KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Science (Biomedical Engineering)

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

EBM 500 Biomedical Engineering Project II

NAME: KIBET FREDRICK

REG. NO.: J23/5345/2013

TITLE: INFANT CONTACT THERMOMETER

A project report submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical

Engineering.

Jul, 2018
Declaration

This project report is my original work, to the best of my knowledge it has never been submitted

to Kenyatta University or any other institution for the award of degree or diploma

NAME : KIBET FREDRICK

Registration Number : J23/5345/2013

Sign: _______________________ Date: ___________________________

TITLE OF THE PROJECT: INFANT CONTACT THERMOMETER

SUPERVISOR CONFIRMATION:

This project report has been submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering, Kenyatta University, with my/our approval as the supervisor:

Sign: _______________________ Date: ___________________________

SUPERVISOR NAME : MR. S. NGOTHO

Sign: _______________________ Date: ___________________________

ii
Abstract
Premature or ill Infants may seem complex that their mothers may not be able to tell when

they have fever, which is usually a sign that their bodies are waging war against infections. In a

developing country like Kenya, continuous monitoring of an infant can only be done in an

incubator. It costs up to KSH 1, 500 per day to incubate a baby in Kenya [1]. Moreover, it is only

in some few specific hospitals that these incubators are found since incubators are expensive to

purchase. Most of the infant temperature monitoring devices found today in hospital, an example

an incubator, is heavy and non-portable hence a baby has to be in hospital in the incubator for the

temperature monitoring. Incubator is still not fully automated for real time monitoring of its

controlled environment like levl of distilled water for humidification of air.

Temperature monitoring using mercury thermometers requires a user to manually measure the

parameter every time hence it is laborious and tiresome. Leaving the mercury thermometer at

any point on the child's body to measure temperature is also inconvenience since it will not alarm

when the temperatures are below or above the normal points.

Infant Contact Thermometer is a system equipped to monitor the newborn’s body temperature

serving as a perfect means for exposure of possibly fatal infections causing diseases hence is a

very useful product for quick medical attention. The main objective of this project was to design

a low power system that at all times monitors the body temperature of the newborn and alerts the

user during fever attack by means of LEDs lights and buzzer sounds. This has resulted in a low

cost effective system. This device collects the data from the temperature sensor in contact with

the wrist of the baby, codes the data into a format that can be understood by the controlling

section of the system and display the body temperature readings on the LCD.

iii
Table of Contents

TITLE: INFANT CONTACT THERMOMETER...........................................................................i

Declaration......................................................................................................................................ii

Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii

Acronyms.....................................................................................................................................viii

List of Figures.................................................................................................................................ix

List of tables....................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION......................................................................................1

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................................2

1.2 OBJECJECTIVES.................................................................................................................2

Main objective..........................................................................................................................2

Specific objectives....................................................................................................................3

1.3 JUSTIFICATION...................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................4

2.1 Overview................................................................................................................................4

Analysis of LM35.....................................................................................................................5

2.2 Existing System......................................................................................................................6

2.3 Problem Associated With Existing System...........................................................................6

2.4 Infant Contact Thermometer..................................................................................................7

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CHAPTER 3: REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS.................................................................................9

3.1 Temperature sensor................................................................................................................9

3.2 Arduino Mega......................................................................................................................10

WHY ARDUINO...................................................................................................................10

3.3 LCD Display........................................................................................................................12

3.4 LED......................................................................................................................................12

3.5 Buzzer..................................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................14

4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................14

4.2 Hardware design..................................................................................................................14

4.2 Software Design...................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 5: DESIGN AND PLANNING..................................................................................16

5.1 Process Model......................................................................................................................16

5.2 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM....................................................................................17

CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................................18

6.1 Hardware Implementation....................................................................................................18

6.2 Software Implementation.....................................................................................................20

6.2.1 Flowchart.......................................................................................................................21

6.2.2 Source Code..................................................................................................................22

v
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM TESTING...............................................................................................26

7.1 Test Approach......................................................................................................................26

7.2 Test Plan...............................................................................................................................26

7.2.1 Features to Be Tested....................................................................................................26

7.2.2 Testing Tools and Environment....................................................................................27

7.3 Test Cases.........................................................................................................................27

7.3.1 Inputs.............................................................................................................................27

7.3.2 Expected Output............................................................................................................27

7.3.3 Testing Procedure..........................................................................................................28

CHAPTER 8: RESULTS...............................................................................................................29

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................33

9.1 Advantages......................................................................................................................33

9.2 Disadvantages.................................................................................................................33

9.3 Future Scope...................................................................................................................34

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................35

APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................36

Appendix A: Code.....................................................................................................................36

Appendix B: Budget...................................................................................................................40

Appendix C: Work Plan.............................................................................................................41

Appendix D: Picture of Project Prototype.................................................................................42

vi
Appendix E: Picture of Project Prototype Working Within Set Temperature Values...............43

Appendix F: Picture of Project Prototype Working Below Set Temperature Values................44

Appendix G: Picture of Project Prototype Working Above Set Temperature Values...............45

vii
Acronyms

LED : Light Emitting Diode

ADC : Analogue to Digital Converter

ECG : Electrocardiography

PC : Personal Computer

GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication

LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

USB : Universal Serial Bus

IDE : Integrated Development Environment

viii
List of Figures

Fig 2.1 internal circuit of LM35 temperature sensor

Fig 2.2 Block Diagram of the system

Fig 3.1 LM35

Fig 3.2 LCD display

Fig 3.3 LED

Fig 3.4 Piezo Buzzer

Fig 5.1 Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 6.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig. 6.2 Flowchart of the System

Fig 8.1 Temperature below set point

Fig 8.2 Temperature within set points

Fig 8.3 Temperature higher than the set point

ix
List of tables

Table 3.1 Technical Specs of Arduino Mega

Table 8.1 Results

x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Without this microcontroller based system, newborns' temperature monitor process is

very expensive since it is provided only in some hospitals and in specific clinics under

incubators. Due to the fact that the existing devices are neither fully automated nor portable, this

new device has solved this problem. The newborn and parentsare notrestricted by the area of the

device and thus their daily life is not be affected or changed. Thus this device is important and

critical. This is an efficient way of home infant management system wherein a parent is pre-

warned of fever conditions of the infant which could be an indication of an infection causing

disease. This monitoring system is also an alternative for monitoring temperature by kissing or

touching on the baby's forehead hence reducing the risks of late treatment of infections causing

diseases.

The design and implementation provides portability, flexibility and low power

consuming system hence less costly. It is the most reliable and cost effective to use and

uderstand its user interface.

Infant’s temperature abnormalities causes the activation of the buzzer and LEDs. To do

this, LEDs, Buzzer, LCD and LM35 sensor were interfaced with the microcontroller. The

analogue quantities of Temperature are taken from the wrist of the baby using a temperature

sensor and converted into corresponding digital values using an Arduino inbuilt single channel

ADC. This converted digital value is sent to the microcontroller for temporary storage. The

parent views the readings of the infant temperature on the LCD at any time.

1
Proteus Simulator was used to design and simulate electronic circuit. Arduino Software (IDE)

compiler was used to edit, test, simulate and dump the code into the microprocessor. The

performance was verified both in software simulator and hardware design. The total circuit was

completely verified functionally following the application of the software.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As we know

i. Existing systems require someone to watch the baby at all times. This is very expensive

and takes a lot of manpower which are valuable resources that can be used elsewhere.

This system solves this problem of having someone to watch the baby at all times since it

is real time.

ii. The current systems for this monitoring are prohibitively expensive since they are found

in certain hospitals only. This project solves this problem.

iii. Systems used in hospitals are also complex that only certain people can understand them.

The new system provides an easy to use user interface with easy to understand the

readings.

1.2 OBJECJECTIVES

Main objective

To develop a cheap prototype of a system that was to monitor the infant body temperature in

home and in the hospital, in incubators and out of the incubators.

2
Specific objectives

i. To interface temperature sensor with the microcontroller in order to measure infant’s

body temperature signal and then convert the temperature analogue signal into binary

information using the Arduino inbuilt ADC for processing using the Arduino micro

controller.

ii. To compute the temperature signal then display the readings on the LCD.

iii. To design an automatic temperature alarm system using LEDs and Buzzer to indicate

abnormal temperature readings.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION

This project is made of cheap materials. A complete system that measures temperature is so far

expensive. This system is fully automated and does not require any human control.

Automatic alert system enabled by Arduino gives intimacy to the user. The system determines

the temperature readings of the baby and displays it on the LCD. If there are abnormalities in the

readings, the system alerts through LEDs indications and buzzer sounds for an immediate

attention. It is also cost effective due to low power consumption and portability. It is easy to

handle and efficient. It is not as complex as the current systems since it provide an easy to

understand user interface.

3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview

Not so much has been done in this field. Among the researches and proposals in this area include

the following.

Purnima, PuneetSingh [2], uses both Zigbee and GSM to transmit the data obtained from a

patient. GSM is used for purpose of mobile phones while zigbee is for PCs where the transmitted

signals are processed.

Shrenik Suresh Sarade [3] proposed a project having a simple, microcontroller based heart beat

rate & body temperature measuring device with display the information on LCD display. The

device alarms when the heart beat & the body temperature exceed the provided threshold value.

This threshold value is defined by the programmer at the time of programming of

microcontroller. The threshold value is as 20 to 120 pulses per minute for heart beat indication &

18°C to 38°C for temperature.

4
Wan Seribahiyah [4] does a project where he uses Zigbee, Arduino Uno, and ECG circuit and

temperature sensor. He uses Lab View to process the signals. The problem is complex and

expensive.

This information transmitted wirelessly to the doctor which is not in the vicinity of the patient

through GSM technique. The problem with the use of infrared Device is that the LED light must

be very bright or it will not be sensed by the photodiode.

Analysis of LM35

Fig 2.1 Internal circuit of LM35 temperature sensor

Source: circuitwiring.com

The circuit diagram is shown above. There are two transistors in the centre of this circuit. One

has ten times the emitter area of the other. This means it has one tenth of the current density,

since the same current is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor

5
R1 that is proportional to the absolute temperature, and is almost linear across the range we care

about. A special circuit straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus temperature.

The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base of the left transistor (Q1) is

proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) by comparing the output of the two transistors.

The amplifier at the right converts absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) into Celsius. The

little circle with the "i" in it is a constant current source circuit.

The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a highly accurate temperature sensor.

The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -- two in the middle, some in each amplifier,

some in the constant current source, and some in the curvature compensation circuit. All of that

is fit into the tiny package with three leads.

2.2 Existing System

Many existing system for temperature monitoring and controlling generally uses micro-controller

ATMEL 89C51 (μc 8051). It does the same job by using additional devices. The

microcontroller-controlled system contains essentially four parts, i.e., the process, the analog to

digital converter, the control algorithm, and the clock. The times when the measured signals are

converted to digital form are called the sampling instants; the time between successive samplings

is called the sampling period and is denoted by h. The output from the process is a continuous

time signal. The output is converted into digital form by the A – D converter. The conversion is

done at the sampling times.

6
2.3 Problem Associated With Existing System

Many existing system for temperature monitoring and controlling generally uses micro-controller

ATMEL 89C51 (μc 8051). Due to using micro controller 8051 the process of making whole

device becomes not only very complex but also difficult and tedious. For operation it requires A-

D converter, external clock, microcontroller development board.

Consequently, the problems are as follows:-

i. It takes comparatively more time to process.

ii. It requires additional devices for operation.

iii. It requires external clock.

iv. Programming for microcontroller 8051 is difficult.

v. For programming it requires development system.

vi. Circuit size becomes large.

vii. PCB making becomes complex, difficult and tedious.

2.4 Infant Contact thermometer

Existing system uses ATMEL 89C51 has many disadvantages as seen above in the section 2.3

above; to overcome these problems I used another advanced microcontroller called Arduino

Mega (ATmega2560). It has in built with many components like analog to digital converter,

clock of 16 MHz, shift registers.

7
In this system I used temperature sensor LM35 to detect temperature into appropriate voltage.

This voltage is given to Arduino. According to program, it process the analog signal into digital

and forms an particular voltage level for a particular temperature.

16x2 LCD is used to display the output temperature of LM35 in degree centigrade units.

At the same time it also sends the data to LEDs and Buzzer, if the temperature becomes higher

from set point Buzzer and Red LED become activate while the other LEDs are deactivated. If the

temperature becomes lower from set point Buzzer and Green LED become activate while the

other LEDs are deactivated. If the temperature is within the set points Blue LED become activate

while the other LEDs and Buzzer are deactivated. In this manner it monitors and controls the

temperature of the infant.

8
Fig 2.2 Block Diagram of the system

9
CHAPTER 3: REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

3.1 Temperature sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage

linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over

linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large

constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does

not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room

temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by

trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear output and precise

inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry

especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.

As the LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than

0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range,

while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy).

The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the

LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package.

The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount small-outline package and a plastic

TO-220 package.

10
Fig 3.1 LM35

Source: http://www.ti.com/product/LM35

3.2 Arduino Mega

The Mega is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital input/output

pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal

oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains

everything needed to support the microcontroller. It is simply connected to the computer using a

USB cable or powered with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get it started. Never fear for

accidental electric discharge, either since the Mega also includes a plastic base plate to protect it.

The Mega 2560 R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two

pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shield to adapt to the voltage

provided from the board. The other is not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The

Mega 2560 R3 works with all existing shield but can help adapt to new shields which use these

additional pins.

WHY ARDUINO

Cheap - Arduino boards are inexpensive when compared to other microcontroller platforms.

11
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux

operating systems. Most microcontroller systems can only run on Windows.

Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for

beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.

Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,

available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C+

+ libraries.

Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a

Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the

module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the

breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

Table 3.1 Technical Specs of Arduino Mega

Microcontroller ATmega2560

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 14

12
Analog Input Pins 16

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 256 KB (ATmega2560) of which 8 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 8 KB (ATmega2560)

EEPROM 4 KB (ATmega2560)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Length 101.52mm

Width 53.3 mm

Weight 37 g

The ATmega2560 on the Mega comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows one to

upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. The Mega can be

programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE).

3.3 LCD Display

Below is a typical LCD display

13
Fig 3.2 LCD display

Source: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HelloWorld

The LCD displays the body temperature.

3.4 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction

diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons

are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of

photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to

the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are

typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the

radiation pattern.

14
Fig 3.3 LED

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

3.5 Buzzer

A buzzer is an audio signaling device,which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or

piezoelectric (piezo for short).

Fig 3.4 Piezo Buzzer (Source: http://www.instructables.com)

15
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the method which will be used to implement this project. This project is

divided into two main parts which are hardware design and software design. For the hardware

design, it is focus on the main controller hardware, Arduino Mega board which connects to the

temperature sensor (LM 35). Meanwhile, for the software design, Arduino and Proteus are used.

4.2 Hardware design

Arduino Mega Board

Arduino Mega board is the main function system in this project because it reads and interprets

the data from the heart rate and the temperature sensor outputs. Arduino software is downloaded

directly through the internet from the Arduino main page in order to build a specific

programmed. Arduino needs a USB cable to power up the board in 5V. Excess power will cause

irreparable damage to the Arduino board.

Temperature Sensor Circuit

Body temperature circuit is to measure the body temperature of patient. The normal temperature

for human is 37.0 degree Celsius. Temperature sensor contains three pins that are connected

directly to the Arduino Mega board. They are 5V, GND and analog output pins. Other common

16
sensors used for temperature measuring are thermistors, thermocouples and resistance

thermometers but LM35 is used because it can measure temperature more accurately than the

others and generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples. LM35 sensor may not require

that the output voltage be amplified. The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor. Its electrical

output signal is proportional to the temperature in degree Celsius temperature.

4.2 Software Design

Proteus Simulator is used to design and simulate electronic circuit. Arduino Software (IDE)

compiler is used to edit, test, simulate and dump the code into the microprocessor.

17
18
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN AND PLANNING

5.1 Process Model

In this section, I designed the structure of the system before implementation of circuit. I used

advanced microcontroller called Arduino Mega(2560). It has in built with many components like

analog to digital converter, clock of 16 MHz, shift registers.

In this system I used temperature sensor IC LM35, to use to convert temperature into appropriate

voltage. This voltage is given to Arduino. According to program it processes the analog signal

into digital and forms a particular voltage level for a particular temperature. 16x2 LCD is used to

display the output in degree centigrade units. At the same time it also sends the data to LEDs and

buzzer, if the temperature becomes higher or lower from set point the Buzzer becomes activated

and it alarms and at the same time the LEDs Red lights for higher temperatures and Green for

lower temperatures from the set value.

19
5.2 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM

Fig 5.1 Data Flow Diagram

20
CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Hardware Implementation

In this section, I designed my project temperature monitoring and controlling system. I used

temperature sensor IC LM35. LM35 generates a small voltage corresponds to the temperature

across IC. This generated voltage is in the continuous, analog form.

This voltage is fed to the controller unit. Here I use Arduino Mega (2560) as a controller. This

voltage is given to the Analog port 0 (A0) of the Arduino Mega. Arduino

Mega reads analog input and converts this analog voltage into digital bits form using inbuilt A to

D converter. It converts analog voltage level in any number between 0 to 1023. It uses 10 bits for

processing. This is given to the microcontroller, it multiplies the digital data with coefficient

0.488 and converts this voltage in particular value. This value is nothing but the temperature in

degree centigrade. This data is sent out to digital ports (8, 9, 10, and 13). Consequently, Arduino

Mega sends out data for displaying on 16x2 LCD.

Corresponding program for working of project is given in section 6.2.2.

21
A 16X2 LCD is connected with microcontroller as shown in circuit diagram (fig.6.1). Pin 1 is

connected to ground and pin 2 is connected to VCC through Arduino for activating or switching

ON the LCD. On pin 3 a 10k ohms for adjusting the brightness of LCD screen. RS and Enable

pin is connected to pin 12 and 11 respectively for communication with Arduino. LCD displays

temperature in both units degree Celsius. At the same time Arduino sends control bit 0 or 1 on

the digital ports 8,9,10 and 13. This bit is used for controlling part. For bit 0 Arduino sends 0V

and for bit 1 it sends 5V at the output. LED is connected to digital port 8. If the temperature is

less than desired or set temperature Arduino gives logic high level to the pin 8 and 10. But when

current temperature goes just or more above the set level it sends logic high level to the digital

pin 10 and 13. If the temperature value is within the set values Arduino sends logic high level to

the digital pin 9 only.

According to the logic level of digital pin 8, 10 and 13 LED and Buzzer circuit gets input hence

switching them ON/OFF. Once, temperature goes below or above the set point, Buzzer and

LEDs are activated. Thus temperature of the infant gets monitored and controlled by this project.

22
Fig. 6.1 Circuit Diagram

6.2 Software Implementation

For software implementation, software Arduino IDE was used. This software enables us to load

the program in Arduino board.

Proteus Simulator was used to design and simulate electronic circuit. Arduino Software (IDE)

compiler was used to edit, test, simulate and dump the code into the microprocessor.

23
6.2.1 Flowchart

Fig. 6.2 Flowchart of the System

24
6.2.2 Source Code

// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

// declare variables

float sensorValue, Celsius;

void setup()

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// define pin A0 as input

pinMode (A0, INPUT);

// define pins 8,9,10 and 13 as outputs

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

pinMode(10, OUTPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

25
 // Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("Infant Temp!");

delay (2000);

void loop() {

//Assign analog Pin A0 read to the variable mV

sensorValue = analogRead (A0);

//Conversion from mV to Celsius

Celsius = (sensorValue * 5000 / 1024) / 10;

// set the cursor to column 0, line 1

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Temp:");

// set the cursor to column 6, line 1

lcd.setCursor(6, 1);

// print the temperature readings in celcious:

lcd.print(Celsius);

lcd.setCursor(12, 1);

26
// set the cursor to column 12, line 1

lcd.print("C");

delay(200);

// if temperature is less or equal to 36.39 turn on green led and buzzer on

if (Celsius <= 36.39)

lcd.clear ();

digitalWrite (13, HIGH);

digitalWrite (10, HIGH);

digitalWrite (9, LOW);

digitalWrite (8, LOW);

lcd.print("Low Temp!");

// if temperature is less or equal to 37.50 turn on blue led

else if (Celsius <= 37.50)

lcd.clear ();

27
 digitalWrite (13, LOW);

digitalWrite (10, LOW);

digitalWrite (9, HIGH);

digitalWrite (8, LOW);

lcd.print("Normal Temp!");

else

// if temperature is geater than 37.50 turn on red led and buzzer on

lcd.clear ();

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

digitalWrite (10, HIGH);

digitalWrite(9, LOW);

digitalWrite(8, HIGH);

lcd.print("High Temp!");

28
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM TESTING

7.1 Test Approach

The project “Infant Contact Thermometer” is made as explained in the above chapters. It is

necessary to check that the system is working properly or not. It can be tested in two methods.

The system should display the current temperature and if it goes above or below set point it

alarm to notify the mother or the nurse of the abnormalities. It should operate properly in the

given operating range. If the system does not work properly then it is necessary to troubleshoot

the problem. The system should complete all the objectives.

7.2 Test Plan

For testing the project two parts are made. First part is used to check the program, in this step I

checked if the program was working properly or not. I did this by using Arduino IDE.

Second part was used to check hardware component like LCD and Buzzer.

7.2.1 Features to Be Tested

After building the whole circuit I tested it, testing procedure is given in section 7.3.3.

This project should satisfy some features. Features to be tested as follows:-

a) LM35 should detect temperature properly.

b) Arduino should give the required outputs on output ports.

c) LCD should display the real time temperature.

29
 d) Buzzer should be ON below or above set points and it should be OFF when it is within

the set points.

e) System should be stable and work proper in the given range of temperature.

7.2.2 Testing Tools and Environment

For testing of the project I required some tools, like to test Arduino program I required software

called Arduino IDE, using this I could check whether the program was working properly or not.

For hardware checking I required power supply and proper range of temperature. Testing

environment for project was an important criterion as the project was based on the baby body

temperature. The infant temperature was to be in the range of 36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius. While

for only IC LM 35 range is −55°C to 150°C.

7.3 Test Cases

In this section I discussed about the inputs, expected output, and the testing procedure.

Testing tools required for the circuit is explained above.

7.3.1 Inputs

The project required two inputs. The inputs were as follows:-

a) Power supply :-

30
Power supply is the basic need of any electronic circuit. Here I used 5v dc battery to give power

Arduino and sometimes I could give the power directly from the computer or mobile phone

using.

b) Temperature :-

As we know that the project is mainly based on the temperature. It uses body temperature as

input and controls the LEDs and Buzzer.

7.3.2 Expected Output

After building the whole circuit we test it, testing procedure is given in section 7.3.3.

This project should give some desired outputs. Expected outputs are as follows:-

i. LCD should display the real time temperature.

ii. Buzzer should be OFF within set points.

iii. Buzzer should be ON above and below set points.

iv. Blue LED should be ON within set points else OFF

v. Green LED should be ON below set points else OFF

vi. Red LED should be ON above set points else OFF

31
7.3.3 Testing Procedure

For testing, the circuit was connected as shown in fig. 6.1, the power supply was given to the

Arduino using computer. In this way the whole testing circuit is built. Now I gave the inputs to

the LM35 as varying its body temperature.

Change in temperature was shown on the 16x2 LCD screen. System worked according to

program. Output of the circuit was observed.

Summary of testing procedure:-

1) The circuit was connected as shown in fig 6.1

2) Power was given to the system.

3) Temperature across LM35 was varied.

4) Working of LCD, LEDs and Buzzer was observed.

32
CHAPTER 8: RESULTS

As project names Infant Contact Thermometer, the project gives five outputs. One is displaying

temperature on LCD screen, second is turning ON and OFF the Buzzer, and the rest turning ON

and OFF LEDs.

a) When temperature was below the set point (i.e. 36.5 degree Celsius) the Buzzer and the

Green LED are ON. Consequently, other LEDs were turned OFF.

33
Fig 8.1 Temperature below set point

b) When temperature was within set points (i.e. 36.5<Temp<37.5) the Blue LED was ON.

Consequently, Buzzer, Red and Green LEDs were OFF.

Fig 8.2 Temperature within set points

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c) When temperature was above the set point (i.e.37.5 degree Celsius) the Buzzer and the Red

LED are ON. Consequently, Other LEDs connected were OFF.

Fig 8.3 Temperature higher than the set point

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Table 8.1 Results

Temperature Readings State Response

(Degrees Celsius) (Temperature)

 Green LED OFF

 Red LED OFF

 Buzzer OFF
Below 36.5 Low  Blue LED FF

 Green LED ON

 Red LED OFF

 Buzzer ON
Above 37.5 High  Blue LED OFF

 Green LED OFF

 Red LED ON

 Buzzer ON

36
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION

Infant Contact Thermometer is an excellent choice for blooming babies in developing courtiers

like Kenya because it is cost effective due to low power consumption. It is of greater efficiency

since it provides a friendly user interface that is easy to read the temperature readings and

understand. The system also act as a watch dog in case of high or low temperature it alarms

hence immediate medical attention.

In my project, I designed and implemented an efficient Infant Contact Thermometer with an

Arduino board. Output was verified by setting the temperature at different levels and it was

found that the LEDs and Buzzer turn on and off when the device crosses the set value. There is

still much room for future development that would enhance the system and increase its business

value.

9.1 Advantages

 This project is used in Hospital as well as in Home, in and out of the Incubator.

 To monitor the baby that is not comfortable, or not possible for humans to monitor,

especially for extended periods of time.

 Prevents waste of energy due to low power consumption.

37
9.2 Disadvantages

 It is only maintained by technical person. Thus, it becomes difficult to be maintained.

 Due to temperature variation, after sometimes its efficiency may decrease.

 Comparatively it is costly.

9.3 Future Scope

Inclusion of other body parameters such as:

1. Pressure

2. Humidity

3. Heart Beat

Use of wireless (GSM Technology) to transmit the output of the system to the user’s mobile

phone.

38
REFERENCES

[1] https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/1144007581/hospitals-face-acute-shortage-

of-incubators

[2] Purnima, PuneetSingh “Zigbee and GSM Based Patient Health Monitoring System” 2014

International Conference on Electronics and Communication System (lCECS -2014)

[3] Shrenik Suresh Sarade et. al “ patient monitoring and alerting system by using gsm”

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 02

Issue: 03, June-2015

[4] Wan Seri BahiyahBinti w SudinPatient monitoring system using wireless sensor network

39
APPENDIX

Appendix A: Code

// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

// declare variables

float sensorValue, Celsius;

void setup()

40
 // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// define pin A0 as input

pinMode (A0, INPUT);

// define pins 8,9,10 and 13 as outputs

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

pinMode(10, OUTPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

// Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("Infant Temp!");

delay (2000);

void loop() {

//Assign analog Pin A0 read to the variable mV

sensorValue = analogRead (A0);

//Conversion from mV to Celsius

41
Celsius = (sensorValue * 5000 / 1024) / 10;

// set the cursor to column 0, line 1

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Temp:");

// set the cursor to column 6, line 1

lcd.setCursor(6, 1);

// print the temperature readings in celcious:

lcd.print(Celsius);

lcd.setCursor(12, 1);

// set the cursor to column 12, line 1

lcd.print("C");

delay(200);

// if temperature is less or equal to 36.39 turn on green led and buzzer on

if (Celsius <= 36.39)

lcd.clear ();

digitalWrite (13, HIGH);

42
 digitalWrite (10, HIGH);

digitalWrite (9, LOW);

digitalWrite (8, LOW);

lcd.print("Low Temp!");

// if temperature is less or equal to 37.50 turn on blue led

else if (Celsius <= 37.50)

lcd.clear ();

digitalWrite (13, LOW);

digitalWrite (10, LOW);

digitalWrite (9, HIGH);

digitalWrite (8, LOW);

lcd.print("Normal Temp!");

else

// if temperature is geater than 37.50 turn on red led and buzzer on

43
 {

lcd.clear ();

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

digitalWrite (10, HIGH);

digitalWrite(9, LOW);

digitalWrite(8, HIGH);

lcd.print("High Temp!");

Appendix B: Budget

In this chapter, I give an approximation of how much the project costed

ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

(ATmega2560 R3)
16×2 LCD Module for 1 Ksh250

Arduino
Temperature sensor(LM35) 1

Ksh150
Piezo Buzzer 1

Ksh25
Breadboard 2 Ksh 300
Jumper Wires 65 pcs Ksh 100

(male to male)

44
L.E.Ds Ksh 15

3
Resistors: 220 Ω Ksh 100

Total 13 Ksh. 3, 440

Appendix C: Work Plan

PROJECT SCHEDULE
SEMESTER 1 SEMESTER 2

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug

Project
Project Proposal

Background Research

Proposal Preparation

Final Proposal

presentation
Implementation

Design
Selection and ordering

components
Coding

Simulation and

Hardware

implementation

45
Write up

Submit Project

Presentation

Appendix D: Picture of Project Prototype

46
47
Appendix E: Picture of Project Prototype Working Within Set Temperature Values

48
Appendix F: Picture of Project Prototype Working Below Set Temperature Values

49
Appendix G: Picture of Project Prototype Working Above Set Temperature Values

50
51