Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Supplementary Learning Materials (SLMs)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING

AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) DEPARTMENT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
(Quantitative Research)
First Semester, Quarter I
Week 7 and 8
Content Standards
The learner demonstrates an understanding of:
1. the criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature
2. the ethical standards in writing related literature
3. the research hypotheses (if appropriate)

Performance Standards
The learner shall be able to:
1. select, cite, and synthesize judiciously related literature and use sources according
to ethical standards
2. formulate clearly conceptual framework, research hypotheses (if appropriate), and
define terms used in study
3. present objectively written review of related literature and conceptual framework

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners:
1. lists research hypothesis (if appropriate) CS_RS12-If-j-8
2. presents written review of related literature & conceptual framework
CS_RS12-If-j-9
 Practical Research 2
LESSON
1
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Directions: Read and analyze the following statement. Encircle the letter of the best
answer among the given choices.
1. A working hypothesis is also called what?
A. Complex Hypothesis C. Empirical Hypothesis
B. Logical Hypothesis D. Statistical hypothesis
2. “Overweight adults who value longevity and seek happiness are more
likely than other adults to lose their excess weight and feel a more regular sense
of joy”. This is what example of hypothesis?
A. Complex Hypothesis C. Logical Hypothesis
B. Empirical Hypothesis D. Statistical Hypothesis
3. The following hypotheses are Null hypotheses, except for what letter?
A. There is no significant change in my health during the times when I drink green tea only or
root beer only
B. Age has no effect on how cell phones are used for internet access.
C. If I put a pack of Mentos into a 1.5 L Coke bottle, there will be a big reaction/explosion.
D. There is no difference in pain relief after chewing willow bark versus taking a placebo.
4. Illustrates the association of the impact of the independent variable with the dependent
variable.
A. Null Hypothesis C. Alternative Hypothesis
B. Directional Hypothesis D. Non-directional Hypothesis
5. The following are ways of using literature review in the discussion of a study except what
letter?
A. Stating what contribution your study has made in the field.
B. Providing context as a foundation to develop your ideas.
C. Comparing your findings from other previous related studies.
D. Shows the latest trend about the topic being studied.
6. A type of review in which the researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of knowledge.
A. Context Review C. Integrative Review
B. Methodological Review D. Self-study Review
7. It contains existing proof associated to a clearly stated research questions and uses
standardized methods to determine and evaluate relevant research.
A. Context Review C. Integrative Review
B. Methodological Review D. Self-study Review
8. What does DOI means?
A. Digitalized Object Identity C. Digital Object Identity
B. Digital Object Identifier D. Digitalized Object Identifier
9. Among the following Citation Standard System, which is widely accepted in field of education,
business and social science
A. American Psychological Association (APA)
B. Modern Language Association (MLA)
C. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
D. Turabian Citation Style
10. A citation style that is best suited for Liberal Arts and Humanities
A. American Psychological Association (APA)
B. Modern Language Association (MLA)
C. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
D. Turabian Citation Style

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What I Need to Know
When you are finished identifying your statement of the problem or research questions/objectives,
you may now start formulating the hypothesis of your study. What is hypothesis?
A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a
specific and testable prediction on what you expect to happen with the variables in your study. Usually, it
proposes a possible relationship between the independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the
dependent variable (what the research measures). It is also described as an “educated guess” of what
possibly the result would be of your research, which should be supported on existing theories and
knowledge. Furthermore, the hypothesis states a tentative answer to your research question that can be
tested by further investigation in which you can support or refute it through scientific research methods
such as data collection and statistical analysis. It is the primary idea of any inquiry that transforms the
research questions into a prediction and integrates components like variables, population, and the relation
between the variables. Hypothesis formulation is employed when conducting correlational, ex-post facto,
quasi-experimental, and experimental studies.
As a researcher, you must determine whether your hypothesis is accepted or not base on the
findings and outcome of your research study. Not all studies have a hypothesis while, some studies have
several hypotheses.

Types of Research Hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between two variables, the independent
variable and the dependent variable.It shows a connection between one independent variable and a single
dependent variable.
Ex: The higher the poverty rate in society (one independent variable), the higher the number would
be the out of school youth (one dependent variable).

2. Complex hypothesis
The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship between the independent variable and the
dependent variable. It expresses a connection between two or more independent variables and two or more
dependent variables.
Ex: Eating more vegetables and fresh fruits (independent variables) leads to boost immune system
and enhances blood circulation and digestion (dependent variables).

3. Empirical Hypothesis
An empirical hypothesis is also called as the “working hypothesis.” It is presumed to explain certain
facts and relationships of phenomena. It comes to life when a theory is being put to the test, using
observation and experiment. From the name itself “working,” it would mean that it can be changed or
replaced anytime as soon as it is no longer supported or accepted base on the observation and
experimentation being done. It is going through some trial and error and perhaps changing around those
independent variables.
Ex: Plants watered everyday grow faster than plants watered once a week. (Here, trial and error
are leading to a series of findings).

4. Logical hypothesis
Logical hypothesis expresses explanation with limited evidence that can be verified logically. It
reflects a relationship of the variables that anchored based on logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical
hypothesis can be turned into an empirical hypothesis in which you have to test your theories and postulates.
Ex: Tomato plants bear fruit faster in Earth than in Moon. (Until we are can test the soil and plant
growth in Moon's ground, the evidence for this claim will be limited, and the hypothesis will only remain
logical).

5. Statistical hypothesis
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A statistical hypothesis is an analysis of a portion of a population. It can be verified statistically.
The variables in a statistical hypothesis can be transformed into quantifiable sub-variable to assess it
statistically.
Ex: If your research is about the psychosocial development of K-3 pupils of the private and public
schools in the city, you would want to examine every single K-3 pupil in the city. It is not practical.
Therefore, you would conduct your research using a statistical hypothesis or a sample of the K-3 pupil
population.

6. Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol H o It exists when you consider that there is no
relationship between the independent and dependent variables or that there is an insufficient amount of
information to claim a scientific hypothesis.
Ex: There is no significant change in my health, whether I exercise every day or not.

7. Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the symbol (Ha). It is an alternate statement expressed to
be tested in order to generate the desired output when the empirical or working hypothesis is not accepted.
In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek an alternative hypothesis.
Ex: My health improves during the times when I sleep 8 hours a day than sleeping for 4 hours only.

A Hypothesis can be classified as Directional and Non-directional Hypothesis

Directional Hypothesis
The directional hypothesis relates the relationship between the variables and can predict its nature.
It illustrates the direct association of the impact of the independent variable with the dependent variable,
whether it is positively or negatively affected. The direction of the statement should be clear and justified
according to the findings of the study. Since the hypothesis is gearing to one specific direction, it is
investigated through a one-tailed test.
Ex: Students who are eating nutritious food have higher grades than students not having a proper
meal. (This shows that there is an effect between the grades and nutritious food and the direction of effect
is clear that the students got a higher grade).

Non-directional Hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle involved. It is a premise that a
relationship exists between two variables. However, the direction of the effect is not specifically
determined. It is a statement that reflects the association of the independent variable to the dependent
variable without predicting the exact nature of the direction of the relationship.This relationship is not
specified as negative or positive. The hypothesis, in this case, is investigated through a two-tailed test.
Ex: There is a significant difference in the average grades between those students that have proper
nutritious meal and those that do not have proper meals. (This depicts that there is an effect between the
average grades and nutritious food, but it does not reflect the direction of the effect whether it is positively
or negatively affected).

Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis

These guidelines must be observed in formulating your hypothesis.

1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching about the topic you are
interested. Focus on information and previous studies related to your topic.
2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be included in your hypothesis.
3. The relationship of your variables must be reflected in your hypothesis. Will your independent
variable affect your dependent variable?
4. Your hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If your hypothesis is vague and
complicated, it would be difficult to find the answer to your question.
5. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprise clear and simple language. Make it short and
simple for it to be easily understood and avoid any misconceptions or misunderstandings.

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6. Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical standards. It means that it could be
investigated and measured through scientific methods such as statistical analysis and data
interpretation.
7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It means that your hypothesis can be proven wrong through
experiments or empirical data. There are no absolute answers to research questions, but there is a
possibility of validating the hypotheses to be true beyond a reasonable doubt.

What Is It

Example 1

Determine the following hypotheses, whether it is a good or bad hypothesis base on what you
have learned. Put a check (√) mark on the right column to indicate your answer. Briefly support your
answer with an explanation or remark.

Hypotheses Good Bad Reason/Remark

1. If the amount of water given to This hypothesis is not clear and specific. It does not
my plants will be altered, then √ answer a specific question or give a possible
they may grow at different rates. explanation of a potential phenomenon.
This hypothesis is good because it is testable,
2. When there is less oxygen in simple, written as a statement, and establishes the
water, the mortality rate of the √ participants (fish), variables (oxygen in water, and
fish is increased. mortality rate), and predicts effect (as oxygen
levels decrease, the mortality rate is increased).
This hypothesis gives a clear indication of what is
3. Pest infected plants that are to be tested (the ability of the insecticidal soap to
exposed to insecticidal soap will minimize pest infestation), it includes the
have fewer pest after a week √ independent variable (insecticidal soap) and the
than pest infected plants that are dependent variable (number pest), and predicts the
not treated. effect (exposure to insecticidal soap reduces the
number of pests).
4. In detecting enemy aircraft, a This hypothesis is not clear in its statement. There
sound warning signal is more √ is no point of comparison with the sound warning
effective to a fighter pilot. signal.
5. Studying of students is more
This hypothesis is clear, concise, and complete. It
efficient under bright lights than √
can also be tested and can be falsifiable.
studying under dim lights.

What’s More?
Activity 1: Type Identity
Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction, which applies to each. Write your answer
in the right column. Number 1 is given as your example.

Hypotheses Answer
1. The higher the unemployment rate, the higher will be the Complex hypothesis
poverty and crime rate. Directional hypothesis
2. Increase intake of food with high carbohydrate content
daily leads to obesity.
3. There is a significant change in my sleeping pattern when
I drink milk before sleeping or do not.
4. Planets revolve around the sun at diverse speeds.

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5. There is no relationship between the use of social
media and the attention span of students in school.
6. Implementing a flexible working arrangement
enhances job contentment of the employees.
7. Sex education for high school students has no effect
on the rates of teen pregnancy.
8. People who value freedom and longevity are more
likely to experience happiness than those who do not
value their freedom and longevity.
9. The number of lectures attended by the senior high
school students does not affect their final exam
scores.
10. If you sleep at least 6 hours a day, you will get a high
score on the test than if you get less sleep.

LESSON
2
LITERATURE REVIEW

What I Need to Know

A literature review distills the existing literature in a subject field; the objective of the literature review is
to summarize the state of the art in that subject field. From this review of earlier and recent work, it becomes possible
to identify areas in which further research would be beneficial. Indeed, the concluding paragraphs of the literature
review should lead seamlessly to research propositions and methodologies. It is therefore important that the literature
review is focused, and avoids the more comprehensive textbook-like approach (Rowley & Slack, 2004).

Literature reviews are, then, important in:

• supporting the identification of a research topic, question or hypothesis;
• identifying the literature to which the research will make a contribution, and contextualizing the research
within that literature;
• building an understanding of theoretical concepts and terminology;
• facilitating the building of a bibliography or list of the sources that have been consulted;
• suggesting research methods that might be useful; and in,
• analyzing and interpreting results.

What are the sources of Literature Review?

Primary Sources Secondary Sources
 Provide first-hand information that is closest  Provide second-hand data or information.
to the object of the study. (raw data) Sources that are non-original.
 Anything that gives you direct evidence about  Anything that describes, interprets, evaluates,
the people, events, or phenomena that you are or analyzes information from primary sources
researching.  Examples include journal articles, reviews,
 Embody all sources that are original and academic books.
 Examples include artworks, diary, interview,
letters, poem, text of laws and other original
documents

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According to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) in their book Methods of Research and Thesis Writing, the sources of
related literature and studies may include the following:
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.
2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.
6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and departments, especially from
the office of the Presidents of the Philippines and the Department of Education (DepEd).
7. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities.
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological, political, etc. from
the government and other entities.

The said sources can be categorized as:

1. Primary Sources: artifacts, autobiographies, court records, diaries, Emails, speeches, letters
interviews, letters, official reports, drawings, maps, photographs, speeches,
2. Secondary Sources: biographies, critical studies of an author's work, dictionaries, journal articles,
handbooks, magazines, newspapers, reports, textbooks,

Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present
proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses and dissertations (Calderon & Gonzales, 2018).

Locating the Sources of Related Literature and Studies

Generally, the sources of related literature and studies according to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) can be
accessed from the following:
1. Libraries, either government or schools (private or public)
2. Government and private offices
3. The National Library and
4. Online websites
Since students like you are mostly technologically savvy and exposed to computers and the internet, you
can utilize online websites for your related review of literature and studies. Feel the value of the internet, search
engines and websites in writing Chapter 2 of your research – Review of Related Literature.

Here is how you are going to do it. Just follow these simple steps.

1. In your desktop, laptop, or high-tech cellphone, click and open the Google Chrome. A window will
pop up like the one shown below.

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2. Type on this space the title of your study or the key words of your research title. For example type here
Sample study on the Effect of Video Games on Academic Performance of Senior High School Students”.
After encoding the title, click enter. What will pop up from the window are the website links to choose
from. This will be how the window will look like.

3. Be sure to click the websites that are scientifically and scholarly reliable. Blogs and Wikipedia are not
considered the best sources for research studies because in most cases, they contain mere opinions only
and they are not proven by research.

4. Choose the website that reflects author’s name and year of publication (found below the website).
When you are going to write related literature and studies, you need to cite the authors, year, and the
link. This is what you have to open or click.

Name of Author and the Year it was published

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5. Upon clicking, you will be brought to another window where you can personally access the website
and the research study itself. This is the time where you can take note information from the study and
cite the author/s. Here it is:

You can also log on to Google Scholar. This is one of the most reliable sources of research studies, journals,
books and other materials needed in writing related literature and studies. Most of the researchers do their literature
search in this website because of its unique features. You can access different abstracts and full research in PDF too
which means you can also download the research or abstract since there are icons, which will notify us that it can be
downloaded free. You can even choose the authors (local or international) and trim your searches to the latest studies,
journals and books. So, enjoy your research and choose the latest sources, which are needed in your study.

Follow these simple steps in finding research abstracts or studies using google scholar.
1. Log in to google chrome. Then in its search engine of google chrome, type google scholar. Then, a window
will pop up showing the website of google scholar. Click the google scholar

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2. What appears after clicking the google scholar is another window for google scholar search engine. Here
you can encode the title of your research or the key word.

3. Encode the title of your study or the key words of your study here. Example if you encode “Lived
Experiences of Teenage Mothers” then, here are the abstracts or studies in relation to your title study. Just
click the study or abstract you want.

Different Types of Literature by Wallace and Wray (2006, p.92)

Theoretical Research Empirical Practice Policy Literature
Literature Literature Research Literature
describes expected or refers to a report of a deals with a research that written by practitioners tells practitioners how to
anticipated relationships systematic investigation was done through the about their field of act in a set of
about the way things that has been undertaken observation and expertise. This can come circumstances
happen in need to answer a measurement of the in many different
specific problem world around us. forms— expert opinion, The research on a
For example, there was a discussion papers, particular topic is
time when there was a ―How long do people It studies the use of debate, information from reviewed and policy and
theory that the world tend to remain in a pre- observation, experience websites, patient guidelines are written
was flat. Then, with contemplative stage or experimentation to information leaflets, and that are based on these
increased knowledge, when anticipating collect new data. Data reports of good practice. findings.
scientists were able to behavior change? Is can be collected in a
work out that this was there any evidence about variety of ways: for The way to distinguish Therefore, when
not the case and the these? These questions example by between research and students review a policy,
theory was disproven. can only be answered by questionnaire, interview, practice literature is to it is useful to explore the
In health and social are, observing what happens direct management, and look for evidence of an basis on which it is
theories are often in the real world, rather observations. Such explicit and systematic written in order to find
generated in response to than in a theory. papers tend to be research study that has a out the extent to which
evidence that has been Research studies are organized into sections, well described method the policy is based on
gathered and interpreted. generally undertaken beginning with a by which the study has current research
A theory is developed according to an accepted research question, been carried out. If no findings.
that is then refined or scientific method. followed by the results such method exists, then
refuted when further and finally a discussion literature is likely
evidence is obtained. and conclusion. to be practice literature

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What’s more?
Based on the knowledge you have gained accomplished the activities below.

1 Self – Check
Directions: Identify which are examples of primary and secondary sources. Write P for primary sources and S
for secondary sources. Write your answer on a separate sheet of long bond paper.

1. _____ letters 6. _____ report on an original experiment

2. _____ diaries 7. _____ biography
3. _____ piece of art critique 8. _____ book analyzing various cultures
4. _____ autobiographies 9. _____ interviews
5. _____ artifacts 10. _____ article on ethnic group

2 Finding My Pair
Directions: Listed below are examples of literature, your task is to find its pair by matching the 1st box (Types of Literature)
to 2nd box (Examples). Write the letters of the correct answer in the 3rd box (Correct Pairing). Provide a separate sheet of long
bond paper for this activity.

Types of Literature Examples Correct Pairing

A. Rules and Regulations of School
B. Records of guidance counselor on
1. Theoretical Literature 1.
student behavior
2. Research Literature 2.
C. Amount of water used in daily
3. Empirical Research
watering of plants 3.
4. Practice Literature D. How long will it take to travel from
5. Policy Literature 4.
Roxas to Puerto riding a bicycle?
5.
E. Books on the Origin of the
Universe

In-text Citation and Referencing Styles

All reading materials related to your research that you intend to review or re-examine offer you concepts,
ideas or information belonging to other people. Having honesty, respect or courtesy to the owners of these varied
forms of knowledge as well as gratefulness for their valuable contribution to the field, you see to it that the names of
these idea owners or authors appear in the appropriate sections of your research paper.
Other people’s ideas incorporated in the central section or main body of your paper are to be cited or refer
to the true owners of borrowed ideas. Referring to the authors within the main body of the paper is called Citation
or In-text Citation; at the end of the paper is called Bibliography or References. The most commonly used
referencing styles are the MLA (Modern Language Association) and the APA (American Psychological
Association).

Examples are shown:

o Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient and responsive
…
o A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain such components as
polysaccharides
o This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces dependence on water and fertilizer and
requires less space (Alshrouf, 2017), making it ideal in urban places.
o Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred
million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).

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Example of referencing style

ASPECT APA SYSTEM MLA SYSTEM

Full name first, followed by full first
Full surname first, then followed by
Writing the Authors Name name, and optional initial of the middle
initials of first and middle name
name
Writing the title of the reading Italicized title with only the Underlined or italicized title with all
material beginning word capitalized content words capitalized
Writing the copyright date Written after the author’s name Written after the publisher’s name
Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research
Example Research 2. Manila, Philippines: 2. Manila, Philippines: REX Bookstore,
REX Bookstore 2016

Aspects APA System MLA System Chicago Manual System

Areas Psychology, Education and History and many other subjects in scholarly
Arts and Humanities
applicable other Social Sciences and non-scholarly work
Follows author-page method
Follows author-date system. Follows author-date system.
system.
Cite author’s last name, followed by the year
General Rule
Cite the author or editor’s last Cite author's last name and a of publication of the work in question, and a
name, year of publication. page, reference suffices. page number if needed. No punctuation
appears between author and date.

Aspects Examples
APA System MLA System
Chenail (1995) asserted that data is Dover has expressed this concern (118-
In text
to be presented in a simple format. 121).
Single Author
In reference/
…data is to be presented in a simple This concern has been expressed (Dover
Parenthetical
format (Chenail, 1995). 118-121).
format
Reverte and Irving (2009) explained Bradly and Rogers stated in the
In text
that… hypothesis… (7)
One Work by two or three
In reference/
authors …as has been shown (Reverte &
Parenthetical This hypothesis… (Bradley and Rogers 7).
Irving, 2009).
format
One Work by more than In text Poe et al. (2009) suggested that… Sumner et al. suggested that… (23)
three authors
In reference/
Note: Only cite the first
Parenthetical …as shown (Poe et al., 2009). …suggested this theory (Sumner et al. 23).
author or editor’s last name
format
and add “et al.”
Unknown Authors Using anonymous: Anonymous Using a source: Annual Guide Report stated
In text
Note: If no author is listed, (2001) implied that… that… (4)
you can refer to the
organization, title of source, In reference/
…implied that Education …as stated by the presidential commission
book or report. In rare case Parenthetical
(Anonymous, 2001). (Annual Guide Report 4).
the Anonymous” is used for format
the author.

Sources: Adapted from APA Manual, 6th ed., Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Working Group – revised October 2012, DIWA
Senior High School Series, Newton Gresham Library Sam Houston State University, APA Format (6th Edition), The Reference List and Citations
Style Guide for MDPI HSS Journals, March 2017 v1

Patterns of Citation
Citing authors, websites and other research materials have its own styles or patterns. Read the styles/ patterns
of citation below and understand how they are distinct from each other. This is needed in order for you to know
what styles/ patterns of citation are used by the researchers in writing their research and in order for you to decide
what styles /patterns you will adopt/ use in your review of related literature.

1. Summary. The citation in this case is shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspect of the text.
2. Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text,
you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations
will decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text (Baraceros, 2016).

Strategies in Paraphrasing:
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a. Read the original text or abstract. Understand it as a whole, then, set aside.
b. Using your own memory, write down the main points or concepts.
c. In your own words, summarize the text/ abstract that helps make your point (University of Texas, 2016)

3. Short Direct quotation. Only a part of the authors’ sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not
exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation patter. Since this makes
you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers
can find the copied words.

4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract. Named in many ways, this citation pattern mane you
copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under APAA, the limit is eight (8) lines.
Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a
poem.

Creating or synthesizing your review of related literature

Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other researches can
be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing it. In
doing so, you may either change the arrangement of ideas, structures of language by using
synonyms, changing format of words by comparison-contrast, chronological order, passive-
active sentences, inductive-deductive order, or by fusing opinions with the author’s ideas. In
quoting, a part of an author’s words are repeated in writing but the page number of copied
text should be written, ideas must be essential and quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding.
Summarizing is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking only the
most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on the other hand permits you to explain the idea in your
own words.

What’s more?

3 Writing References
Directions: With the given information, construct reference in the format of MLA and APA following its every
rule. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing 2018

Mandaluyong City National Bookstore
Jose F. Calderon Expectacion C. Gonzales

APA Format
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

MLA Format
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mike Wallace Croydon

Critical reading and writing for postgraduates CPI Group (UK)
2006 Frances Slack
APA Format
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____
MLA Format
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
___

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Task 1: Presenting Written Review and Framework
Direction: Get ready for the presentation of your written review of related literature and conceptual framework.
The rubrics below will served as a guide on how you will be rated by your teacher. The 4C (content,
coherence, creativity, communication) technique will be used so that you can easily remember.

Rubrics for Written Review of Literature and Conceptual Framework

5 4 3 2 1
Content (35%)
 Purpose of the literature review was stated.
 Studies reviewed are appropriately arranged according
to format chosen.
 Literature review presents extensive discussion of
disagreements and agreements.
 Literature review is related to the current study.
 Conceptual Framework is well explained.
 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework matched the
research problem.
 Overall content is comprehensive.
Coherence (25%)
 Cohesive of devices are effectively used.
 Organization of ideas is smoothly presented.
Creativity (25%)
 Writer’s voice is showcased.
 Paper uses variety of sentence structures.
 Uses appropriate language.
Communication (15%)
 Sentences are well structured
 Grammatical conventions are observed.
 Correct spelling and proper research format is
followed.
 Standard in-text citation was followed diligently.
Legend: 5 – to a very great extent, 4 – to a great extent, 3 – to some extent, 2 – to a little extent, 1 – not at all

References
Calderon, J. F., & Gonzales, E. C. (2018). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Mandaluyong CIty: National
Bookstore.

Rowley, J., & Slack, F. (2004). Conducting a Literature Review. Volume 27, Number 6.

Wallace, M., & Wray, A. (2006). Critical Reading and Writing for Postgraduates. Croydon: CPI Group (UK) Ltd.

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 Practical Research 2
NAME: ________________________________________
SECTION: _____________________________________

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
PERFORMANCE TASK 4

NAME THAT TITLE

Directions: Direction: Base on the knowledge and understanding that you have gained from the previous
examples and activities, you have now captured the idea on how to make a conceptual framework from the
research title. With this, you are now given the framework, and you need to formulate the research title
according to the elements and factors that are present in the variables. Give three (3) possible research titles
that would reflect on the given variables. Write your answers in the box provided below. Be guided by the
Scoring Rubrics below.

Conceptual Framework:

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 Practical Research 2
SCORING RUBRIC
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Research title is
Research title is
Research title is properly Research title is constructed constructed directly
Labels – constructed directly
constructed directly from the directly from the conceptual from the conceptual
Accuracy from the conceptual
conceptual framework framework framework with
framework with errors
minimal errors
Makes use of font, Uses font, color,
Makes excellent use of font, Makes good use of font, color,
color, graphics, effects graphics, effects and
Attractiveness color, graphics, effects and graphics, effects and other to
and other to enhance other to enhance
other to enhance presentation enhance presentation
presentation presentation
75 – 84 of words on
95 – 100% of words on the 85 – 94% of words on the map Below 75% of words on
Spelling and the map are spelled
map are spelled and are spelled and capitalized the map are spelled and
Capitalization and capitalized
capitalized correctly correctly capitalized correctly
correctly
Uses other people’s
Presentation shows a large Presentation shows a some
Originality idea (giving them Uses other people’s idea
amount of original thought. amount of original thought.
and credits) but there is a and does not give them
Ideas are creative and Ideas are creative and
Creativeness little evidence of credit
innovative innovative
original thinking

Prepared by: Noted by:

JAY-R DC OSORIO VANESSA S. CAMARA

Subject Teacher Subject Group Head, STEM

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