Practical Training Report
Practical Training Report
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DECLARATION
I, Nyega,scolastica ,Stanley, with registration number 2020-04-10011 declare that this report is
my own work done with the knowledge obtained from the organization ,articles and website.
Student name:Nyega,Scolastica,Stanley
Signature:S.S.NYEGA
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ABSTRACT
This report is a document of the activities that I did during my Practical Training of the first year
2021 at TTCL HEAD QUARTER Tanzania for 8weeks
During practical I learnt how optical fibers used in providing communication services to
costumers.
This report consist of two chapters. The first chapter is about organization of the company and
second chapter is about optical fibers in communication networking
The problem I encountered during my practical training was limited access on learning some
data system in details since they were very privacy to the company.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel privileged to thank God for his gift of life and protection throughout my field work.
This report is a result of cumulative efforts of every hardworking and helpful individuals. I
Extend my sincere gratitude to the following individuals; Eng Amos Itozya, training office, , Eng
M. NchimbiTechnician at Data and Switching, Stanslaus Matimo Technician leader Access
network and fiber
I also like to thank all who did not appear in the list whose efforts have made this work a
success.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................4
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
CHAPTER 2. OPTIC FIBER COMMUNICATION NETWORK……………………….16
2.7 Description of the proposed solution on solving problem and assumption made…………………………21
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LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS
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CHAPTER ONE
COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 Introduction
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The customers are further divided into landline customers and mobile customers for voice
communication and for data communication there are fixed internet customers and VPN
(Visual private network) customers. The company provides communication to all these
customers at Tanzania mainland as well as Zanzibar.
In Tanzania then soon after breakup of EAC the company established was TANZANIA
POSTAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY (TPTC) which later on in 1994 due
to liberalization then the company split up into three which are TANZANIA
COMMUNICATION COMMISSION (TCC),TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATION
COMPANY LIMITED (TTCL) AND TANZANIA POSTAL COMPANY (TPC).Initially
the company was owned fully by the government of the united republic of Tanzania, but due
to some difficulty circumstances on the driving of the company the government decided to
privatize some percentage share of the company.
In 2001 the company was partially privatized to Celtel international company where it is
given a 35% share and due to lack of fund and some difficulties faced during running the
company then the government decided to sign new 3 year contract with sasktel company and
the contract included rising revenue resources, improve financial position and increase the
number of customers. However sasktel failed to fulfill this terms of contract as a result in
July 2008 they submitted a notice to the government to break the contract.
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However on June 8 2010 an Indian company Bhart Airtel struck a deal to purchase mobile
operation in 15 African countries including Tanzania and it acquired a deal with TTCL. Due
to increase in nationalization hence on February 16 it sold all its shares back to the
government including paying 14 billion Tanzanian shillings where up to now the government
has full ownership of the company, and it has almost more than 1500 workers throughout the
country, with its headquarter located at ex-telecom building at Dar-es-salaam Tanzania. And
the president of the united republic of Tanzania appointed hon. Waziri Kindamba to be the
Chief executive officer (CEO) of TTCL starting from September 23, 2016.
The main activity of the company is to provide communication service which are mainly
voice and Data to the customers. And mainly its customers are Government itself and private
sectors as well as individual (home line).
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technology to receive information after installing a device called access point (AP).And in
Data there are two categories of customers which are fixed internet and visual private
network (VPN).
The fixed internet customers can use fiber optic cable or copper wire where the traffic is
supplied to all users by one server at the headquarter (HQ) through internet server provider
(ISP) who decides in which form the traffic should pass either by cables or wireless.
Regional coordinator
Regional manager
Secretary
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Cashier Administration
clerk
Key account executive Technical/
Accounts clerk engineers
The following is the list of job description at each of the four department of the company basing
on their job titles, key duties at the company and their responsibilities, qualifications and
experience required as well as competences.
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1.3.1 Radio and transmission department
At this department the main job is to ensure availability and service quality of the
transmission/BSS systems in the region..
I. Monitor the transmission, BTS and BSC system performed in the region.
II. Perform routine and preventive maintenance activities in accordance with the engineering
instructions and schedules as directed by the technical leader.
III. Receive and act on information/advice from the technical leader.
IV. Ensure security and cleanliness of the R&T/BSS equipment and shelter. Prohibit entrance
to equipment room by non-authorized personnel.
V. Ensure proper storage, record and security of R&T tools, test gears, spares, manuals and
logbooks.
I. Operates and maintain voice and data networks systems in the region to meet high quality
network and service standard.
II. Perform installation of network equipment and configuration of voice and data systems.
III. Perform Provision Acceptance Test (PAT) for newly installed systems or application.
IV. Support the testing and introduction of new services.
V. Monitor network and system performance and provide solutions to improve the KPIs.
VI. Perform 24/7 service support to the customers.
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1.3.3 Access network department
The main job of the department is to ensure the quality and availability of the access network
(Data and voice).The department is under Eng. Sarah J Irigo who is the technical leader of the
department. Some of the key responsibilities of the department are as follows,
1.4 Safety regulation and general welfare recruitment and training policy of the company
The company provide better safety equipment to the workers to help them in conducting their
activities. Example the company provide safety boots, overcoats, and helmet, all these is to
ensure safety at working places so as to increase efficiency and performance during working.
Also the company has a means to recruit students so that they impart some knowledge and
skills on how it function, for instance it accepts students from various universities interested to
be part of TTCL team and it train them effectively. At this company we managed to install the
rectifier at Chunya district, we managed to clear some of the landline faults as well as
mechanism on how the transmission of network from headquarter to customer premise
equipment is done.
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1.5 Description of the organization structure of the company
The organization structure of the company as shown above comprises of mainly four parts the
first part consist of chief marketing and sales , head business unit, regional coordinator ,Regional
manager and secretary.it is this part that manages and organizes all activities and have large
authority of decision making in the company.
Then the second part is commercial department which is responsible for sales and customer
services. It is under commercial assistant regional manager as the head of department, followed
by Retail sales executive, customer service representative who mainly is concerned with
customer care services, then Distributive executive who mainly deals with executive issues of the
department then finally there’s key accounts executive.
The third part is support department which mainly is concerned with the welfare of the company
as well as assisting in terms of finance to accomplish the daily tasks. The department is under
assistant regional manager of support and comprises of others which are Credit officer which
then is divided into pars which are finance officer and Administrative officer. Then under
finance officer there are head cashier, cashier and accounts clerk, and under administrative
officer there’re storekeeper, administrative clerk, logistic clerk and driver/messenger.
Optical fiber communication owes its discoveryto many researchers from 1880 until
today.In1977 a small city in Italy by the name Torino,was the first to get metropolitan fiber
optic communication system.Today technology has been developed to provide data of speed 1
petabit per second. To put that into perspective, that kind of speed will allow you to transfer
5000 HD movies per second.
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Optical fiber - is the flexible transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic. Optical
fiber communication is the communication at a distance using light to carry information. In
fiber communication laser light is used for transmission because this light source has single
wavelength.
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When light enters the fiber we must also consider refraction at the interface of the air and the
fiber core. The difference in refractive index causes refraction of the ray as it enters the fiber,
allowing rays to enter the fiber at an angle greater than the angle allowed within the fiber as
shown in the figure 3.
a) Glass fibers:
They have a glass core and glass cladding. The glass used in the fiber is ultra pure, ultra
transparent silicon dioxide (SiO2) or fused quartz. Impurities are purposely added to pure
glass to achieve the desired refractive index
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b) Plastic clad silica:
This fiber has a glass core and plastic cladding. This performance though not as good as all
glass fibers, is quite respectable.
c)Plastic fibers:
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They have a plastic core and plastic cladding. These fibers are attractive in applications
where high bandwidth and low loss are not a concern
1) Single mode optical fiber: these used to transmit one signal per fiber. Single optical fibers
have. Mostly are used in telephone and television set.
2) Multi-mode optical fiber: these are used to transmit many signal per fiber. These signals
are used in computer and local area networks.
There are three main basic elements of a fiber optic communication system . they are
1. Compact light source: depending on the applications like local area networks and long-haul
communication systems the light source requirements vary. The requirement of the sources
include power, speed, spectrallinewidth, noise, ruggedness, cost, temperature,. Two components
used as the light sources are light emitting diodes(LEDs) and laser diodes. LEDs are used for
short distances and low data rate applications due to their low bandwidth and power capabilities.
Laser diodes are used for longer distances and high data rate transmission
2. Low loss optical fiber : optical fiber is a cable which is also known as cylindrical dielectric
waveguide made of low –loss material .the fiber optic cable is made of high quality extruded
glass or plastic and it is flexible
3. Photo detectors - the purpose of the photodetectors is to convert the light signal to an
electrical signal. Two types of the photodetectors are mainly used for optical communication
system are PN diodes and Avalanches photodiode depending on application wavelengths and the
material composition of these devices vary .
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2.5 Applications of optical fiber communication
Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications. Some uses of
• Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
• Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as wiring in aircraft, submarines and other
• Data Storage
• Telecommunications
• Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help increase the speed
and
• Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to
make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as wiring in automobiles and in
industrial settings
• Broadcast/CATV
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Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, video
ondemand and other applications
Fiber optic cables are used for lighting and imaging and as sensors to measure and monitor a vast
Array of variables. Fiber optic cables are also used in research and development and testing
across
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2.6 Problems identifications during optical fiber communication network
There are various of problems occurred during the optic fiber communication system .These
problems resulted from the followings:
Length problems - once the fiber has redundant length after it has been used for connection ,
there are potential risks with the left cables and it will result in permanent damage to the fibers
and components within the cable. The potential risks are bending, twisting or winding around the
cable itself
Stretching problems - if the optical fiber cable being stretched over a range itself and then the
fiber and other components within the cable would be damaged. Also this may occur when
pulling at the jacket of the cable
External damage - these are likely to occur since they are due to splits and sratches
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The problems identified above can be solved in such a way that to ensure the communication is
being carried on.
For the case of the length of the cable one must make sure to get the optimal ne eded length by
using measuring tape and positioning all equipment that you intend to connect with the cable
and then measuring the distances of them and get approximately length
For the case of stretching problem its necessary for using grips at the connectors designed to
be used to fit and removed them
For the case of external damage then its necessary to have visual inspectionsof the optical fiber
cable from time to time. Because any defect would affect the ability of the cable to work
properly.
The wide range spread of using optical fiber in communication system has made all
possible communications today hence its necessary for the organization rensponsible for
providing communication to solve occurred problems in such a way that communications
activities are being carried on
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III. Fund it’s not like the company has no fund but the problem arises when
they receive money from the government. Normally the money comes
late, hence leads to prolonging the time of solving network problems.
IV. Low number of skilled technicians. Especially in the access network
department where most of the faults are to be cleared by the skilled
technicians, also the company has low number of unskilled labors that
have to assist in various tasks like carrying loads, carrying poles and other
heavy tools.
V. Also there are some tasks which we are assigned and are out of the scope
of the field study like carrying telephone poles and heavy loads.
Since the company is owned fully by the government then those challenges can be solved by the
government that is the government should provide enough fund for the company so that it can
solve those problems.
3. REFERENCE BOOKS
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1. Fiber Optic Communications – D.K. Mynbaev , S.C. Gupta and Lowell L. Scheiner,
Pearson Education, 2005.
2. Text Book on Optical Fibre Communication and its Applications – S.C.Gupta, PHI,
2005.
3. Fiber Optic Communication Systems – Govind P. Agarwal , John Wiley, 3rd Ediition,
2004.
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