = flow speed DESIGN HIGHWAY VOLUME pay = ~ PHF VOLUME OF TRAFFIC Vy = PHE XV, (2) n PEAK-HOUR FACTOR, PHF Vr a PHF a 9 Hv 5 ‘Scanned with CamScannerTRAFFIC INTENSITY Arrival rate, A oe Departure rate, SEVERITY RATIO fatal + injury one fatal + injury + property damage ‘Scanned with CamScannerA 100,000,000 ADT xNx365xL ACCIDENT RATE FOR VEHICLES TRAVERSING A HIGHWAY SEGMENT R Where, R= the accident rate for 100 million vehicle miles A= number of accidents during the period of analysis ADT = average daily traffic N= time period in years L= length of segment in miles ACCIDENT RATE FOR VEHICLES ENTERING AN INTERSECTION R A 1,000,000 ADT x Nx 365 Where, R= the accident rate for one milion vehicles entering an intersection ADT = total average daily traffic from all legs of the intersection ‘Scanned with CamScannerThe number of accidents for 5 years recorded in a certain section of a highway is 5432. If the average daily traffic is 476, determine the accident rate per million entering vehicles. Solution: : _ (1,000,000) ~ ADT(N)(365) = 2432{1,000,000) _ a7a(syaesy Data on a traffic accident recorded on a certain intersection for the past 5 years has an accident rate of 4160 per million entering vehicles (ARMV). If the average daily traffic entering the intersection is 504, find the total number of accidents during the 5 year period. Solution: R= A(1,000,000) ‘ADT (N)(365) 60 = (1,000,000) 504(5)(365) (number of accidents) ‘Scanned with CamScannerIt is observed that 50 traffic crashes occurred on a 20-mile long section of Route 120 in one year. If the average daily traffic on the section was 5509 hicles, determine the rate of fatal crashes per 100 million vehicles-miles if 6% of ‘he two crashes involved fatalities. Solution: p= A(100,000,000) (ADT)(L)(368) R= 30(100,000,000) _ 494 5 5500(20)(365) ; Rate of fatal crashes = 124.53(0.06) Rate of fatal crashes = 7.42 crashes ss pane. SEP etTa a Scanned with CamScanner| 2.183 Problem Data on a traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on a certain stretch of a two- lane highway is tabulated as follows. Year Property — Injury ~—Fatal Damage 2010 110 42 4 2011 210 54 2 2012 182 60 5 2013 240 74 ; 2014 175 94 § Total: 917 324 24 Compute the severity ratio. Solution: Severity ratio= ale ey fatal + injury + property damage Severity ratio= —24* 324 _ 24 + 324+ 917 . ~ Severity ratio = 0,275 Scanned with CamScanner—=—=_—"—————™ SRT Cis kia ells 2.107 Problem From the following data of a freeway surveillance, there are 5 vehicles under observation and the following distances are the distance each vehicle had traveled when observed every 2 sec. Vehicles Distance (S) m. 1 24.4 2 258 3 24.7 4 26.9 5 229 Compute the space mean speed in kph. Solution: xs ont 24 +258 + 24,7 + 26.9 + 229 a ae HW, = 12.47 mis 1, = 1247(3600) 1000 H, = 44.89 kph we Oe ee et scanned with CamScannerSpace Mean Speed Versus ime 2.106 Problem The following data were taken on five vehicles traveling a 1.5 km portion of the NLEX. a ect Vehicles Time(minute) | 1 412 2 1.0 3 14 4 430. 5 1 Determine the space mean speed in kph. Solution: Be Delano. Be. time 424104144134 - 1240+ 1th Average time = 5 ‘Average time = 1.2 minutes 15 == (60 Be 79 ©) py, =75 kph Scanned with CamScannerSS Tein elelttem ety) Spot Speed 2.108 Problem There are four vehicles. passing through the portion of the South Super Higway in a certain period of time. Compute the space mean speed in kph. Scanned with CamScannerApe ey ts 2 Ba" BH" He 5 — =0091 ‘Scanned with CamScannerime Mean Speed Versus Time 2.110 Problem The following travel times were observed for 5 vehicles traveling a one km segment of the NLEX. It is required to determine the time mean speed of these vehicles. Scanned with CamScannerTime mean speed : _ 3733 Mee H, = 0.7466 km/min Li, = 0.07466(60) b, = 4.8 kph ‘Scanned with CamScannerSpace Mean RYT 24] ae Arua ey Ty 2.111 Problem There are 9 vehicles observed in a x section of McArthur highway. Ifthe ay time headway is 4 sec., compute the spon mean speed of the vehicles in kph, Solution: Density of traffic K = 30 vehicles/km Traffic flow ) vehicles per hour Four vehicles passing through the SLE has the following observation. Tae eel | Vehicle | Time of passing | Spot spit iF (sec) ei 15 sec. Fo 6.0 sec. | er 8.0 sec. ga) [4 \12.0'sec. Scanned with CamScannerDetermine the time mean speed. Solution: y= 55.40 + 56.80 + 53.60 + 48.90 ui. = ae ee 4 Li, = 53.68 kph ‘Scanned with CamScanner2.115 CE Board No 2004 Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at the two sections A and B 200 m. apart along a highway. Observation at A shows that § vehicles pass that section at intervals of 8.18 sec., 9.09 sec., 10.23 sec., 41.68 sec. and 13.64 sec. respectively. If the speeds of the vehicles were 80, 72, 64, 156 and 48 kph; compute the following: © Density of traffic in vehicles per km @ Time mean speed in kph @ Space mean speed in kph Solution: © Density of traffic ke 0.200 K= 25 vehicles / km @® Time mean speed my aa = 80472464 456448 ‘Scanned with CamScannerqe ; (vehicle/hour) . | 4(3600 ae Se = 960 veh / hr Traffic data collected a two sections A and B of a highway, which is 450 m:apart. Five vehicles pass section A at intervals of 3, 4; 3 and 5 sec. respectively. The vehicles speeds are 50, 45, 40, 35 and 30 kph respectively. It takes each vehicle 20 seconds after the first vehicle passes through the section. - © Determine the time mean speed. . ® Determine the space mean speed. ® Determine the density. Solution: ® Time mean speed y= 2 n As p, = 20445 +40 +35 +30, erie 5 1, = 40 kph a iss ~~ Seanned with CamScanner@ Space mean speed ‘Scanned with CamScanner2.133 Problem Compute the peak hour factor if the hourly volume of traffic is 1800 vehicles/hour and the highest 15 min. volume is 750. Solution: Note : No. of 15 min in1 hour = a =4 PHF = a volume — (highest vol. 75 (hia ) PHF = a = 0.60 75 (7) Scanned with CamScanner2.134 Problem The table shows a 15 minute volume counts during the peak hour on an approach of an intersection Time Volume 6:00 - 6:15 PM 6:15 - 6:30 PM 6:30 - 6:45 PM 6:45 - 7:00 PM 390 @ Determine the peak hour volume. @® Determine the peak hour factor. ® Determine the design hourly volume (DHV) of the approach. Solution: @ Peak hour volume Vol. = 375 + 380 + 412 + 390 Vol. = 1557 ‘Scanned with CamScanner@ Peak hour factor Vol. during peak hour PHF = 60 : (Vol. during peak 15 min. 15 within peak hour) PHF = eis = 0.945 60... — (412 1 ® Design hourly volume DHV = Peak-hour Vol. Peak-hour factor f the approach ‘Scanned with CamScanner