Engineering Physics I

Dr. Maha Ibrahim

Dr. Dahila Omran
Dr. Omnia Hamdy
• Fluids
 Phases of Matter

The three common phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
A solid has a definite shape and size.
A liquid has a fixed volume but can be any shape.
A gas can be any shape and also can be easily compressed.
Liquids and gases both flow, and are called fluids.

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 Density and Specific Gravity

The density ρ of a substance is its mass

⇒
m
per unit volume: ρ=
V
m=ρV
The SI unit for density is kg/m3.
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio ρsubs
SG =
of its density to that of water. ρ water
Example 1:
What is the mass of a solid iron ball of radius 18 cm? [the density of iron
= 7800 kg/m3
Solution: The volume of the sphere is:V =4
3 π r =3 (3.14)(18 × 10 m) =
4 3 −2 3
0.024 m 3

m = ρ V = 7800 × 0.024 = 187.2 kg ≈ 190 kg

 3- Pressure in Fluids
F
Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. pressure = P =
A
The units of pressure in the SI system is Pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
Example 2: The two feet of a 60-kg person cover an area of 500 cm2.
(a) Determine the pressure exerted by the two feet on the ground.
(b) If the person stands on one foot, what will the pressure be under that foot?

Solution:

(a)

(b) If the person stands on one foot, the area will be half as much, so
the pressure will be twice as much:

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Pressure is the same in every direction in a
static fluid at a given depth; if it were not, the
fluid would flow.

For a fluid at rest, there is also no

component of force parallel to any
× 
solid surface—once again, if there
were, the fluid would flow.
 The pressure at a depth h below the surface
of the liquid is due to the weight of the liquid
above it.
F m g ( ρV ) g ( ρ[ A h]) g
= =
P = =
A A A A
P= ρ gh
If there is external pressure Po in addition to the
weight of the fluid itself, then the pressure P of a
point at a depth h =y2 - y1 is:

= P° + ρ g h
P ⇐ point

The pressure difference ∆P between the

point and the surface of the fluid is: ∆P =ρ gh
Example 3:
The surface of the water in a storage tank is 30 m above a
water faucet in the kitchen of a house. Calculate the difference
in water pressure between the faucet and the surface of the
water in the tank.
Solution: :
P° ⇒
∆P =ρ gh

= (1 × 103 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )(30 m)

= 2.9 × 105 N/m 2

P° ⇒

The very different diameters of the tank and faucet don't

affect the result-only pressure does.
 4- Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge
Pressure
At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about 1.013 x 105
N/m2; this is called 1 atmosphere (atm).
1=
atm 1.013 × 105 N/m 2

Another unit of pressure is the bar:

1 bar = 1.00 x 105 N/m2.
Most pressure gauges measure the pressure above the atmospheric
pressure—this is called the gauge pressure.

The absolute pressure is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and

the gauge pressure.
 5- Pascal’s Principle
If an external pressure is applied to a confined
fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid
increases by that amount.
An example, in hydraulic lifts and hydraulic brakes.
In a hydraulic lift

The volume of liquid pushed down on the left must equal

the volume pushed up on the right
A1∆x1 = A2 ∆x2 F1∆x1 = F2 ∆x2
This means that the work done by the input
piston equals the work done by the output
piston. ⇒
Win = W out (for small displacements only)
Example 4:
A hydraulic lift is used to Jack a 921 kg car 42 cm off the
floor. The diameter of the output piston is 18 cm and the
input force is 320 N.
(a) What is the area of the input piston?
(b) What is the work done by the output piston?
Solution: (a)
F=
out =
mg (921 kg)(9.8 =
m/s 2
) 9025.8 N
Aout π r 2 =π (d/2) 2 =π (0.18 m/2)
= = 2
2.545 × 10−2 m 2
Fin = 320 N
Fout Fin
From = , we have:
Aout Ain
Fin −2 320 N
Ain =
Aout =
(2.545 × 10 m )
2
9.029 × 10−4 m 2
=
Fout 9025.8 N
(b) Wout = Fout ∆yout = (9025.8 N)(0.42 m) = 3.79 × 103 J
 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges
and the Barometer

Gauges that measure pressure are called manometers and the

gauges that measure atmospheric pressure are called Barometers.

There are a number of different

types of pressure gauges. This one
is an open-tube manometer. The
pressure in the open end is
atmospheric pressure; the pressure
being measured will cause the fluid
to rise until the pressures on both
sides at the same height are equal.
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This is a mercury barometer, developed by
Torricelli to measure atmospheric pressure. The
height of the column of mercury is such that the
pressure in the tube at the surface level is 1 atm.

Therefore, pressure is often quoted in millimeters

(or inches) of mercury.

1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 torr = 1 mm Hg
Pressure is measured in a variety of different
units. This table gives the conversion factors.
 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

This is an object submerged in a fluid. There is a net force on the object

because the pressures at the top and bottom of it are different.
The buoyant force is found to be the upward
force on the same volume of water:

The buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is

equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.
FB = m`g = ρ fluid Vdispl g
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 Conceptual Example :
Consider two identical pails of water filled to the brim. One pail contains
only water, the other has a piece of wood floating in it. Which pail has
the greater weight? Both weigh the same
Example 5:
A 70-kg ancient statue lies at the bottom of the sea. Its
volume is 3.0 x 104 cm3. How much force is needed to lift
it? (for seawater, ρ = 1.025 X 103 kg/m3)

Solution: The volume of the displaced water = 3.0 X 10-2 m3

FB = m fluidg = ρ fluid Vdispl g = 1.025 × 103 × 3 × 10-2 × 9.8 = 300 N
The force needed to start lifting the statue is:
F = mg - FB = 70 × 9.8 - 300 = 386 N
It is as if the statue had a mass of only (386N)/(9.8m/s2) = 39.4 kg.
 Example 6: Archimedes: Is the crown gold?
When a crown of mass 14.7 kg is submerged in water, an
accurate scale reads only 13.4 kg. Is the crown made of gold?
= F=
Solution:W T =
mg ρ V g ...(1)
°
W ′ = FT′ = mg − FB =W − ρ F V g
W −W ′ = ρ F Vg ...(2)
Eq.1 W ρ Vg ρ FT′
⇒ = = ° ° FT
Eq.2 W − W ′ ρ F V g ρ F
ρ W (14.7 kg) g
= =° = 11.3
ρ H O W − W ′ (14.7 kg − 13.4 kg) g
2

=ρ 11.3
= ρ H2O (11.3)(1000=
kg/m3 ) 11300 kg/m3 lead density
°
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 If an object’s density is less than that of water, there will be
an upward net force on it, and it will rise until it is partially out
of the water.
ρO < ρ F

ρO < ρ F
ρO
ρO VSubmerged =1.2 m3
O
mO g
ρF
mO g
ρF Volume of displaced = Volume of the submerged
water object
=
FB m=
F g ρ F V° g =
FB m= ρ F VSubmerged g
F g
=
(1000 kg/m3 )(2 m3 ) g (2000
= kg) g =
(1000 kg/m3 )(1.2 m3 ) g (1200 kg) g
=
W m=
O g ρO V=
°
g (1200 kg) g =
W m=
O g (1200 kg)g
FB > W  The object will accelerate upward
FB = W  The object will float at the
shown position
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 For a floating object, the fraction that is
submerged is given by the ratio of the object’s
density to that of the fluid.
FB = mo g (At equilibrium)

But: FB = ρ F Vdispl g
Then: mo g = ρo Vo g
Thus: ρ F Vdispl g = ρo Vo g
Vdispl ρo
or: ρ F Vdispl = ρo Vo or: =
Vo ρF

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Example 7:
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure
the specific gravity of a liquid. It consists of a
glass tube, weighted at the bottom, which is
25.0 cm long and 2.00 cm2 in cross-sectional
area, and has a mass of 45.0 g. How far from the
end should the 1.000 mark be placed? =22.5
Solution:
Vdispl ρo
Submerged fraction in volume: =
Vo ρF

⇒ Or: ρo = 0.9 ρ F = 900 kg/m3

The hydrometer has a density of 900 kg/m3; it will float with (0.900)(25)cm =
22.5 cm submerged. The mark should be placed 22.5 cm from the bottom.
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 Fluids in Motion

If the flow of a fluid is smooth,

as in part (a), it is called:
streamline flow
or
laminar flow
Airplane wing

Above a certain speed, as in part

(b), the flow becomes turbulent.
Turbulent flow has eddy currents;
the viscosity of the fluid is much
greater when eddies are present.
 Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity

We will deal with laminar flow.

The mass flow rate is defined as the mass
that passes a given point per unit time.
∆m
Mass flow rate =
∆t
If the flow of a fluid is smooth, then: the flow rates at any two points
must be equal, as long as no fluid is being added or taken away.
∆ m1 ∆ m2 ρ1∆ V1 ρ 2 ∆ V2 ρ1 A1∆ 1 ρ 2 A2 ∆ 2 ∆ 1 ∆
= ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ ρ1 A1 = ρ 2 A2 2
∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t
This gives us the equation of continuity:
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If the density doesn’t change (ρ1 = ρ2)—typical for liquids—
the equation of continuity simplifies to:
A1 v1 = A2 v2

Notice that, if the pipe is wider,

the flow is slower.
The product Av represents the volume flow rate,
∆V A∆ ∆
since = = A= Av.
∆t ∆t ∆t
∆V
= = Av
Volume flow rate
∆t
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 Example 8: Heating duct to a room.
What area must a heating duct have if air moving 3.0 m/s along it can
replenish the air every 15 minutes in a room of volume 300 m3? Assume
the air’s density remains constant.
Solution: The given information are:

v1 = 3 m/s V2 A=
= 
2 2 300 m 3 ∆=
t ≡ t 15=
min 900 s
The unknown value is: A1 = ?

Consider the room as a large section of the duct and

think of air equal to the volume of the room as passing by
point 2 in t = 15 min = 900 s. Then the equation of
continuity becomes:
ρ1 A1 v1 = ρ 2 A2 v2 ⇒ A1 v1 = A2 v2
2  2 A2  2 V2
We can write v2 as: v2 = . A2 v2 A=
Thus: = 2 =
t t t t
A2 v2 V2 300 m3
Hence:=
A1 = = = 0.11 m 2
v1 v1 t (3 m/s)(900 s)
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Bernoulli’s Equation

Consider the work it takes to move a

small volume of fluid from one point to
another while its flow is laminar. Work
must be done to accelerate the fluid, and
also to increase its height. Conservation
of energy gives Bernoulli’s equation:

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Example 9: Flow and pressure in a hot-water heating system.
Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system. If
the water is pumped at a speed of 0.5 m/s through a 4.0-cm-diameter
pipe in the basement under a pressure of 3.0 atm, what will be the flow
speed and pressure in a 2.6-cm-diameter pipe on the second floor 5.0
m above? Assume the pipes do not divide into branches.

Solution: The given information are

(see the figure):
v1 = 0.5 m/s P1 = 3 atm

y2 − y1 =
5m
are: v2 ?=
The unknown values= and P2 ?
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 The equation of continuity gives v2 as
follows:

A1 π r12 (0.02 m)2

A1 v=1 A2 v2 ⇒ v2= v1 = v1 2= (0.5 m/s) = 1.2 m/s
A2 π r2 (0.013 m) 2

Bernoulli’s equation gives P2 as follows:

P2 + ρ v + ρ gy2 =
1
2 P1 + ρ v + ρ gy1
2
2
1
2
2
1

P2 =P1 + 12 ρ ( v12 − v22 ) + ρ g ( y1 − y2 )

=
(3 × 105 N/m 2 ) + 12 (103 kg/m3 )[(0.5 m/s)2 − (1.2 m/s)2 ] + (103 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )[−5 m]
=
3 × 105 N/m 2 − 5.95 × 102 N/m 2 − 4.9 × 104 N/m 2 =
2.5 × 105 N/m 2 =
2.5 atm

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 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle:
Torricelli,
Using Bernoulli’s principle, we
find that the speed of fluid coming
from a spigot on an open tank is:

This is called Torricelli’s theorem.

Example 10:
If y2 - y1=2m, what is the value of v1?

v1
= 2 g ( y2 − y=
1) = 6.3 m/s
2(9.8 m/s 2 )(2 m)
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 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle:
Venturi meter,

A venturi meter can be used to measure fluid flow

by measuring pressure differences.
Example 11:
A venturi meter has a main diameter of 3.0 cm
narrowing down to a throat diameter of 1 cm. lf the
pressure difference is measured to be 2.5x103 Pa.
what is the speed of the water entering the venturi
throat?
Solution: For horizontal flow, Bernoulli’s equation gives:
P1 + 12 ρ v12 + ρ gy1 =+
P2 12 ρ v22 + ρ gy2 ⇒ P1 + 12 ρ v12 = P2 + 12 ρ v22
 From the equation of continuity we have:

A1
A1 v=1 A2 v2 ⇒ v=
2 v1
A2

2( P1 − P2 )
Thus:
v1 = A2
ρ ( A12 − A22 )

A1 = π r12 = π d12 / 4 = π (0.03 m) 2 / 4 = 7× 10−4 m 2

A=2 π r=
2
2
π d 2
2 =
/ 4 π (0.01 m) 2
=
/4 7.9 × 10 −5
m 2

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