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12.1 Density: Chapter 12: Fluid Mechanics

This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on fluid mechanics, including: 1) It defines density as mass divided by volume and discusses units of measurement like kg/m3. Higher density objects sink in water while lower density objects float. 2) It covers pressure in fluids, defining local pressure and discussing how pressure increases with depth in fluids. Pressure also equals density times gravitational field strength times height in fluids. 3) Archimedes' principle of buoyancy is explained, where fluids exert upward forces on immersed objects equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Examples calculate buoyant forces and tensions on submerged objects. 4) Fluid flow concepts are introduced, including incompressible steady

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Ma. Leny Lacson
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141 views15 pages

12.1 Density: Chapter 12: Fluid Mechanics

This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on fluid mechanics, including: 1) It defines density as mass divided by volume and discusses units of measurement like kg/m3. Higher density objects sink in water while lower density objects float. 2) It covers pressure in fluids, defining local pressure and discussing how pressure increases with depth in fluids. Pressure also equals density times gravitational field strength times height in fluids. 3) Archimedes' principle of buoyancy is explained, where fluids exert upward forces on immersed objects equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Examples calculate buoyant forces and tensions on submerged objects. 4) Fluid flow concepts are introduced, including incompressible steady

Uploaded by

Ma. Leny Lacson
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 12: Fluid Mechanics

12.1 Density
We have already seen (9.58) that the local destiny of a material can be
Defined as
ρ = dm
dV
When the object has uniform (i.e. position independent) density, then the local
density is the same as average density defined as
ρ=m
V
For the same substance this number does not change even if the mass and
volume might be different. For example both a steel wrench and a steel nail
have the same density which the density of steel.

In SI the units of density are given by kilogram per cubic meter


1 kg/m3 = 1 kg
1m3
but gram per unit centimeter are also widely used
1 g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3.
Another useful (but dimensionless) measure of density is specific density also
known as relative density. It is defined as a ratio of density of a given
substance to density of water (at temperature 4.0◦C), specific density =
ρsubstance
ρwater
Example 12.2. Find the mass and weight of the air (at 1 atm and 20◦C) in a
living room with 4.0m×5.0m floor and a ceiling 3.0m high, and the mass and
weight of an equal volume of water.
Volume of the living room is
V = 3.0m × 4.0m × 5.0m = 60m3
From definition of density
mair = ρairV = (1.20 kg/m3) (60m3) = 72kg
mwater = ρwaterV = (1000 kg/m3) (60m3) = 6.0 × 104 kg (12.7) and thus the
corresponding weights are
wair = mairg = (72kg) (9.8m/s2") = 700N
wwater = mwaterg = (6.0 × 104 kg) (9.8m/s2") = 5.9 × 105 N. (12.8)

Example. Rank the following objects in order from highest to lowest average
density:
(i) Mass 4.00 kg, volume 1.60 × 10−3 m3;
(ii) Mass 8.00 kg, volume 1.60 × 10−3 m3;
(iii) Mass 8.00 kg, volume 3.20 × 10−3m3;
(iv) Mass 2560 kg, volume 0.640m3;
(v) Mass 2560 kg, volume 1.28m3.
The densities of these objects are
ρi = 4.00 kg / 1.60 × 10−3 m3 = 2500kg/m3
ρii = 8.00 kg /1.60 × 10−3 m3 = 5000kg/m3
ρiii = 8.00 kg / 3.20 × 10−3 m3 = 2500kg/m3
ρiv = 2560 kg / 0.64m3 = 4000kg/m3
ρv = 2560 kg / 1.28m3 = 2000kg/m3
And so the order is
(ii) → (iv) → (i, iii) → (v)

12.2 Pressure in a Fluid


Pressure. In fluids pressure might change from one place to another and thus
it is convenient to define a local pressure as
If we change pressure p0 at the surface of fluid, the pressure will change by
the same amount everywhere in the fluid. For example one can use this result
to construct a hydraulic lift to measure large weights:

Example 12.3. Water stands 12.0m deep in a storage tank who’s top
Is open to the atmosphere. What are the absolute and gauge pressure at the
bottom of the tank?
Example 12.4. A manometer tube is partially filled with water. Oil
(Which does not mix with water) is poured into the left arm of the tube until
the oil-water interface is at the midpoint of the tube as shown. Both arms of
the tube are open to the air. Find a relationship between the heights hoil and
hwater.
The pressure in both fluids at the surface and at the bottom are the same p −
p0 = ρwaterghwater p − p0 = ρoilghoil
12.3 Buoyancy
Any object placed in a fluid experiences a force (buoyant force) arising
Due to changes of the pressure inside fluid. This phenomena is known as
Archimedes’ principle: When a body is completely or partially immersed in a
fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the body.

To prove Archimedes’ principle we consider an element of fluid of arbitrary


shape. If the fluid is in equilibrium then the sum of all forces (due to water
pressure) have to be the same as the force of gravity
B = Fgravity (12.32) or B = V ρfluidg (12.33)
Now if we fill the shape with some other material, then the equilibrium
condition might not be satisfied, but the buoyant force due to water pressure
would not change.
Example 12.5. A 15.0 − kg solid gold statue is raised from the sea bottom.
What is the tension in the hosting cable (assumed massless) when the statues
is a) at rest and completely underwater. b) At rest and completely out of
water.
Example. You place a container of seawater on a scale and note reading on
the scale. You now suspend the statue of Example 12.5 in the water. How
does the scale reading change?
(i) it increases by 7.84 N;
(ii) it decreases by 7.84 N;
(iii) it remains the same;
(iv) none of these.

In addition to buoyant force there is a force of surface tension which acts on


the object at the surface of fluids, but this force is subdominant for
sufficiently large objects.
12.4 Fluid Flow
Consider a simple model of fluid which is incompressible (density is constant)
and in viscid (vanishing internal friction). Then one can follow trajectories of
small elements of water (we call particles) which will flow along these
trajectories. We call these trajectories flow lines and say that the flow is
steady if the flow line do no change with time. This does not mean that the
velocities on any given particle does not change with time.

More generally the flow becomes irregular where small scale mode and large-
scale modes interact with each other which gives rise to turbulence. It is
interesting to note that for 3D fluids the energy is transferred from large scales
to small scale, when in 2D fluids the energy is transferred from small scales to
large scales. Richard Feynman called turbulence “the last unsolved problem
of classical physics”. It is also related to one of seven Millennium problems
formulated by Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000, six of which (including the
turbulence problem) remain unsolved.
Continuity. Consider a flow of fluid through a pipe with changing cross-
sectional area:
Example. A maintenance crew is aworking on a section of a three-lane
highway, leaving only one lane open to traffic. The result is much slower
traffic flow (a traffic jam.) Do cars on a highway behave like?
(i) the molecules of an incompressible fluid or
(ii) the molecules of compressible fluid?
12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation
As fluid moves through pipe external forces such as gravitational force can do
work on the fluid.
Example 12.7. Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of
2.0 cm at an absolute pressure of 4.0×105 Pa. A 1.0 cm diameter pipe leads to
the second-floor bathroom 5.0m above. When the flow speed at the inlet pipe
is 1.5 m/s, find the flow speed, pressure and volume flow in the bathroom.

Example 12.8. A gasoline storage tank with cross-sectional area A1, filled to a
depth h. The space above the gasoline contains air at pressure p0, and the
gasoline flows out the bottom of the tank through a short pipe with cross-
sectional area A2. Derive expression for the flow speed in the pipe and the
volume flow rate.
Example 12.9. Venturi meter is used to measure flow speed in a pipe.
Derive an expression for the flow speed v1 in terms of the cross-sectional
areas A1 and A2 and the difference in height h of the liquid levels in the two
vertical tubes.

E
xample. Lift of an airplane.

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