International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

Deriving Shape Functions For 8-Noded

Rectangular Serendipity Element in
Horizontal Channel Geometry and Verified
P. Reddaiah#1
#
Professor of Mathematics, Global College of Engineering and Technology, kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract — In this paper, I derived shape functions

for 8-noded rectangular serendipity element in
horizontal channel geometry and also I verified two
verification conditions for shape functions. First
verification condition is sum of all the shape
functions is equal to one and second verification
condition is each shape function has a value of one
at its own node and zero at the other nodes. For
computational purpose I used Mathematica 9
Software [2].

Keywords — Serendipity element, Horizontal

Channel Geometry, Shape functions.

I. INTRODUCTION Fig.1: Schematic diagram of Horizontal Channel

In between two parallel planes due to flow takes For computational purpose we choose a serendipity
along the x-axis of the channel three dimensional element with (0,0),(0,1),(1,0) and (1,1) as its vertices.
plane changes to two dimensional yz- plane. Shape
functions have great significance in finite element The eight nodes of the element are shown in Fig.2.
method. Once if we find shape functions for that
particular geometry we can easily analyze heat and
mass analysis. In geometry if nodes are located on
the boundary only then we call it as serendipity
element [1].

II. GEOMETRICAL DESCREPTION

We choose the Cartesian frame of reference 0(x,y,z),

such that the imposed pressure gradient is along x-
axis and y =  h are the boundary planes shown in
Fig.1. The flow occurs at low concentration
difference so that the thermo-diffusion effects and Fig.2: Eight noded Rectangular serendipity
the interfacial velocity due to mass diffusion can be Element.
neglected. In the absence of extraneous forces the
flow is unidirectional along x-axis. The element consists of eight nodes all of which are
located on the boundary.
In view of the two dimensionality and symmetry of
the flow w.r.t. the midplane of the channel we III. DERIVING SHAPE FUNCTIONS FOR
analyse the flow features in a domain in the upper 8-NODED RECTANGULAR SERENDIPITY
half of the channel bounded by the impermeable ELEMENT IN HORIZONTAL CHANNEL
wall lying between two parallel planes normal to the GEOMETRY
wall at unit distance apart. The finite element Our task is to define shape functions N i such that
analysis with quadratic approximation functions is
carried out using eight noded serendipity elements. Ni  1 at node i and 0 at all other nodes.

(I a) Shape function for Node 1

Corner node 1

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 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

z,y
z,y
At Node3(1,0)
At Node1(0,0)  z  1, y  0 at node 3
 z  0, y  0 at node 1 z1 , y1 z2 , y2
z1 , y1 z2 , y2
1   1
1   1 Node2  , 0  and Node4 1, 
Node2  , 0  and Node8  0,  2   2
2   2 Two point formula for Node2 and Node4
Two point formulat for Node2 and Node8 z  z1 y  y1
z  z1 y  y1 
 z2  z1 y2  y1
z2  z1 y2  y1
1 1  
z z
2  y0  2  y  z1 1 y 
z
1
z
1   1 1 1 1  
2 1 
2   z   y
y  0 y 1 1 1 0 2
2 
1 1 1 1   2 2 2 2 2
0 0  2 2 1 
2 1 1
2 2 2 2  z  y z y 0
1 1 2 2
 z   y  z  y   0
2 2
N3  1 at node 3 and 0 at other nodes.
N1  1 at node 1 and 0 at other nodes. Thus N3 has to vanish along the lines
Thus N1 has to vanish along the lines 1
z=0,y=1 and z-y-  0
1 2
z=1,y=1 and z+y-  0
2  For node 3 we should not take y=0 & z=1
 For node 1 we should not take  Consequently, N3 is of the form
 
 y=0 & z=0   1
N3  C  z  0  y  1  z  y   (3)
Consequently, N1 is of the form  2
 1 Where C is some constant. The constant is
N1  C  z  1 y  1  z  y   (1)
 2 determined from the condition N3  1
Where C is some constant. The constant at node 3.
is determined from the condition N1  1 we should find constant c value
Node3(1, 0)
at node 1.
we should find constant c value z  1, y  0 at node 3
Node1(0, 0)  1
N3  C 1  0  0  1 1  0  
z  0, y  0 at node 1  2
 1  1
 1  1 =C 1 1 1    C     N3  1
N1  C  0  1 0  1  0  0   =C  -1 1   
 2  2  2  2
 1
 C   N1  1  1 2
 2 1 C   C   C  2
 2 1
 1 2
1 C   C   C  2
 3  N3  2 z  y  1  z  y   (4)
1 1
 2
 2
1  N1  2  z  1 y  1  z  y   (2)
1
 2
(III a) Shape function for Node 5
(II a) Shape function for Node 3
Corner node 3 Corner node 5

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 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

z,y 1
1 C   C  2
At Node5(1,1) 2
 z  1, y  1 at node 5
 5  N5  2 yz  z  y  
3
z1 , y1 z2 , y2 (6)
 2
 1 1  (IV a) Shape function for Node 7
Node4 1,  and Node6  ,1 Corner node 7
 2 2  z,y
Two point formula for Node4 and Node6
At Node5(0,1)
z  z1 y  y1
  z  0, y  1 at node 7
z2  z1 y2  y1
z1 , y1 z2 , y2
1 1
y y 1   1
z 1 2 z  1 2
  Node6  ,1 and Node8  0, 
1 1 1 1 2   2
1 1 
2 2 2 2 Two point formula for Node6 and Node8
 1 z  z1 y  y1
y  
1  2 z2  z1 y2  y1
 z 1    
2 1
 z
1
z
1
 2  2  y 1  2  y 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
 z 1   y   z  y 1  0 0 1  
2 2 2 2 2 2
 2  1  3  
z  y  0 z y 0 1 1  y 1 
 2  2  z   
N5  1 at node 5 and 0 at other nodes. 2 2 1 
 2 
Thus N5 has to vanish along the lines
1 1
3  z   y 1  z  y  1  0
y=0,z=0 and z+y-  0 2 2
2
 1  2  1
 For node 5 we should not  z  y  0 z y 0
   2  2
 take y=1 & z=1  N7  1 at node 7 and 0 at other nodes.
Consequently, N5 is of the form
Thus N 7 has to vanish along the
 3
N5  C  y  0  z  0   z  y   (5) lines y=0,z=1 and z-y+
1
0
 2 2
Where C is some constant. The constant is
 For node 7 we should not 
determined from the condition N5  1  
 take z=0 & y=1 
at node 5. Consequently, N 7 is of the form
we should find constant c value
 1
Node5(1,1) N 7  C  y  0  z  1  z  y   (7)
z  1, y  1 at node 5  2
Where C is some constant. The constant
 3
N5  C 1  0 1  0  1  1   is determined from the condition N 7  1
 2
at node 7.
 3  43
=C 11  2    C    N5  1 we should find constant c value
 2  2  Node7(0,1)
z  0, y  1 at node 7

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 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

 1 N 4  1 at node 4 and 0 at other nodes.

N 7  C 1  0  0  1  0  1  
 2 Thus N 4 has to vanish along the lines
 1  2  1  y=0,z=0 and y=1
=C 1 1  1    C  1  
 2  2  (For Node 4 we should not take
 N7  1 z=1)
1 Consequently, N4 is of the form
1 C   C  2
2 N4  C  y  0  z  0  y  1 (11)

 7   N7  2 y  z  1  z  y 
1 We should find constant C value
 (8)
 2  1 1
Node 4 1,   z  1, y 
(V a)Shape function for Mid Node 2  2 2
1  1  1 
Shape function for Node 2  , 0  N 4  C   0  1  0    1
2  2  2 
1
z ,y0  1   1 2   1  1 
 C   1    C    
2 2  2   2  2 
N 2  1 at node 2 and 0 at other nodes.
 1
Thus N 2 has to vanish along the  C     N 4  1
 4
lines z=0,y=1 and z=1  1
(For Node 2 we should not take y=0) 1  C     C  4
 4
Consequently, N2 is of the form (11)  N4  4 yz( y 1) (12)
N2  C  z  0  y  1 z  1 (9) (VII a)Shape function for Mid node 6
We should find constant C value 1 
Shape function for Node 6  ,1
1  1
Node 2  , 0   z  , y  0 2 
2  2 1
z  , y  1 at node 6
1  2
N 2  C   0   0  1 z  1
2  N 6  1 at node 6 and 0 at other nodes.
1 1   1  1  Thus N 6 has to vanish along the lines
 C    1   1  C     
2 2   2  2  z=0,y=0 and z=1
1 (For Node 6 we should not take y=1)
 C    N1  1
4 Consequently, N6 is of the form
1 N6  C  z  0 y  0 z  1 (13)
1 C   C  4
4 We should find constant C value
(9)  N2  4 z( y 1)( z 1) (10) 1  1
Node 6  ,1  z  , y  1
(VI a)Shape function for Mid Node 4 2  2
 1 1  1 
Shape function for Node 4 1,  N 6  C   0  1  0    1
 2 2  2 
1  1   1 2 
z  1, y  at node 4  C   1    N 6  1
2 2  2 

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 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

 1  1   1
1  C      1  C     II b  2nd Condition
 2  2   4 Each shape function has a value
4
C   C  4 of one at its own node and zero
1 at the other nodes.
(13)  N6  4 zy( z  1) (14) (i) At Node 1 (0,0) z=0 , y=0
(VIII a) Shape function for Mid Node 8 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
 1
Shape function for Node 6  0,  Output 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 2
1 1
1 (ii) At Node 2 ( ,0) z= y=0
z  0, y  at node 6 2 2
2
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
N8  1 at node 8 and 0 at other nodes.
Thus N8 has to vanish along the lines Output 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
y=0,z=1 and y=1
(iii) At Node 3 (1,0) z=1,y=0
(For Node 8 we should not take z=0)
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
Consequently, N8 is of the form
N8  C  y  0 z  1 y  1 (15) Output 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
We should find constant C value
1 1
 1 (iv) At Node 4(1, ) z=1,y=
2 2
Node 8  0, 
 2
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
1
z  0, y  at node 8 Output 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
2
1  1 
N8  C   0   0  1   1 (v) At Node 5(1,1) z=1,y=1
2  2 
1  1  2   1  1  N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
 C    1   =C     
2  2   2  2  Output 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
N8  C    1  C   (vi) At Node 6( ,1) z= , y  1
2 2
4 4
 C  4  N8  1 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
(15)  N8  4 y( z  1)( y  1) (16) Output 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

IV. VERIFICATION (vii) At Node 7(0,1) z=0,y=1

st
( I b) 1 Condition N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
Sum of all the shape functions is equal to
one Output 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1
N1  N 2  N3  N 4  N5  N6  N7  (viii) At Node 8(0, ) z=0,y=
2 2
 N8   2    4    6    8    10  
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
 12   14   16 
Output 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Output
N1  N 2  N3  N 4  N5  N6 
V. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION
 N7  N8  1 1. Derived Shape functions for 8-noded
Rectangular serendipity element in

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 International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology (IJMTT) – Volume 50 Number 2 October 2017

Horizontal Channel Geometry.

2. Verified sum of all the shape functions is
equal to one.
3. Verified each shape function has a value of
one at its own node and zero at the other
nodes.

References
[1]. S.S. Bhavikatti, Finite Element Analysis, New
nd
Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 2
Edition, 2010.
[2]. Mathematica 9 Software, Wolfram Research,
Version number 9.0.0.0, 1988-2012.

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