SAFETY MANAGEMENT 1

FALL PROTECTION

Learning outcome:
- Understand the importance and OSHA requirements of fall protection
during construction work.
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Why is fall protection important?

Falls are among the most common causes of serious work related injuries and
deaths. Employers must set up the work place to prevent employees from falling
off of overhead platforms, elevated work stations or into holes in the floor and
walls.

Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various

work phases involved have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of the
work is located in high places, falls are significant and need a lot of attention.
Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding, ladder,
temporary structure, roofing and opening. Likewise alarming are falling materials
that cause damage to properties and even serious injuries and death to pedestrians.

Categories of Fall
Fall accidents can be classified as, fall…
1. to work surface 5. from edge of work level
2. against an object 6. into/trough an opening
3. from moving vehicle/equipment 7. from one work level
4. from stairs, ramps, and ladders to the other

Control Measures:
Employers must set up the work place to prevent
employees from falling off of overhead platforms,
elevated work stations or into holes in the floor and
walls.
Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be
one that removes the risk of falling entirely.
For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed
barrier to prevent a worker from falling, than personal
protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). in
this way, the worker is never in a position where an
actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must rely
on the personal protective equipment (PPE) system to safety arrest the fall.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)requires that fall

protection be provided at elevations of four feet in general industry workplaces,
five feet in shipyards, six feet in the construction industry and eight feet in
long shoring operations.

In addition, OSHA requires that fall protection be provided when working over
dangerous equipment and machinery, regardless of the fall distance.

To prevent employees from being injured from falls, employers must:

 Guard every floor hole into which a worker can accidentally walk (using a
railing and toe-board or a floor hole cover).
 Provide a guard rail and toe-board around every elevated open sided platform,
floor or runway.
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 Regardless of height, if a worker can fall into or onto dangerous machines or

equipment (such as a vat of acid or a conveyor belt) employers must provide
guardrails and toe-boards to prevent workers from falling and getting injured.
 Other means of fall protection that may be required on certain jobs include
safety harness and line, safety nets, stair railings and hand rails.

OSHA requires employers to:

 Provide working conditions that are free of known dangers.

 Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry condition.
 Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to
workers.
 Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand.

source:
Safety and Health Topics | Fall Protection | Occupational ...
www.osha.gov › SLTC › fallprotection

D.O. 13 – DOLE Regulations, Safety Standards in Construction

PEME Consultancy, Inc. (People Environment Materials Equipment) COSH Manual

www.google.com
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 4

Assignment:
Identify the different Fall Protection Systems Categories:
Surface Protection Against Slipping & Tripping Hazards

Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers

Surface Opening Protection-Guardrails/Floor Coverings

 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 5

Travel Restraint System-Safety Belts/Lifelines/Lanyards/Anchorage

Fall Arrest Systems

Fall Containment Systems

 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 6

BARRICADES AND SCAFFOLDS

Learning Outcomes:
- Understand the scaffolding hazards, best practices and safe procedure.
- Determine the use of barrier.

What are scaffolds?

An elevated, temporary work platform and its
supporting structure used for supporting materials or
employees or both.

Types:

Supported – scaffolds is hung with cord from the ceiling or top of

a construction or structure.

Suspended – a mobile scaffolds that is suspended from ropes

or cables. Also known as a swinging scaffold.

Aerial lifts/scissor lifts – are essentially elevated

Risks:
•Falls from elevation – can be caused by slipping.,unsafe access, and lack of
fall protection

•Struck by – from falling tools and debris.

•Electrocution – from overhead power lines

•Scaffolds collapse – often caused by instability of overloading.

•Bad planking – may giveway to materials or occupant load

What are Barricades?

an improvised barrier erected across a street or other
thoroughfare to prevent or delay the movement of
opposing forces.
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Types:

Soft barricade - they are to be used to identify and

protect personnel from general hazards and also those
which are high risk and may pose a risk to life and
death.

Solid barricade - The purpose of a solid barricade is to

provide a physical barrier capable of performing the same
function as a permanent guardrail.
Shall be install in all open sides of the working area

Methods:

Responsible:

 MANAGER
The operations shall ensure that this procedure shall implemented and maintain
throughout the operations.

 COORDINATORS/SUPERVISOR
Shall ensure that:
- maintenance of the barricade in accordance with the procedure.
- sufficiency of the supplies.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 8

 EMPLOYEES/CONTRACTORS
They do not access a barricaded area unless the conditioned detailed on the
barricade sign are complied.They monitor and maintain the condition of barricades
in their work areas.

Note: Tapes and barricade shall be removed once they are no longer required.

Falling Object Protection

Hard Hats
Barricade
Panels or screen
Canopy or net

Note:
-Insulated lines of less than 300 volts have a safe distance of only 3 feet.
-De-energized the lines.
- Relocated the line or installed protective covering to prevent accidental contact
with the lines.

source: https://prezi.com/9ubdtzxv5b-y/safety-management/
www.google.com

Assignment:
What are the design requirements for Scaffold Erection?
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 9

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the relevance and importance of the practice of industrial hygiene in
the society today.
- Identify workplace hazard and who is at risk.

Industrial hygiene - concerned with identifying, evaluating, and controlling real

or potential workplace environmental stressors or hazards that can affect the well
being of workers and community members.
- it is sometimes called Occupational Hygiene, Occupational Health or Workplace
Health.

 Ideally, hazards are identified and controlled when a workplace is being

planned, when conditions or processes change, or through yearly reviews, before
they become an issue for workers.In order to help ensure proper industrial
hygiene and thus the health and safety of your workers, you can employ an
industrial hygienist.

The role of an industrial hygienist:

- to “anticipate health and safety concerns and design solutions to prevent
them.
- they are the guardians of workplace safety, applying science to identify and
solve health and safety problems.
- unite management, workers, and all segments of a company behind the common
goal of health and safety.

An industrial hygienist will use rigorous scientific methods to evaluate and

control hazards in the workplace, including risk assessment tools and information,
such as Safety Data Sheets, which are put together by chemical manufacturers and
contain detailed information about each chemical.
Industrial hygienists can also conduct a worksite analysis to evaluate all jobs,
operations, machinery, and work activities at that site, in addition to problem
solving on specific activities or work areas.
After a hazard is identified, an industrial hygienist will work with the company
to control or eliminate the hazard. This can include substituting a chemical for
a less hazardous one, reducing exposure to hazards, utilization of personal
protective equipment such as gloves or goggles, or increasing ventilation.

Key Components of Industrial Hygiene

Industrial hygiene encompasses a wide range of health and safety concerns in the
workplace. As a manager, you should be familiar with the basics of most of them.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 10

Ergonomics: The goal of ergonomics (the study

of people at work), is to reduce stress and
eliminate injuries associated with bad posture,
overuse of muscles, and repeated tasks. For
example, proper ergonomics can help prevent
carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and lower
back injuries. While performing an ergonomics
intervention, it’s important to involve workers in the process to ensure tasks
are fit to the worker and workers are properly trained on aspects such as how to
lift boxes correctly. Ergonomics can be improved through solutions such as changing
the chairs or keyboards office workers use, introducing tools to reduce repetitive
tasks, or limiting time on certain jobs.

Noise: Long-term exposure to noise – both wanted and

unwanted sound – can lead to hearing loss for workers.
Noise issues can be addressed in several ways, including
designing a facility to minimize noise, separating
workers from noisy machinery as much as possible, and
using devices, such as ear muffs or ear plugs, to protect
workers.

Temperature: Both high and low temperatures can cause

problems for workers. If temperatures are too high,
workers are vulnerable to heat stroke or heat exhaustion;
heat stroke is a medical emergency that requires
immediate attention. Workers should be allowed to
slowly adapt to the heat (acclimatization) and drink
small amounts of water frequently, and air should be
cooled whenever possible. Prolonged exposure to low
temperatures can lead to hypothermia or frostbite. Workers should be allowed to
wear warm clothing, and take breaks in warmer temperatures when possible.

Indoor air quality: Indoor air quality can be impacted

by many factors, including pollution from machines or tools
inside the building, highway pollution outside the
building, dusts from mechanical processes, or gasses. Poor
air quality can cause issues ranging from chronic coughs
to nausea to severe headaches. Proper ventilation is
important to ensure that fresh air is brought into the work
area and air filtering in an HVAC system can help remove
contaminants from the air.

Chemical exposure: Chemical hazards can take many forms,

from liquid to fumes to dusts, and can be absorbed,
inhaled, or ingested into a worker’s system. Some common
chemicals that can potentially be hazardous are cleaning
products, gasoline, and pesticides. Many chemicals can
be harmless in small doses, but even some common
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 11

chemicals can cause symptoms in those who are particularly sensitive, and most
chemicals can cause adverse effects in large doses or when proper safety
precautions are not taken. These precautions include ventilation, personal hygiene
such as hand washing, which can reduce the amount of chemicals absorbed by the
skin, and maintaining equipment in order to prevent leaks and breakdowns.

Radiation: There are two types of radiation – non-ionizing radiation and

ionizing radiation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
and laser radiation are the types of non-ionizing
radiation most likely to cause safety concerns,
usually burns, for workers; UV radiation is a
particular problem for outside workers, such as
gardeners. Ionizing radiation can cause more
considerable health risks for workers, and can
be found in settings ranging from health care
facilities to nuclear reactors and their support
facilities. This type of radiation damages cells, and possible long term effects
include cancer and sterility. Exposure to ionizing radiation should be limited
as much as possible, and workers should be shielded from radiation by materials
such as lead or concrete.

Biological hazards: Living organisms such as fungi, viruses,

and bacteria, can enter the body and cause both acute and
chronic infections. Workers who deal with plants or animals
and laboratory or medical workers are particularly at risk for
biological hazards, but all workers can be at risk for hazards
such as mold, and bacteria that cause Legionnaire’s disease.
Proper hygiene such as hand washing, ventilation, personal
protective equipment such as gloves or respirators, and in
certain cases, isolation of the hazard, can all help minimize the risks associated
with biological hazards.

Eliminating or Controlling Hazards

- providing local exhaust ventilation, establishing proper work practices,
providing proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and applicable
administrative measures.

Optimizing these components of industrial hygiene through monitoring and analyzing

hazards and engineering solutions to minimize those hazards will help control
potential health risks that impact both workers and your organization. These
hazards can cause a wide range of negative outcomes from disease and injury to
lost time and reduced productivity in your organization. Understanding the
principles of industrial hygiene will help you control these factors more
effectively and thus have a healthier, more productive workplace.

Five basic tenets of industrial hygiene recognized as industry best practices:

1. Anticipation – This involves reviewing all practices and procedures and
using qualitative and quantitative measurements to assess them annually.
Industrial hygiene practices are actively integrated into the corporate
structure.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 12

2. Recognition – Recognition involves establishing a file or database and

incorporating all legal requirements and recommended practices. We also rank
risk operations and create an audit or assessment plan based on those rankings.

3. Evaluation – All the preparation is actively put to use as we implement the

exposure assessment strategy and document hazard evaluations.

4. Prevention – We ensure clients use effective hazard communication. The

effectiveness of health and safety training becomes evident as preventative
measures impact the workplace.

5. Control – Successful management is an ongoing process of following the

hierarchy of controls and benefiting from health and safety management systems.

source:
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/industrial-hygiene-keeping-workers-healthy-and-safe/

https://www.g2ci.com/industrial-hygiene/

www.google.com
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 13

HAZARD COMMUNICATION AND CHEMICAL SAFETY

Learning Outcomes:

- Familiarize with the guidance for personnel to understand the

hazards of chemicals they work with.
- Provide appropriate understanding in working with these
chemicals safely and avoiding exposures that could be injurious to their health
and safety.

Responsible:
Principal Investigators(PIs)/Supervisors - Implement and ensure compliance with
the provisions of this Guideline. Ensure that a hazard evaluation is performed
prior to using a new chemical. Provide personnel with training on hazards
associated with specific chemicals prior to using a new chemical,when performing
non-routine tasks, and when there is a significant increase of an existing hazard.

Ensure that there are current MSDSs on file for each chemical used and
stored. Ensure that all individuals in their group affected by this standard
attend scheduled training. Responsible for inspecting all chemical containers
in their work area to ensure that they are properly labeled and in good
condition. Develop work area-specific procedures for work involving highly
hazardous materials/processes, reproductive toxins,and select carcinogens.

Personnel(Includes students,volunteers, minors, contractors, and

researchers) - Review and comply with this guideline and required procedures
before using hazardous chemicals. Attend required training. Legibly label all
chemical containers. Read and understand the MSDS of chemicals.

Environmental Health and Safety Office(EH&S Office) - Provide assistance with

labeling, storage,handling, exposure controls, spill response,and disposal of
hazardous chemicals.Administer the on-line chemical inventory system. Conduct
training and work area inspections. Periodically review this guideline and update
as necessary. Conduct exposure assessments as necessary.

Hazard Communication Program

The purpose of the Hazard Communication Program is to ensure all employees are
informed about the identity and hazards of the chemicals in their workplace and
how to handle these chemicals safely. This program applies to staff working with
chemicals in any area, except laboratories. Laboratory workers should refer to
the Laboratory & Research Safety Program.

Globally Harmonized System (GHS)

In 2012, OSHA modified the Hazard Communication Standard
to align with the Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), which was
established by the United Nations in 2003. The purpose of
the update was to provide a common and coherent approach
to classifying chemicals and communicating hazard
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 14

information on labels and SDSs. This update requires manufacturers to now use
a standardized format to display hazard information on labels and safety data
sheets.

Chemical Safety Program

The Chemical Safety Program is designed for all employees working with hazardous
chemicals, including oils, solvents, corrosives, etc., in all work areas, except
laboratories. Laboratory workers should refer to the Laboratory & Research Safety
Program.
Each department where chemicals are used has developed and implemented a Hazard
Communication Plan to transmit information on the hazards of chemicals used by
individuals in their department by labeling containers, ensuring safety data
sheets (SDSs) are available, and providing training.
 Before using any chemical, even if it is something that you have worked with
at home or in other situations, it is important to understand what the hazards
may be and how to work with it safely.

 In order to assess the hazards of a particular chemical, both the physical and
health hazards of the chemical must be considered. Generally, more information
is available about physical hazards than health hazards. An overview of basic
toxicology and physical hazards follows.

 Before using any chemical, the container label and SDS or other appropriate
sources should be reviewed to determine what conditions of use may pose a hazard.
Accidents with hazardous chemicals can happen quickly and may be quite severe.
The key to prevention of these accidents is awareness.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 15

Physical Hazards of Chemicals

- Flammability is the tendency of a chemical to burn. The flashpoint, auto ignition

temperature and flammable limits of the material may be found in the SDS, and
are helpful in assessing the potential for a fire hazard under specified
conditions.

- Reactivity is the potential of the material to explode or react violently with

air, water or other substances upon contact. The SDS furnishes this information
in the Stability and Reactivity Data section.

Health Hazards of Chemicals

- Toxicity is the ability of a chemical substance to cause harm. Hazard is the

likelihood that a material will cause harm under the conditions of use. Thus,
with proper handling, even highly toxic chemicals can be used safely. Conversely,
less toxic chemicals can be extremely hazardous if handled improperly.
The actual health risk of a chemical depends on the toxicity and the actual exposure.
No matter how toxic the material may be, there is little risk involved unless it
enters the body.

Routes of Entry:
Skin and Eye Contact
Skin contact with a chemical may result in a local reaction, such
as a burn or rash, or absorption into the bloodstream. Absorption
into the bloodstream may then allow the chemical to cause toxic
effects on other parts of the body.

Wear gloves and other protective clothing to minimize skin exposure.

See Personal Protective Equipment for more information. Symptoms of
skin exposure include dry, whitened skin, redness and swelling, rashes
or blisters, and itching. In the event of chemical contact on skin, rinse the
affected area with water for at least 15 minutes, removing clothing while rinsing,
if necessary. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Chemical contact with eyes can be particularly dangerous, resulting in painful

injury or blindness.

Wearing safety goggles or a face shield can reduce the risk of eye contact.
Eyes that have been in contact with chemicals should be rinsed immediately
with water continuously, for at least 15 minutes. Contact lenses should
be removed while rinsing—do not delay rinsing to remove the lenses—seconds count.

Inhalation
The lungs are the most common route of entry for gases,
vapors and particles. Such materials may harm tissue in the
lungs or enter into the bloodstream.
Symptoms of over-exposure may include headaches, increased
mucus production, and eye, nose and throat irritation.
Narcotic effects, including confusion, dizziness, drowsiness,
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 16

or collapse, may result from exposure to some substances, including many common
hydrocarbon solvents.

In the event of exposure, close containers, open windows or otherwise

increase ventilation, and move to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek
medical attention.

The gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract is another possible route of entry
for toxic substances. Although it is unlikely that anyone would
accidentally eat a chemical, exposure may occur as a result of
eating or drinking contaminated food or beverages or touching
the mouth with contaminated hands.

In the event of accidental ingestion, immediately contact the Poison

Control Center. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by a health
care professional.

Injection
The final possible route of exposure to chemicals is by
accidental injection. Injection may occur through mishaps with
syringe needles, or through accidents with broken glassware or
other sharp objects that have been contaminated with chemicals.

Wash the area with soap and water and seek medical
attention, if necessary. Cautious use of any sharp object is always
critical.

Health Hazards of Chemical Exposure

The affects of a chemical exposure to a person will vary; depending on the actual
amount of the chemical to which a person was exposed and how hazardous the chemical
actually is.

Toxic Effects of Chemicals

The toxic effects of a chemical may be local or systemic. Local injuries involve
the area of the body in contact with the chemical. For example, if you spill an
acid on your arm, the effect will be on your arm. Systemic injuries involve tissues
or organs other than the contact site where toxins have been transported through
the bloodstream. For example, methanol that has been swallowed may cause blindness.

Certain chemicals may affect a target organ. For example, lead primarily affects
the brain, kidney and red blood cells and some solvents may harm the liver and
kidneys.

It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic exposure and toxicity.

Acute toxicity results from a single, short exposure. Effects usually appear
quickly and are usually reversible. Chronic toxicity results from repeated
exposure over a long period of time. Effects are usually delayed and gradual, and
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 17

may be irreversible. For example, the acute effect of drinking alcohol is becoming
drunk, while the chronic effect from drinking alcohol over a long period of time
is cirrhosis of the liver.

Susceptibility of Individuals
Some people may be more or less sensitive to specific chemicals, depending on
several factors including eating habits, physical condition, obesity, medical
conditions, drinking and smoking, and pregnancy.Over a period of time, regular
exposure to some substances can lead to the development of an allergic rash,
breathing difficulty, or other reactions. This phenomenon is referred to
as sensitization. Over time, these effects may occur with exposure to smaller
and smaller amounts of the chemical, but will disappear soon after the exposure
stops. For reasons not fully understood, not everyone exposed to a sensitizer will
experience this reaction. Examples of sensitizers include epoxy resins, nickel
salts, isocyanates and formaldehyde.

Particularly Hazardous Substances

Carcinogens
Many chemicals have been evaluated for their ability to cause cancer. The latency
period for most cancers range from twenty to forty years. The risk of developing
cancer from exposure to a chemical increases with the length of exposure and with
the exposure concentration.

Reproductive Toxins
Reproductive toxins are chemicals which affect the reproductive system, including
mutagens (those which cause chromosomal damage), teratogens and embryotoxins.
Embryotoxins may be lethal to the fertilized egg, embryo or fetus, may be
teratogenic (able to cause fetal malformations), may retard growth or may cause
post-natal functional deficits. Other reproductive toxins may cause sterility or
may affect sperm motility.
Individuals who work with teratogens and who are contemplating pregnancy or are
pregnant should review the toxicity of the chemicals in their workplace and may
consult with EHS to determine whether any of the materials pose additional risk
during pregnancy.

Safety Data Sheets

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS), formerly MSDS, is designed to provide emergency response
personnel and users of hazardous materials with the proper procedures for handling
or working with a particular substance. The SDS is produced by the manufacturer
of the chemical, and includes the following information:
- Health and physical hazards associated with the material
- Physical properties, reactivity, and toxicological data
- First aid, storage, disposal, exposure control, and spill/leak procedures
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 18

Labeling Requirements:
It’s critically important that every container be labeled so it properly
identifies the material inside. Labels should include:
Product Identifier: chemical’s name and a list of the substance(s) it contains
Supplier Information: name,
address and phone number of the
chemical’s manufacturer or
supplier.
Pictogram: symbol inside a diamond
with a red border, denoting a
particular hazard class
Precautionary Statement: one or
more phrases that describe
recommended measures to be taken to
minimize or prevent adverse effects
resulting from exposure to a
hazardous chemical or improper
storage or handling of a hazardous
chemical
Signal Words: single word used to indicate the relative level of severity of the
hazard and alert the reader to a potential hazard on the label; the signal words
used are "danger" and "warning;" "fanger" is used for the more severe hazards,
while "warning" is used for less severe hazards.
Hazard Statement: phrase assigned to each hazard category; examples include
“harmful if swallowed,” “highly flammable liquid and vapor,” etc.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 19

Hazard Communication Summary Test:

1. Chemical manufacturers must label containers and provide?

_________________
2. True or False. Employers should keep material safety data sheets in a locked
file cabinet? _____________________
3.Dizziness, nausea, rashes, and respiratory irritation are signs of
__________________ exposure.
4. List three routes by which a chemical can enter the body.
_______________, ________________, _______________
5. True or False. Household chemicals are never as hazardous as chemicals used
at work. _________________
6. On NFPA labels, a 4 in the red diamond indicates an extreme health hazard.
_____________________
7. Typical first aid for chemicals splashed in the eyes includes?

8. You will only know the health hazards and PPE requirements if you?
_____________________________________
9. A ________________ can be used to protect against breathing hazardous vapors
or gases.
10. True or False. If you see a chemical spill, you should clean it
immediately.______________________

source: doc.nv.gov › content › About › Human_Resources

www.google.com
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 20

VALUE BASED SAFETY

(RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC PLACES)

Learning Outcome:
- Improve safety performance through behavior
motivation.

Value based safety is a positive, employee-driven system of safety observations,

feedback, and problem-solving that is highly effective and extensively
field-tested.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 21

STEPS:
 Establishing Mission, Values, and Milestone Targets
- Brainstorm Actions Likely to Impact the Process
- Pinpoint Those Practices
- Sort These Practices into "Value" Categories
- Use Values in Designating Your Safety Process
- Discuss Values During Kickoff Meetings and Training
- Use Values as Criteria for Evaluation

 Creating the Safety Observation Process

 Designing Feedback and Involvement Procedures
 Developing Recognition and Celebration Plans
 Planning Training and Kickoff Meetings
 Conducting Management Review

THE PROCESS
Helps ensure that employees are "doing the right things for the right reasons."
Establishing Missions, Values and Milestone Targets, Creating Safety Observation
Process, Developing Recognition and celebration Plans, Planning Training and
Kickoff Meetings, Conducting Management Review, Brainstorm Actions Likely to
Impact the Process, Pinpoint Those Practices, Sort These Practices into "Value"
Categories, Use Values in Designing Your Safety Process, Discuss Values During
Kickoff Meetings and Training, and Uses Values as Criteria for Evaluation.

SAFETY AS VALUE (SAFETY VS COMPLIANCE)

COMPLIANCE:
 It means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or
law.
 It is on paper, someone else set the standard, generally delegated to the
"safety person."

Safety as a Compliance
Having a written safety policy is part of being in compliance, but it is totally
useless for safety purposes if it is on a piece of paper in a file in the safety
office.

Safety as a Choice
It is condition of being protected against failure, damage, error, accidents, harm
or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. Safety is a living
evolving concept, not a static paperwork exercise.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 22

Both are important, but they are not the same.In ideal situation, they work
hand-in-hand.
Results achieved:
 no accidents, injury or property damage
 insurance costs can be reduced
 reduced business interruptions
 employee's moral is improved
 employees are more efficient and productive

OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY
 is the extension of an organization's on-the-job safety culture.
 off-the-job safety programs educate employees about having safe while not at
work.
 off-the-job safety programs help save the lives of employees and their
families.
 Includes: People employed (part-time or full time).
 Excludes: Children, Person keeping house full-time, Retired, Unemployed, Other
person not in the labor force.

TERMINOLOGIES:
WORKERS - All persons gainfully employed, including owners, managers, other paid
employees, the self-employed, the unpaid family workers but excluding private
household workers.
NON-WORKERS - Children, persons keeping house full-time, retirees, the unemployed,
and the other persons not in the labor force.
NON-WORK INJURIES - Injuries that are not "on-the-job (occupational) injuries".
Such injuries may involve workers or non-workers.
SOCIETAL COSTS - Total cost of unintentional injury in a certain place or society,
including wage and productivity losses, medical expenses, administrative expenses,
motor-vehicle damage, employer costs and fire losses. these costs may be borne
by the injured worker and his/her family, the worker's employer, insurance
companies, or government (taxpayers).
OFF-THE-JOB INJURY - An unintentional non-work-related injury to individuals
employed on a full-time or part-time basis. This category excludes children,
persons keeping house full-time, retirees, the unemployed, and other persons not
in the labor force.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 23

ON-THE-JOB (OCCUPATIONAL) INJURY - An unintentional injury resulting from a

work-related accidents or from a single instantaneous exposure in the work
environment.

SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Safety Organization of the Philippines (SOPI) is a non-profit,
non-governmental, national public service organization dedicated to protecting
life and promoting health. members of SOPI includes businesses, schools, public
agencies, private groups, labor organizations, and individuals.

ELEMENTS OF OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY MANAGEMENT

1. Management Leadership and Commitment
Senior management must demonstrate a strong, genuine, continuous and personal
commitment to success by establishing, implementing and living the program.
2. Organizational Communications and System Documentation
All plans and procedures must be in writing and considered as important as any
on-the-job safety program.
3. Evaluations and Continuous Improvement
A formal system of program tracking, evaluation, improvement, and
accountability must be created and implemented. the system should be improved and
adapted as needed.
4. Hazard Recognition and Evaluation
A system of identifying, evaluating, and recording off-the-job safety hazards
must be established, and updated and adjusted on a regular basis.
5. Employee Involvement
In order to have meaningful employee involvement, there must be visible and
frequent evidences of management leadership and commitment.
6. Motivation, Behavior and Attitude
Management must demonstrate a genuine openness and response to employee ideas
and suggestions, and must develop an effective and appropriate recognition
program.
7. Training and Orientation
Employers must offer adequate training as well as consistent and effective
communication to employees, their families, and the community.

9 RISK AREAS:
1. Drowning - Drowning in homes resulted in 1000 deaths in 2011. keep adults and
children safe in swimming pools and bathtubs by learning about water safety and
the necessary precautions in your family should take.
2. Falls - Falls are second-leading cause of unintentional death in homes and
communities, resulting in more than 25,000 fatalities in 2009. The risk of falling,
and fall-related problems, rises with age and is a serious issue in homes and
communities.
3. Poisoning - Poisoning is responsible for more than half of all-related
unintentional injury deaths and includes deaths from drugs, medicines, other sold
and liquid substances and gases and vapors. Young children are especially at risk
for poisoning related eating or swallowing over-the-counter and prescription
medicines found in the home.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 24

4. Burns - The most common causes of burns are from scalds (steam, hot bath water,
hot drinks and foods), fire, chemicals, electricity, and overexposure to sun. some
burns may be more serious than others, but many are treatable.
5. Choking - Choking and suffocation is the third leading cause of home and
community death. foods are responsible for most choking incidents. But for children,
objects such as small toys, coins, nuts, or marbles can get caught in their throats.
Choking can cause a simple coughing fit or something more serious like a complete
block in the airway, which can lead to death.
6. Fire - Fires are most likely to happen in certain areas or by certain equipment
in your house. Be extra careful while your cooking, smoking, around candles,
furnaces, electrical cords and fireplaces, and with children, toddlers, and babies
nearby.
7. Sports - Sports and exercise are good for you but often result in unintentional
injury from accidents, poor training practices, and improper gear. Sports-related
traumatic brain injuries also have been on the rise and can range from "mild" (a
brief change in mental status or consciousness) or "severe" (an extended period
of unconsciousness or amnesia after injury).
8. Unintentional Overdoses - include deaths from prescription narcotics, illegal
drugs and alcohol. recently, emergency room visits for non-medical use of
prescription and over-the-counter drugs have caught up with those for illegal drugs,
each accounting for 1 million emergency room visits in 2008.
9. Road and Highway Venue - Every year, nearly 36,000 people are killed and more
than 3.5 million people are injured in motor vehicle crashes, making it the leading
cause of unintentional injuries and death for people between the ages of 1 and
33. There are many different issues affecting families traveling on the road and
simple steps to reduce your likelihood of getting into a motor vehicle crash.

Personal Safety at Home

 Install and use a peephole in your front door.
 Keep drapes or blinds down after dark
 Leave lights on in two or more rooms to show people that you are home (a well-lit
home keeps unwanted intruders away).
 Be like extremely careful about letting strangers into your home.
 Be suspicious of visits by people that you didn't call.
 Keep your home secure at all times.
 Change the locks after moving into a new house or apartment (Friends and
neighbors of the people who lived there before may still have a key).
 When you leave, make sure that doors and windows are locked.
 Install a home security system.
 Install lighting that will come on (or motion sensor) if someone is outside
your house.

Personal Safety (Residences and Public Place)

 Think safely (know that a danger could exist).
 Realize that you could become a victim.
 Have a plan - know what you will do if a dangerous situation comes up.
 Use good judgement.
 ALWAYS TRUST YOUR INSTINCT - if something feels wrong, it probably is.
 When you are out, be aware of your surroundings and avoid potentially dangerous
situations.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 25

 Carry a cellular phone in case of emergency.

 Choose a well-lighted streets when walking at night.
 Walk with a friend.

Personal Safety (Automobile)

 Your car doors should ALWAYS be CLOSED, even in your own garage. Make it
automatic to lock all your doors.
 After dark, NEVER park where it's dark. If you go there when it's daylight,
you never park where it WILL BE dark when you come out.
 If the only available spaces are dark, you sit in your locked car until ones
opens up in a lighted spot or go to a different place.
 Even if your car is locked, you should always be lock underneath it from a safe
distance. from 20-feet you can see under your car to the other side without
crouching. NOTICE: LOOK INSIDE before you get into car. Do this even in the
daytime.
 If you see ANYTHING wrong, like shoes on the other side of the car but no head
above the roof line, or a lumpy blanket on the back floor, you act like you've
forgotten something and return to the building to call a police.

SAFETY AS RELATED TO HEALTH PRACTICE

Safety - the state of being safe: freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury,
danger, or loss.
Health practice - refer to those actions by which individuals can prevent diseases
and promote self-care, cope with challenges, and develop self-reliance, solve
problems and make a choices that enhance health.

Principle:
Health - care waste management policies plans should include provision for the
continuous monitoring of workers health and safety to ensure that correct handling,
treatment, storage, and disposal procedures are being followed: proper training
of workers; provision of equipment and clothing for personal protection;
establishment of an effective occupational health programme that includes
immunization, post-exposure, prophylactic treatment medical surveillance.

Worker's Protection:
The production, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal of
health-care waste involve in the handling of potentially hazardous material.
Protection against personal injury is therefore essential for all workers who are
at risk. A comprehensive risk assessment of all activities involved in health-care
waste management, carried out during preparation of the waste management plan,
will allow the identification of the necessary protection measures. These measures
should be designed to prevent exposure to hazardous materials or other risks, or
at least to keep exposure within safe limits. Once the assessment is complete,
personnel should receive suitable training.

Protective Clothing:
The type of protective clothing used will depend to an extent upon the risk
associated with the health-care waste, but the following should be made available
to all personnel who collect or handle health-care waste:
 Health and safety practices for health-care personnel and waste workers.
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 26

 Helmets, with or without visors - depending on the operation.

 Face mask - depending on operation.
 Eye protectors (safety goggles) - depending on operations.
 Overalls (coveralls) - obligatory
 Industrial aprons - obligatory
 Leg protectors and/or industrial boots - obligatory
 Disposable gloves (medical staff) or heavy duty gloves (waste workers)
 Personal hygiene
 Basic personal hygiene is important for reducing the risk from handling
health-care waste, and convenient washing facilities (with warm water and soap)
should be available for personnel involved in the task. This is of particular
importance at storage and incineration facilities.

Immunization:
Viral hepatitis B infections have been reported among health-care personnel and
waste handlers, and immunization against the disease is therefore recommended.
Tetanus immunization is also recommended for all personnel handling waste.

Management Practice:
Many of the management practices recommended contribute to a reduction in risk
of personnel who handle health-care waste; these are summarized as follows:
 Waste segregation: careful separation of different types of waste into
different and distinct containers or bags defines the risk linked to each waste
package.
 Appropriate packaging: prevents spillage of waste and protects workers from
contact with waste.
 Waste identification (through distinct packaging and labeling): allows for
easy recognition of the class of waste and of its source.
 Appropriate waste storage: limits the access to authorized individuals only,
protects against infestation by insects and rodents, and prevents
contamination of surrounding areas.
 Appropriate transportation: reduces risks of workers being exposed to waste.

Special Precautions for Clearing up Spillages and Potentially Hazardous

Substances:
For cleaning up spillages of body fluids or other potentially hazardous substances,
particularly if there is any risk of splashing, eye protectors and masks should
be worn, in addition to gloves and overalls.

Cytotoxic Safety:
 The senior pharmacists of the health-care establishment should be designated
to ensure safe use of cytotoxic drugs.
 Large oncological hospitals may appoint a full-time Genotoxic Safety Officer ,
who should also supervised the safe management of cytotoxic waste.
 Written procedures that specify safe working methods for each process
 Data sheets, based on the supplier's specifications, to provide information
on potential hazards
 Established procedure for emergency response in case of spillage or other
occupational accident
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT 27

 Appropriate education and training for all personnel involved in the handling
of cytotoxic drugs

Response to Injury and Exposure:

A program of response should be established that prescribes the actions to be taken
in the event of injury or exposure to a hazardous substance. All staff who handle
health-care waste should be trained to deal with injuries and exposures.

source: https://prezi.com/yssnbcuynan1/value-based-safety-and-off-the-job-safety/

https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Safety_and_Health_Management/behav
iour_based_safety_guide.pdf

Research Work:
Search for a Safety Construction Program in the Philippines