REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES 1 – CI2091
ds2 hfcd As2
fydAs2
MEd lx hfcdAc
Ac
h

As1
fydAs1
ds1

Instructor: Ho Huu Chinh Email: chohuu@hcmut.edu.vn

 Chapter 4
Member under flexure
(Quiz 1 and Mid-term exam)

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design assumptions
4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
4.5 Flanged beams
4.6 Detailing of beam members

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_01

 4.1 Introduction
Typical RC frame building
• What is a flexural member ?
▪ A flexural member is a member that is
subjected to both tension and compression
within its depth.
▪ A beam is usually a flexural member since the
applied load will cause tension at the bottom
and compression at the top of the beam.
▪ Bending stress in a flexural member can be
determined based on elasticity theory as:

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_02

 4.1 Introduction
• Typical cross-sections of flexural member:

h
b hs

(a) Rectangular beam and slap, (b) Rectangular beam, tension

tension only. and compression steel.

(c) Flanged beams: T section beam and L section beam.

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_03

 4.1 Introduction
• Stress-strain distribution of a flexural member

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_04

 4.1 Introduction
• Equivalent compressive stress block

(for ULS design)

According to EC2 – 3.1.7

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_05

 4.2 Design assumptions
(area in
• Strains in concrete and rebar are assumed d’ compression)
ecu3
to be linear.
x e’s
• Tensile stress in concrete is ignored.
d
• Compressive stress-strain relationship in
concrete can be used as parabolic or linear
curves; and compressive stress distribution, es
in ULS, is assumed as a rectangular block. b
sc sc fcd = fck / gc (gc=1.5)
fck fck

fcd fcd

ec ec
ec3 ecu3 ec2 ecu2
Values of l , h , ecu2 and ecu3

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_06

 4.2 Design assumptions

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_07

 4.2 Design assumptions
• Stress-strain relationship in rebar is assumed as bilinear with or
without hardening effect.
kfyk
with hardening
fyk
fyd without hardening

(gs = 1.15)

• Bars are available with diameters of 6, 8,

10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36,
40 and 50mm
• Ribbed bar with normal length ≈ 12m

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_08

 4.2 Design assumptions
• Tensile strength of rebar

EC2 fyk (MPa) k = ft / fyk euk (%)

B500-A 500 1.05 2.5

B500-B 500 1.08 5.0

B500-C 500 1.15, <1.35 7.5

TCVN fyk (MPa) k = ft / fyk euk (%)

CB240-T 240 1.58 2.0

CB400-V 400 1.42 8.0

CB500-V 500 1.30 8.0

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_09

 4.2 Design assumptions

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_10

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Equilibrium equations

fs = fyd fs = fyd

es ≥ ey → fs = fyd
es < ey → fs = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_11

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Limiting the depth of compressive stress block, x

Case 1: fyk = 500 MPa

As

If As is too big,
Case 2: rebar will not
yield. This leads
to brittle failure.
As

▪ In design, the ratio of ρ = As / Ac should be within the limit: ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_12
 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Limiting the depth of compressive stress block, x
This is called “balanced design”

However in order to ensure that failure is preceded by steel yielding well before the
strain in concrete reaches εcu , resulting in the desirable ductile form of failure,
maximum value of x/d in practice is made much smaller than the value calculated for
balanced failure (xu/d).
When structures are indeterminate, the effect of redistribution of bending moment
needs to be taken into consideration.
• Maximum neutral axis depth (xu) to ensure ductile failure
d=
redistributed
bending
moment /
elastic
bending
moment
Note: d = 1.0 means no distribution; d = 0.8 means 20% moment distribution

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_13

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Design equations

(M = MEd)
fs depends on strain in steel es es ≥ ey → fs = fyd ; es < ey → fs = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_14

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Maximum value ku to ensure ductile failure

es ≥ ey  k ≤ ku → fs = fyd es < ey  k > ku → fs = Eses

d = redistributed bending moment / elastic bending moment

Note: d = 1.0 means no distribution; d = 0.8 means 20% moment distribution

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_15

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Minimum and maximum areas of rebar in flexural member

As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)btd

but As,min ≥ 0.0013btd

As,max = 0,04 btd

As bt = b
d
d
bt = b As

b
bt : denotes the mean
width of the tension zone

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_16

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Typical problems of design and check of RC beams

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_17

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Design procedure of design problem

→ fs = fyd

→ fs < fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_18

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Design procedure of check problem

 k ≤ ku → fs = fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_19

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Example 1

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_20

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 1

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_21

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 1

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_22

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Example 2

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_23

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 2

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_24

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Example 3

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_25

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 3

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_26

 4.3 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
• Homework 1

300 35
400

• Solution As ≈ 2180 mm2

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_27

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• The normal design practice is to use singly reinforced sections. However
if for any reason, for example headroom considerations, it is necessary to
restrict the overall depth and breadth of a beam, then it becomes
necessary to use steel in the compression zone as well because concrete
alone might not provide the necessary compression resistance.
• When the compressive concrete cannot provide sufficiently resistance, the
compression steel A’s is required to bring more resistance.

fsc

fsc

fs = fyd fs = fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_28

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• Equilibrium equations
fsc = fyd

fsc = fyd

fs = fyd fs = fyd

es ≥ ey → fs = fyd
es < ey → fs = Eses
esc ≥ ey → fsc = fyd
esc < ey → fsc = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_29

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• Limiting of the depth d’
To ensure both compression and
→ fsc = fyd
tension rebars yielding, the value
of d’ should be less than 0.166d

→ fs = fyd

(d’/d)limit esc ≥ ey  d’/d ≤ (d’/d)limit

→ fs = fyd ; fsc = fyd

esc < ey  d’/d > (d’/d)limit

→ fs = fyd ; fsc = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_30

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
(M = MEd)

k ≤ ku

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_31

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• Example 4

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_32

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 4

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_33

 4.4 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
• Solution Ex. 4

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_34

 4.5 Flanged beams
• T section beams

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_35

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Effective width of flanges (EC2 - 5.3.2.1)

ℓ0 - distance between points of zero moments

in the spans of a continuous beam

flanged rectangle
section section

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_36

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Example 5 • Solution
Calculate the effective flanged b1 = b2 = 0.5 x (b - bw) = 0.5 x (5 - 0.4) = 2.3m
widths of the continuous beam Span 1: (end span)
shown as below: Lo = 0.85L1 = 0.85 x 7 = 5.95m
Assume: beff1 = beff2 = min(0.2b1 + 0.1L0; 0.2L0 ; b1)
= min(0.2x2.3 + 0.1x5.95 ; 0.2x5.95 ; 2.3) = 1.055m
L1 = 7m ; L2 = 9m ; L3 = 3m
 beff = bw + 2beff1 = 0.4 + 2x1.055 = 2.51m
bw = 0.4m ; b = 5m
Span 2: (interior span)
Lo = 0.7L2 = 0.7 x 9 = 6.3m
flanged beff1 = beff2 = min(0.2b1 + 0.1L0; 0.2L0 ; b1)
section = min(0.2x2.3 + 0.1x6.3 ; 0.2x6.3 ; 2.3) = 1.09m
 beff = bw + 2beff1 = 0.4 + 2x1.09 = 2.58m

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_37

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Stress block

fs
e s ≥ e y  k ≤ ku
→ fs = fyd
es < ey  k > ku
→ fs = Eses

z1
z2
fs

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_38

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Design equations (NA in the flange: M ≤ Mf)

NA in flange e s ≥ e y  k ≤ ku
(similar to
rectangular → fs = fyd
section)
e s < e y  k > ku
ffs s → fs = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_39

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Design equations (NA in the web: M > Mf)

NA in web
(compressive force is
separated in flange - C1
z1 z2 and web - C2)

z1
z2

e s ≥ e y  k ≤ ku e s < e y  k > ku
fs
→ fs = fyd → fs = Eses

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_40

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Design equations (NA in the web: M > Mf)

If k > ku , tensile rebar (As)

is not yielded, and z1
compressive rebar (A’s) z2
is needed fs
k ≤ ku → fs = fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_41

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Design procedure of design problem

→ fs = fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_42

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Design procedure of check problem

→ fs = fyd

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_43

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Example 6 (design problem)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_44

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Solution Ex.6

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_45

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Solution Ex.6

Select 3f25 (As = 1472 mm2)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_46

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Example 7 (design problem)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_47

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Solution Ex.7

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_48

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Example 8 (check problem)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_49

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Solution Ex.8

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_50

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Homework 2

30 500

• Solution MRd ≈ 315 kNm (NA in the flange  rectangular section)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_51

 4.5 Flanged beams
• Homework 3

20 400

• Solution MRd ≈ 244 kNm (NA in the web  T section)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_52

 REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES 1 – CI2091
Quiz 1:
Design of singly reinforced T beams

Chapter 4: Member under flexure

 4.6 Detailing of beam members
• Minimum space of rebar (EC2 - 8.2)

≥ 65 mm

• Maximum space of rebar for slabs (EC2 - 9.3)

but ≤ (2h , 250mm) in Mmax areas

but ≤ (3h , 400mm) in Mmax areas

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_53

 4.6 Detailing of beam members
• Concrete cover (EC2 - 4.4.1)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_54

 4.6 Detailing of beam members
• Minimum cover for bond (cmin,b)

• Minimum cover for durability (cmin,dur)

Chapter 4: Member under flexure page IV_55