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Lecture12b-AfterClass

Lecture 12 of PHYS2100 covers the properties of fluids, including phases of matter, density, and pressure in fluids. Key concepts include Archimedes' principle, Pascal's principle, and calculations related to pressure and buoyancy. The lecture also includes examples and quizzes to reinforce understanding of these topics.

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13 views5 pages

Lecture12b-AfterClass

Lecture 12 of PHYS2100 covers the properties of fluids, including phases of matter, density, and pressure in fluids. Key concepts include Archimedes' principle, Pascal's principle, and calculations related to pressure and buoyancy. The lecture also includes examples and quizzes to reinforce understanding of these topics.

Uploaded by

cici.cici2445
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYS2100 – Topics in Physics Lecture 12: Fluids I – Pg.

1/5

PHYS 2100 – Topics in Physics


Dr. Caio Licciardi

Lecture 12 – Fluids I
(Chapter 13)
● Phases of Matter and Density
● Pressure in Fluids
● Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure

Quiz 12.1
Three containers are filled with water to the same height
and have the same surface area at the base, but the total
weight of water is different for each. In which container
does the water exert the greatest force at the bottom of the container?
(A) Container A (B) Container B (C) Container C (D) All three equal

Phases of Matter
The three common phases, or states, of matter are:
• solid: definite shape and size/volume
• liquid: fixed volume, any shape
• gas: any shape, volume defined by shape

Both liquids and gases flow, and so are called fluids.

Density
The density of a substance is defined by:
𝑚
𝜌= ⟷ 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔 (weight)
𝑉
Unit of density: kg/m3 = 10−3 g/cm3

The specific gravity of a substance = 𝜌/𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟


𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 10−3 g/cm3

University of Windsor, PHYS 2100, Lecture 12 – Fall 2024


PHYS2100 – Topics in Physics Lecture 12: Fluids I – Pg. 2/5

Example 12.1 - Mass, volume and densities.


(a) What is the mass of a solid iron wrecking ball of radius 18 cm?

(b) What is the specific gravity of iron? Sea water? Air?

(c) Which densities are higher: gases or liquids?

Pressure in Fluids
Pressure is defined as the force per unit area:
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
Although force is a vector, pressure is a scalar.
Unit of pressure: the pascal (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
The pressure at a depth h below the surface of the liquid is due to the
weight of the liquid above it:
𝐹 𝑚𝑔 𝜌(𝐴ℎ)𝑔
𝑃= = = ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
The pressure at two different depths:
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = −𝜌𝑔(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) ↔ 𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
5
At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is ∼ 1.013 × 10 Pa = 1 atm

University of Windsor, PHYS 2100, Lecture 12 – Fall 2024


PHYS2100 – Topics in Physics Lecture 12: Fluids I – Pg. 3/5

Example 12.2 - Calculating pressure.


A 60-kg person’s two feet cover an area of 500 cm2.
(a) Determine the pressure exerted by the two feet on the ground.

(b) If the person stands on one foot, what will be the pressure under that foot?

Example 12.3 - Pressure at a faucet.


The surface of the water in a storage tank is 30 m above a water
faucet in the kitchen of a house. Calculate the difference in water
pressure between the faucet and the surface of the water in the
tank.

Pascal’s Principle and Measurements of Pressure


Pascal’s principle: if an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure at every
point within the fluid increases by that amount.
𝐹𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 ⟹ =
𝐴𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡

The quantity 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝐹𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝐴𝑖𝑛 is the mechanical


advantage of the hydraulic lift.

The open-tube manometer is a U-shaped tube partially filled with a


liquid, usually mercury or water. Pressure P is measured by:
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔 Δℎ

University of Windsor, PHYS 2100, Lecture 12 – Fall 2024


PHYS2100 – Topics in Physics Lecture 12: Fluids I – Pg. 4/5

Buoyance and Archimedes Principle


Archimedes’ principle: the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by that object.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡 − 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝
= 𝜌𝐹 𝑔𝐴(ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑝 − ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑡 )
= 𝜌𝐹 𝑔 𝐴 Δℎ = 𝜌𝐹 𝑉 𝑔
⇒ 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝐹 𝑔

If an object’s density is less than that of water, there will be an upward net force on it, and it
will rise until it is partially out of the water. For a floating object, the fraction that is submerged
is the ratio of the object’s density to that of the fluid.

𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙 𝜌0
=
𝑉0 𝜌𝐹

Example 12.4 – Recovering.


A 70-kg ancient statue lies at the bottom of the sea. Its volume is 𝟑. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 cm3 . How much
force is needed to lift it (without acceleration)?

University of Windsor, PHYS 2100, Lecture 12 – Fall 2024


PHYS2100 – Topics in Physics Lecture 12: Fluids I – Pg. 5/5

Example 12.5 – Is the crown gold?


When a crown of mass 14.7 kg is submerged in water, an accurate scale reads only 13.4 kg. Is
the crown made of gold?

University of Windsor, PHYS 2100, Lecture 12 – Fall 2024

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