UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES

APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGES

AN ENGLISH-ROMANIAN GLOSSARY ON AVIATION

Coordinator:

Prof. dr. Diana Ioniță

Graduate :

Vîlceanu Costina- Daiana

București

2020

1
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Aviation .................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Definitions and main concepts of aviation................................................................................. 4
1.2 A brief history of aviation .......................................................................................................... 5
1.3. Some of the important figures in the history of aviation ....................................................... 9
Chapter 2 - Terminology ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Definitions and main concepts of terminology and term ....................................................... 11
2.2 Difference between a word and a term ..................................................................................... 12
2.3 Criteria of term selection ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Terminology/Lexicology/ Terminography / Lexicography ....................................................... 12
2.5 The difference between a dictionary and a glossary ............................................................... 13
2.6 The glossary of terms.................................................................................................................. 13
2.7.1 The concept map ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.2 How I created my concept map ............................................................................................ 15
Chapter 3 - The English-Romanian glossary on Aviation ............................................................ 17
Chapter 4 - Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 317
4.1 Etymology......................................................................................................................................... 318

4.2 Parallel between the English and Romanian terms ........................................................................... 319

Chapter 5 - References .................................................................................................................................... 320

5.1 Bibliography................................................................................................................................................... 320

5.2 Images Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 320

5.3 Webliography................................................................................................................................................. 321

2
 INTRODUCTION

As the title of my paper says, on the following pages I will talk about aviation. This paper is a
terminology glossary about aviation and contains 75 terms specialized in this field. The terms are
in both Romanian and English, and this glossary can be used by anyone interested in this field.

I chose this topic because I am passionate about everything related to aviation, from different
types of aircraft to the components of each airplane, from flight crews to various jobs in this
field.Everything about aviation is interesting if you are curious enough to look for information
about it and the purpose of this glossary is exactly that, to make you more curious.

Aviation has always existed, but no one thought it was possible until the 18th century. No one
thought it would be possible to fly, to travel by plane. Those people who believed in this,
managed to transform aviation into one of the most important industries in the world.

As I was writing this paper, I realized that there are so many types of aircraft used for different
purposes. From simple aircraft used in air transport to military aircraft, like fighter or bomber,
used in an airstrike. I also understood how an airplane works and what components it is made up
of.
On the following pages, the information about this field is structured in chapters. The first
chapter ''Introduction in Aviation'' is a general presentation of this field, from definitions and the
history of this field to the main figures of Aviation.
In the second chapter '' Terminology'' is illustrated the definition and main concepts of
terminology and how it is different from lexicology. Also, in this chapter are presented several
differences between term and word, but also between a glossary and a dictionary.At the end of
this chapter is a presentation of a concept map, the main definitions of it, but also a concept map
of the terms in this glossary. The chapter three contains the glossary itself. On about 300 pages I
introduced 75 terms in alphabetical order and each English term is followed by its Romanian
equivalent on the next page. The next chapter, chapter four, contains the general conclusions of
this glossary, but also a presentation of the etymology of the terms which also include a parallel
between the English and Romanian terms. The final chapter contains the reference books used
and the web references, under the section Bibliography.

3
 Chapter I. Introduction to Aviation

1.1 Definitions and main concepts of aviation

Aviation is a branch of aeronautics that deals with the construction, operation and use of an
aircraft. It is divided into two sector: military and civil aviation. The civil aviation is devided
into domestic service and international service.A domestic flight must start and end within the
borders of the same country while an international flight starts in one country and ends in
another. The military aviation includes all aircraft used for military purposes . The aircraft are
flown by a nation's air force and other branches of its military.
1
The word aviation was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landele in
1863 from the verb avier ( synonymous flying) , itself drived from Latin word avis ( ''bird'') and
the suffix –ation.
Aviation provides the fastest means of transport, many well paid jobs in this industry , facilitates
tourism and trade and also helps the world's economy.This industry has made human life much
easier like many other inventions over time.

The civil aviation is devided also in: air transport and general aviation. In air transport all flights
are scheduled and both passengers and cargo are transported while general aviation include all
civil flights which are not scheduled.It includes: business flight, charter flight, private flight,
parachuting.

The largest manufacturers of civil aircraft in the world are Boeing and Airbus.Both have a long
history in this industry. The Boeing Company was founded in 1916, while the Airbus Company
was founded in 1967. Since then these two companies have remained the most important aircraft
manufacturers. In military aviation,the most important manufacturers are Lockheed Martin,
which is an American company, Airbus Group and Boeing.

1
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=aviation

4
1.2. A brief history of aviation

It is well known that aviation began to develop for the first time in the 18th century when
aircraft have started to appear, but the idea of aviation have been around for more than 2000
years. Proof of this are the numerous aircraft models that didn't fly made by Leonardo da Vinci.
Leonardo da Vinci introduced lighter-than-air flight. His aircraft models were ornithopters,
flying machines with flapping wings.

The lighter-than-air aircraft were created since the 18th century and the first human flight with
a hot air ballon took place in 1783. It was invented by the two Montgolfier brothers. Later
airships were invented, also called dirigibles or zeppelins. Airships didn't use heat like hot air
ballons,but hydrogen or helium, so they were much easier to maneuver.At that time, these
airships were the only ones that could carry a larger number of passengers over a longer distance.

There are some types of airships. Rigid airships have a metal or wood framework while non-
rigid airships have not, they have only envelopes which were filled with gas. Count Zeppelin is
the one who first flew with a rigid airship, that's why airships are often called Zeppelins, his
company manufactured almost all the rigid airships in that time.

5
This age of lighter-than-air aircraft, of airships started to disapper because of the numerous
accidents caused by them. A remarkable accident that ended this age was in 1937 when te
German zeppelin called Hindenburg burst into flames and killed a lot of passengers . Another
cause was the development of better aircraft designs, the heavier-than-air aircraft.

The one who founded and set up the main concepts of the modern aircraft was Sir George
Cayley which was an English aviator and engineer.Today's modern airplane is based on its
principles and concepts, that's why he is called "the father of aviation" .His discoveries made
others believe more in this industry.He discovered for the first time the forces (drag, lift, thrust
and weight) with which an heavier-than-air aircraft operates and its principle of flight.
Following Sir George Cayley's concepts, several French inventators and engineers tried to carry
out a powered flight with a fixed-wing aircraft.One of them was Clément Ader which made the
first powered flight with a heavier-than-air airplane in 1890, but the distance covered only 50
meters .It was insignificant, but it was a big step toward the development of this industry.
An aviation boom appeared after the Wright brothers first flight which took place on December
17, 1903. The the first successful heavier than air aircraft was made by them and it was called
the Wright flyer.

6
 Orville and Wilbur Wright also based on Sir George Cayley's principles and in their flight,
they combined control and power. It was a revolutionary thing.Since then, aviation has started to
develop a lot and these heavier-than-air aircraft were also used during World War I as
reconnaissance airplanes or fighters. Later on, these aircraft also began to be used for civilian
purposes to transport people or cargo.The Wright brothers also experienced this. Their first
passenger was Charles Furnas in 1908.
The first civilian aircraft was Douglas DC-3. It was used to transport only passanger and
represented the beginning of the airline industry. It also was used during World War II for
military purposes.

After World Was II, the airline industry started to develop, more aircraft were manufactured,
more people were trained to become pilots and more cities started to make their own airports.
The first civil jet was Boeing 707 which flew the first time in 1957. It was made by the Boeing
Company , company which operates even today and is one of the largest aircraft manufacturers.
During the 1970s aircraft began to develop a lot due to the digital age. Everything became much
easier thanks to the computer and the software. Aviation has been and will always be in a
constant evolution.

The history of Romanian aviation is represented by Aurel Vlaicu, Traian Vuia și Henri Coandă
and their achievements. Traian Vuia carried out the first self-propelled flight in 1906 with an
aircraft. Aurel Vlaicu made a plane that had several models( Vlaicu I, Vlaicu II) and won five
memorable prizes in 1912 at an air rally in Aspern, Austria.
Henri Coanda, another important person of Romanian aviation. He discovered the Coanda
effect, but also built many other devices and instruments which are now used in aviation.

7
 1.3. Some of the important figures in the history of aviation

Montgolfier brothers
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and his brother,
Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier were inventors of the 18th
century.They were paper manufacturers and they are
known as the inventors of the hot air balloon. The self-
acting hydraulic ram was also invented in 1796 by one of
the brothers, Joseph Michel, and Jacques Étienne is the
one who invented the transparent paper. The first flight
with their invention, hot air balloon took place in
1783.It represented the first form of flight.
At the beginning, the hot air ballon was flown with
animals, but after that ,when it was obvious that it was
safe since the animals survived, it was flown with
people.They had a very important role in the
development of aviation.

Alberto Santos-Dumont was one of important

aviators of 19th and 20th centuries . He was born
in Brazil and there he is known as ''Father of
Aviation'' because of his contributions to aviation.
He built and tested the first airship. He showed
that controlled flight is possible. He participated in
various competitions and won many awards.
He made the first flight of an airplane in 1906
and it was the first flight without the use of exteral
assistace or catapults.

8
 Sir George Cayley

He was an engineer and an aviator in the 18th century .

He is considered the ‘’Father of Aviation’’ because
today's modern airplane is based on its principles and
concepts. He made the first glider that could carry a
human being and designed the first fixed-wing aeroplane.

The Wright brothers

2
They are two of the most important pioneers of
aviation. They invented the heavier-than-air aircraft. The
first flight with their aircraft took place in 1903. Since
then, this concept of aviation has developed a lot. They are
the ones who created the aviation and made people believe
in it.. After this invention, more and more aircraft were
created in different countries and were used for military
and civilian purposes.

https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Alberto_Santos-Dumont.htm
https://alchetron.com/Montgolfier-brothers (accesed on 03.06.2020)

9
 Chapter II. Terminology

2.1 Definitions and main concepts of terminology and term

Terminology is the science or discipline that is responsible for the study of terms from different
point of views : the meaning, the formation and the evolution .It also represents all the terms
used in a particular field. Each field has its own terminology, but not every word is part of a
terminology, but only of the common language.

Terminology has a very important role because it facilitates communication and the transfer of
knowledge between people who have the same level of knowledge. It represent the basis for
professional training and research.Terminology is essential in the understanding of specialized
texts and terms and to be able to talk to certain people. Professionals and specialists need these
specialized terms to express their knowledge and to make themselves understood.

Terminology is a branch of linguistics. Terminologists apply in their work knowledge of

linguistics in general, semantics and etimology in particular, in addition to the knowledge in the
field whose terminology they study. For specialists, terminology is a true scientific discipline and
is developing in parallel with the man and the society
It is very important to have knowledge from different fields and terminology is here to help
you.Not only specialists need terminology, but also translators or interpreters, teachers and
people who work in a certain specialized field.

The term is, by definition, the object of study of terminology, being for terminology what the
word is for lexicology. A term may consist of a combination of letters and numbers,
abbreviations, codes, symbols or formulas (mathematical, physical, chemical formulas) and
various terms are similar in many languages.The reason for this is the fact that many words are
of latin ,greek or other shared origin.

10
 2.2. Difference between a word and a term
In linguistics, a word is an element of language or a fundamental unit of communication. It
may consist of one or more morphemes which are the smallest unit of speech. Words are also
combined in phrases, sentences or idioms.
Unlike terms, the meaning of words can be understood by everyone and don't cover a particular
field. A term is made up of a word or several words and always represents a concept that
belongs to a specialized field. It consists of a word, but not all words are terms.
A term is just a point of reference and is always related to his field, unlike a word which has an
universal meaning and can be used by anyone.

2.3. Criteria of term selection

I chose these terms according to their importance in this field. I looked for specialized terms in
this field that are not known to everyone, but I also chose general terms and I explained them in
more detail. From general terms such as ''helicopter''or ''airport'' to the basic components and the
flight instruments of an aircraft.

2.4. Terminology/Lexicology/ Terminography / Lexicography

It is very easy to understand what terminology and lexicology mean. Lexicology represents
the study of words while terminology represents the study of specialized terms. Also, lexicology
studies the history and the etymology of a word, but also the functional, morphological,
semantic and phonetic aspects of it. Both are different, but they complement each other. As I
said above, terms are made up of words, so you need words to form terms.
Lexicology includes a general language, which is understood by everyone while terminology
includes a specialized language, understood only by a certain category of people.
Lexicography deals with the writing of dictionaries . It involves the recording of the words and
expressions of a language and the definition and illustration of them, through examples and
expressions, taking into account the multitude of their meanings, in order to compile dictionaries.
Terminography deals with the collection of terms from a certain field . It involves the
compilation of glossaries, specialized dictionaries or termbases.

11
2.5. The difference between a dictionary and a glossary
3

A dictionary is a reference work containing the words of a language, usually arranged in

alphabetical order and explained in the same language or translated into a foreign language. It
may include information on their pronunciations, antonyms, synonyms, etymologies definitions
or their translation. Also, a dictionary can be monolingual( for native speakers or for learners),
bilingual and multilingual.
Unlike the dictionary, the glossary is a list of words in a particular field . It provides
explanations of some unfamiliar or specialized terms which are arranged alphabetically. Most
of the time, the glossary appears at the end of a book and can also be monolingual or bilingual.
A bilingual glossary is a list of specialized terms in two different languages.

2.6. The glossary of terms

This terminological glossary contains terms in the area of aviation. This is a bilingual glossary,
both in English and Romanian, and it can be used by anyone who is interested in this field or
who wants to enrich their knowledge. It contains a list of 75 terms on aviation, each English term
with its Romanian equivalent, with definitions, explanations and contexts.
These terms are arranged in alphabetical order and are analyzed from a lexical point of view
and each term has a semantic field especially for synonyms, as well as for hyponymys and
hypernymys. The terms have been collected from specialized books of Aviation
Also, each term has a description made according to the semantic fields, that are the same in
Romanian and English.

3
https://www.askdifference.com/dictionary-vs-glossary/

12
The semantic fields for the English and Romanian glossary terms are:

1. I.D. language: it can be English or Romanian;

2. I.D. country: it presents the country where the term is used. (U.K., U.S.);

3. Definition: a definition is a description of the meaning of the lexical unit, in this case the term;

4. The source of definition: field which presents the document from which the definition was
extracted (it can be a dictionary, a glossary, websites or different other specific documents);
5. Nota bene: field which represents information about etymology, the origin of the term;
6. Nota bene Source: it presents the document or website from which Nota bene was extracted;

7. Grammatical category: field presents the grammatical analysis of the noun/ noun phrase /
verb/ adjective;

8. Generic concept: presents the super ordinate concept in a generic relationship;

9. Hypernym: is a linguistic term for a word whose meaning includes the meanings of other
words;

10. Hyponym: a term whose meaning denotes a subordinate or subclass for term. ;

11. Synonym: synonyms are different terms with similar or identical meaning.;

12. Context (1, 2): the contexts must be extracted from genuine documents and they do not have
to be translated;
13. Source of context (1, 2): it presents the document or website from which the contexts were
extracted;
14. Collocations: the phrases in which the term makes use of its semantic features. The
collocations are expressions;

15. Use area field: it represents the domain in which the term is used;

16. Comments: is the field in which other important information about the term is added;

17. Status: a term may be official, accepted, rejected or obsolete.

13
2.7.1. The concept map

A concept map represents the relationships between concepts / ideas and helps to organize
and structure information.It is a graphical tool or diagram that usually ilustrate ideas and
information as boxes or circle which are organized hierarchically and connected with lines or
arrows.
A important detail of the concept map is its hierarchical structure. In this hierarchical 4structure
the most general and inclusive concepts are positioned at the top of the concept map with the
specific concepts arranged hierarchically below. The concept map is usually read from the top
to bottom
A concept map is very important because it is very useful for students and teachers or for
different people.With this conceptual map, information can be transmitted and retained much
more easily by other people
2.7.2. How I created my concept map

First, I put at the top of the concept map, on the first position the subject of this paper :
‘‘Aviation’’. After that, I divided the general topic into two sub-topics’’Aicraft’’ and ‘’Air
Service’’.At the end, I wrote some concepts which are related to each field. I made the
connection between each concept through a hierarchical structure

4
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/concept-map#section_2
https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/ultimate-concept-map-tutorial/ (accesed on 02.06.2020)

14
 AVIATION AIR SERVICE

Airline

AIRCRAFT
Airport

Air taxi

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR HEAVIER-THAN-AIR
Flight Passanger

Airship Autogyro Aircrew

Ballon Fighter Pilot

Co-pilot
Zeppelin Helicopter
Flight attendant

Drone

Airplane Parts of an airplane

Wing

Aerofoil

Aileron

Empennage

15
Chapter III. THE ENGLISH-ROMANIAN GLOSSARY ON AVIATION

16
Term accelerometer
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a mechanical or electromechanical instrument for measuring
acceleration, as of an aircraft
Source of definition https://www.yourdictionary.com/accelerometer [accessed on: 04.05.2020,
21:06]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – accelerometers
Nota Bene accelerate -o- -meter; accelerate: from Latin accelerates,
meter: Old English meter ,from Latin mētrum, from Greek
metro
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accelerometer
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=accelerate
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=meter [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 10:35]

Generic concept flight instrument

Hypernyms instrument, device
Synonyms acceleration sensor
Acronyms ACCLRM ( accelerometer)
Context 1 “Honeywell is the recognized industry leader in
accelerometers for aerospace inertial navigation, guidance
and control, industrial measurement, and for measurement-
while-drilling in the energy services business.“
Source of context 1 https://aerospace.honeywell.com/en/learn/products/sensors/accelerometers
-high-performance-accelerometers [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 10:43]
Context 2 “Both gyroscopes and accelerometers use an inertial
reference frame, which is a means of providing a fixed point
from which measurements can be made. An accelerometer in
free fall has no detectable input therefore no measurement can
be made. The input axis of an inertial sensing device defines
what it can measure and inertial navigation uses gyros and
accelerometers to maintain an estimate of position“

17
Source of context 2 https://www.aviationpros.com/home/article/10387465/inertial-navigation-
systems-gyroscopes-and-accelerometers [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 11:25]
An inertial navigation system is a navigation aid that uses a
computer and motion sensors (accelerometers) to
Comment continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position,
orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement)
of a moving object without the need for external references.
Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or
closely related devices include inertial guidance system,
inertial reference platform, and many other variations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer#Navigation [accessed on:
24.04.2020, 11:28]
Use area field aviation
Status official

18
Ro correspondent accelerometru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aparat cu care se măsoară accelerațiile, îndeosebi la
vehiculele aeriene
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/accelerometru [accessed on: 24.04.2020,
11:34]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.aceelerometre, gen-dat.
sg. accelerometrului, gen-dat.pl. accelerometrelor
Nota Bene Din fr. accéléromètre.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/accelerometru [accessed on: 24.04.2020,
11:36]
Generic concept instrument de bord
Hypernyms instrument, dispozitiv
Synonyms senzor/indicator de accelerație
Context 1 ,,Microfoanele au fost amplasate în jurul unui pasager, iar
accelerometrele sensibile au fost plasate pe panoul cu
ferestre, cele din urmă având rolul de a măsura vibrațiile.
Difuzoarele au redat condițiile de zbor, iar inginerii au
monitorizat și captat datele de zgomot și vibrații.
Informațiile strânse în urma acestor teste îi vor ajuta pe
ingineri să proiecteze panourile cât mai bine, diminuând
zgomotul din zonele cu ferestre.
Boeing are în plan să livreze primul 777X în 2020, an în care
va fi operat și primul zbor comercial, asta dacă totul va
evolua conform planului!’’
Source of context 1 https://airlinestravel.ro/testarea-zgomotului-pentru-ferestrele-aeronavei-
boeing-777x.html [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 11:46]

19
Context 2 ,,Tot peste decenii, dezvoltări ale sistemelor giroscopice au
condus la apariţia sistemelor de navigaţie inerţiale (INS) şi a
sistemelor de ghidare inerţiale (IGS). Aceste sisteme măsoară
schimbă rile în locaţia şi altitudinea avionului care au avut
loc de când acesta a părăsit solul. Aceste noi dispozitive
includ în construcţie un accelerometru, pentru a determina
schimbările de viteză şi altitudine. Determinând poziţia
precisă a punctului de plecare (latitudinea şi longitudinea)
înainte de zbor, urmărind după decolare fiecare schimbare de
locaţie, sistemul inerţial îi poate indica pilotului pe unde a
zburat.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.roaf.ro/ro/cer_senin/arhiva/2007/articles_5_2007.php?art=31
[accessed on: 24.04.2020, 11:58]
Comment Accelerometrul este un senzor care măsoară accelerația,
pe baza inerției corpurilor.În incinta navelor spațiale există
trei astfel de aparate, care măsoară accelerațiile după trei
direcții rectangulare. La baza funcționării sistemului
de navigație spațială stau accelerometre foarte precise, de
mare sensibilitate, care sunt gradate în multiplii
ai accelerației gravitaționale terestre.

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometru [accessed on: 24.04.2020,

11:55]

Use area field aviație

Status oficial

20
Term aerobatics
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition skilful changes of position of an aircraft, such as flying
upside down or in a circle
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aerobatics [accessed
on: 04.05.2020, 17:32]
Grammatical information noun, uncountable, plural – aerobatics

Nota Bene from aero- + ending from acrobatics.; aero-: from Greek
aer ( genitive aeros) ; acrobatics: from French acrobatie
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/aerobatics#etymonline_v_40817
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://www.etymonline.com/word/acrobatics [accessed on:
02.04.2020, 15:40]
Generic concept air stuns
Hypernyms flight/ flying
Hyponyms spin, tailspin
Synonyms acrobatics, stunting
Collocations artistic aerobatics
Context 1 “Armed forces usually have teams of aircrafts that are
specifically used to perform formation aerobatics in order
to show the pride of a state. Similar teams can be
commercially funded. When such performances are done at
low ground levels for spectators, it is is called "stunt
flying". Smoke is used to allow the crowd to watch the path
of the aircraft.In the European Union, a specific training and
license is required to perform aerobatics. Competitions
have different levels with Unlimited being the top
competition level.’’

21
Source of context 1 https://pelotedeporcelaine.com/blogs/infos/from-the-first-flight-in-
1783-to-the-aerobatics-in-the-21st-century [accessed on: 02.04.2020,
16:51]

Context 2 “Artistic aerobatics is an increasingly popular form of

aeromodeling expression that awes audiences with its
mixture of showstopping aerial maneuvers and dramatic
musical accompaniment. To keep up with the intricate
maneuvering involved in artistic aerobatics, a special
airplane is needed.
Enter Hangar 9's new ShowTime 4D 90 ARF, a unique
Mike McConville design equipped with innovative new
SFG Technology—removable Side Force Generators that
provide extra rudder authority and control to help perform a
virtually limitless display of extreme 3D and precision
aerobatics.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.spektrumrc.com/Products/Default.aspx?ProdId=HAN2800
[accessed on: 02.04.2020, 16:47]
Comment Aerobatics are performed in airplanes and gliders for
training, recreation, entertainment, and sport.Most aerobatic
maneuvers involve rotation of the aircraft about its
longitudinal (roll) axis or lateral (pitch) axis. Other
maneuvers, such as a spin, displace the aircraft about its
vertical (yaw) axis.Maneuvers are often combined to form a
complete aerobatic sequence for entertainment or
competition.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics [accessed on: 02.04.2020,
17:08]
Use area field aviation
Status official

22
Ro correspondent acrobație aeriană
ID language română
ID country România
Definition manevre introduse în programul de pregătire a aviației
sportive și militare
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/acrobatie%20aeriana [accessed
on:02.04.2020, 17:31]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
acrobație: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.acrobații gen-
dat. sg. acrobației, gen-dat.pl.acrobațiilor
aeriană: adjectiv, gen.feminin, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
aerian, aeriană, aerieni, aeriene
Nota Bene acrobație : Din fr acrobatie
aeriană: Din fr. aérien.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/acroba%C8%9Bie
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian [accessed on: 02.04.2020, 17:43]
Generic concept acrobație în zbor
Hypernyms zbor
Hyponyms spin, lupingul
Synonyms cascadorie aerienă

Context 1 ,, Mondialul de acrobatie aeriana la clasa unlimited este cel

mai complex si dur concurs oficial, pilotii nostri fiind inca la
inceput de drum la aceasta categorie care, pana de curand,
ne-a fost inaccesibila din mai multe motive.
Ca idee, din echipa campioana mondiala, cea a Frantei, doi
dintre cei trei piloti sunt capitanul Alexandre Orlowski si
locotenentul Florent Oddon, membri si in echipa de acrobatie
aeriana a Fortelor Aeriene Franceze.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/aviatie-sportiva/echipa-romaniei-locul-
5-la-campionatul-mondial-de-acrobatie-aeriana/[accessed on: 02.04.2020,
18:25]

23
Context 2 ,,Turkish Stars sunt unica formatie de acrobatie aeriana din
lume care face acrobatie aeriana cu opt avioane de lupta
supersonice.
In premiera pentru Romania, la BIAS 2018 vor participa
White Red Sparks, formatia de acrobatie a Fortelor Aeriene
ale Poloniei, care evolueaza cu sase aeronave PZL TS-11
Iskra.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.orange.ro/info/gadgets/article/2748142 [accessed on:
02.04.2020, 18:27]
Comment Acrobația Aeriană cu avionul (Powered Aerobatics) este un
test extrem de exigent al abilității unui pilot de a zbura foarte
precis și la limite fizice extreme cu un avion de înaltă
performanță, efectuând o secvență de figuri acrobatice
solicitante și emoționante. Pentru a evita puncte de
penalizare, întreaga secvență trebuie să fie efectuată într-un
spațiu aerian de 1 km X 1 km X 1 km ”box (careu)” marcat
pe sol cu două axe perpendiculare și, desigur, întotdeauna
peste altitudinea minimă de siguranță.
https://aeroclubulromaniei.ro/page/spa-acrobatie [accessed on:
02.04.2020, 18:29]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

24
Term aerofoil
ID language English
ID country UK
Definition any surface, as a wing, aileron, or stabilizer, designed to aid in lifting
or controlling an aircraft by making use of the air currents through
which it moves
Source of definition https://www.dictionary.com/browse/airfoil [accessed on: 04.05.2020, 17:36]

Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – aerofoils

Nota Bene from aero- + foil (n.); aero- : from Greek aer ( genitive aeros); foil:
from Old French foil, fueill, fueille from Latin folia
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/aerofoil?ref=etymonline_crossreference
https://www.etymonline.com/word/foil?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_11731
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-?ref=etymonline_crossreference
[accessed on: 13.03.2020, 19:05]
Generic concept device
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms aileron
Synonyms airfoil; control surface
Context 1 “In the optimization process, in which the class and shape function
transformation parametrization method was used to perturb the
aerofoil geometry, the thickness and camber of the aerofoil were
selected as the constraints and the value of the maximum tangential
force coefficient was chosen as the objective function. The
aerodynamic performance of the aerofoil was calculated by combining
the XFOIL program and Viterna–Corrigan post-stall model, while the
aerofoil's performance was validated with computational fluid
dynamic simulations. ’’
Source of context 1 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180540 [accessed on:
13.03.2020,19:41]

25
Context 2 “ The surface model accounts for spanwise twist, spanwise bending,
and varying chord distribution, as well as for the shape of the aerofoil.
The aerodynamics of the two-dimensional aerofoil sections were
analysed using XFOIL and were compared against two technical
aerofoils, namely the Selig S1223 and Clark Y aerofoils, at
1×105≤Re≤2×105. The bird aerofoil maintains a robust, near-constant
drag coefficient over a wide lift coefficient range.’’
Source of context 2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/09544100JAERO737 [accessed on:
13.03.2020, 19:44]
Comment An airfoil-shaped body moving through a fluid produces
an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to
the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the
direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a
characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a
sharp trailing edge, often with a symmetric curvature of upper and
lower surfaces. Foils of similar function designed with water as the
working fluid are called hydrofoils.

The lift on an airfoil is primarily the result of its angle of attack.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 19:47]

Use area field aviation

Status official

26
Ro correspondent profil aerodinamic
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Un profil aerodinamic este conturul secțiunii făcute prin aripa
unui avion sau pala unei elice, într-un plan perpendicular pe
suprafața aripii și paralel cu axa avionului, respectiv într-un plan
tangent la un cilindru care ar intersecta elicea și ar avea axa în axa
acesteia
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profil_aerodinamic [accessed on: 13.03.2020,
20:30]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
profil : substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.profiluri, gen-dat. sg.
profilului , gen-dat.pl.profilurilor
aerodinamic : adjectiv, gen. neutru, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare
: aerodinamic, aerodinamică, aerodinamici, aerodinamice
Nota Bene profil: fr. profil.
aerodinamic: fr. aérodynamique
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodinamic
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/profil [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 20:45]
Generic concept dispozitiv
Hypernyms componentele aeronavei

Hyponyms eleron
Context 1 ,,Primul profil aerodinamic patentat a fost realizat de către omul
de ştiinţă englez Horatio Philips în anul 1884, care a efectuat
primele încercări în tunelul aerodinamic. În anul 1902 fraţii
Wright au construit un tunel aerodinamic în care au efectuat
încercări pe diferite profile de aripă, încercări care au condus la
efectuarea primului zbor al unui om, în ziua de 3 decembrie
1903.’’

Source of context 1 http://www.infoaviatie.ro/profil-aerodinamic/7 [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 20:56]

27
 ,,Un profil aerodinamic se obține prin efectuarea unei secțiuni
Context 2 drepte transversale printr-o aripă de avion, o pală a elicei de
elicopter sau a uneia de navă, a unei turbine eoliene sau a rotorului
unei mașini hidraulice.etc. Forma profilului aerodinamic este
alungită pe direcţia de curgere a fluidului. Un profil aerodinamic
este conceput astfel încât să se asigure un raport optim între
portanţa şi rezistenţa generate de interacţiunea acestuia cu un
fluid.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.termo.utcluj.ro/mf/luc12.pdf [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 20:58]

Comment Un profil aerodinamic este o suprafață proiectată cu scopul de a

ajuta ridicarea, controlul și propulsia unui avion sau unui
rotor folosind curentul de aer, iar în cazul hidrodinamicii
a fluxului de fluid. Căteva din cele mai cunoscute profile
aerodinamice sunt: aripa, stabilizatorul orizontal, stabilizatorul
vertical, palele, elicele, eleroanele, profundoarele,
microvortexurile și elementele de direcționare, ele fac parte din
diferite profile aerodinamice.Corpul cu forma secțiunii de aripă,
mișcânduse printrun flux de gaz sau fluid, crează o forță de
ridicare, perpendicular pe direcția fluxului.
https://greenspacetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/04/26/profil-aerodinamic-
caracteristici-geometrice/ [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 21:03]

Use area field aviație

Status oficial

28
Term aerodyne
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a non-buoyant aircraft that requires a source of power to hold
it aloft and to propel it
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/heavier-than-air_craft.htm
[accessed on: 27.03.2020, 14:48]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural –aerodynes
Nota Bene aero- + -dyne; aero- : from Greek aer (genitive aeros);
-dyne :Greek dynamis
Nota Bene Source https://www.yourdictionary.com/aerodyne
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://www.etymonline.com/word/dyne#etymonline_v_16030 [accessed on:
27.03.2020, 14:46]
Generic concept aircraft
Hypernyms flying vehicle
Hyponyms airplane, drone, glider
Synonyms heavier-than-air craft
Context 1 “A pure rocket is not usually regarded as an aerodyne,
because it does not depend on the air for its lift (and can even
fly into space); however, many aerodynamic lift vehicles
have been powered or assisted by rocket motors. Rocket-
powered missiles that obtain aerodynamic lift at very high
speed due to airflow over their bodies are a marginal case.’’
Source of context 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 15:08]

“The Harrier (AV-8B, etc.) and the OV-22 Osprey are

aerodynes. However, the Harrier is not acting as an aerodyne
Context 2 when it is in very low-speed or vertical flight (hover). It’s
more like a jet-pack, staying aloft by using pure thrust. A jet
pack would not be an aerodyne, because it does not use
aerodynamic forces to generate lift. Most rockets (space

29
 vehicles) are not considered aerodynes because they don’t
use aerodynamic forces for lift, only for steering — but some
are. A rocket-powered fixed-wing aircraft like the Bell X-1 is
still an airplane and therefore is also an aerodyne.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-aircraft-and-
aerodyne [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 15:03 ]

Comment Heavier-than-air aircraft, such as airplanes, must find some

way to push air or gas downwards, so that a reaction occurs
(by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards.
This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the
term aerodyne. There are two ways to produce dynamic
upthrust — aerodynamic lift, and powered lift in the form of
engine thrust.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 15:10]
Use area field aviation
Status official

30
Ro correspondent aerodină
ID language română
ID country România
Definition vehicul aerian, mai greu decât aerul, care se menține în aer
datorită mișcării lui de înaintare
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodin%C4%83 [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
15:31]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.aerodine, gen-dat. sg.
aerodinei, gen-dat.pl. aerodinelor
Nota Bene Din fr. aérodyne.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodin%C4%83 [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
15:33]
Generic concept aeronavă
Hypernyms vehicul aerian
Hyponyms avion, dronă
Synonyms vehicul aerian mai greu decât aerul

Context 1 ,,Aparatul descris in dosarele „Coanda“ are propulsie

neconventionala, are o forma de lentila si dispune in jurul
coroanei de mai multe fante prin care ies jeturi ce formeaza un
strat de gaze care imprima miscare ansamblului. Directia
gazului determina miscari ascensionale sau de translatie.
Conform descrierii, aerodina are un sistem de vaporizare a
hidrocarburilor aduse sub presiune.’’
Source of context 1 https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodin%C4%83 [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
15:48]
Context 2 ,, În 1932, primul prototip de aerodină lenticulară a zburat
experimental la Paris. Aparatul, cuplat la reţeaua de gaze, s-a
ridicat până în tavanul încăperii şi a stat acolo până s-a întrerupt
alimentarea.
Din 1932 şi până în 1956 au mai avut loc experimente, însă din
cauza dezinteresului finanţatorilor acestea nu au putut evolua pe

31
 măsura aşteptărilor. În 1956, Henri Coandă a prezentat public
două brevete de aerodine lenticulare fără piese mecanice în
mişcare, propulsate pe verticală de puterea aburului şi având la
bază ejectoare ce funcţionau tot pe principiul reacţiei.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.go4it.ro/curiozitati/dosare-3998600/proiectele-necunoscute-ale-lui-
henri-coanda-7057481/ozn-ul-lui-coanda-fascinanta-creatie-care-a-inlemnit-america-
7099030/ [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 15:52]
Comment Aerodinele desemnează toate mașinile aeriene capabile de
zbor, dar care nu sunt aerostate (care nu se bazează pe
principiul plutirii corpurilor)
Aerodinele se împart în trei categorii: ornitoptere (au aripi
batante);elicoptere (au aripă rotativă) si care se clasifica în
girodine (au aripă rotativă acționată de motor și elice de
propulsie),autogire (au aripă rotativă cu rotație liberă și elice de
propulsie); aeroplane (au aripă fixă), categorie subîmpărțită în:
avioane (au aripă fixă și motor) (Monoplan, Biplan), planoare
(au aripă fixă, dar nu au motor)
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodin%C4%83 [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
15:57]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

32
Term aeromedicine
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight
(especially with space flight)
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/aeromedicine.htm [accessed
on: 12.04.2020, 17:49]
Grammatical information noun, uncountable, plural – aeromedicine
Nota Bene from aero+ medicine; aero-: from Greek aer ( genitive
aeros) ; medicine: from Old French medecin, Latin
medicina
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=medicine
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeromedicine [accessed on: 12.04.2020,
17:51]
Generic concept biomedicine
Hypernyms medicine
Synonyms aerospace medicine, aviation medicine, flight medicine
Acronyms AM( aerospace medicine)
Context 1 “Tiltrotor technology is predominantly used by the US
military however soon there will be a civilian option. I
began taking an interest in how tiltrotors might apply to
aeromedical retrievals in Australia with our vast
landscapes and low density populations in remote areas.”
Dr Adams said despite aeromedicine providers’ attempt
to provide timely care, the motto “every minute counts”
faced great irony in rural and remote areas. “
Source of context 1 https://www.queenslandcountrylife.com.au/story/3964205/flight-
course-set-for-rural-health/ [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:59]

33
Context 2 “To highlight the specific factors at play in aeromedicine,
it’s instructive to think about how we feel on a regular
commercial flight as healthy passengers. It’s normal on
any flight that is more than three hours for healthy
passengers to get dehydrated, experience swelling of the
feet, feel drowsy, to swallow often and also to frequent
the bathroom more often. These conditions can have a
more serious impact on a sick patient with critical medical
complications.’’
Source of context 2 https://medilinkint.com/news-items/medlink-air-ambulance-service-
in-focus/ [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 18:03]
Comment The specialty strives to treat or prevent conditions to
which aircrews are particularly susceptible, applies
medical knowledge to the human factors in aviation and is
thus a critical component of aviation safety. A military
practitioner of aviation medicine may be called a flight
surgeon and a civilian practitioner is an aviation medical
examiner. One of the biggest differences between the
military and civilian flight doctors is the military flight
surgeon's requirement to log flight hours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_medicine
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 18:05]

Use area field aviation

Status official

34
Ro correspondent medicină aeronautică
ID language română
ID country România
Definition ramură a medicinii care se ocupă cu studiul influenței
zborului asupra organismului; medicină aeronautică
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeromedicin%C4%83 [accessed on:
12.04.2020, 18:23]
Grammatical information Grup nominal:
medicină: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.medicini, gen-
dat.sg. medicinei, gen-dat.pl. medicinilor
aeronautică: adjectiv, gen.feminin, varabil cu 4 forme
flexionare: aeronautic, aeronautică, aeronautici, aeronautice
Nota Bene medicină: din lat. medicina, germ. Medizin, rus. medițina.
aeronautică: din fr. aéronautique.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/medicin%C4%83
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronautica [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 18:25]
Generic concept biomedicină
Hypernyms medicină
Synonyms aeromedicină, medicină aerospatială
Context 1 ,, Au fost invitați, în calitate de lectori, un cadru universitar
al UMFST Tg. Mureș, un medic militar cu competențe în
medicina aeronautică, un pilot de aeronavă supersonică şi
un reprezentant al Institutului de Științe Spațiale. Aceştia vor
prezenta o temă, la alegere, din domeniul aerospațial,
abordând anumite aspecte medicale şi de zbor
(particularitățile activitatății unui medic cu competențe în
medicina aeronautică și spațială, patologia specifică
personalului navigant, efectele suprasarcinii asupra
organismului uman, experiența personală în ceea ce priveşte
activitatea de pilot activ în Forțele Aeriene Române, etc). ’’

35
Source of context 1 https://www.spacetalks.net/event/medicina-aeronautica-si-spatiala/
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 18:33]
Context 2 ,,Piloții și personalul de zbor sunt un segment special, cu
riscuri speciale, pentru care Clinicile Medici's are competența
și autoritatea să îl supravegheze prin servicii medicale
specifice, fiind singurul centru autorizat de medicină
aeronautică din afara capitalei. Avizul AME de medicină
aeronautică implică multiple consulturi de specialitate,
investigații paraclinice și de laborator, toate sub
supravegherea directă a medicului AME certifica ’’

Source of context 2 https://medicis.ro/medicina-aeronautica/ [accessed on: 12.04.2020,

18:35]
Comment Ramură a medicinei care se ocupă cu studiul fiziologiei şi a
fiziopatologiei zborului, a influenţelor factorilor şi a
condiţiilor de zbor asupra
https://nccmn.fandom.com/ro/wiki/Glosar_de_avia%C8%9Bie
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 18:41]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

36
Term aerostat
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition An aerostat is a lighter than air aircraft that gains its lift
through the use of a buoyant gas
Source of definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 13:40]

Grammatical information noun, countable, plural –aerostats

Nota Bene from French aérostat, from AERO- + Greek -statos standing
Nota Bene Source https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aerostat [accessed
on: 27.03.2020, 13:51]
Generic concept aircraft
Hypernyms flying vehicle
Hyponyms airship
Synonyms lighter-than-air craft
Context 1 “An aerostat is a helium-filled balloon tethered with a fibre-
optic cable and equipped with radar and imaging technology.
It floats high above the ground (some can go up to 20,000
feet), watching silently and communicating actionable intel
with forces on the ground. Optical and thermal imaging
sensors offer an expansive 360° view of the surrounding area.
These low-maintenance aircraft can operate 24/7 for weeks
or even months at a time, offering an incredible line-of-sight.
No plane or drone can do that. That’s why aerostats are also
referred to as “persistent surveillance.” They see all, all the
time.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.wescam.com/blog/silent-sentinels-aerostat/ [accessed on:
27.03.2020, 13:55]
Context 2 “One of the two tethered aerostats that make up the Joint
Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor
System (JLENS), broke loose from its moorings today and
drifted across the skies of Maryland and Pennsylvania,

37
 before coming down to earth 160 miles away. Two Air
National Guard F-16 fighters were scrambled to monitor its
movements, while its trailing tether took out power lines in
Pennsylvania, causing blackouts across the state.’’
Source of context 2 https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/10/breaking-jlens-
aerostat-breaks-loose-over-pennsylvania/ [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 13:58]
Comment Aerostats include unpowered balloons and powered airships.
A balloon may be free-flying or tethered. The average
density of the craft is lower than the density of atmospheric
air, because its main component is one or more gasbags, a
lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide buoyancy,
to which other components such as a gondola containing
equipment or people are attached. Especially with airships,
the gasbags are often protected by an outer envelope.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 14:00]
Use area field aviation
Status official

38
Ro correspondent aerostat
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aeronavă umplută cu un gaz mai ușor decât aerul
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerostat [accessed on: 04.05.2020, 21:26]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.aerostate gen-dat. sg.

aerostatului, gen-dat.pl. aerostatelor
Nota Bene Din fr. aérostat.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerostat [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 14:08]

Generic concept aeronavă

Hypernyms vehicul aerian
Hyponyms dirijabil

Synonyms aeronavă umplută cu un gaz mai ușor decât aerul

Context 1 ,,Aerostatul hibrid va avea două motoare diesel în partea din
spate, în timp ce propulsoarele din partea din faţă sunt
electrice, lucru ce asigură o experienţă de zbor mai eficientă.
În cazul utilizării doar a motoarelor electrice, aerostatul are
o viteză de croazieră de 50 de noduri (aproximativ 90 km/h)
şi o rază de acţiune maximă de 350 de kilometri. Aeronava
mai este numită şi „Fundul Zburător”.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.mediafax.ro/economic/fundul-zburator-este-aproape-de-
lansare-a-fost-anuntata-versiunea-de-productie-a-aerostatului-airlander-
10-18804891 [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 14:13]
Context 2 ,,Aerostatele sunt denumite astfel, deoarece folosesc o
ascendență aerostatică, o forță flotantă care nu necesită
mișcare prin masa aerului înconjurător. Acest lucru
contrastează cu navele aerodinamice grele care utilizează în
primul rând o ascendență aerodinamică necesitând deplasarea
unei suprafețe a aripii prin masa aerului înconjurător.
Termenul a fost, de asemenea, folosit într-un sens mai

39
 restrâns, pentru a se referi la balonul legat static, spre
deosebire de aeronavele libere.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.setthings.com/ro/aerostate-baloane-si-dirijabile/ [accessed
on: 27.03.2020, 14:40]
Comment Aerostatele pot fi de mai multe tipuri: baloane (cu aer cald
;cu gaz mai ușor decât aerul) ;dirijabile. Balonul cu aer cald a
fost inventat de frații Montgolfier , Joseph și Étienne, în
1782, și a fost denumit de ei "mongolfière".Prima experiență
de ascensiune a unui aerostat fără pasageri a avut loc pe 4
iunie 1783 la Annonay (departamentul Ardèche).
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 14:30]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

40
Term aeronaut
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition someone who operates an aircraft
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/aeronaut.htm [accessed on:
29.03.2020, 15:42]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – aeronauts
Nota Bene from aero- -naut, from the French aéronaute; Italian
aeronauta.
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeronaut [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 15:54]

Generic concept skilled worker/ trained worker

Hypernyms worker/aircraft crew
Hyponyms airwoman, aviatress, pilot
Synonyms airman, aviator
Collocations experienced aeronaut
Context 1 “James Glaisher was an English meteorologist, aeronaut, and
astronomer most notable for breaking the world record for the
highest altitude reached by a human in 1862. He did this via hot
air balloon, usually with his co-pilot, Henry Tracey Coxwell.
Traveling to such heights enabled him to collect important
weather-related data by measuring the temperature and
humidity of the atmosphere at very high levels, which helped
pioneer the science of weather forecasting. Glaisher lived until
he was 93, and died in 1903.“
Source of context 1 https://decider.com/2019/12/20/the-aeronauts-true-story-amelia-wren-
james-glaisher/ [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:06]
Context 2 “An experienced aeronaut, Coxwell had lost control of his
craft and was unable to release the crucial valve that would
allow it to descend because it was caught around other ropes.He
was forced to climbed out of the basket and release the valve

41
 with his teeth.Historians have estimated the balloon reached
37,000 feet, around the cruising height of a jumbo jet, before it
started coming down.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/15/ballooning-hero-airbrushed-
history-reunite-eddie-redmayne-felicity/ [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:13]
Comment Aeronauts were the first voyagers and navigators of flight.
Ballooning made celebrities of aeronauts, whose adventures
filled newspapers, sold books, and inspired works of fiction.
Flight offered a sense of freedom and a radical new frontier for
exploration.
Flights of fancy did not stop with ballooning, as inventors,
engineers, and scientists devised navigable airships and early
planes. The search for new modes of flight continues to propel
science and the imagination today.
https://library.si.edu/exhibition/fantastic-worlds/age-of-the-aeronaut
[accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:17]
Use area field aviation
Status official

42
Ro correspondent aeronaut
ID language română
ID country România
Definition persoană care conduce un vehicul aerian
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronaut [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:19]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.masculin, pl.aeronauți gen-dat. sg.

aeronautului, gen-dat.pl. aeronauților
Nota Bene Din fr. aéronaute.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronaut [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:21]

Generic concept echipajul unei aeronave

Hypernyms aeronava
Hyponyms femeie aeronaut/aviator
Synonyms aviator
Context 1 ,,Cuparencu s-a salvat ținându-se puternic de galeria pe care
ședea, fundul acesteia servindu-i drept parașută. A aterizat
ușor pe nisipurile de lângă Powązki.Este considerat primul
om care a supraviețuit distrugerii în zbor a balonului cu aer
caldși primul pentru care parașuta s-a dovedit cu adevărat a fi
o centură de siguranță în aer. De asemenea, poate fi
considerat primul român aeronaut care a conceput, construit
și efectuat ascensiuni cu baloane cu aer cald.’’
Source of context 1 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordache_Cuparencu [accessed on:
29.03.2020, 16:30]
Context 2 ,,Spectatorii, entuziasmați peste măsură, așteptau ca balonul-
căci asta era pânza aceea mare – să fie umflat cu gaz aerian,
și să decoleze cu echipajul format din locotenentul Eugeniu
Asache (Assaky), primul aeronaut român cu diplomă,
locotenentul Paul D. Moruzzi, maiorul Demetriad și
principele Valentin G. Bibescu. Însă, din cauza diametrului
prea mic al țevii de alimentare, balonul era abia pe jumătate

43
 umflat pe la ora 4 după amiaza, așa că ascensiunea s-a
amânat pentru a doua zi.’’
Source of context 2 https://bercenidepoveste.ro/balonul-romania-a-decolat-din-curtea-uzinei-
de-gaz-filaret/ [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:33]
Comment În timp ce alți membri ai personalului navigant precum
navigatorii sau inginerii de zbor sunt, de asemenea,
considerați aviatori pentru că se implică în operarea
sistemelor de zbor ale aeronavelor, ei nu sunt piloți și nu
comandă o aeronavă. Alți membri ai personalului navigant,
cum ar fi însoțitorii de zbor, mecanicii și echipajul de la sol,
nu sunt considerați ca aviatori.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 16:37]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

44
Term aileron
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a movable airfoil at the trailing edge of an airplane wing that
is used for imparting a rolling motion especially in banking
for turns
Source of definition https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aileron [accessed on:
25.03.2020, 18:51]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural –ailerons
Nota Bene from French aileron; from Old French ele
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/aileron#etymonline_v_8073
[accessed on: 25.03.2020, 18:57]
Generic concept aerofoil
Hypernyms aerodynamic devices
Synonyms control surface
Acronyms AIL (aileron)
Context 1 “On the outer rear edge of each wing, the two ailerons move
in opposite directions, up and down, decreasing lift on one
wing while increasing it on the other. This causes the
airplane to roll to the left or right. To turn the airplane, the
pilot uses the ailerons to tilt the wings in the desired
direction. “
Source of context 1 https://howthingsfly.si.edu/flight-dynamics/roll-pitch-and-yaw
[accessed on: 25.03.2020, 19:25]

Context 2 “Aircraft flight control systems consist of primary and

secondary systems. The ailerons, elevator (or stabilator), and
rudder constitute the primary control system and are required
to control an aircraft safely during flight. Wing flaps, leading
edge devices, spoilers, and trim systems constitute the
secondary control system and improve the performance

45
 characteristics of the airplane or relieve the pilot of excessive
control forces.“
Source of context 2 https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/p
hak/media/08_phak_ch6.pdf [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 19:28]
Comment Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or
movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis), which
normally results in a change in flight path due to the tilting
of the lift vector. Movement around this axis is called
'rolling' or 'banking'.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 19:33]

Use area field aviation

Status official

46
Ro correspondent eleron
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Fiecare dintre aripioarele de comandă ale cârmei transversale
a unui avion, prin manevrarea căreia se realizează mișcările
în zbor ale avionului
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/eleron [accessed on: 04.05.2020, 21:40]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.elenoare, gen-dat.sg.

elenorului, gen-dat.pl. elenoarelor
Nota Bene Din fr. aileron.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/eleron [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 19:52]

Generic concept profil aerodinamic

Hypernyms dizpozitiv aerodinamic
Synonyms suprafață de comandă

Context 1 ,,Adus într-o cutie, fragmentul, cu o lungime de doi metri şi o

lăţime de un metru, urma să fie transportat rutier, sub escorta
jandarmilor, la Balma, în apropiere de Toulouse, unde va fi
analizat începând de miercuri. Potrivit unor experţi,
fragmentul corespunde unui eleron de Boeing 777, un flaps
de pe aripile avionului pe care piloţii îl acţionează la decolare
sau la aterizare.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.rfi.ro/social-80313-fragmentul-de-avion-boeing-descoperit-
insula-reunion-ajuns-franta [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 20:03]
Context 2 ,,Noua invenţie a aripilor de la NASA nu are suprafeţe
mobile separate cum ar fi eleroanele, pentru a controla
rotaţia şi înclinarea avionului aşa cum fac aripile
convenţionale, ci prin noul sistem de asamblare permite
deformarea întregii aripi sau doar a unei părţi a acesteia,
datorită faptului că încorporează un amestec de componente
rigide şi flexibile în structura sa. Aceste sub ansambluri mici,

47
 care sunt înşurubate între ele pentru a forma o structură
deschisă şi uşoară, sunt acoperite cu un strat subţire de
material polimer similar structurii.’’
Source of context 2 http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/avionul-viitorului-nasa-produce-un-
tip-de-aripa-care-isi-schimba-forma-in-timpul-zborului---286035
[accessed on: 25.03.2020, 20:05]
Comment Eleroanele lucrează în pereche pentru a realiza înclinarea
laterală a avionului, adică mișcarea în jurul axei longitudinale
(axa de ruliu). Ele servesc și la revenirea avionului la
înclinarea dorită în urma dezechilibrului care apare inerent în
urma fluctuației forțelor aerodinamice asupra aripilor.
Comanda eleroanelor se face prin mișcarea laterală a manșei.
Avionul se înclină în partea în care este acționată manșa
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleron [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 20:09]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

48
Term air base
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a military airport where aircraft are kept and can land and
take off
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-base [accessed
on: 04.05.2020, 17:43]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – air bases
Nota Bene air: Old French air , Latin aer , Greek aēr ;
base: from Old French bas , from Latin basis , from Greek
basis
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/word/base#etymonline_v_42415
[accessed on: 14.04.2020, 11:16]
Generic concept base of operations
Hypernyms base
Synonyms air station
Acronyms AB (air base)
Context 1 “United States troops at the Al-Asad air base in Iraq were
aware that an Iranian attack was imminent, allowing them
to take shelter two-and-a-half-hours before missiles struck
on Wednesday, CNN has been told during an exclusive
tour of the devastated site.Most troops were either flown
out of the base or sheltering in bunkers by 11:00 p.m. local
time Tuesday -- shortly before the first of four volleys of
missiles began at just after 1:30 a.m. on Wednesday,
officers said during the first tour by journalists of the air
base.’’
Source of context 1 https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/11/middleeast/iran-strike-al-asad-air-
base-exclusive-intl/index.html [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 11:20]

49
Context 2 “The Pentagon declined to comment on the deployment to
Prince Sultan air base. "U.S. Central Command
continually works to manage our force posture in the
region and will continue to do this in cooperation with our
partners and allies in the region," said Pentagon
spokesperson Lt. Col. Earl Brown on Thursday. ’’
Source of context 2 https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/u-s-military-has-begun-
reestablishing-air-base-inside-saudi-n1031916 [accessed on:
14.04.2020, 12:14]

An air base typically has some facilities similar to a

Comment civilian airport—for example air traffic control and
firefighting. Some military aerodromes have passenger
facilities; for example RAF Brize Norton in England has a
terminal used by passengers for the Royal Air Force's
flights. A number of military air bases also have a civil
enclave for commercial passenger flights, e.g. Beijing
Nanyuan Airport (China), Chandigarh Airport (India),
Ibaraki Airport (Japan), Burlington International Airport
(USA) .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base [accessed on: 14.04.2020,

12:16]

Use area field aviation

Status official

50
Ro correspondent bază aeriană
ID language română
ID country România
Definition O bază aeriană este un aerodrom cu facilități semnificative
pentru a sprijini avioanele și echipajul.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 17:18]

Grammatical information Grup nominal:

bază: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.baze, gen-dat.sg.
bazei, gen-dat.pl. bazelor
aeriană: adjectiv, gen.feminin, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
aerian, aeriană, aerieni, aeriene
Nota Bene bază: din fr. baser
aeriană: din fr. aérien
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/baza
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 13:07]
Generic concept bază de operațiuni
Hypernyms bază
Synonyms aeroport militar
Context 1 ,,În ziua inaugurării, ambasadorul Statelor Unite în România,
Adrian Zuckerman, le-a declarat oaspeților de onoare ai
exercițiilor româno-americane Dacian Reaper-20 (unul din
episoadele Defender Europe-2020) că SUA au investit în
ultimii cinci ani peste 14 milioane de dolari în baza aeriană
Câmpia Turzii, pentru a apăra România și flancul estic al
NATO. ’’
Source of context 1 https://sputnik.md/editorialist/20200222/29277129/expert-romania-baza-
aeriana-pentagon.html [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 13:15]
Context 2 ,, Militari din cadrul Forţelor Terestre şi militari americani de
la Baza Aeriană Mihail Kogălniceanu desfăşoară, începând de
luni, mai multe exerciţii în Centrul Secundar de Instruire
pentru Luptă Babadag.Potrivit unui comunicat al Ministerului

51
 Apărării Naţionale (MApN), activităţile de instruire în comun
a militarilor români din Forţele Terestre Române şi americani
dislocaţi în Baza Aeriană Mihail Kogălniceanu din Constanţa
continuă cu o serie de exerciţii planificate împreună cu
Batalionul 4-3 AHB, structură de elicoptere a forţelor terestre
americane, în Centrul Secundar de Instruire pentru Luptă
Babadag.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.stiripesurse.ro/militari-din-cadrul-fortelor-terestre-si-militari-
americani-de-la-baza-aeriana-mihail-kogalniceanu-desfasoara-mai-multe-exercitii-
la-babadag_1452809.html [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 13:19]

Comment Teren întins, amenajat în scopul ducerii unor acțiuni de luptă,

cu cantități mari de forțe aeriene militare, cuprinzând unul sau
mai multe aerodromuri, dotate cu: piste de decolare-aterizare,
instalații de asigurare a ducerii acțiunilor de luptă în orice
condiții meteorologice, puncte de dirijare a aviației, adăposturi
pentru avioane, depozite de materiale de rachete, de muniții, de
bombe și de combustibil, mijloace tehnice de refacere a
capacității de luptă a avioanelor în cel mai scurt timp, mijloace
radioelectronice de urmărire a zborurilor aviației.
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/baza%20aeriana [accessed on: 14.04.2020,
15:34]

Use area field aviație

Status oficial

52
Term air force
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the part of a country's military forces that uses aircraft and
fights in the air
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-force [accessed
on: 13.05.2020, 20:24]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – air forces
Nota Bene air + force, air: Old French air, Latin aer , Greek aēr
force: from Old French force
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=air+force
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=force [accessed on: 13.05.2020,
20:27]
Generic concept military service
Hypernyms service
Hyponyms Air Corps , Royal Air Force
Synonyms airforce
Acronyms AF ( air force)
Context 1 “Ukraine's air force is so old it was mostly handed down
from the Soviet Union after the fall of Communism in the
east. The old airframes are no match for the advanced
surface-to-air missile being fired at them from the
separatists. “

Source of context 1 https://www.wearethemighty.com/gear-tech/10-worst-air-forces-

2018?rebelltitem=5#rebelltitem5 [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 20:56]
Context 2 “This week, a French air force squadron paid its first visit
to Vietnam in the contemporary bilateral relationship. The
visit highlighted both the ongoing activity within the
defense relationship of the two countries as well as France’s
efforts to reinforce its security presence in Southeast Asia as

53
 well as the wider Indo-Pacific region.’’

https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/whats-behind-frances-first-vietnam-
Source of context 2 air-force-mission/ [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 21:06]

Comment The air force has the missions of gaining control of the air,
supporting surface forces (as by bombing and strafing), and
accomplishing strategic-bombing objectives. The basic
weapon systems of air forces are such military airplanes as
fighters, bombers, fighter-bombers, attack aircraft,
reconnaissance craft, and training craft.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/air-force [accessed on: 13.05.2020,
20:51]
Use area field aviation
Status official

54
Ro correspondent forță aeriană
ID language română
ID country România
Definition grupare operativă armată formată din unități de aviație de
diferite categorii
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fortele%20aeriene [accessed on: 21.03.2020,
19:21]
Grammatical Grup nominal:
information forță: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.forțe, gen-dat.
sg.forței, gen-dat.pl.forțelor
aeriană: adjectiv, gen neutru, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
aerian, aeriană, aerieni, aeriene
Nota Bene forță: din fr. forcer, it. forzare.
aeriană: din fr. aérien.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/forta
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 21:13]
Generic concept servicii militare
Hypernym servicii
Hyponym Forțele Aeriene Române
Context 1 ,,Forţa aeriană a Statelor Unite ale Americii este cea mai
puternică forţă aeriană din lume. Cu cele 39 de modele de
aeronave diferite şi cu şi mai multe subvariante ale fiecărui
model, este uşor de înţeles de ce forţele aeriene americane se
bucură de această poziţionare. Fiecare parte a aeronavei este
programată să facă un anumit lucru, iar piloţii îşi cunosc
aeronava la perfecţie, potrivit businessinsider. ’’
Source of context 1 https://www.zf.ro/business-international/cum-arata-cele-mai-periculoase-
arme-ale-statelor-unite-cea-mai-puternica-forta-aeriana-din-lume-si-a-
fotografiat-o-parte-din-flota-de-avioane-galerie-foto-15888448 [accessed
on: 13.05.2020, 19:22]
Context 2 ,,Aliații urmează exemplul cu acumulări similare. De
exemplu, forțele aeriene suedeze doresc să reconfigureze

55
 zeci de aerodromuri auxiliare folosite în timpul Războiului
Rece, pentru operațiuni viitoare. Suedezii impulsionează, de
asemenea, pregătirea suplimentară cu partenerii, inclusiv cu
SUA.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.g4media.ro/investitii-tot-mai-mari-in-fortele-aeriene-nato-in-
tarile-din-europa-de-est.html [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 19:30]
Comment Forțele aeriene se încadrează în mai multe categorii. Forțele
aeroterestre definesc unitățile din armata de uscat dotată cu
subunități de aviație care deservesc necesități proprii. Forțele
aeronavale (aeromaritime) definesc unitățile marinei militare
dotate cu subunități de aviație proprii cu baza pe litoral sau
ambarcate, participând la misiuni specifice. Forțele
aeroterestre și aeronavale sunt componente ale forțelor
aeriene tactice.
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fortele%20aeriene [accessed on: 13.05.2020,
21:28]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

56
Term air taxi
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a small commercial airplane used for short flights between
localities not served by scheduled airlines
Source of definition https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/air%20taxi [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 17:44]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – air taxis

Nota Bene air: Old French air , Latin aer , Greek aēr
taxi : shortening of taximeter cab from French taximètre, from
German Taxameter
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=taxi [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 15:29]
Generic concept commercial aircraft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms taxicab
Synonyms commuterliner
Collocations air taxi service
Context 1 “Air mobility company Wisk has signed an agreement with the
New Zealand government to set up and run an air taxi trial in the
region of Canterbury, with the goal of flying passengers once its
Cora aircraft is certified to do so by the country’s aviation
authority. Cora is an electric vertical takeoff and landing
(eVTOL) aircraft with space for two passengers that works
primarily autonomously, with a remote pilot as backup. “

Source of context 1 https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/05/wisk-signs-deal-to-deploy-an-air-taxi-trial-

in-new-zealand/ [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 15:41]
Context 2 “You’ll recall that Uber announced its aerial ambitions back in
2016 with a white paper that outlined a future “Uber Elevate”
project. The ride-hailing company has said it wants to perform its

57
 own test flights in 2020, and plans to launch some version of an
air taxi service in 2023, starting in Dallas, Texas, and Los
Angeles, California. Uber also recently announced that it will
offer helicopter rides in New York from lower Manhattan to John
F. Kennedy International Airport.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/6/21048373/hyundai-flying-car-uber-air-
taxi-ces-2020 [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 15:39]
Comment In 2001 air taxi operations were promoted in the United States by
a NASA and aerospace industry study on the potential Small
Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) and the rise of light-jet
aircraft manufacturing.Since 2016, air taxis have reemerged as
part of the burgeoning field of personal air vehicles, such as
passenger drones.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 15:45]
Use area field aviation
Status official

58
Ro correspondent aerotaxi
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aeronavă care poate fi închiriată pentru curse cu destinație precisă
sau pentru agrement.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerotaxi [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 16:03]

Grammatical information substantive comun, gen.neutru, pl.aerotaxiuri, gen-dat.sg.

aerotaxiului, gen-dat.pl. aerotaxiurilor
Nota Bene din aero- + taxi , după engl. air-taxi
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerotaxi [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 16:05]

Generic concept aeronavă comercială

Hypernyms aeronavă
Context 1 ,,Orădenii lucrează la costrucţia unei noi piste, astfel că în perioada
2 iulie-6 septembrie, aeroportul bihorean este închis. Cei care
doresc să ajungă într-un timp foarte scurt de la Timişoara la
Oradea au însă la îndemână o posibilitate. Este vorba de avioanele
companiei de aerotaxi Maxair, singura firmă de aerotaxi din
vestul României. Zborurile sunt făcute cu avioane Cessna 172. ’’

Source of context 1 https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/zborurile-timisoara-oradea-posibile-doar-aerotaxi-

aeroportul-bihorean-inchis-modernizare-1_55a50744f5eaafab2c90c188/index.html
[accessed on: 31.03.2020, 16:12]
Context 2 ,,Există şi proprietari de aero-taxi care şi-au stopat investiţiile, din
cauza faptului că nu au mai avut fonduri. “Veniturile au scăzut cu
aproximativ 40% faţă de anul trecut. Redresarea s-a observat în
vară, când am încheiat un contract cu o firmă din Norvegia care
face prospecţiuni seismice în Marea Neagră”, a declarat Ion
Drăgănescu, general manager Special Air Services (SAS)’’

Source of context 2 https://www.money.ro/turul-aerian-al-capitalei-a-salvat-de-la-faliment-firmele-

de-aero-taxi/ [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 16:11]

59
 Serviciile de Taxi Aerian efectuează zboruri la comandă pentru
Comment transportul pasagerilor, mărfurilor sau poștei (aici sunt incluse și
zborurile care se efectuează pentru poziționarea unei aeronave la
punctele de unde se preia sau unde se debarcă bunul transportat);
în general comenzile pentru cursele de taxi aerian se dau cu puțin
timp înainte de cursă și presupun, în cazul pasagerilor, transportul
unui număr mic de persoane.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_aerian [accessed on: 31.03.2020, 16:23]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

60
Term aircraft
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition any vehicle, with or without an engine, that can fly, such as a
plane or helicopter
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aircraft [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 17:45]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – aircraft
Nota Bene from air (n.) + craft (n.) ; air : Old French air , Latin aer ,
Greek aēr ; craft : Old English cræft , -creft , from Proto-
Germanic *krab-/*kraf-, Old High German chraft,
German Kraft
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=aircraft
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/word/craft [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 16:18]

Generic concept flying vehicle

Hypernyms vehicle
Hyponyms airplane
Synonyms flying machine
Acronyms A/C (aircraft);
Collocations jet aircraft
Context 1 “A giant cargo plane designed to cart around large aircraft
components for Airbus has entered service. The three-story-
tall BelugaXL is designed to replace an existing fleet of
Airbus' cargo planes, and gives the company's carrying
capacity for such operations a 30-percent boost.’’
Source of context 1 https://newatlas.com/aircraft/airbus-whale-belugaxl-cargo-plane-service/
[accessed on: 20.01.2020, 16:50]
Context 2 “The jets for sale directory provides a way for buyers to
search specifically for jet aircraft. Each jet for sale listing
includes a year, make and model, and many have photos

61
 available of the jet aircraft itself. Among the jet aircraft we
have available to buy are Cessna, Dassault, Gulfstream, and
Learjet.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.businessair.com/jet-aircraft [accessed on: 20.01.2020,
16:54]
Comment An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. A
first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-
than-air, aerostat, and heavier-than-air aircraft, aerodyne.
Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable
balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and
steerable airships.In heavier-than-air aircraft, there are two
ways to produce lift: aerodynamic lift and engine lift.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/aircraft.htm
[accessed on: 20.01.2020, 16:58]
Use area field aviation
Status official

62
Ro correspondent aeronavă
ID language română
ID country românia
Definition vehicul aerian care se menține și se deplasează în aer
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronav%C4%83 [accessed on 20.01.2020,
17:10 ]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.aeronave, gen-dat.sg.
aeronavei , gen-dat.pl. aeronavelor
Nota Bene din aero- + navă (după franceză aéronef).
Nota Bene Source https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeronav%C4%83 [accessed on
20.01.2020, 17:15]

Generic concept vehicul aeriană

Hypernyms vehicul
Hyponyms avion
Synonyms aeromobil, aerovehicul
Context 1 ,,Prima aeronavă complet electrică din lume a efectuat un
test de zbor, decolând din oraşul canadian Vancouver pentru
o cursă de 15 minute, scrie The Guardian, citat de
Mediafax.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23544564-video-prima-aeronava-
complet-electrica-din-lume-efectuat-primul-test-zbor.htm [accessed on
20.01.2020, 17:40]
Context 2 ,,Toți cei 176 de pasageri aflați la bordul avionului ucrainean
Boeing 737 au murit după ce aeronava s-a prăbușit la scurt
timp după decolare de pe principalul aeroport internațional
din Iran, informează Mediafax, citând televiziunea de stat
iraniană.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.europafm.ro/toti-cei-180-de-pasageri-care-se-aflau-la-
bordul-aeronavei-ucrainene-prabusite-in-iran-au-murit/ [accessed on:
20.01.2020, 17:55]

63
Comment O aeronavă este orice echipament capabil să se deplaseze
prin aer pentru a efectua un transport util,[ iar menținerea în
atmosferă se efectuează cu ajutorul altor reacții ale aerului
decât cele asupra suprafeței pământului.
Altă definiție prezintă aeronava ca fiind un vehicul aerian
care se poate deplasa și menține în aer prin plutire sau prin
acțiunea dinamică a aerului asupra unor suprafețe solide ale
vehiculului, cu scopul de a transporta pasageri și mărfuri.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronav%C4%83 [accessed on:
20.01.2020, 17:58]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

64
Term aircraft carrier
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition naval vessel from which airplanes may take off and on which
they may land
Source of definition https://www.britannica.com/technology/aircraft-carrier [accessed on:
13.05.2020, 16:47]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – aircraft carriers
Nota Bene aircraft: from air (n.) + craft (n.) ; air : Old French air , Latin
aer; craft: Old English cræft , -creft
carrier: from Anglo-French carier + -er
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/word/craft
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=carrier&ref=searchbar_searchhint
[accessed on: 13.05.2020, 16:57]
Generic concept warship
Hypernyms ship
Hyponyms helicarrier
Synonyms carrier, flattop
Acronyms CV (aircraft carrier)
Collocations attack aircraft carrier
Context 1 “An assessment prepared by the Office of the Secretary of
Defense proposes cutting two aircraft carriers from the U.S.
Navy’s roster to boost the number of smaller warships. Under
the proposal, the Navy would retire two aircraft carriers and
plow the savings into buying several dozen frigate-sized
ships, as well as large unmanned ships “
Source of context 1 https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a32239137/pentagon-
study-aircraft-carriers/ [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 17:24]

Context 2 “Mobile, flexible and versatile-these are the words that Navy
proponents apply to the modern attack aircraft carrier.

65
 Obsolete, vulnerable and exorbitantly expensive are
adjectives that are applied on occasions by others. Perhaps no
single weapon system or element of military strength has been
the subject of as much controversy and dispute as have
aircraft carriers in the nearly 40 years they have been part of
our seapower.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1961/may/attack-carrier-
mobile-might [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 17:19]
Comment Fundamentally, the carrier is an airfield at sea with many
special features necessitated by limitations in size and the
medium in which it operates. To facilitate short takeoffs and
landings, airspeeds over the deck are increased by turning the
ship into the wind. Catapults flush with the flight deck assist
in launching aircraft; for landing, aircraft are fitted with
retractable hooks that engage transverse wires on the deck,

braking them to a quick stop.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/aircraft-carrier [accessed on:

13.05.2020, 17:27]

Use area field aviation

Status official

66
Ro correspondent portavion
ID language română
ID country România
Definition navă de luptă de mare tonaj construită special pentru a
permite gararea, decolarea și aterizarea avioanelor.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/portavion [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 17:30]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.portavioane, gen-dat.sg.

information portavionului, gen-dat.pl. portavioanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. porte-avions
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/portavion [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 17:32]

Generic concept navă militară

Hypernym navă
Hyponym portelicopter
Synonyms aerodrom mobil militar
Context 1 ,,După finalizarea modernizării, singurului portavion al
Rusiei va fi supus mai multor teste. Deșii au întâmpinat mai
multe probleme de când Amiral Kuznețov se află în reparații,
rușii spun că modernizarea ar trebui încheiată până în toamna
anului 2022. Portavionul se află în reparații din 2017.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.defenseromania.ro/amiral-kuzne-ov-va-fi-echipat-cu-sisteme-pantsir-
m-ru-ii-au-anun-at-cand-va-deveni-opera-ional-portavionul_603132.html
[accessed on: 13.05.2020, 17:44]
Context 2 ,, USS Gerald R. Ford, cel mai nou portavion american, este
considerat o minune a tehnologiei. Are reactoare nucleare
care îi permit să funcționeze neîntrerupt timp de 25 de ani,
electromagneți puternici cu ajutorul cărora lansează
aeronavele de pe punte, cele mai moderne sisteme defensive
și toalete care se înfundă frecvent, fiind nevoie să fie
desfundate cu acid.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.go4it.ro/content/curiozitati/noul-portavion-american-este-o-
minune-a-tehnologiei-dar-are-mari-probleme-cu-toaletele-19143271/
[accessed on: 13.05.2020, 18:02]

67
Comment Portavioanele acționează în grupuri tactice independente sau
însoțesc forțe de suprafață, putând escorta convoaie, fiind
înzestrate și cu artilerie de bord (tunuri și tunuri antiaeriene).
Există: portavioane grele (de luptă), cu deplasament până la
85.000t, putând lua la bord 150-200 de avioane de vânătoare,
torpiloare și bombardiere; portavioane ușoare, cu deplasament
până la 25.000t, putând lua la bord în jur de 100 de avioane
destinate descoperirii aeriene și sprijinirii acțiunilor forțelor
de suprafață; portavioane de escortă, destinate siguranței
aeriene a convoaielor de debarcare,; portavioane cu destinație
multiplă, putând executa misiuni de lovire și de apărare
antiaeriană.
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/portavion [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 18:38]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

68
Term aircrew
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition all the people, including the pilot, who work on an aircraft to
fly it or to take care of the passengers
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aircrew [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 17:46]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – aircrews
Nota Bene air crew; air: Old French air , Latin aer , Greek aēr ;
crew: from Old French crue,from Latin crescere
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aircrew
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/word/crew#etymonline_v_344
[accessed on: 25.03.2020, 16:21]
Generic concept crew
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms bomber aircrew
Synonyms flight crew
Acronyms F/C (flight crew)
Collocations master aircrew
Context 1 “Aircrew in the RAF have a whole host of opportunities. As
a Pilot, you could fly any one of a number of military
aircraft, from fighter jets to multi-engine transport to
helicopters.You could join as a Weapon System Operator,
managing the sensors and weapons of aircraft during
operational missions and gathering intelligence to support
forces on the ground. Or why not become a Weapon System
Operator (Linguist)? You’ll be fluent in two or more
languages, using your specialist skills to collect and analyse
foreign language voice transmissions.“

69
Source of context 1 https://www.raf.mod.uk/recruitment/aircrew [accessed on: 25.03.2020,
17:12]
Context 2 “Master Aircrew John “Angry” Anderson joined the Royal
Navy in 1986 as an Electronic Warfare Operator. In 1997,
after a variety of postings, Anderson qualified as a
Communications Technician (Arabic Linguist). On
completion of CT training, he transferred from the RN to the
RAF and was posted to 51 Squadron, RAF Waddington
flying on operations NORTHERN and SOUTHERN
WATCH and subsequently Operation TELIC (Iraqi
Freedom).’’
Source of context 2 https://www.crows.org/mpage/Speaker19-anderson [accessed on:
25.03.2020, 17:07]
Comment The composition of a flight's crew depends on the type of
aircraft, plus the flight's duration and purpose.In commercial
aviation, the aircrew are called flight crew. Some flight crew
position names are derived from nautical terms and indicate
a rank or command structure similar to that on ocean-going
vessels, allowing for quick executive decision making during
normal operations or emergency situations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 17:14]

Use area field aviation

Status official

70
Ro correspondent echipajul de zbor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este constituit din personal cu calificare corespunzătoare, care
desfășoară activități la bord în conformitate cu reglementările în
vigoare.
Source of definition https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gmztcmzw/comandantul-si-echipajul-aeronavei-civile-
codul-aerian?dp=giytcobzge3tm [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 17:16]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
echipaj: substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.echipaje, gen-dat.sg.
echipajului, gen-dat.pl. echipajelor
de: prepoziție
zbor: substantive comun, gen. neutru, pl. zboruri, gen-dat.sg.
zborului, gen-dat.pl. zborurilor
Nota Bene echipaj : din fr. équipage.
zbor : din sl. sŭborŭ, bg. sbor.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/echipaj
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 17:21]
Generic concept echipaj
Hypernyms aeronava/ zbor
Hyponyms echipaj de bombardier
Synonyms echipajul aeronavei
Context 1 ,, Un caz posibil, probabil sau confirmat cu rujeolă ce călătorește
în perioada de contagiozitate trebuie relocat pe un loc izolat,
separat de ceilalți pasageri (dacă este posibil) și-i vor fi puse la
dispoziție o mască și batiste de unică folosință. Echipajul de
zbor trebuie să urmeze instrucțiunile prevăzute în ghidul IATA
(Asociația Internațională a Transporturilor Aeriene) pentru
controlul infecțiilor și, dacă este posibil, să colecteze date de
contact de la pasageri pentru situația în care ar fi necesară
supravegherea contacților identificați.’’

71
Source of context 1 https://cnscbt.ro/index.php/ghiduri-si-protocoale/ghiduri/1246-ghid-de-
evaluare-a-riscului-de-transmitere-a-rujeolei-in-timpul-calatoriei-cu-
avionul/file [accessed on: 25.03.2020, 17:29]
Context 2 ,,Într-un avion echipat cu o ușă pentru compartimentul
echipajului de zbor, trebuie să existe posibilitatea de a bloca
această ușă și să se asigure mijloace prin care echipajul de cabină
să poată informa echipajul de zbor în eventualitatea unor
activități suspecte sau a unor breșe de securitate a cabinei.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.justice.gov.md/file/Centrul%20de%20armonizare%20a%20legislat
iei/Baza%20de%20date/Materiale%202014/Legislatie/32012R0965.pdf
[accessed on: 25.03.2020, 17:33]
Comment Prima persoană la bord, ca importanță, este întotdeauna pilotul,
căpitanul aeronavei. Din echipajul de zbor mai face parte
copilotul și însoțitorii de bord (stewarzi sau stewardese). La
bordul anumitor aeronave, în cabina de pilotaj există o a treia
persoană – inginerul de zbor, însă în prezent locul acestuia este
luat din ce în ce mai des de computerele de la bord
https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/check-in-si-calatoria-cu-
avionul/servicii-la-bord [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 18:21]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

72
Term airline
ID language English
ID country UK/US

Definition a business that operates regular services for carrying passengers

and/or goods by aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/airline [accessed on:
26.02.2020, 22:05]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – airlines
Nota Bene from air (n.) + line(n.) ; air: Old French air , Latin aer , Greek
aēr”; line: a Middle English merger of Old English line and Old
French ligne, both from Latin linea
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=line[accessed on: 26.02.2020, 17:55]
Generic concept commercial organization
Hypernyms line, organization
Synonyms air service, airway
Collocations airline employee
Context 1 “IndiGo is India’s largest passenger airline with a market share
of 47.5% as on December, 2019. We primarily operate in India’s
domestic air travel market as a low-cost carrier with focus on our
three pillars – offering low fares, being on-time and delivering a
courteous and hassle-free experience. IndiGo has become
synonymous with being on-time.
Since our inception in August 2006, we have grown from a
carrier with one plane to a fleet of 256 aircraft today.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.goindigo.in/about-us.htm [accessed on: 04.03.2020, 15:47]

Context 2 “One woman had such a harrowing experience with an

American Airlines employee that she filed a lawsuit against him
for sexual harassment, stalking, and inflicting emotional distress.
A man who introduced himself as Ahmad got Ashley Barno’s

73
 number from her luggage tag, texted her over 100 times, and
even followed her on the plane from San Diego. ’’
Source of context 2 https://www.boredpanda.com/american-airlines-employee-harassment-text-messages-
woman/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=organic
[accessed on: 04.03.2020, 15:45]

Comment Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may

form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare
agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight.
Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air
operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation
body. Airlines may be scheduled or charter operators.The first
airline was the German airship company DELAG, founded on
16 November 1909.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline [accessed on: : 04.03.2020, 15:55]

Use area field aviation

Status official

74
Ro correspondent companie aeriană
ID language română
ID country România
Definition companie care oferă în cadrul aviației civile servicii de
transport aerian pentru călători și pentru marfă
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_aerian%C4%83 [accessed on:
04.03.2020, 16:03]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
companie: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.companii, gen-
dat. sg. companiei , gen-dat.pl. companiilor
aeriană: adjectiv, gen. feminin, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
aerian, aeriană, aerieni, aeriene
Nota Bene companie: fr. compagnie, it. compagnia, ger. Kompagnie
aeriană: fr.aèrien
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/companie
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian [accessed on: 04.03.2020, 16:10]
Generic concept transport aerian
Hypernyms companie
Synonyms companie de transport aeriana
Context 1 ,,Aeroflot Russian Airlines este cea mai mare companie
aeriana din Rusia avand, in comparatie cu alte linii aerene
rusesti, cel mai mare numar de pasageri transportati anual.
Aeroflot Russian Airlines ofera zboruri interne si
internationale, 146 de rute, in 52 de tari (52 de rute in Rusia).
Baza principala este pe aeroportul International Sheremetyevo
din Moscova. Aeroflot este una dintre cele mai vechi
companii din lume.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.vola.ro/bilete-avion/Aeroflot-SU/ [accessed on: 04.03.2020,
16:20]

75
Context 2 ,,In luna mai Blue Air a primit premiul pentru cea mai buna
companie aeriana low-cost din Romania in cadrul galei
TopHotels Awards 2016, eveniment parte din Hotel Tourism
& Leisure Investment Conference. Mai mult, compania
aeriana a fost premiata recent de catre Hermes Airports,
operatorul aeroporturilor Larnaca si Pafos, pentru cea mai
mare crestere procentuala a traficului in 2015 pe Aeroportul
Larnaca..’’
Source of context 2 https://www.blueairweb.com/ro/ro/Blue-Air-este-cea-mai-mare-companie-
aeriana-romaneasca/ [accessed on: 04.03.2020, 16:25]
Comment Companiile aeriene împrumută prin leasing avioane sau dețin
aeronavele lor cu care pot să presteze aceste servicii și pot
forma parteneriate sau alianțe cu alte companii aeriene pentru
beneficii reciproce. În general, companiile aeriene sunt
recunoscute oficial cu un certificat de operare aer sau
autorizație de conducere (pilotaj) eliberată de un organism
guvernamental în domeniul aviației.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_aerian%C4%83 [accessed on:
04.03.2020, 16:25]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

76
Term airliner
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a large passenger aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/airliner [accessed on:
27.03.2020, 22:07]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural –airliners
Nota Bene from air (n.) + liner(n.) ; air: Old French air , Latin aer ,
Greek aēr” ; line: a Middle English merger of Old English
line and Old French ligne, both from Latin linea
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/airliner
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/word/line#etymonline_v_43454
[accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:17]
Generic concept airplane
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms airbus
Synonyms commercial airplane
Collocations passenger airliner
Context 1 “U.S. intelligence is confident that Iran painted the Ukrainian
airliner with radar and fired two surface-to-air missiles that
brought down the aircraft, a U.S. official told ABC News.
The official said that an American satellite had detected the
heat signature of the two missiles as they approached the
airliner.The same assessment was made by Canadian Prime
Minister Justin Trudeau’’
Source of context 1 https://abcnews.go.com/International/highly-iran-shot-ukrainian-airliner-
us-official-confirms/story?id=68173173 [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:29]
Context 2 “An aging Iranian passenger airliner carrying 144 people
crash-landed on a runway and skidded onto a major highway
next to an airport Monday, the latest crash in the Islamic

77
 Republic as U.S. sanctions bar it from parts or new
aircraft.Authorities said two people suffered injuries in the
hard landing of the McDonnell Douglas MD-83 flown by
Caspian Airlines in Mahshahr, a city in Iran's oil-rich
southwestern Khuzestan province.’’
Source of context 2 https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/iranian-airliner-skids-
street-150-passengers-safe-68556234 [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:35]
Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although
Comment the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country,
an airliner is typically defined as an aeroplane intended for
carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service.
The largest of them are wide-body jets which are also called
twin-aisle because they generally have two separate aisles
running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin.
These are usually used for long-haul flights between airline
hubs and major cities.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:31]
Use area field aviation
Status official

78
Ro correspondent avion comercial
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Un avion comercial este o aeronavă utilizată pentru
transportul de pasageri pe baze comerciale.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_comercial [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
17:38]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
avion: substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.avioane, gen-dat.sg.
avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
comercial: adjectiv, gen. neutru, variabil cu 4 forme
flexionare: commercial, comercială, comerciali, comerciale
Nota Bene avion: din fr. avion
comercial: din fr. commercial, lat. commercialis
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/comercial [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:49]
Generic concept avion
Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms avion cu fuzelaj larg
Synonyms avion de linie
Context 1 ,,Boeing a efectuat sambata zborul inaugural al aeronavei
777X, cel mai mare avion comercial cu doua motoare din
lume, intensificand concurenta cu rivalul european Airbus, pe
fondul crizei provocate de prabusirile care au dus la
consemnarea la sol a aeronavelor 737 MAX, transmite
Reuters.777X, o versiune mai mare si mai eficienta a
avionului 777, a decolat sambata din apropierea Seattle, la
ora locala 10:09 a.m., dupa ce vantul puternic a obligat
compania sa amane alte doua tentative, in aceasta
saptamana.’’

79
Source of context 1 http://www.ziare.com/stiri/avion/boeing-777x-cel-mai-mare-avion-
comercial-cu-doua-motoare-din-lume-a-efectuat-primul-zbor-video-
1595049 [accessed on: 27.03.2020, 17:58]
Context 2 ,, Airbus a anunțat la sfârșitul acestei săptămâni că a reușit să
efecuteze prima decolare complet automatizată a unui avion
comercial bazată pe recunoașterea facială.Testul a fost
realizat pe aeroportul Toulouse-Blagnac în data de 18
decembrie, iar echipajul a fost format din doi piloți, doi
ingineri de testare și un inginer de zbor.Testul în sine a durat
patru ore si jumătate, timp în care au fost realizate cu succes
opt decolări.’’
Source of context 2 https://gadget.ro/airbus-a-reusit-prima-decolare-complet-automatizata-a-
unui-avion-comercial-bazata-pe-recunoastere-vizuala/ [accessed on:
27.03.2020, 18:04]
Comment Acestea sunt, cel mai adesea, operate de companii aeriene
care le dețin sau le închiriază. Acestea servesc linii regulate
sau sunt Charter Charter Flights pentru transportul de grupuri
de la și către aeroportul destinațiilor comerciale.
Marea majoritate a avioanelor aflate în serviciu sunt
proiectate exclusiv pentru aceste tipuri de utilizare, dar în
prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea acestea au fost adesea
dezvoltate din avioane militare ale bombardier sau de
transport.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_comercial [accessed on: 27.03.2020,
18:06]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

80
Term airmail
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a system of conveying mail by aircraft
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/airmail.htm [accessed on:
14.04.2020, 16:55]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – airmails
Nota Bene from air + mail ; air: Old French air , Latin aer , Greek aēr ;
mail: Old French male
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=mail [accessed on: 14.04.2020,
17:00]
Generic concept mail transport service
Hypernyms mail
Synonyms airpost
Acronyms VAM( via airmail)
Collocations airmail service
Context 1 “When airmail began in 1918, airplanes were still a fairly
new invention. Pilots flew in open cockpits in all kinds of
weather, in planes later described as “a nervous collection of
whistling wires, of linen stretched over wooden ribs, all
attached to a wheezy, water-cooled engine.”2 A 1918 article
titled “Practical Hints on Flying” advised pilots “never forget
that the engine may stop, and at all times keep this in mind.”3
Pilots followed landmarks on the ground; in fog they flew
blind. Unpredictable weather, unreliable equipment, and
inexperience led to frequent crashes; 34 airmail pilots died
from 1918 through 1927.“
Source of context 1 https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/airmail.pdf [accessed
on: 14.04.2020, 17:09]

81
Context 2 “The United States Post Office Department created the
nation’s commercial aviation industry. From 1918 to 1927,
the Post Office Department built and operated the nation’s
airmail service, establishing routes, testing aircraft and
training pilots. When the Department turned the service over
to private contractors in 1927, the system was a point of
national pride.’’
Source of context 2 https://postalmuseum.si.edu/airmail/index.html [accessed on: 14.04.2020,
16:43]
Comment Airmail (or air mail) is a mail transport service branded and
sold on the basis of at least one leg of its journey being by air.
Airmail items typically arrive more quickly than surface mail,
and usually cost more to send. Airmail may be the only option
for sending mail to some destinations, such as overseas, if the
mail cannot wait the time it would take to arrive by ship,
sometimes weeks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmail [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 17:11]

Use area field aviation

Status official

82
Ro correspondent poștă aeriană
ID language română
ID country România
Definition serviciu rapid de mesagerie, coletărie și corespondență care
se efectuează pe calea aerului.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/posta%20aeriana [accessed on: 14.04.2020,
17:13]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
poștă: substantiv comun, gen.feminin, pl.poște, gen-dat. sg.
poștei, gen-dat.pl. poștelor
aeriană: adjectiv, gen.feminin, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
aerian, aeriană, aerieni, aeriene
Nota Bene poștă: din rus. počtă
aeriană: din fr. aérien
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/intrare/po%C8%99t%C4%83/230815https://dexonlin
e.ro/definitie/aerian [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 17:19]

Generic concept serviciu poștal

Hypernyms poștă
Synonyms par avion
Context 1 ,,Este vorba de BT Airmail, inregistrata in statul Florida,
SUA, a carei manager general este Eduard Denisov, din
Sankt Petersburg. Denisov a fost Business Development
Manager la Aero-Cargo, Moscova, si director al diviziei de
posta aeriana la Russian Post. Valoarea contractului este
estimata la 1,73 milioane de euro, fara TVA, pe o perioada
de doi ani. Castigatorul procedurii de atribuire va livra
corespondenta in 13 tari, Austria, Belgia, Bulgaria, Franta,
Germania, Grecia, Ungaria, Israel, Republica Moldova,
Spania, Olanda, Turcia si Marea Britanie. 16:32’’
Source of context 1 https://www.national.ro/news/rusii-concureaza-cu-tarom-pentru-posta-
romana-633399.html/#ixzz6JarwM014 [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 16:32]

83
Context 2 ,,Pentru a primi vești din exterior s-a recurs la porumbeii
voiajori. Aceștia nu puteau transporta însă mai mult de o
singură scrisoare. Rezolvarea a venit tot de la Nadar. Un alt
fotograf parizian, Rene Dagron, dezvoltase o tehnică de a
fotografia mai multe scrisori montate pe o placă. O singură
rolă de microfilm putea conține peste 1.000 de scrisori și
putea fi cărată de către un porumbel! Împreună cu
echipamentul său, Nadar l-a expediat pe Dagron într-un
balon afară din Paris. În scurt timp, poșta aeriană devenise
cu mult mai eficace!’’
Source of context 2 https://publimix.ro/blog/caleidoscop/1958-Felix-Nadar-prima-fotografie-
aeriana?fbclid=IwAR34vByXseubW8b13a0T2MTYO2XbeA_-
8UbkXEhdVWZNxYHAJ68ESOS6dGw [accessed on: 14.04.2020, 17:23]

Comment Această metodă este mai rapidă decât cea pe mare sau cea de
uscat, dar de cele mai multe ori este mai scumpă. Poate fi una
dintre singurele opțiuni în cazul în care un plic trebuie trimis
peste mare sau ocean, din moment ce unui vapor îi ia foarte
mult timp să traverseze aceeași direcție, câteodată chiar și
săptămâni întregi. Uniunea Poștală Universală a adoptat
unele reguli pentru poșta aeriană în anul 1929.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C8%99t%C4%83_aerian%C4%83
[accessed on: 14.04.2020, 17:24]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

84
Term airplane
ID language English
ID country US
Definition a vehicle designed for air travel that has wings and one or
more engines
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/airplane [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 22:15]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – airplanes
Nota Bene from air (n.) + plane(n.); air: Old French air, Latin aer, Greek
aēr; plane: from Latin planum
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=plane [accessed on: 26.02.2020,
17:55]
Generic concept heavier-than-air-craft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms seaplane
Synonyms plane; aeroplane; jet
Acronyms A/P ( airplane (US) , aeroplane (ICAO) )
Collocations airplane crash
Context 1 “The designator for Malaysia Airlines is MH. The flight
number was 370. Fariq Hamid, the first officer, was flying
the airplane. He was 27 years old. This was a training
flight for him, the last one; he would soon be fully
certified. His trainer was the pilot in command, a man
named Zaharie Ahmad Shah, who at 53 was one of the
most senior captains at Malaysia Airlines. In Malaysian
style, he was known by his first name, Zaharie. ’’
Source of context 1 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/07/mh370-malaysia-
airlines/590653/ [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 18:32]

85
Context 2 “Ice likely caused a deadly Louisiana airplane crash that
killed three men Feb. 6 near Chatham, according to a
preliminary report issued Thursday by the National
Transportation Safety Board.
Chris Mudd and Wade Williams, both of Shreveport-Bossier
and both executives of Rehabilitation Services of Northwest
Louisiana, and Minden pilot Robert Gilliam of Minden died
in the crash. All three left behind families and children.”
Comment Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing
configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes
includes recreation, transportation of goods and
people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial
aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually
on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-
kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the
world's cargo movement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 18:37]
Use area field aviation
Status official

86
Ro correspondent avion
ID language română
ID country România
Definition vehicul aerian mai greu decât aerul, prevăzut cu mari
suprafețe plane în formă de aripi și care se deplasează cu
ajutorul elicei și al motoarelor sau reactoarelor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 18:48]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat.sg.

avionului , gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. avion
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 18:51]

Generic concept vehicul aerian

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms hidroavion
Synonyms aeroplan, aerodină, jet
Acronyms A/P ( airplane (US) , aeroplane (ICAO) )
Context 1 ,, Avionul ucrainean prăbușit în Iran a fost de fapt doborât de o
rachetă, trasă chiar de iranieni. Este ipoteza lansată inițial de
mai mulți oficiali americani și confirmată într-o conferință de
presă de premierul Canadei. Tragedia aviatică a avut loc ieri
dimineață, la câteva ore după ce Iranul a atacat două baze
americane din Irak ca ripostă pentru uciderea generalului Qasem
Soleimani.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/oficiali-sua-avionul-ucrainean-a-fost-
doborat-de-o-racheta-iraniana-2852006 [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 19:31]

Context 2 ,,Primul astfel de avion, cu numele de serie MSN003, a

efectuat zborul inaugural pentru compania Singapore Airlines
Ltd, între Singapore și Sydney, în luna octombrie 2007.
Transportatorul asiatic a scos avionul din flota sa anul trecut

87
 și l-a transferat în sudul Franței, unde aparatul va fi
dezmembrat pentru piese precum motoare și componente
aeronautice.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.profit.ro/bloomberg/primul-airbus-a380-va-fi-trimis-la-
reciclare-19271848 [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 19:33]
Avionul este o aerodină prevăzută cu o suprafață portantă fixă
Comment ce asigură sustentația datorită vitezei de deplasare. Viteza de
deplasare poate fi asigurată fie de acțiunea unor grupuri
motopropulsoare, fie de acțiunea unei componente
a greutății (în cazul zborului de coborâre sau al zborului fără
motor)
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 19:39]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

88
Term airport
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition station that consist of buildings and airfields used to house and
provide runways for airplanes. Navigation towers are also present at
airports to provide pilots with direction when landing and taking off
of runways.
Source of definition http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/airport.html [accessed on:
21.01.2020, 15:30]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – airports
Nota Bene from air (n) meaning "aircraft" + port (n); air: Old French air, Latin
aer, Greek aēr; port: Old English port Old French port
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/aircraft#etymonline_v_26081 [accessed on:
21.01.2020, 15:35]
Generic concept landing field
Hypernyms field
Hyponyms heliport
Synonyms aerodrome
Acronyms AP (airport);
Collocations airport authority
Context 1 “An airline ramp planner is responsible for knowing the arrival and
departure times for each of the airline’s aircraft at that airport. He or
she coordinates a variety of departments or contracted companies that
must perform various tasks on the aircraft before it can depart for the
next flight.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.airlinejobfinder.com/airlinejobs/ [accessed on: 21.01.2020,16:25]

Context 2 “ Built on time, on budget, and without local or state tax dollars, the
$1.1 billion Indianapolis International Airport was 33 years in the
planning and three years in construction. Owned and operated by the
Indianapolis Airport Authority (IAA), the project was the largest
civic development in city history. It has been hailed by some,

89
 including the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Transportation, General
Manager of Field Operations for the Transportation Security
Administration, and several architectural critics, as the best new
airport in America.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/344/challenge-and-opportunity-
for-airport-authority/ [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 16:29]
Comment An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for
commercial air transport.Airports often have facilities to store and
maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing
area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at
least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to
take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings
such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may
have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres,
passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency
services.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 16:35]
Use area field aviation
Status oficial

90
Ro correspondent aeroport
ID language română
ID country România
Definition ansamblu constituit din terenul, clădirile și instalațiile necesare
decolării,aterizării, manevrării, adăpostirii și întreținerii avioanelor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeroport [accessed on 21.01.2020, 16:35 ]

Grammatical information substantive comun, gen.neutru, pl. aeroporturi, gen-dat.sg.

aeroportului, gen-dat.pl. aeropoartelor

Nota Bene Din fr. aéroport.

Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeroport [accessed on 21.01.2020, 16:37 ]
Generic concept spatiu de decolare/aterizare
Hyponyms eliport
Synonyms aerodrom
Context 1 ,,A fost haos sâmbătă seară pe aeroportul din Cluj-Napoca. Sute de
pasageri au rămas blocați pe aeroport după ce cinci zboruri au fost
anulate din cauza ceții. Aeronavele, care au rămas la sol ore bune,
urmau să ajungă în orașele Zaragoza, Valencia, Liverpool și
București. Alte zboruri, cu destinația Cluj, au fost redirecționate către
aeroportul din Sibiu. ’’
Source of context 1 https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/economie/transporturi/haos-pe-aeroportul-din-cluj-dupa-
ce-mai-multe-curse-au-fost-anulate-din-cauza-cetii-1247425
[ accesed on 21.01.2020,16:50]
Context 2 ,,Acest nou aeroport a atras atenția publicului datorită postărilor de pe
rețelele de social-media. Atunci când lucrările vor fi finalizate, la
sfârșitul anului 2019, acesta va fi un loc cu potențial chiar și turistic
pentru China.Noul aeroport din Beijing are ca scop reducerea
traficului din aglomeratul Aeroport Internațional Beijing Capital, care
este localizat în periferia din nord estul capitalei.’’

Source of context 2 https://www.air24.ro/fly/noul-aeroport-din-beijing-este-la-limita-dintre-realitate-si-

sci-fi-3772 [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 17:55]

91
Comment Un aeroport este ansamblul terenurilor, clădirilor și instalațiilor care
deservesc traficul aerian al unui oraș sau al unei regiuni. Aceste
amenajări sunt necesare decolării și aterizării avioanelor, precum și
manevrării și adăpostirii mărfii și pasagerilor. Un aeroport cu o dotare
minimă este format dintr-un aerodrom (pentru avioane) sau
un heliport (pentru elicoptere) care folosesc la decolări și aterizări și
construcții uzuale precum: hangare, terminale și un turn de control
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroport [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 17:58]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

92
Term airship
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that consists of a large balloon which
is filled with gas and is powered by an engine. It has
a section underneath for passengers
Source of definition https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/airship [accessed
on: 13.03.2020, 14:22]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – airships
Nota Bene from air (n.) + ship (n.); air: Old French air, Latin aer ,
Greek aēr; ship: Old English scip, Gothic skip, Danish skib,
Swedish skepp, Middle Dutch scip, Dutch schip, Old High
German skif, German Schiff
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/airship#etymonline_v_40898
https://www.etymonline.com/word/ship#etymonline_v_23408
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
[accessed on 13.03.2020, 14:32]
Generic concept lighter-than-air craft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms barrage balloon, blimp
Synonyms dirigible
Acronyms AZ ( airship)
Context 1 “Airships were once considered the future of flight. Now,
they are being touted as a greener method of transport.
A solar-powered airship being built by UK-based firm
Varialift Airships could eventually be used as a low-
emissions way to freight cargo internationally. On a
transatlantic flight between the UK and the US, the airship
would use 8 percent of the fuel of a conventional jet
aeroplane, says Varialift CEO Alan Handley.’’

93
Source of context 1 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2218360-a-solar-powered-airship-
is-being-built-to-transport-cargo-more-greenly/ [accessed on:
13.03.2020, 16:05]
Context 2 “A blimp is just one type of airship, usually a small one,
and always nonrigid, meaning that it has no structural hull;
its shape is maintained by the pressure of the lifting gas
within. It’s basically a balloon with a rudder and a means of
propulsion. The first one was built in 1852, by the French
engineer Jules Henri Giffard; it was a hundred and forty-four
feet long, with a propeller and a three-horsepower steam
engine. In 1900, in Germany, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
built something much larger and stronger, adding a rigid
aluminum framework—long internal girders, attached to
flexible rings, that formed a kind of rib cage.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/a-new-generation-of-
airships-is-born [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 16:16]
Comment An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-
than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its
own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is
less dense than the surrounding air.Dirigible airships
compared with related aerostats, from a turn-of-the-20th-
century encyclopedia.In early dirigibles the lifting gas used
was hydrogen, due to its high lifting capacity and ready
availability.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 16:18]
Use area field aviation
Status official

94
Ro correspondent dirijabil
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aerostat de formă cilindrică, cu secțiune circulară sau ovală și
cu extremitățile alungite, prevăzut cu o nacelă pentru călători
și cu mijloace proprii de propulsie și de mișcare în orice
direcție
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/dirijabil [accessed on: 04.05.2020, 22:23]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, neutru, pl. dirijabili, gen-dat. sg.

dirijabilului, gen-dat.pl. dirijabilolor
Nota Bene Din fr.dirigeable
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/dirijabil [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 16:47]

Generic concept aerostat

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms zepelin (dirijabil rigid)
Synonyms balon dirijabil
Context 1 ,,Construcţia dirijabilului Hindenburg a fost rezultatul unei
înlănţuiri de succese obţinute de inginerul şi, înainte de toate,
omul de afaceri german Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Deşi
Germania nu a fost prima ţară care a fabricat dirijabile,
acestea fiind construite mai întâi în Franţa anului 1852, a fost,
în schimb, prima care le-a îmbunătăţit designul şi a
impulsionat zborurile acestor incredibile baloane umplute cu
hidrogen, ducându-le până la limite nebănuite.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/dirijabilul-hindenburg-
istoria-unei-tragedii [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:02]
Context 2 ,,Cu puţin timp înainte ca avioanele să cucerească înălţimile,
cerul era brăzdat de o altă maşinărie zburătoare născocită de
mintea cutezătoare a unui inventator german. De forma
aproximativă a unui balon clasic cu aer cald, dar mult mai

95
 sigur şi mai manevrabil, dirijabilul care avea să poarte
numele contelui care l-a inventat, a fost ultimul aparat de zbor
care a stârnit rumoare şi admiraţie, înainte de apariţia
avionului care avea să-l detroneze definitiv. ’’
Source of context 2 https://www.descopera.ro/cultura/10961587-contele-si-dirijabilul-
povestea-zeppelinului [accessed on: 13.04.2020, 17:07]
Comment Tipurile de dirijabile.Rigid (zepelin), având un schelet metalic
(care menține forma vehiculului) îmbrăcat cu un material
textil.Nerigid, având un înveliș asemănător unui balon, forma
sa fiind menținută de presiunea gazului din interior.
Semirigid, un dirijabil nerigid, dar care având o chilă fixă sub
camera de gaz. Elementul comun pentru toate dirijabilele este
sistemul de propulsie (motor și elice, prin care se diferențiază
de baloane) care permite pilotului să le conducă.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirijabil [accessed on: 13.04.2020, 17:09]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

96
Term airspeed indicator
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition instrument that measures the speed of an aircraft relative to
the surrounding air
Source of definition https://www.britannica.com/technology/airspeed-indicator [accessed on:
15.05.2020, 11:34]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – airspeed indicators

Nota Bene airspeed: air + speed; air: Old French air , Latin aer, Greek
aēr; speed: Old English sped
indicator: from Late Latin indicator
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=speed
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=air
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=indicator [accessed on: 15.05.2020,
11:40]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument, device
Hyponyms machmeter
Synonyms speedometer
Acronyms ASI (airspeed indicator)
Context 1 “It may be difficult to identify an airspeed indicator that's
not operating according to specs. There’s a clear sign of a
problem if the indicator remains at zero while you're taxing to
the runway. But an airspeed indicator can give erroneous
readings when there are blockages in the pitot and static
system. “

Source of context 1 https://www.mcico.com/resources/flight-instruments/why-is-my-airspeed-

indicator-leaking [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 11:49]
Context 2 “Speaking at a 5 November press conference, NTSC chief
Soerjanto Tjahjono said the agency had found signs that the

97
 airspeed indicator was faulty after downloading information
from the jet's flight data recorder.The NTSC is reviewing the
aircraft's maintenance records and interviewing maintenance
personnel.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/ntsc-finds-signs-that-lion-737-had-
faulty-airspeed-indicator/130153.article [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 11:43]
Comment The ASI is a sensitive, differential pressure gauge that
measures and promptly indicates the difference between pitot
(impact/dynamic pressure) and static pressure. These two
pressures are equal when the aircraft is parked on the ground
in calm air. When the aircraft moves through the air, the
pressure on the pitot line becomes greater than the pressure
in the static lines. This difference in pressure is registered by
the airspeed pointer on the face of the instrument, which is
calibrated in miles per hour, knots (nautical miles per hour),
or both.

https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/ph
ak/media/10_phak_ch8.pdf [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 11:23]

Use area field aviation

Status official

98
Ro correspondent vitezometru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition instrument de bord care indică viteza relativă a aeronavei față
de aerul în care se deplasează
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/viteza%20 [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 12:10]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl. vitezometre, gen-dat.

information sg.vitezometrului, gen-dat.pl. vitezometrelor
Nota Bene Din viteză metru (după barometru, manometru), viteză: din
fr. vitesse ; metro : din fr. mètre, lat. metrum.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/vitezometru
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/metru
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/Vitez%C4%83 [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 12:15]

Generic concept instrument de bord

Hypernym instrument
Hyponym ceas de bord
Synonyms indicator de viteză
Context 1 ,,Oficialii agenţiei pentru securitatea zborului din Indonezia
au declarat că vitezometrul de la bordul aeronavei Lion Air
610, care s-a prăbuşit în urmă cu o săptămână în Marea Java,
s-a deteriorat în ultimele patru zboruri ale avionului.
Aeronava, un Boeing 737, s-a prăbuşit în Marera Java,
provocând moartea tuturor celor 189 de persoane aflate la
bord.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.rador.ro/2018/11/05/vitezometrul-avionului-lion-air-601-
prabusit-in-indonezia-a-fost-deteriorat-in-ultimele-patru-zboruri-sustin-
oficialii-indonezieni/ [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 12:19]
Context 2 ,,Daca in timpul zborului in nori se pierde controlul
planorului, se defecteaza indicatorul de viraj sau
vitezomentrul, se va parasi cat mai repede norul. Pentru
aceasta pilotul va aduce toate comenzile la mijloc, mansa usor

99
 picata si va deschide complet franele aerodinamice. Aceasta
manevra va aduce planorul aproximativ intr-un zbor de
coborare in linie dreapta fara exces mare de viteza si usureaza
parasirea norului in limite de securitate.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.andreigosman.ro/aviatie/tehnica-pilotajului-planoare/
[accessed on: 15.05.2020, 12:09]
Comment Vitezometrul interesează prin datele furnizate pentru calculul
duratei de zbor, dând indicații și pentru menținerea portanței
necesare zborului în diferite manevre și evoluții, funcționând
pe baza acțiunii dinamice a aerului asupra unei capsule
aneroide.Vitezometrul se compune dintr-un tub Pilot montat
pe aripă sau pe fuzelajul aeronavei și instrumentul propriu-zis
de pe planșa de bord, alcătuit dintr-o carcasă de aluminiu
închisă cu un sistem de pârghii legat la una sau două capsule
aneroide deschise
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/vitezometru [accessed on: 15.05.2020,
12:23]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

100
Term altimeter
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a device used in an aircraft to measure how high it is from the
ground
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/altimeter [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 22:27]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – altimeters
Nota Bene Latin altus -meter; meter: Old English meter, Latin mētrum,
Greek metron, Old French metre

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/altimetry

https://www.etymonline.com/word/meter?ref=etymonline_crossreference
[accessed on: 22.01.2020, 19:23]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument, device
Hyponyms hypsometer
Acronyms ALTI (Altimeter)

Context 1 “In aviation, altitude refers to how high an aircraft is above mean sea
level; that is,how high the aircraft is above the average level of the
Earth's oceans. The altimeter is the instrument that supplies this
information.Obviously, the important figure is how high the aircraft
is above the ground,including mountaintops and things attached to
the ground such as tall buildings andtelevision towers.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.angelflightne.org/images/Docs/the_altimeter.pdf
[accessed on: 22.01.2020,19:34]
Context 2 “Aircraft altimeters tell pilots how high they're flying, and
understanding how they work is necessary for safe flight. It's a simple
and basic flight instrument, yet it can be misinterpreted by pilots—
sometimes with grave consequences.Altimeters range
from conventional to newer computerized systems found

101
 on technologically advanced aircraft. Newer altimeters use high-tech
sensors to detect altitude. Altitude also can be accurately attained
with an instrument flight rule (IFR)-certified GPS system on board.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/basic-flight-instruments-the-altimeter-282608
[accessed on: 22.01.2020, 19:37]
Comment The altimeter is a pressure-operated instrument. It resembles a
simple anaeroid barometer except that it is graduated in units of
distance, normally metres or feet. It works by measuring air pressure,
utilising the fact that the air pressure of the atmosphere decreases by
approximately 1 millibar for each 10 metres in height. The pressure
measured is static pressure and so is independent of the airspeed of
the aeroplane. The principle of operation is that a compressible,
sealed metal canister contains a fixed amount of air. When the
external air pressure reduces (as the aeroplane's altitude increases),
the canister expands.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/altimeter [accessed on:
22.01.2020, 19:40]
Use area field avition
Status official

102
Ro correspondent altimetru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition instrument cu care se măsoară altitudinea față de un nivel de referință
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/altimetru [accessed on 22.01.2020, 19:42 ]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. altimetre gen-dat.sg. altimetrului ,
gen-dat.pl. altimetrelor
Nota Bene Din fr. altimètre.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/altimetru [accessed on 22.01.2020, 19:50 ]

Generic concept instrument de bord

Hypernyms instrument , dispozitiv
Hyponyms hipsometru
Synonyms barograf
Context 1 “Altimetru – folosit pentru a indica altitudinea, deși astăzi altimetrele
fac mai mult decât atat. Altimetrele electronice înregistrează numărul
salturilor, altitudinea de la care se sare, altitudinea la care se deschide
parașuta și viteza.Altimetru audibil – este un altimetru mai mic, purtat
pe interiorul căștii, în dreptul urechii, și în funcție de setări, informează
parașutistul prin semnale audio la ce altitudine trebuie să deschidă
parașuta sau chiar să anunțe înălțimea în timpul în care acesta urmează
schema de aterizare.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.flynfriends.ro/diferenta-dintre-parasutism-si-parapanta/#.XiiL3X8zbIU [
accesed on 22.01.2020,19:51]
Context 2 “Accidentul aviatic de la Amsterdam a fost cauzat de o defecţiune
apărută la altimetru. Aceasta este concluzia la care a ajuns biroul
olandez de anchetă, după ce au fost studiate înregistrările audio şi cutiile
negre ale avionului. Un avion, aparţinând companiei turceşti Turkish
Airlines, s-a prăbuşit, în urmă cu o săptămână, pe Aeroportul Schiphol
din Amsterdam.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.antena3.ro/externe/o-defectiune-la-altimetru-este-cauza-accidentului-
aviatic-de-la-amsterdam-66269.html [accessed on: 22.01.2020, 19:55]

103
Comment Altimetrul este un instrument cu care se măsoară altitudinea (înălțimea)
față de un nivel de referință (nu neapărat nivelul mării), aflat la bordul
planoarelor, avioanelor (aparatelor de zbor). El indică înalțimea de zbor
față de nivelul aerodromului de decolare și se bazează pe principiul
descreșterii presiunii atmosferice, în raport cu înălțimea. De fapt el este
un barometru, cu indicații în unități de înălțime.

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimetru [accessed on: 22.01.2020, 20:00]

Use area field aviație
Status oficial

104
Term amphibian
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft or other vehicle that can be used on land and on
water
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/amphibian
[accessed on: 04.05.2020, 17:56]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – amphibians

Nota Bene from Greek amphibia

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=amphibian&ref=searchbar_searc

hhint [accessed on: 23.04.2020, 17:09]
Generic concept airplane, plane
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms seaplane
Synonyms amphibious aircraft
Collocations amphibian airplane
Context 1 “Another amphibian with 2016 service-entry hopes is the
Akoya, from Lisa Airplanes. The company has been flying
two test aircraft at its base in Le Bourget-du-Lac, southeast
France, and is believed to have secured about 100 deposits
for the two-seater, mostly from America. The Akoya
programme was originally slated for certification in 2015,
but when funding dried up in 2012 in the wake of the
financial meltdown privately-owned Lisa was forced into
receivership..“
Source of context 1 https://www.flightglobal.com/land-sea-sky-amphibians-you-can-buy-
mostly/117716.article [accessed on: 23.04.2020, 17:00]
Context 2 “Most of the aircraft for sale listings include aircraft serial
number or aircraft registration, and aircraft price. Viewing a
detailed amphibian aircraft for sale listing provides
additional information about the amphibian airplane for

105
 sale specifications and aircraft broker. It may also provide
aircraft location, aircraft price, interior images, exterior
images and other information on the aircraft for sale you are
looking for.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.globalair.com/aircraft-for-sale/Amphibian [accessed on:
23.04.2020, 17:14]
Comment Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft are seaplanes (flying boats
and floatplanes) that are equipped with retractable wheels,
at the expense of extra weight and complexity, plus
diminished range and fuel economy compared to planes
designed for land or water only. Some amphibians are fitted
with reinforced keels which act as skis, allowing them to
land on snow or ice with their wheels up.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft [accessed on:
23.04.2020, 17:17]
Use area field aviation
Status official

106
Ro correspondent avion amfibiu
ID language română
ID country România
Definition avion special construit pentru a se înălța și a coborî atât (de) pe
uscat cât și (de) pe apă
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/amfibiu%20 [accessed on: 23.04.2020, 17:23]

Grammatical information Grup nominal

avion: substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat.
sg.avionului , gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
amfibiu: adjectiv, gen.neutru, variabil cu 3 forme flexionare:
amfibiu, amfibie, amfibii
Nota Bene Din fr. amphibie.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/amfibiu%20 [accessed on: 23.04.2020, 17:24]

Generic concept avion

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms hidroavion
Synonyms avion cu aterizare/decolare pe apa/uscat
Context 1 ,,Recent, cel mai mare avion amfibiu din lume a efectuat primul
său zbor, după cum informează popularmechanics.com. Aparatul
AG600 este produs în China și poate decola atât de pe o pistă
normală, cât și de pe suprafata apei. Neobișnuitul avion amfibiu
a fost dezvoltat într-un interval de șapte ani și va fi utilizat în
misiunile de stingere a incendiilor de amploare, de salvare a
victimelor naufragiilor și accidentelor navale, precum și în
misiunile de supraveghere – mai ales în zona insulelor artificiale
(militarizate) din Marea Chinei de Sud.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.cunoastelumea.ro/acesta-este-cel-mai-mare-avion-amfibiu-din-
lume-unde-a-fost-conceputa-aeronava-si-de-ce-performante-e-capabila/
[accessed on: 23.04.2020, 17:48]

107
Context 2 ,, În 1986, Bombardier face pasul spre aviație, cumpărând
compania canadiană Canadair, care fabrica avioanele de afaceri
„Challenger”. Urmează o serie de achiziții și dezvoltare de noi
produse, cum ar fi avionul Bombardier 415, un avion amfibiu
destinat luptei împotriva incendiilor.’’
Source of context 2 https://paginiromanesti.ca/2020/02/12/bombardier-sfarsitul-unui-imperiu/
[accessed on: 24.04.2020, 10:05]
Comment Aeronavele amfibie cu aripa fixă unt hidroavioane ( avioane
plutitoare), care sunt echipate cu roți retractabile, în detrimentul
greutății suplimentare și al complexității, plus o gamă diminuată
și economie de combustibil în comparație cu avioanele
proiectate doar pentru uscat sau apă. Unii amfibieni sunt
prevăzuți cu chile întărite care acționează ca schiuri, ceea ce le
permite să aterizeze pe zăpadă sau gheață cu roțile în sus.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft [accessed on: 24.04.2020,
10:10]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

108
Term autogyro
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that is supported in flight by unpowered rotating horiz
ontal wings (or blades); forward propulsion is provided by a con
ventional propeller
Source of definition https://www.thefreedictionary.com/autogyro [accessed on: 11.05.2020,
19:40]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – autogyros
Nota Bene from Greek αὐτός + γύρος
Nota Bene Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:08]

Generic concept heavier-than-air craft

Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms gyroplane; gyrocopter
Context 1 “At first sight an autogyro looks like a rudimentary helicopter as
they both have large horizontal rotor blades. But unlike a
helicopter, the rotors on an autogyro are not powered. Instead,
the thrust comes from a propeller either at the front or rear of the
aircraft.The blades spin because of the air rushing up through
them, providing lift and stability. Though this is an unusual
design, autogyros are popular with recreational pilots and
they’re well suited to low-speed flight.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/whats-the-difference-
between-an-autogyro-and-a-helicopter/ [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:12]

109
Context 2 “One day, when recovering from surgery, he saw a reality TV
show involving the restoration of an old autogyro that had been
sitting for decades at the back of a barn. “I thought to myself: ‘If
I get out of this mess, that’s something I’d like to try.’”
Suddenly, he had a goal to reach.The goal helped him stay
positive through surgeries and particularly aggressive bouts of
chemotherapy. When, against the odds, he was finally up and
about again, he duly got his license at the only school that then
offered training, in the UK. He flew his autogyro home from
Northumbria to Northern Ireland, across the Irish Sea, and
started thinking about how far he could take it. ’’

Source of context 2 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/06/autogyro-cancer-survivor-

around-the-world [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:17]
Comment While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro's
rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to generate
rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc rather
than down.The autogyro was invented by Spanish engineer Juan
de la Cierva in an attempt to create an aircraft that could fly
safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923, at
Cuatro Vientos Airfield in Madrid. Cierva's autogyro is
considered the predecessor of the modern helicopter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:24]
Use area field aviation
Status official

110
Ro correspondent autogir
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aeronavă prevăzută cu o elice de propulsie antrenată de un
motor și cu o elice de suspensie care se învârtește în jurul unui
ax vertical prin forța realizată de deplasarea aeronavei. ’’
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/autogir [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:25]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl. autogire gen-dat.sg.

autogirului, gen-dat.pl. autogirelor
Nota Bene Din fr.autogire
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/autogir [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:28]

Generic concept aerodină

Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms giravion ; elicopter
Context 1 ,,Din punct de vedere tehnic, Pal-V nu este un avion, ci un
autogir – un fel de elicopter a cărui elice principală nu este
propulsată, ci se învârte (și produce portanță) datorită unei a
doua, mai mici ce împinge aeronava și formează astfel fluxul
de aer necesar elicei principale. Tot așa, pe șosea Liberty nu
este un automobil, ci un hibrid cu trei roți – după ceva muncă
manuală (cinci – zece minute) trenul de aterizare se pliază și
se coboară aproape de sol, în timp ce elicele sunt strânse. ’’
Source of context 1 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogir [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:40]

Context 2 ,,După ce la vârsta de 18 ani a construit un autogir, a intrat în

atenţia comuniştilor de vârf care i-au recunoscut capacitatăţile
tehnice uimitoare – asta în ciuda faptului că avea doar opt
clase! I-au acordat fonduri uriaşe pentru producţia de serie a
descoperirilor sale în domeniul depanării TV: construcţia
generatorului color de miră şi a primului televizor color
românesc, fapt care ar fi eliminat patentele est-germane şi

111
 ruseşti. Însă demersul său a fost stopat de revoluţie şi de
dizolvarea secţiei UJECOOP Cluj în care activa!’’
Source of context 2 https://gazetadecluj.ro/vasile-tusa-geniul-cu-opt-clase-care-i-a-uimit-pe-
comunisti-singurul-clujean-prezent-in-istoria-aeronauticii-romanesti/
[accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:43]
Comment Autogirul este o aeronavă mai grea decât aerul , având un
fuzelaj echipat cu o elice de propulsie antrenată de un motor,
și o elice autoportantă care se rotește liber în jurul unui ax
vertical, prin forța realizată de deplasarea aeronavei. Poartă și
denumirea de girocopter.Autogirul diferă de girodină prin
faptul că la aceasta elicea portantă este acționată de un motor,
iar la autogir elicea se rotește liber, fără a fi antrenată de un
motor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogir [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 18:47]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

112
Term autopilot
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a device that keeps aircraft, spacecraft,and ships moving in
a particular direction without human involvement
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/autopilot
[accessed on: 11.05.2020]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – autopilots
Nota Bene from auto- + pilot; auto-: from Greek autos; pilot: Middle
French pillote, from Italian piloto, Old Italian pedoto
Medieval Greek pedotes , Greek pedon
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=auto-
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pilot [accessed on: 26.02.2020,
21:27]
Generic concept device
Hypernyms navigational device
Synonyms automatic pilot, robot pilot
Acronyms A/P (Autopilot);
Context 1 “. Post had a navigator by the name of Harold Gatty to help
him stay alert and fight fatigue on that historic flight. But
when Post became the first person to fly solo around the
world in 1933, he had to do everything without an extra pair
of hands. The secret to his success, or at least one of his
secrets, was a simple autopilot that steered the plane while he
rested.’’
Source of context 1 https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/autopilot.htm
[accessed on: 26.02.2020, 22:00]
Context 2 “Most autopilots in light general aviation airplanes are two-
axis, meaning they control roll (longitudinal axis) and pitch
(lateral axis). I’ve heard pilots say they have a three-axis
because it has altitude hold mode.This implies that altitude

113
 hold controls a “third axis.” There is no third axis in airplanes
associated with altitude. Some planes do have a three-axis
autopilot, the third axis (vertical axis) commonly referred to
as a “yaw damper,” controls or minimizes unwanted yaw to
address fish-tailing in turbulence like many aircraft do. ’’
Source of context 2 https://www.avweb.com/flight-safety/proficiency/transitioning-to-an-
autopilot/ [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 22:03]
Comment Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they
assist them in controlling the vehicle. This allows them to
focus on broader aspects of operations such as monitoring the
trajectory, weather and systems. The autopilot is often used in
conjunction with the autothrottle, when present, which is the
analogous system controlling the power delivered by the
engines.The autopilot system on airplanes is sometimes
colloquially referred to as "George"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 22:07]

Use area field aviation
Status official

114
Ro correspondent autopilot
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Un pilot automat, sau autopilot este un sistem tehnic montat la
bordul unui vehicul (aeronavă, navă, navă spațială) care asigură
conducerea acestuia preluând unele dintre sarcinile pilotului, în
special menținerea stabilității pe traseul prestabilit.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_automat [accessed on: 26.02.2020,
22:18]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.masculin, pl. autopiloți gen-dat.sg.
autopilotului, gen-dat.pl. autopiloților
Nota Bene Din fr. autopilote, germ. Autopilot.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/autopilot [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 22:28]

Generic concept sistem

Hypernyms sistem de navigație
Synonyms pilot automat
Acronyms A/P (Autopilot);
Context 1 ,,Un avion Flybe, la bordul căruia se aflau 48 de persoane, a
fost la un pas de o tragedie de proporții, după ce o greșeală
introdusă în sistemul de autopilot a făcut ca aeronava să cadă în
gol, la scurt timp după ce decolase de pe Aeroportul din Belfast.
Incidentul a avut loc pe 11 ianuarie, însă abia acum autoritățile
au descoperit de ce zborul a fost la doar 13 secunde de o
tragedie.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/externe/mapamond/de-ce-a-cazut-in-gol-un-avion-flybe-
dupa-decolare-zborul-a-fost-la-13-secunde-de-dezastru-1028757 [accessed on:
26.02.2020, 22:38]
Context 2 ,,Asa-zisul Automatic Ground-Collision Avoidance System
(Auto-GCAS) ar monitoriza traiectoria unui avion comparativ
cu terenul aflat sub ruta de zbor. Daca in urma calculelor s-ar
dovedi ca o coliziune este iminenta si nu exista niciun raspuns

115
 de la pilotul solicitat sa schimbe ruta, atunci un sistem de
autopilot ar prelua conducerea pana cand avionul se afla in
siguranta.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.ziare.com/international/avion-prabusit-franta/tragedia-din-alpi-
putea-fi-prevenita-ce-tehnologie-e-disponibila-video-1356318 [accessed on:
26.02.2020, 22:40]
Comment Cea mai răspândită utilizare a sistemelor de tip pilot automat
este în aviație. Pilotul automat are funcțiile de: amortizare, prin
care compensează oscilațiile avionului, care la viteze
supersonice nici nu pot fi atenuate de om; stabilizare, prin care
aeronava este menținută într-o asietă dată, de regulă orizontală;
comandă, prin care modifică evoluțiile de zbor după un
program care cuprinde intrarea, menținerea și ieșirea din
evoluție.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_automat [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 22:45]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

116
Term balloon
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due
to its buoyancy
Source of definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics) [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 20:15]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – balloons
Nota Bene from Italian pallone , French ballon

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/balloon#etymonline_v_231

[accessed on: 17.03.2020, 18:54]
Generic concept lighter-than-air craft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms hot-air balloon
Acronyms Bln ( Balloon)
Collocations balloon flight

Context 1 “If the flight over the city is planned then the pilot of air
balloon must have the permission of Municipality and Civil
Aviation Authorities (CAA) and just before the flight the
pilot has submit his flight plan to the Air Traffic
Service.Flights over city are also peculiar because the
services of air traffic control are provided during it.
Therefore, the pilot has to prepare his maps carefully and to
regulate all details with the Air Traffic Service. ’’

Source of context 1 https://www.ballooning.lt/how-does-balloon-fly/ [accessed on:

17.03.2020, 19:14]
Context 2 “ The French brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne
Montgolfier developed a hot air balloon in Annonay,
Ardeche, France and demonstrated it publicly on September
19, 1783, making an unmanned flight lasting 10 minutes.

117
 After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights
with animals, the first balloon flight with humans aboard, a
tethered flight, performed on or around October 15, 1783,
by Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier who made at least one
tethered flight from the yard of the Reveillon workshop in
the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Later that same day, Pilatre de
Rozier became the second human to ascend into the air,
reaching an altitude of 26 m (85 ft), the length of the
tether.’’
Source of context 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_air_balloon [accessed on:
17.03.2020, 19:17]
Comment It is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat
that can propel itself through the air in a controlled
manner.Many balloons have a basket, gondola, or capsule
suspended beneath the main envelope for carrying people or
equipment (including cameras and telescopes, and flight-
control mechanisms).A balloon is conceptually the simplest
of all flying machines. The balloon is a fabric envelope
filled with a gas that is lighter than the surrounding
atmosphere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics) [accessed on:
17.03.2020, 19:18]
Use area field aviation
Status official

118
Ro correspondent balon
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aerostat alcătuit dintr-un înveliș din material subțire și
impermeabil umplut cu un gaz mai ușor decât aerul1 și care
are atașată o nacelă.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/balon [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 19:27]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl.baloane, gen-dat. sg.

balonului, gen-dat.pl. baloanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. ballon
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/balon [accessed on: 17.03.2020, 19:29]

Generic concept aerostat

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms balonul cu aer cald
Synonyms montgolfier
Context 1 ,,Este cea mai sigură formă de zbor şi nu se aseamănă cu
nimic altceva. Nu este un sport extrem, ci mai degrabă unul
contemplativ. Întreg zborul e liniştitor şi vei avea o foarte
mică senzaţie de mişcare. Balonul devine unul cu vântul,
mişcându-se la aceeaşi viteză şi în aceeaşi direcţie. Nu se aud
decât vocile de pe pământ şi sunetul focului care încălzeşte
aerul, ca un dragon care scuipă flăcări. Pe tot parcursul
zborului ai o senzaţie de pace totală, ca să nu mai vorbim de
privelişte.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.balloony.ro/ [accessed on: 17.03.2020, 19:37]

Context 2 ,, Primele zboruri cu balonul facute vreodata de oameni au

avut loc pe Batranul Continent, in anul 1783. Cu toate
acestea, chinezii sunt cei care au inventat, inca din primii ani
ai erei noastre, acest mod de a privi lumea, insa nu au reusit sa
dispute paternitatea inventiei.In tara noastra, nu numai ca

119
 exista cateva cluburi pentru pasionati, dar exista si
evenimente speciale care, an de an, pun la cale spectacole
ceresti ce dau o noua semnificatie expresiei “Toate panzele
sus.”
Source of context 2 https://blog.hotelguru.ro/in-ce-locuri-din-romania-se-poate-zbura-cu-
balonul-cu-aer-cald/ [accessed on: 17.03.2020, 19:39]
Comment Învelitoarea balonului poate fi închisă ermetic, cazul
baloanelor sub presiune, sau poate fi prevăzută la partea
inferioară cu o deschidere (prin care gazul nu poate ieși, gazul
fiind mai ușor decât aerul).Baloanele se mai numeau
aerostate, astăzi ele sunt considerate o categorie din grupa
mare a aerostatelor, pe lângă grupa dirijabilelor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balon [accessed on: 17.03.2020, 19:43]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

120
Term barometer
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a device that measures air pressure and shows when the
weather is likely to change
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/barometer [accessed
on: 04.05.2020, 17:59]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – barometers
Nota Bene from baro + meter; baro: from Greek baros; meter: from
French -mètre, from Greek metro
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/barometer#etymonline_v_5256
https://www.etymonline.com/word/-
meter?ref=etymonline_crossreference
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument
Hyponyms barograph , aneroid
Synonyms pressure indicator
Acronyms BARO (Barometer)

Collocations electronic barometer

Context 1 “A mercury barometer has a glass tube that is closed at the
top and open at the bottom. At the bottom of the tube is a
pool of mercury. The mercury sits in a circular, shallow dish
surrounding the tube. The mercury in the tube will adjust
itself to match the atmospheric pressure above the dish. As
the pressure increases, it forces the mercury up the tube. The
tube is marked with a series of measurements that track the
number of atmospheres or bars. Observers can tell what the
air pressure is by looking at where the mercury stops in the
barometer. “

121
Source of context 1 https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/barometer/ [accessed
on: 02.04.2020, 20:08]
Context 2 “ The authors present the evaluative testing of a portable
prototype of digital electronic barometer (UBII001). The
prototype was developed in Venezuela although it includes
low–cost multinational parts. The six year evaluation
included response stability against atmospheric pressure
variations. The UBII00 1 successfully passed a 550–1100
hPa test in the pressurization chamber of the Fondo de
Metrología Legal (SENCAMER, Venezuela) and its
responses remained within an acceptable ±0.1 hPa stability
variation range.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-
62362011000200006 [accessed on: 02.04.2020, 20:21]
Comment Barometers and pressure altimeters (the most basic and
common type of altimeter) are essentially the same
instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is
intended to be used at different levels matching the
corresponding atmospheric pressure to the altitude, while a
barometer is kept at the same level and measures subtle
pressure changes caused by weather and elements of
weather.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer [accessed on: 02.04.2020,
20:25]
Use area field aviation
Status official

122
Ro correspondent barometru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition instrument pentru măsurarea presiunii atmosferei (a înălțimii
unui loc) și, prin aceasta, pentru indicarea schimbărilor
probabile ale vremii.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/barometru [accessed on: 02.04.2020, 21:07]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl. barometre, gen-dat. sg.

barometrului, gen-dat.pl. barometrelor
Nota Bene Din fr. baromètre.

Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/barometru [accessed on: 03.04.2020,

21:08]
Generic concept instrument de bord
Hypernyms instrument
Hyponyms barograf
Synonyms indicator al presiunii
Context 1 ,, Mai rar întâlnit este barometrul sifon, cu cele două forme
ale sale, barometrul sifon simplu şi barometrul Hooke. Cel
dintâi constă dintr-un tub de sticlă curbat, cu două braţe, unul
lung de aproximativ 90 de centimetri şi închis la capăt, iar
celălalt deschis şi lung de aproximativ 20 de centimetri.
Tubul este umplut cu mercur și așezat cu partea închisă în
sus. Barometrul Hooke (denumit şi barometru scripete), este
de fapt o modificare a barometrului sifon, care foloseşte un
indicator conectat la un scripete pentru afişarea valorii
presiunii atmosferice ’’
Source of context 1 https://www.scientia.ro/tehnologie/39-cum-functioneaza-lucrurile/237-
ce-este-barometrul.html [accessed on: 02.04.2020, 21:16]
Context 2 ,,Un manometru care masoară presiuni sub presiunea
atmosferică se numește de obicei manometru vid. Presiunea

123
 atmosferică într-un punct descrește cu altitudinea. Există
variații ale presiunii atmosferice de la o zi la alta, deoarece
atmosfera nu este statică. Coloana de mercur din barometru
va avea înălțime de aproximativ 76 cm de mercur la 0 grade
Celsius, în câmp gravițional normal( standard), g= 9,80665
m/s, se numește,, o atmosferă ’’ (1 atm).’’
Source of context 2 https://ro.scribd.com/doc/253228981/Barometru [accessed on:
02.04.2020, 21:41]
Comment Un barometru este un dispozitiv din sticla, sigilat, care
contine o serie de substante chimice ce cristalizeaza intr-un
anume mod pentru a prezice vremea, cu cateva zile in avans.
Nu se cunoaste cu exactitate cine a inventat barometrul, dar
aceste dispozitive au inceput sa apara pe la mijlocul anilor
1700.
https://blog.mindblower.ro/ce-este-si-cum-functioneaza-un-barometru-
10-intrebari-frecvente/ [accessed on: 02.04.2020, 21:41]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

124
Term biplane

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an old type of aircraft with two sets of wings, one above the
other
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/biplane [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 18:00]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – biplanes
Nota Bene from bi- + plane; plane: from Latin planum; bi- : from Latin
bi-, from Old Latin dvi-
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/biplane#etymonline_v_11179
https://www.etymonline.com/word/bi-?ref=etymonline_crossreference
https://www.etymonline.com/word/plane?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymo
nline_v_16433 [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 17:26]

Generic concept airplane

Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms monoplane
Acronyms B (biplane)
Collocations biplane fighter
Context 1 “One reason is history. Dozens of biplane types stand out in
the history of aviation—as military trainers for both world
wars, corporate aircraft, barnstormers, transports, crop
dusters, and showplanes. Most of the biplane owners we’ve
hopped rides with say they regard themselves as caretakers,
preserving a bit of aviation heritage until the next owner can
take over the job. “

Source of context 1 https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/biplanes-and-us-462225/

[accessed on: 24.03.2020, 17:51]
Context 2 “The Bristol F.2 Fighter was a British two-seat biplane
fighter and reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War

125
 developed by Frank Barnwell at the Bristol Aeroplane
Company. It is often simply called the Bristol Fighter, other
popular names include the "Brisfit" or "Biff".’’
Source of context 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter [accessed on:
24.03.2020, 17:37]
Comment A biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a
monoplane, it produces more drag than a monoplane wing.
Improved structural techniques, better materials and higher
speeds made the biplane configuration obsolete for most
purposes by the late 1930s.Biplanes offer several advantages
over conventional cantilever monoplane designs: they permit
lighter wing structures, low wing loading and smaller span
for a given wing area.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 17:55]

Use area field aviation

Status official

126
Ro correspondent biplan
ID language română
ID country România
Definition avion cu două aripi de același tip, așezate paralel una
deasupra celeilalte.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/biplan [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 17:54]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. biplane, gen-dat. sg.
biplanului, gen-dat.pl. biplanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. biplan.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/biplan [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 17:56]

Generic concept avion

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms monoplan
Context 1 ,,Spectatorii vor putea admira la apusul soarelui maiestria
pilotilor. Vor evolua pilotii de la Fortele Aeriene Romane
care vor fi prezenti cu escadrila de elicoptere si cu avioanele
militare MIG21. Formatia ASALT va face o demonstratie pe
cer, iar in premiera va fi prezent si singurul avion biplan din
Romania, sub numele Skybolt of Romania. In plus, Iacarii
Acrobati vor evolua alaturi de Jurgis Kairys, pilotul lituanian
care face adevarate spectacole pe cer’’
Source of context 1 https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/avioane-si-elicoptere-militare-singurul-avion-
biplan-din-romania-acrobatii-aeriene-si-concert-rock-la-timisoara-air-
show/31/05/2017 [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 17:59]

Context 2 ,,Considerat cel mai mare biplan monomotor în serviciu,

AN-2 a zburat pentru prima dată pe 31 august 1947 și este
unul dintreprimele avioane proiectate de Oleg
Konstantinovich Antonov. Ușor șilongeviv, este folosit în
special ca avion utilitar/agricoldatorită vitezei reduse și

127
 înălțimii mici la care poate zbura.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.gandul.ro/magazin/dosar-an-2-caracteristici-si-date-tehnice-
6503664 [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 18:02]
Comment Avion cu două rânduri de aripi suprapuse, legate între ele cu
organe rigide (montanți) și cu organe suple (hobane). Una din
aripi este încastrată în partea de sus sau la cea de jos a
fuzelajului. Biplanele sunt utilizate ca avioane de transport
parașutiști, utilitare, sanitare sau de acrobație din cauza
dezavantajelor aerodinamice. Uneori aripa inferioară are
anvergura mai mică decât cea superioară.
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/biplan [accessed on: 24.03.2020, 18:04]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

128
Term bomber
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that drops bombs
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bomber [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 20:28]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – bombers
Nota Bene bomb + -er; bomb: from French bombe, Italian bomba, Latin
bombus, Greek bombos; -er: Latin -or, German -er, Swedish -
are, Danish -ere
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/bomber#etymonline_v_46770
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=-er
https://www.etymonline.com/word/bomb
[accessed on: 16.03.2020, 19:57]
Generic concept military airplane
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms dive bomber
Synonyms bombing plane
Acronyms B/F(Bomber Force)
Collocations bomber pilot
Context 1 “China’s new H-6N strategic bomber could carry CJ-100
supersonic cruise missiles or the WZ-8 supersonic stealth spy
drone, increasing its maximum strike range to 6,000km (3,728
miles), military sources said.The latest variant of the plane was
designed to carry weaponry that was seen by the public for the
first time at China’s National Day parade last month, a source
close to the People’s Liberation Army Air Force said on Friday.“

Source of context 1 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3036994/chinas-new-

supersonic-arsenal-could-give-h-6n-bomber-force [accessed on: 16.03.2020,
20:34]

129
Context 2 “A bomber pilot from Liverpool who has been listed as missing
in action since World War Two is to be honoured after his final
resting place was confirmed.Pilot Officer John Donald Range
Cromarty, whose Lancaster Bomber was shot down in 1944 over
Berlin, had been buried as an "unknown soldier".Now the
Ministry of Defence has confirmed his identity.His grave in
Berlin will be rededicated on 27 April, along with two crewmates
and three from a Halifax bomber.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-merseyside-36084885/missing-
world-war-two-bomber-pilot-to-be-honoured [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 20:28]
Comment There are two major classifications of bomber, strategic, and
tactical. Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily
designed for long-range bombing missions against strategic
targets to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting
access to resources through crippling infrastructure or reducing
industrial output. Whilst tactical bombing is aimed at countering
enemy military activity and in supporting offensive operations,
and is typically assigned to smaller aircraft operating at shorter
ranges, typically near the troops on the ground or against enemy
shipping.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 21:06]

Use area field aviation

Status officia

130
Ro correspondent bombardier
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un avion militar conceput pentru a ataca ținte terestre, de
regulă lansând bombe.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier [accessed on: 16.03.2020,
21:21]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. bombardiere, gen-dat. sg.
bombardierului, gen-dat.pl. bombardierelor
Nota Bene Din fr. bombardier
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/bombardier [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 21:23]

Generic concept avion militar

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms bombardier în picaj
Synonyms avion de bombardament
Context 1 ,,Aeronava Bombardier E-11A este utilizată de militarii
americani pentru supravegherea electronică a Afganistanului.
Este folosită de militari pentru a extinde gama de semnale
radio și poate fi utilizată pentru a converti ieșirea unui
dispozitiv la altul, cum ar fi conectarea unui radio la un
telefon.Nodul de comunicații aeriene de pe câmpul de luptă,
denumit și de armata americană „Wi-Fi pe cer”, poate fi
transportat atât pe avioane echipate, cum ar fi E-11A, sau cu
aeronave fără echipaj.’’
Source of context 1 https://romania.europalibera.org/a/mister-avion-prabu%C8%99it-luni-
afganistan/30400576.html [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 21:30]
Context 2 ,,În ce scop bombardierul american B-52 a apărut atât de
aproape de bazele militare ruseşti în Siria, până în prezent,
rămâne necunoscut, cu toate acestea, aceste aeronave au fost
observate în trecut executând manevre de simulare a unor

131
 atacuri asupra bazelor militare ruse din regiune, în scop de
testare sau pentru a da semnale trupelor ruseşti staţionate în
zonă.Săptămâna trecută au început să iasă la suprafaţă
zvonuri despre presupusa dezactivare a sistemului S-400 din
Siria, deşi nu există confirmări că armata rusă şi-a dezactivat
sistemul de rachete.’’
Source of context 2 http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/un-bombardier-b-52-s-a-apropiat-
de-o-baza-a-rusiei-in-siria---293881 [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 21:31]
Comment Bombardierele se clasifica in: bombardiere strategice care
sunt concepute în principal pentru misiuni de lungă distanță
(de obicei intercontinentale) împotriva unor ținte strategice
cum ar fi fabrici, orașe, baze militare, pentru a lovi în efortul
de război al inamicului și bombardiere tactice care sunt
avioane mai mici care operează pe distanțe mai scurte.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier [accessed on: 16.03.2020,
21:31]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

132
Term cabin
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the area where passengers sit in an aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cabin [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 18:02]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – cabins
Nota Bene from Old French cabane, from Old Provençal cabana, from
Late Latin capanna, Modern French cabine , Italian cabino
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=cabin [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
12:51]
Generic concept compartment
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms pressure cabin
Acronyms CBN (cabin)

Collocations passenger cabin

Context 1 “Cabin equipment can affect the performance of airlines
directly. Taking customer participation as the starting point,
this study studies the background of airlines participation in
cabin equipment selection and puts forward a QFD-based
method for the aircraft manufacturer to guide airlines
through the process of participating in cabin equipment
selection.’’
Source of context 1 https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=itj.2014.2165.2169 [accessed on:
22.03.2020, 13:22]
Context 2 “The passenger cabin, cockpit, galley and the rest areas for
cabin crew are sanitized. In particular, areas that are often
touched by passengers’ hands will be disinfected, says the
airline. These include the overhead bin or the armrests, but
also carpets and the surface of the seat. The aircraft is ready
for operation 30 minutes after disinfection.’’

133
 https://www.aerotelegraph.com/en/how-airlines-disinfect-their-aircraft-
Source of context 2
in-the-age-of-corona-virus [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 13:12]
Comment In commercial air travel, particularly in airliners, cabins may
be divided into several parts. These can include travel
class sections in medium and large aircraft, areas for flight
attendants, the galley and storage for in-flight
service. Seats are mostly arranged in rows and alleys. The
higher the travel class, the more space is provided. Cabins of
the different travel classes are often divided by curtains,
sometimes called class dividers, but not on all airlines.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_cabin [accessed on: 22.03.2020,

13:28]

Use area field aviation

Status official

134
Ro correspondent cabină
ID language română
ID country România
Definition încăpere la bordul unei aeronave destinată echipajului sau
transportului
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/cabin%C4%83 [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
13:31]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. cabine, gen-dat. sg.
cabinei, gen-dat.pl. cabinelor
Nota Bene Din fr. cabine
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/cabin%C4%83 [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
13:33
Generic concept compartiment
Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms cabină etanșă (presurizată)
Context 1 ,,Pasagerii cursei Bucureşti-Londra cu indicativul FR1006
operată de compania Ryanair au intrat în panică după ce
cabina avionului s-a umplut de fum. Conform primelor date
echipajul de cabină nu a reacţionat prompt, iar o parte din
pasageri au început să se agite şi să strige.Incidentul s-a
produs după decolare. Concret, aeronava cu inmatricularea
EI-EVH s-a întors pe Aeroportul Otopeni după un zbor de 73
de minute în timpul căruia piloţii au survolat în cerc în zona
Mircea Vodă’’
Source of context 1 https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/panica-cursa-ryanair-bucuresti-londra-cabina-
avionului-fost-inundata-fum-1_5e26d4a75163ec427150095b/index.html
[accessed on: 22.03.2020, 13:38]

Context 2 ,,Inginerul de aviație ucrainian Vladimir Tatarenko lucreză

de 3 ani la găsirea unei soluții în caz de accident aerian. El a
inventat o cabină de avion specială, care se poate detașa în
câteva secunde în caz de urgență.

135
 Cabina poate ateriza atât pe teren cât și pe apă. Are parașute
atașate la acoperiș și tuburi de cauciuc gonflabile pentru a-și
păstra linia de plutire, dacă este necesar. “Supraviețuirea într-
un accident de avion este posibilă” a declarat Vladimir
Tatarenko pentru publicația LiveLeak.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.cunoastelumea.ro/avionul-cu-cabina-detasabila-in-caz-de-
urgenta-o-inventie-care-poate-salva-vieti/ [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
13:44]
Comment O cabină de avion este secțiunea avionului în care călătorii
călătoresc.În transportul aerian comercial, în special în
avioane, cabinele pot fi împărțite în mai multe părți. Acestea
pot include secțiuni de clasă de călătorie, zone pentru
însoțitori de zbor, bucătărie și spații de depozitare pentru
servicii la bord. Scaunele sunt în general aranjate în rânduri.
Cu cât este mai mare categoria sau clasa sectorului, cu atât
este oferit mai mult spațiu. Cabinele din diferite clase sunt
deseori separate prin perdele sau divizoare rigide.
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabina_de_avi%C3%B3n
[accessed on: 22.03.2020, 13:24]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

136
Term captain
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the person in charge of an aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/captain [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 15:45]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – captains
Nota Bene from Old French capitaine, from Late Latin capitaneus,
from Latin caput
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=captain [accessed on: 11.05.2020,
15:48]
Generic concept pilot
Hypernyms flight crew
Hyponyms co-pilot
Synonyms pilot in command ; senior pilot
Acronyms PIC ( pilot in command);
Collocations airline captain
Context 1 “Before takeoff, the captain decides who will pilot the
aircraft and who will monitor the instruments, checklists and
communication. The power imbalance between the two
creates a hierarchical system. Depending on the situation and
the pilots’ personalities, this imbalance can sometimes
compromise communication and adversely influence
decision making. “

Source of context 1 https://theconversation.com/are-there-two-pilots-in-the-cockpit-94630

[accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:05]
Context 2 “The scope of what airline captains have to handle is wider
than ever before, and the way airlines train their captains has
had to expand accordingly. “Fifteen to 20 years ago, we
focused on scenarios like, ‘There I was on a dark and stormy

137
 night,’ “ says Captain Mark Hoog, director of United
Airlines’ captain upgrade training. ’’
Source of context 2 https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristykiernan/2019/09/24/the-making-of-a-
captain-how-airlines-train-their-pilots-to-take-command/ [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 15:58]
Comment On an airliner, the captain is the pilot in the left seat. He or
she flies the airplane, makes all the command decisions and
is responsible for the flight's safety. The captain's job is a big
responsibility. It calls for tough decisions and requires more
than just the technical skill involved in flying the airplane.
The captain is a team leader and must establish an effective
crew atmosphere, with good communication and resource
management. A captain must pass many written and practical
tests and have his or her performance evaluated regularly.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/pilot5.htm
[accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:08]
Use area field aviation
Status official

138
Ro correspondent căpitan
ID language română
ID country România
Definition comandant al unei aeronave militare, comerciale sau de
pasageri
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/capitan [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:23]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. căpitani, gen-dat. sg.

information căpitanului, gen-dat.pl. căpitanilor
Nota Bene Din it. capitano, rus. kapitan.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/capitan [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:26]

Generic concept pilot

Hypernyms echipaj de zbor
Hyponyms co-pilot
Synonyms pilot comandant
Acronyms PIC ( pilot in command);
Context 1 ,,Căpitanul avionului, Damir Yusupov, și cel de-al doilea
pilor, Gheorghi Murzin, au fost decorați cu ordinul „Eroi ai
Rusiei”, iar ceilalți membri ai echipajului - cu ordinul Pentru
Vitejie.De asemenea, președintele și-a exprimat speranța că
astfel de incidente nu vor fi’’
Source of context 1 https://ro.sputnik.md/Rusia/20190816/27271373/Putin-i-a-decorat-pe-cei-
doi-piloi-ai-Ural-Airlines.html [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:35]
Context 2 ,,Andreea este de 18 ani în industria aeronautică. La 17 ani
urmărea cu privirea un avion de acrobație și în acel moment a
hotărât că vrea și ea să zboare. Ceea ce le-a părut părinților
doar capriciul unei adolescente s-a transformat, în timp, într-
un mod de viață. Andreea a ajuns căpitan de aeronavă într-o
lume în care 90% dintre piloți sunt bărbați.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/piloti-de-avioane-in-izolare-coronavirus-
2987829 [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:40]

139
Comment Capitanul de avion are sarcina de a supraveghea pregatirile
dinainte de zbor si în timpul zborului cu avionul. Pilotarea
poate fi facuta chiar de capitan, sau de co-pilot, sau poate fi
facuta cu schimbul de cei doi.Unele din obligatii sunt: sa
pregateasca zborul, sa ia în considerare consumul de
combustibil - sa verifice cabina de zbor cu întregul echipaj, sa
verifice înaintea zborului instrumentele si echipamentele de
pe aeronava - sa comunice cu turnul de control din aeroport si
cu pasagerii - sa conduca echipajul pe timpul zborului,
inclusiv sa piloteze, sa îsi asume responsabilitatea pentru un
zbor sigur si economic
http://www.go.ise.ro/POVOL/857.htm [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 16:43]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

140
Term cockpit
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the small closed space where the pilot sits in an aircraft, or
where the driver sits in a racing car
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cockpit?q=%09cockpit
[accessed on: 04.05.2020, 18:04]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – cockpits
Nota Bene from cock + pit ; cock: from Old English cocc, Old French
coc, Modern French coq Old Norse kokkr; pit: Old English
pytt, Middle Dutch putte, Dutch put, Old High German
pfuzza, German Pfütze
https://www.etymonline.com/word/cockpit#etymonline_v_15761
https://www.etymonline.com/word/cock
Nota Bene Source
https://www.etymonline.com/word/pit
[accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:30]
Generic concept compartment
Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms flight desk
Acronyms CKPT (cockpit)
F/A ( flight deck)
Context 1 “A Chinese pilot has been banned from flying for life for
allowing a young woman to visit the cockpit.
The incident happened on an Air Guilin flight 10 months ago,
but the photos taken by the woman – later identified as Chen
Yuying, a student who planned to become a flight attendant
after graduation – only went viral on Sunday.
Chen, a third-year student at Guilin Tourism University, was
seen posing in front of a tea set sitting in a pilot’s seat, and
added a caption that read: “I am super thankful to the pilot! I
am so thrilled!” “

141
 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3036291/chinese-pilot-
Source of context 1
grounded-after-unauthorised-cockpit-guests-photos [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 20:55]
Context 2 “As the Lion Air crew fought to control their diving Boeing
Co. 737 Max 8, they got help from an unexpected source: an
off-duty pilot who happened to be riding in the cockpit.That
extra pilot, who was seated in the cockpit jumpseat, correctly
diagnosed the problem and told the crew how to disable a
malfunctioning flight-control system and save the plane,
according to two people familiar with Indonesia’s
investigation.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-19/how-an-extra-man-
in-cockpit-saved-a-737-max-that-later-crashed [accessed on: 21.03.2020,
20:58]
Comment The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments on an
instrument panel, and the controls that enable the pilot to fly
the aircraft. In most airliners, a door separates the cockpit
from the aircraft cabin. After the September 11, 2001 attacks,
all major airlines fortified their cockpits against access
by hijackers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 21:00]

Use area field aviation

Status official

142
Ro correspondent cabină de pilotaj
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este partea unui avion unde își desfășoară activitatea piloții
avioanelor și uneori și un inginer de zbor.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin%C4%83_de_pilotaj [accessed
on: 21.03.2020, 21:02]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
cabină: substativ comun, gen. feminin, pl. cabine, gen-dat.sg.
cabinei, gen-dat.pl. cabinelor
de: prepoziție
pilotaj: substativ comun, gen neutru, pl. pilotaje, gen-dat.sg.
pilotajului , gen-dat.pl. pilotajelor
Nota Bene cabină : din.fr. cabine
pilotaj : din fr. pilotage
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/cabin%C4%83
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pilotaj [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 21:06]
Generic concept cabină, compartiment
Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms cockpit , cabina piloților
Acronyms CKPT (cockpit)
Context 1 ,,Un pasager al unei aeronave aparţinând companiei Wizz
Air, care se deplasa pe ruta Budapesta-Reykjavik, a încercat
să pătrundă cu forţa în cabina de pilotaj înainte să fie oprit
de echipaj, au anunţat autorităţile norvegiene, potrivit The
Sun.Poliţia din sud-estul Norvegiei a anunţat că a primit o
notificare potrivit căreia un cetăţean islandez în vârstă de 60
ar fi încercat să intre în cabina avionului.Aeronava a fost
forţată să se întoarcă în aer şi să aterizeze pe aeroportul
Stavanger din sudul Norvegiei.’’

143
Source of context 1 https://www.businessmagazin.ro/actualitate/un-pasager-a-incercat-sa-
patrunda-cu-forta-in-cabina-de-pilotaj-a-unui-avion-wizz-air-18284089
[accessed on: 21.03.2020, 21:17]
Context 2 ,, Astăzi, ideea avioanelor de linie fără pilot prinde viață. Fie
că e vorba de Airbus sau Thales, specialist în cabine de
pilotaj, toți cred că acest lucru va fi posibil începând cu anul
2023. Spre binele industriei. Pentru că, potrivit ultimelor date
statistice, în următorii 20 de ani, companiile aeriene vor avea
nevoie de 50.000 de piloți noi pe an. O misiune aproape
imposibilă.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.dcbusiness.ro/viitorul-suna-palpitant-avioanele-de-pasageri-
fara-pilo-i-in-cabina_604338.html [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 21:22]
Comment Din cockpit se face integral comanda (pilotarea) avionului și
tot de aici se determină și controlează anumite procese
tehnice și de zbor. Cockpitul est situat pe partea frontală
(fața) avionului iar piloții au locurile de lucru îndreptate spre
direcția de zbor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin%C4%83_de_pilotaj [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 21:26]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

144
Term co-pilot
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a pilot who helps the main pilot on an aircraft

Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/co-pilot [accessed

on: 11.05.2020, 13:53]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – bombers

Nota Bene co- + pilot; co-: from the Latin form com-; pilot: from
Middle French pillote, from Italian piloto
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=co-
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pilot [accessed on: 11.05.2020,
14:00]
Generic concept pilot
Hypernyms aircrew
Hyponyms second officer
Synonyms first officer
Acronyms FO( first officer)
Context 1 “Their combined ages are just 45. But that didn't stop 26-
year-old captain Kate McWilliams and her 19-year-old co-
pilot Luke Elsworth from flying hundreds of passengers to
their destinations this week.
The young pilots manned a flight from London to Malta,
after McWilliams earlier passed a course ascending to the
rank of captain.“
Source of context 1 https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/woman-26-easyjet-youngest-pilot-
captain/index.html [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:12]
Context 2 “The first officer sits in the right seat and acts as a co-pilot.
He or she has an independent set of controls and
instruments to operate the aircraft and flies the plane about
half the time, usually swapping duties with the captain each
flight leg. The first officer assists the captain in preflight

145
 duties by reviewing paperwork and performing aircraft
preflight checks. The first officer must pass many practical
and written exams and must have a certain amount of
seniority.’’
Source of context 2 https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/pilot5.htm
[accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:32]
Comment Typically, the two share flight tasks, though the co-pilot
might be responsible for working the communication radios
and navigational computers. On longer flights, a co-pilot
might assume command when the captain takes a scheduled
break, or they may switch responsibilities for flying and
other tasks on each leg of the flight. The co-pilot will also
take command if the captain becomes ill or incapacitated.

https://work.chron.com/difference-between-captain-copilot-26656.html
[accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:34]

Use area field aviation

Status official

146
Ro correspondent copilot
ID language română
ID country România
Definition un pilot auxiliar
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/copilot [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:38]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen.masculin, pl. copiloți, gen-dat.sg.

copilotului, gen-dat.pl. copiloților
Nota Bene Din fr. copilote.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/copilot [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:42]

Generic concept pilot

Hypernyms echipaj de zbor
Hyponyms șeful de cabină
Synonyms pilot secund
Context 1 ,, Un absolvent al Şcolii Superioare de Aviaţie Civilă care a
urmat un curs de pregătire integrat pentru obţinerea licenţei
ATPL are calificare de copilot pe avioane multimotor şi
multiechipate destinate transportului aerian public, putând
să ajungă chiar comandant după alte cursuri. După şcoală
însă, fiecare absolvent beneficiază de training suplimentar
în cadrul companiilor aeriene la care se angajează, pentru a
se pregăti de zbor pe avioanele cu care operează acestea.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.businessmagazin.ro/analize/transporturi/povestea-femeii-pilot-de-
la-blue-air-are-32-de-ani-castiga-mii-de-euro-pe-luna-si-a-visat-din-liceu-sa-fie-
comandant-12636139 [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 14:57]

Context 2 ,,În luna mai, Alexandru va sărbători un an de la primul său

zbor, în calitate de copilot. Spune că cele mai mari emoții
le-a trăit la aterizare. „A fost un zbor de aproximativ o oră şi
50 de minute, dar îmi pare că am ajuns în 5 minute la
destinaţie. Emoţiile au fost de nedescris, la aterizare mai
ales”, a spus pilotul Alexandru Burduh.’’

147
Source of context 2 https://diez.md/2016/03/29/video-la-21-de-ani-alexandru-burduh-este-
cel-mai-tanar-pilot-al-aviatiei-moldovenesti/[accessed on: 11.05.2020,
15:24]
Comment Din echipajul de pilotaj mai face parte copilotul și
însoțitorii de bord (stewarzi sau stewardese). La bordul
anumitor aeronave, în cabina de pilotaj există o a treia
persoană – inginerul de zbor, însă în prezent locul acestuia
este luat din ce în ce mai des de computerele de la bord.
https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/check-in-si-
calatoria-cu-avionul/servicii-la-bord [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 15:35]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

148
Term drone
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that does not have a pilot but is controlled by
someone on the ground, used especially for dropping bombs
or for surveillance
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/drone [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 18:05]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – drones
Nota Bene Middle English drane, from Old English dran, Middle
Dutch drane; Old High German treno; German Drohne,
Lithuanian tranni, Greek thronax
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/drone#etymonline_v_15918
[accessed on 13.03.2020, 17:28]
Generic concept heavier-than-air-craft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms quadrotor drone
Synonyms pilotless aircraft
Acronyms RPVs (remotely piloted vehicles);
UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles)
Collocations jet-powered drone
Context 1 “The Oxford English Dictionary describes drones as 'a
remote-less controlled piloted aircraft or
missile'. Understood in such sense, drones came into first
use after World War II when unmanned jets, such as
the Ryan Firebee (a documentary about the Firebee and
the use of early drones in the Vietnam War), started field
operation.Since then, the number of drones in military use
increased substantially enough that the New York Time
decided to refer to it as a new paradigm for warfare. “
Source of context 1 https://www.nesta.org.uk/archive-pages/drones-a-history-of-flying-

149
 robots/ [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:36]
Context 2 “The US Air Force has successfully tested an advanced, jet-
powered drone called the XQ58-A Valkyrie, that could
someday accompany human-piloted fighter jets on missions.
The concept is a bit like something we’ve seen in video
games, a drone (or swarm of drones) can fight alongside a
human pilot, or absorb enemy fire in their place..’’
Source of context 2 https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/9/18255358/us-air-force-xq58-a-
valkyrie-prototype-robotic-loyal-wingman-drone-successful-test-flight
[accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:40]
Comment A typical unmanned aircraft is made of light composite
materials to reduce weight and increase maneuverability.
This composite material strength allows military drones to
cruise at extremely high altitudes.
Drones are equipped with different state of the art
technology such as infrared cameras, GPS and laser
(consumer, commercial and military UAV). Drones are
controlled by remote ground control systems (GSC) and also
referred to as a ground cockpit.

https://www.dronezon.com/learn-about-drones-quadcopters/what-is-
drone-technology-or-how-does-drone-technology-work/ [accessed on:
13.03.2020, 17:45]

Use area field aviation

Status official

150
Ro correspondent dronă
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aparat de zbor fără pilot uman la bord, ghidat de la distanță sau
cu pilot automat
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/drona [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:46]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. drone, gen-dat.sg. dronei,
gen-dat.pl. dronelor
Nota Bene Din engl. drone

Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/drona [accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:48]

Generic concept aeronavă

Hypernyms dispozitiv de zbor
Synonyms aeronavă fără pilot
Acronyms UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles)
Context 1 ,,Supranumită "The Big Drone", această este creația
fondatorului Drone Champions, Herbert Weirather, cel care a
asistat personal în procesul de testare. El s-a aflat pe scaunul de
un singur loc în timp ce drona era controlată de la distanță de
Mirko Cesena de la Drone Champions League.Drona a fost
testată la începutul lunii februarie la un depozit în Germania,
pentru ca apoi să zboare în premieră în exterior în Croația.
Toate testele au fost încheiat cu succes.’’

Source of context 1 https://www.eurosport.ro/high-tech/the-big-drone-prima-drona-de-viteza-

care-poate-transporta-un-om-testata-cu-succes_sto7674002/story.shtml
[accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:53]
Context 2 ,, Drona de atac Ohotnik a fost proiectată să fie un aparat de
zbor de tip „stealth“ („invizibil“), prin aplicarea tehnologiei
specifice, care presupune o anumită geometrie a suprafeţelor şi
acoperirea cu vopsea radio-absorbantă, cu scopul de a reduce
amprenta radar a aparatului. Drona Ohotnik are una dintre

151
 configuraţiile aerodinamice specifice avioanelor „invizibile“,
respectiv geometria de „aripă zburătoare“ întâlnită şi la
bombardierul „invizibil“ B-2, aflat în dotarea Forţelor Aeriene
ale SUA.’’
Source of context 2 https://adevarul.ro/international/rusia/infografie-vanatorul-isi-ia-zborul-
drona-ruseasca-atac-testata-vara-1_5cfe5da9892c0bb0c636f772/index.html
[accessed on: 13.03.2020, 18:02]
Comment Este ghidat fie de către un pilot automat digital aflat la bordul
său, fie prin telecomandă de la un centru de control de la sol
sau care este situat în altă aeronavă, pilotată. Dronele sunt
folosite în domeniul militar, rar în domeniul civil. Ele au la
bord o sarcină utilă. Dronele militare sunt folosite pentru
recunoaștere, supraveghere, spionaj sau în scop combativ. În
funcție de scop ele au ca sarcină utilă aparatură de recunoaștere
sau/și arme.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronav%C4%83_f%C4%83r%C4%83_pilot
[accessed on: 13.03.2020, 17:56]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

152
Term empennage

ID language English

ID country UK/US
Definition the rear part of an airplane or airship, usually comprising the
stabilizer, elevator, vertical fin, and rudder
Source of definition https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/empennage
[accessed on: 07.05.2020, 17:05]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – empennages
Nota Bene French empennage
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empennage#French [accessed on: 07.05.2020,
17:28]
Generic concept part of an airplane
Hypernyms airplane
Hyponyms horizontal tail
Synonyms tail; tail assembly
Context 1 “A total of 180 passengers traveling from Pune to Delhi on an
Air India flight (AI-852) had a close shave after engineers, who
were checking the aircraft, an Airbus A321, found out that the
aircraft had sustained damages towards its empennage (tail
area). The flight had taken off from Pune at around 8.05am and
landed in Delhi at around 10am after which it had to take off to
Srinagar. “
Source of context 1 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-delhi-air-india-flight-
having-180-passengers-on-board-suffers-damage-in-tail-area-investigation-
underway/articleshow/74149445.cms [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 17:53]

Context 2 “The empennage in large aircraft also houses the auxiliary

power unit (APU). An APU is a relatively small gas turbine

153
 used to generate power to start the main turbine engines and to
provide electricity, hydraulic pressure and air conditioning
while the aircraft is on the ground. The empennage in older
versions of passenger aircraft also houses the main turbine
engine.’’

Source of context 2 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/empennages [accessed

on: 07.05.2020, 17:41]
Comment The empennage of an aircraft is also known as the tail section.
Most empennage designs consist of a tail cone, fixed
aerodynamic surfaces or stabilizers, and movable aerodynamic
surfaces.The tail cone serves to close and streamline the aft end
of most fuselages. The cone is made up of structural members
like those of the fuselage.The fixed surfaces are the horizontal
stabilizer that help stabilize the aircraft and vertical stabilizer
that help to direct an aircraft during flight. The movable
surfaces are usually a rudder located at the aft edge of the
vertical stabilizer and an elevator located at the aft edge the
horizontal stabilizer

https://www.flight-mechanic.com/empennage/ [accessed on: 07.05.2020,

17:59]

Use area field aviation

Status official

154
Ro correspondent ampenaj
ID language română
ID country România
Definition dispozitiv al unui avion dispus în spatele fuzelajului, care
servește la stabilitatea, la echilibrul sau la schimbarea direcției
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ampenaj [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 16:35]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. ampenaje gen-dat.sg.

information ampenajului, gen-dat.pl. ampenajelor
Nota Bene Din fr. empennage.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ampenaj [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 18:40]

Generic concept parte a unui avion

Hypernyms avion
Hyponyms ampenaj vertical
Synonyms organ de stabilizare și de comandă

Context 1 ,,Pentru scheletul aeronavei se utilizează nano-tuburi de

carbon, care transmit curent electric şi informaţii, realizate cu
ajutorul unei imprimante 3D. Din acest motiv şi datorită
formei inovatoare, consumul de combustibil este redus
considerabil. Inginerii de la Airbus se gândesc să renunţe la
kerosen sau la produse bazate pe petrol în schimbul gazului
metan. Ampenajul avionului are forma literei U, astfel că
reduce poluarea fonică răspândită în mediul înconjurător, iar
motoarele amplasate în spate reduc zgomotul resimţit de
pasageri.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.mediafax.ro/life-inedit/cum-ar-putea-arata-avionul-
viitorului-si-cum-vor-decurge-zborurile-foto-video-11703165 [accessed
on: 07.05.2020, 18:46]
Context 2 ,,În prezența Majestății Sale Margareta, Custodele Coroanei,

155
 și a Alteței Sale Regale Principele Radu, Directorul General
Blue Air, Marius Puiu, alături de Tudor Constantinescu,
Director Comercial Blue Air, au prezentat noul livery de pe
ampenajul vertical al aeronavei Boeing 737-800NG. Este
vorba despre portretul regelui Ferdinand I, cel de-al doilea
rege al României, iar inițiativa Blue Air vine în semn de
omagiu celor care s-au dedicat înfăptuirii unității naționale.’’
Source of context 2 https://casa-regala.blogspot.com/2018/12/avion-dedicat-centenarului-si-
casei.html [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 18:57]
Comment Ampenajul este întreaga structură din partea din spate al
avionului, incluzând ampenajul vertical, cel orizontal și
bucata de fuzelaj de care sunt prinse acestea. La un avion de
linie asta înseamnă toate elementele din spatele peretelui
cabinei presurizate. Suprafețele care stabilizează avionul după
axa de tangaj formează ampenajul orizontal, iar cele care
stabilizează avionul după axa de girație formează ampenajul
vertical.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampenaj [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 18:59]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

156
Term fighter
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a small, fast military aircraft used for chasing and destroying
enemy aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fighter [accessed on:
04.05.2020, 18:03]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – fighters
Nota Bene From Middle English fightere, fyghtor, feghtere, feghtare; from Old
English feohtere.
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fighter [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:05]

Generic concept military plane

Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms interceptor, stealth fighter
Synonyms attack aircraft
Acronyms F/A (Fighter/Attack)
Collocations fighter pilot
Context 1 “A Pakistani fighter pilot died Wednesday when his F-16 jet
crashed in a wooded area near the capital while practicing aerobatic
maneuvers ahead of this month's National Day celebrations,
Pakistan's air force said.There were no casualties on the ground or
damage to property, according to an air force statement. Pakistan's
President Afif Alvi expressed his condolences to the family of the
pilot, Noman Akram.“
Source of context 1 https://www.dailysabah.com/world/asia-pacific/pilot-killed-after-f-16-jet-crash-
in-pakistan-capital [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:00]
Context 2 “A World War II-era fighter plane crashed on Saturday into a
Texas parking lot, killing a veteran and one other person, local
media and officials said.The US National Transportation Safety

157
 Board said it was investigating the crash of "a North American P-
51D" in the city of Fredericksburg.The P-51 Mustang served in the
Pacific and other theaters of World War II, as well as during the
Korean War.Fredericksburg is home to the National Museum of the
Pacific War, which said on Twitter that there were two victims, one
of whom was a veteran.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.dailysabah.com/world/asia-pacific/pilot-killed-after-f-16-jet-crash-
in-pakistan-capital [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 18:58]
Comment The key performance features of a fighter include not only its
firepower but also its high speed and maneuverability relative to the
target aircraft.The fighter's main tactical purpose is to establish air
superiority over the battlefield. The success or failure of a
combatant's efforts to gain air superiority hinges on several factors
including the skill of its pilots, the tactical soundness of its doctrine
for deploying its fighters, and the numbers and performance of
those fighters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:16]
Use area field aviation
Status official

158
Ro correspondent avion de vânătoare
ID language română
ID country România
Definition avion militar prevăzut cu tunuri și mitraliere, destinat să
împiedice prin luptă acțiunile aeriene ale inamicului.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 22:22]

Grammatical information Grup nominal

avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane gen-dat.
sg. avionului , gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
de: prepoziție
vânătoare: substativ comun, gen. feminin, pl. vânători, gen-
dat.sg. vânătorii, gen-dat.pl. vânătorilor
Nota Bene avion : din fr avion
vânătoare: din lat. venatoria.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/v%C3%A2n%C4%83toare [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 19:30]
Generic concept avion militar
Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms interceptor, avion invizibil
Synonyms avion de atac
Context 1 ,,Detalii despre acest incident au fost făcute publice pe 13
august. Un avion de vânătoare al NATO F-18 a intenționat
să se apropiere de nava aeriană la bordul căreia se afla
ministrul Apărării al Rusiei, Serghei Șoigu, în timp ce se afla
în spațiul aerian deasupra apelor internaționale ale Mării
Baltice. Avionul în care se afla oficialul rus se îndrepta din
Kaliningrad spre Moscova, fiind însoțit de două avioane de
vânătoare Su-27.’’
Source of context 1 https://ro.sputnik.md/International/20190814/27235471/NATO-avion-F-
18-Sesrghei-Soigu.html [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:40]

159
Context 2 ,,Două avioane de vânătoare multirlor Su-30SM sunt
aşteptate să aterizeze pe aerodromul Baranovici. Avioanele
au decolat deja de pe aerodromul Irkutsk din Federația Rusă,
urmând să facă două escale intermediare la Omsk și în
Regiunea Moscova, a apreciat ministrul apărării citat de
agenția de știri BelTA.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.defenseromania.ro/belarus-primeste-doua-avioane-de-
vanatoare-de-tip-su-30sm-de-la-federatia-rusa_599828.html [accessed
on: 21.03.2020, 19:38]
Comment Avioanele de vânătoare dispun de armament propriu instalat
la bord (de regulă mitraliere de diferite calibre), dar cele
moderne au și posibilitatea de a lansa rachete de atac (aer-
aer, aer-sol).Scopul principal al unui avion de vânătoare este
de a stabili superioritate în aer, deasupra unui câmp de luptă.
Din Primul Război Mondial până acum, realizarea și
menținerea superiorității aeriene a fost esențială pentru
victorie în război convențional.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_v%C3%A2n%C4%83toare
[accessed on: 21.03.2020, 19:45]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

160
Term flap
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition part of the back of an aircraft wing that can be moved up or
down to help the aircraft go up or down
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flap [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 22:25]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – flaps
Nota Bene From Middle English flap, flappe , related to Middle Dutch
flabbe, Middle Low German flabbe, vlabbe, flebbe
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flap [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 16:05]

Generic concept control surface

Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms landing flap
Synonyms movable airfoil
Collocations wing flap
Context 1 “The investigators are also focusing on the aircraft’s flap
setting. Setyo says they have yet to determine whether the
flaps were deployed correctly. They have found that “three
screwjack actuators came loose from a flap and wing”, but it
is not yet clear whether this was the result of crash damage
or was a problem before takeoff. The US National
Transportation Safety Board is assisting the NTSC
investigation. “

Source of context 1 https://www.flightglobal.com/crash-probe-checks-flap-

settings/62671.article [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 16:50]
Context 2 “Wing flaps change the shape of the airplane wing. They
divert the air around the wing as necessary. The setting of
the flap determines whether they are used to increase lift (as

161
 on takeoff) or increase drag (used on landing.) When the
airplane’s flaps are up, the camber of the airplane is such
that the wings can produce more lift. Depending on the
aircraft, the flap settings are usually between five and fifteen
degrees. After liftoff, the wing flaps are retracted completely
so that they do not begin to produce drag.’’
Source of context 2 https://calaero.edu/wing-flaps-function-and-purpose/ [accessed on:
03.04.2020, 16:47]
Comment Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a
fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off
distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an
increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed.The
flaps installed on most aircraft are partial-span flaps;
spanwise from near the wing root to the inboard end of the
ailerons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics) [accessed on:

03.04.2020, 15:32]

Use area field aviation

Status official

162
Ro correspondent flaps
ID language română
ID country România
Definition volet situat în partea dinapoi a planurilor unui avion pentru a-
i mări portanța
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/flaps [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 16:53]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. flapsuri gen-dat. sg.
flapsului, gen-dat.pl. flapsurilor
Nota Bene germ. Flaps
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/flaps [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 16:54]

Generic concept profilul aerodinamic

Hypernyms componentele aeronavei
Hyponyms flaps cu fantă
Synonyms volet
Context 1 ,,Comanda flapsurilor şi eleroanelor se face prin tije şi tuburi
de torsiune; comanda direcţiei şi
trimerului profundorului se face prin cabluri, iar comanda
profundorului prin cabluri şi tije. Comenzile
motorului sunt acţionate prin cabluri Bowden, având
comanda gaz sincronizată pentru ambele posturi de pilotaj.
Profundorul este echipat cu trimer electric reglabil în zbor,
acţionat din cabină de către pilot. Flapsul este acţionat
manual .’’
Source of context 1 http://www.caa.ro/pdf/AEROSTAR%20-%20FESTIVAL.pdf
[accessed on: 03.04.2020, 15:55]
Context 2 ,,Citând oficiali implicaţi în anchetarea accidentului aviatic,
publicaţia a relatat că informaţiile preluate din cutia neagră a
avionului de tip MD-82 dezvăluie că flapsurile aripilor din
spate nu au fost corect poziţionate. Flapsurile sunt utilizate
la decolare pentru creşterea în altitudine.’’

163
Source of context 2 https://www.mediafax.ro/externe/flapsurile-avionului-prabusit-la-madrid-
nu-s-au-deschis-complet-la-decolare-3123857 [accessed on:
03.04.2020,17:15 ]
Comment Flapsurile sunt suprafețe auxiliare care sunt montate de
obicei la bordul de fugă al aripilor. Prin bracarea lor ele
modifică atât coarda, cât și curbura profilului aripilor, mărind
portanța, ceea ce permite reducerea vitezei minime (viteza de
angajare).Ele se folosesc în timpul zborului la viteze mici și
unghiuri de atac mari, care apar la decolări și aterizări.
Uneori flapsurile pot fi montate și pe bordul de atac al
aripilor (flapsuri Krueger).
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafe%C8%9Be_de_comand%C4%83_a_
zborului#Flapsuri [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 15:58]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

164
Term flight
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition is a journey made by flying, usually in an aeroplane.
Source of definition https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/flight [accessed on:
05.05.2020, 21:54]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – flights
Nota Bene Old English flyht, Old Norse flugr, Old High German flug,
German Flug
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=flight [accessed on: 05.05.2020, 21:54]

Generic concept form of travel

Hypernyms travel
Hyponyms acrobatics
Synonyms air journey, trip
Acronyms FLT (flight)
Collocations direct flight
Context 1 “Ryanair announced that it’s grounding the majority of flights.
Around 80% are cancelled between now and Tuesday. Many
customers assume that the FCO advice means that they should get
an automatic refund for any booking. But if the flight is still being
operated the airlines are not obliged to refund passengers, only to
reschedule their trip for a later date. “

Source of context 1 https://www.which.co.uk/news/2020/03/ryanair-passengers-told-your-flight-is-

back-on/ [accessed on: 06.05.2020, 21:57]
Context 2 “ If approved, the flights would begin as soon as December 15,
2019 with three non-stop flights per week. These direct flights
from New York would decrease the travel time to Cape Town by
over four hours, and make the trip a one-stop destination for
customers in over 80 cities across the country, according to
United’s announcement. ’’

165
Source of context 2 https://secretnyc.co/youll-soon-be-able-to-take-a-direct-flight-from-nyc-to-
cape-town/ [accessed on: 06.05.2020, 21:43]
Comment Mechanical flight is the use of a machine to fly. These machines
include aircraft such as airplanes, gliders, helicopters, autogyros,
airships, balloons, ornithopters as well as spacecraft. Gliders are
capable of unpowered flight. In an airplane, lift is created by the
wings; the shape of the wings of the airplane are designed
specially for the type of flight desired.. An aircraft wing is
sometimes called an airfoil, which is a device that creates lift when
air flows across it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 12:12]
Use area field aviation
Status official

166
Ro correspondent zbor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition a călători cu un aparat de zbor.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 12:12]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl.zboruri, gen-dat. sg.

information zborului, gen-dat.pl. zborurilor
Nota Bene Din sl. sŭborŭ, bg. sbor.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 12:19]

Generic concept mod de a călători

Hypernyms călătorie, deplasare
Hyponyms acrobație aeriană
Synonyms deplasare aeriană
Context 1 ,,În cazul zborurilor a căror întârziere este de cinci ore sau
mai mare, se poate solicita rambursarea costului biletului
pentru partea de călătorie neefectuată şi un zbor către locul de
plecare iniţial. Iar dacă zborul ajunge la destinaţia finală cu o
întârziere egală sau mai mare de trei ore, pasagerii au dreptul
la o compensaţie fixă, stabilită conform regulilor privind
compensaţia în cazul anulării, în funcţie de distanţa zborului:
250 de euro, 400 de euro sau 600 de euro.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.mediafax.ro/economic/pasagerii-au-dreptul-la-despagubiri-daca-
avionul-intarzie-sau-zborul-se-anuleaza-compensatiile-in-bani-ajung-la-sute-de-
euro-16191288 [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 12:39]

Context 2 ,,Pentru românii care au programate zboruri în alte destinaţii,

dar care nu îşi doresc să mai călătorească, echipa Vola.ro ii
poate ajută să îşi reprogrameze zborul, în limita termenilor şi
condiţiilor specifici fiecărui bilet de avion. Sunt companii
aeriene care permit gratuit reprogramarea zborului până la o

167
 anumită dată, în special pentru zborurile rezervate în luna
februarie şi în prima săptămâna a lunii martie.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.businessmagazin.ro/actualitate/peste-1-000-de-pasageri-
asistati-in-reprogramarea-sau-anularea-zborului-de-catre-una-dintre-
agentiile-de-turism-online-din-piata-locala-18953721 [accessed on:
07.05.2020, 12:44]

Comment Călătoria cu avionul este clar o metodă mult mai simplă de a

ajunge dintr-o țară în alta, te salvează de timp pierdut, este
mult mai puțin obositoare și poate fi de ajutor pentru buzunar.
Există mai multe tipuri de servicii de transport aerian –
zboruri low cost, zboruri de linie sau zboruri de tip charter.
https://theodoraistrati.wordpress.com/2019/10/11/zbor-low-cost-vs-zbor-
linie/ [accessed on: 07.05.2020, 12:46]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

168
Term flight attendant
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a person in an aircraft whose job is to serve passengers and to
make sure they obey safety rules
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flight-
attendant?q=%09flight+attendant [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 22:32]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – flight attendants

Nota Bene flight: Old English flyht, Old Norse flugr, Old High German
flug, German Flug, from Middle English fliht
attendant: from Old French atendant, present participle of
atendr
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=flight
https://www.etymonline.com/word/attendant#etymonline_v_26688
[accessed on: 25.02.2020, 22:00]
Generic concept airplane
Hypernyms cabin crew
Synonyms steward/stewardess
Acronyms FA (Flight Attendant);
Collocations senior flight attendant
Context 1 “Flight attendants are also responsible for briefing the
passengers on safety standards specific to the aircraft in a safety
demonstration. Passengers are made aware of how to locate
their nearest emergency exit, how to properly buckle their safety
belts, what to do in the event of turbulence, how to operate
safety vests or flotation devices, and how to use the drop-down
oxygen masks. In some cases, passengers will watch a short
video covering this information while the flight attendant
monitors their behaviour.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/flight-attendant/ [accessed on:
20.02.2020, 22:25]

169
Context 2 “This is sometimes referred to as being on a flight hour
option. You could elect, for example, to be on a 95-hour or
105-hour option. This could mean an extra $400 – $800 per
month or more – not counting per diem. Flight attendant pay
at the big three airlines (American, United and Delta) is
typically among the highest in the industry. Although first-
year flight attendant pay averages around $20,000, a senior
international flight attendant at one of these major airlines,
working maximum allowable hours with over 25 years of
experience can earn over $100,000 per year!”
Source of context 2 https://airlinecareer.com/flight-attendant-pay-part-ii/ [accessed on:
25.02.2020, 22:30]
Comment Flight attendants instruct passengers on safety procedures,
like how and when to use the plane’s seat belts, and how to
use oxygen masks and exit the plane in an emergency. Before
each flight, attendants make sure all necessary equipment and
supplies are available on board. Flight attendants may also
perform first aid, handle security issues, and deal with any
other problem that occurs during a flight.
https://www.howtobecome.com/how-to-become-a-flight-attendant
[accessed on: 25.02.2020, 22:35]
Use area field aviation
Status official

170
Ro correspondent însoțitor de bord
ID language română
ID country România
Definition persoana ce, în mod prioritar, oferă pasagerilor măsuri de
siguranță la bordul aeronavei și totodată deservește pasagerii
cu gustări și băuturi.
Source of definition http://www.carieramea.com/insotitor-de-bord/ [accessed on: 25.02.2020,
22:41]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
însoțitor : substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. însoțitori, gen-
dat.sg. însoțitorului , gen-dat.pl. însoțitorilor
de : prepoziție
bord: substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. bordure, gen-dat.
sg. bordului, gen-dat.pl. bordurilor
Nota Bene însoțitor: a însoți + sufixul -tor
bord: din fr. bord.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/insotitor
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/bord [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 16:44]
Generic concept avion
Hypernyms echipaj al zborului
Synonyms steward/ stewardesă
Acronyms FA (Flight Attendant);
Context 1 ,,Devenind extrem de accesibilă în ultimii ani, aviația oferă
acum posibilități multiple. Tot mai mulți tineri vor să urmeze
o carieră în aviație, fie ea de însoțitor de bord sau de pilot.
Dacă meseria de pilot era în trecut oarecum o meserie
exclusiv masculină, astăzi lucrurile s-au schimbat foarte mult.
La fel și în meseria de însoțitor de bord. Dacă primul
însoțitor de bord din lume a fost un bărbat, ulterior meseria a
devenit predominant feminină. În prezent însă, atât bărbații,
cât și femeile au șanse egale să lucreze printre nori.’’

171
Source of context 1 https://vreausafiustewardesa.ro/avantajele-si-dezavantajele-meseriei-de-
stewardesa/ [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 16:53]
Context 2 ,,Intr-un anunt al operatorului roman de zbor Blue Air se
arata ca cei interesati de un job de insotitor de bord trebuie
printre altele sa fi absolvit un curs formare insotitori de bord
acrediat, sa fie posesor de brevet insotitor de bord emis si,
preferabil, sa fie posesor de licenta B 737.
Insa cerintele nu se rezuma numai la specilizari cand vine
vorba de operatorii straini.’’

Source of context 2 https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Social/143186/o-meserie-la-inaltime-

insotitor-de-bord-ce-cauta-companiile.html#gref [accessed on: 26.02.2020,
16:58]
Comment Insotitoarea de bord (stewardesa) primeste pasagerii la bordul
navei, le acorda asistenta pentru ocuparea locurilor, asigura
confortul si buna lor stare de spirit, se ocupa de orice
problema privind securitatea la bord.Conditii elementare:
minimum 18 ani. Se prefera cele necasatorite, iar, de multe
ori, aceasta este chiar o conditie obligatorie. Aspect fizic
placut. Putere de munca fizica si de concentrare nervoasa.
Stapanirea de sine. Limba engleza fluent, o alta limba de
circulatie internationala ar fi de dorit.
http://www.ziare.com/locuri-de-munca/angajatori/cum-poti-ajunge-
insotitoare-de-bord-1084294 [accessed on: 26.02.2020, 17:03]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

172
Term flight engineer
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the member of an aircraft crew who is responsible for the
operation of the aircraft's systems, including the engines,
during flight
Source of definition https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/flight-engineer
[accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:31]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – flight engineers
Nota Bene flight: Old English flyht , Old Norse flugr, German Flug ,
from Middle English fliht
engineer: from Old French engigneor, from Late Latin
ingeniare
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=flight
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=engineer&ref=searchbar_searchh
int [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:31]
Generic concept engineer of an aircraft
Hypernyms flight crew
Hyponyms Airborne Sensor Operator
Synonyms air engineer
Acronyms FE(flight engineer)
Collocations chief flight engineer
Context 1 “Pilots are highly trained professionals who fly airplanes or
helicopters to carry out a wide variety of tasks. Most are
airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers who transport
passengers and cargo. However, 34 percent are commercial
pilots involved in dusting crops, spreading seed for
reforestation, testing aircraft, flying passengers and cargo to
areas not served by regular airlines, directing firefighting
efforts, tracking criminals, monitoring traffic, and rescuing

173
 and evacuating injured persons. “

Source of context 1 https://studentscholarships.org/salary/523/airline_pilots_and_flight_engi

neers.php [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:56]
Context 2 “Due to advances in aircraft technology, fewer flight
engineers are required in aircraft nowadays, although SA
Airways and some other flight operators still require flight
engineers. Promotion possibilities are favourable and the
flight engineer may progress to Senior Flight Engineer
and/or Chief Flight Engineer.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.gostudy.mobi/careers/view.aspx?oid=447 [accessed on:
12.05.2020, 08:45]
Comment A flight engineer is responsible for setting the plane's major
systems before the flight and monitoring them throughout
the flight, and then checking them again after the flight.
During the flight, it is usually the flight engineer's
responsibility to monitor the plane's trajectory, speed and
altitude.

https://work.chron.com/professional-flight-engineer-16325.html
[accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:48]

Use area field aviation

Status official

174
Ro correspondent inginer de zbor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Inginerul de zbor verifica starea tehnica a avionului si daca
rezervele de combustibil sunt complete si corect
Source of definition http://www.go.ise.ro/POVOL/460.htm [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:58]

Grammatical information Grup nominal:

inginer: substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl.ingineri, gen-
dat.sg. inginerului, gen-dat.pl. inginerilor
de: prepoziție
zbor: substantiv comun, gen.neutru, pl. zboruri, gen-dat. sg.
zborului, gen-dat.pl. zborurilor
Nota Bene inginer: din it. ingegnere, fr. ingénieur, germ. Ingenieur.
zbor: din sl. sŭborŭ, bg. sbor.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/inginer
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:28]
Generic concept inginer al unui avion
Hypernym echipajul de zbor
Hyponym operator de senzori
Synonyms inginer de bord
Context 1 ,,Echipajul navigant al aeronavei cuprinde 6 membri:
căpitan, copilot, navigator, inginer șef de zbor, inginer de
zbor al echipamentelor de bord și operator radio.De
menționat faptul că Antonov AN-225 are nevoie de o pistă
de 2400 de metri pentru decolare/aterizare când este gol. La
sarcină maximă încărcată, AN-225 are nevoie de o pistă de
3500 de metri pentru decolare și 3300 de metri pentru
aterizare.’’
Source of context 1 https://airlinestravel.ro/antonov-225-mriya-cel-mai-mare-avion-din-
lume.html [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 09:16]

175
Context 2 ,,Airbus a efectuat cu succes prima decolare bazată pe
recunoaștere vizuală, complet automatizată, cu un avion de
test din familia Airbus, pe aeroportul Toulouse-Blagnac.
Echipajul de testare, format din doi piloți, doi ingineri de
testare și un inginer de zbor, au efectuat miercuri, 18
decembrie, o primă decolare în jurul orei 10.15, efectuând un
număr total de opt decolări pe o perioadă de patru ore și
jumătate.’’
Source of context 2 https://boardingpass.ro/airbus-anunta-prima-decolare-complet-
automatizata-a-unui-avion-video/ [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 08:23]
Comment Obligațiile sale includ: verificarea și remedirea anumitor
disfuncții atât pe timpul zborului, cât și înaintea zborului cu
avionul, să examineze și să asigure o serie de reparații mai
mari cu ajutorul mecanicilor de specialitate. Își desfășoară
activitatea la bordul avioanelor, ceea ce înseamna că trebuie
să faca față unor altitudini înalte.
http://www.go.ise.ro/POVOL/460.htm [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 09:20]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

176
Term flight recorder

ID language English

ID country UK/US
Definition a device that records information about an aircraft while it is
flying
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/flight-recorder
[accessed on: 11.05.2020, 22:38]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – flight recorders
Nota Bene flight: Old English flyht, Old Norse flugr, Old High German
flug, German Flug
recorder: from Anglo-French recordour, Old French
recordeor, from Medieval Latin recordator, from Latin
recordari
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=flight
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=recorder&ref=searchbar_searchhint
[accessed on: 29.04.2020, 18:50]
Generic concept recording equipment
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms flight data recorder
Synonyms black box
Acronyms FR (flight recorder)
Context 1 “A typical flight recorder has orange color, so it could be
spotted among the wreckage and has the form ranging from
cylindrical to spherical, as this makes it more durable.
Besides, the device is shock-, water- and heat-proof to save
the valuable insides for further investigation.
Moreover, in the case of ditching, the flight recorder uses a
special beacon (known as Underwater Locator Beacon,
ULB), which activates and transmits the signal over the
37.5 KHz (ultrasound) waves when it comes in contact with

177
 water. This makes it easier to take a bearing of it and,
ultimately, locate the device. “
Source of context 1 https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/flight-recorders/10530/ [accessed on:
29.04.2020, 18:58]
Context 2 “Airbus’s first A350-1000 test aircraft has been recruited to
support development of an innovative flight recorder that
can be jettisoned automatically in the event of an accident.
The aircraft, MSN59, has been modified to accommodate a
mechanical prototype and, as a result of the initial
installation, is the preferential candidate to serve as the
platform for future functional testing.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/testing-continues-for-deployable-
flight-data-recorders/132541.article [accessed on: 29.04.2020, 19:04]
Comment Governmental regulatory agencies require these devices on
commercial aircraft to make possible the analysis of crashes
or other unusual occurrences. Flight recorders actually
consist of two functional devices, the flight data
recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR),
though sometimes these two devices are packaged together
in one combined unit. The FDR records many variables, not
only basic aircraft conditions such as airspeed, altitude,
heading, vertical acceleration, and pitch but hundreds of
individual instrument readings and internal environmental
conditions.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/flight-recorder [accessed on:

29.04.2020, 19:06]

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Status official

178
Ro correspondent înregistrator de zbor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Orice tip de înregistrator instalat într-o aeronavă în scopul
completării investigațiilor în caz de accident sau incident
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enregistrator_de_zbor [accessed on:
29.04.2020, 19:09]
Grammatical information Grup nominal:
înregistrator: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. înregistratoare,
gen-dat.sg. înregistratorului, gen-dat.pl. înregistratoarelor
de: prepozițe
zbor: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. zboruri, gen-dat.sg.
zborului, gen-dat.pl. zborurilor
Nota Bene înregistrator: după fr. enregistreur
zbor: din sl. sŭborŭ, bg. sbor.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/%C3%AEnregistrator
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor [accessed on: 29.04.2020, 19:20]

Generic concept echipamentul de înregistrare al aeronavei

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms înregistratorul de voce
Synonyms cutia neagră
Context 1 ,,Ministerul rus al Apărării a anunţat miercuri că echipele de
scafandrii au recuperat al doilea înregistrator de zbor a avionului
militar prăbuşit în Marea Neagră şi care s-a soldat cu decesul tuturor
celor 92 de persoane de la bord, scrie The Associated Press, potrivit
Gândul.info.Primul înregistrator de zbor a fost recuperat în ziua
precedentă şi experţii au început să analizeze datele pe a determina
cauzele incidentului aviatic.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.caleaeuropeana.ro/rusia-a-recuperat-cea-de-a-doua-cutie-neagra-a-
avionului-prabusit-in-marea-neagra/ [accessed on: 29.04.2020, 19:30]

179
Context 2 ,, Documentele spun ca primul inregistrator de zbor a fost creat de
francezul Fancois Hussenot, in 1939. In varianta lui, parametrii erau
inregistrati pe un film, sensibil la raza luminii trimisa de o oglinda, a
carei deviere marca respectivele conditii de zbor.Socotind ca negrul
protejeaza filmul de alte radiatii venite din extrior, Hussenot vopsise
intrega cutie in aceasta culoare.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.ziare.com/magazin/inedit/de-ce-cutia-neagra-este-portocalie-1298319
[accessed on: 29.04.2020, 19:33]
Comment Pentru aviația generală, înregistratoarele de zbor sunt obligatorii
doar pentru avioane cu o masă maximă certificată la decolare mai
mare de 5700 kg, iar pentru elicoptere doar pentru cele cu o masă
maximă certificată la decolare mai mare de 3175 kg. Înregistrările
obținute cu ajutorul înregistratorului din cabina de pilotaj nu pot fi
utilizate în alt scop decât cel de investigare a unui accident sau
incident a cărui raportare este obligatorie, cu excepția cazului în care
se obține consimțământul tuturor membrilor echipajului implicati.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enregistrator_de_zbor [accessed on:
29.04.2020, 20:12]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

180
Term fuselage
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition is a long hollow tube which holds all the pieces of an
airplane together.’’
Source of definition https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/fuselage.html [accessed
on: 22.03.2020, 17:03]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – fuselages
Nota Bene from French fuselage; from Latin fusus
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/fuselage#etymonline_v_14278
[accessed on: 22.03.2020, 17:05]
Generic concept external structure
Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms aircraft’s body
Acronyms FUS (Fuselage)
Context 1 “Boeing got an unexpected jolt in September when
engineers in Everett put the new 777X airframe through an
extreme test of its structural strength. Just as the test
approached its target stress level, an explosive
depressurization tore through the fuselage.
Boeing has kept the details secret, but photos obtained by the
Seattle Times show that the extent of the damage was greater
than previously disclosed and earlier reports were wrong
about crucial details.“
Source of context 1 https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeing-777xs-
fuselage-split-dramatically-during-september-stress-test/ [accessed on:
22.03.2020, 16:55]
Context 2 “The Tiny House Guys reckons that its recently-completed
Aero Tiny is Australia's most unique tiny house – and it may
well have a point. The unusual off-grid dwelling is made
from an airplane fuselage section that was previously used to

181
 train cabin crews and comes complete with a fully-functional
airplane door.The project came about when The Tiny House
Guys saw some decommissioned equipment previously used
to train cabin crew operating on the Dash 8 aircraft up for
sale. Duly inspired, the firm snapped up the fuselage section
and set about turning it into a tiny house over the course of
six weeks.’’
Source of context 2 https://newatlas.com/tiny-houses/aero-off-grid-towable-home/
[accessed on: 22.03.2020, 16:53]
Comment It holds crew, passengers, and cargo. In single-engine
aircraft, it will usually contain an engine, as well, although in
some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a
pylon attached to the fuselage, which in turn is used as a
floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position control and
stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting
surfaces, which is required for aircraft stability and
maneuverability.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage [accessed on: 22.03.2020,

16:57]

Use area field aviation

Status official

182
Ro correspondent fuzelaj
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Parte componentă a avionului sau a planorului, care face
legătura între aripi și ampenaje și care poartă încărcătura,
postul de pilotaj, comenzile
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fuzelaj [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 17:23]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. fuzelaje, gen-dat.sg.

fuzelajului, gen-dat.pl. fuzelajelor
Nota Bene Din fr. fuselage
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fuzelaj [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 17:26]

Generic concept parte componentă

Hypernyms aeronava
Synonyms corpul aeronavei
Context 1 ,,Airbus a prezentat recent un model de avion cu un design
curbat, care îmbină aripile şi fuzelajul, al cărei scop este de
reduce emisiile de carbon cu aproximativ 20%.Compania
aeronautică a efectuat încă de anul trecut, într-o locaţie
secretă din centrul Franţei, teste de zbor cu un prototip al
aeronavei al cărei nume de cod este Maveric. Modelul cu o
anvergură a aripilor de 3,2 metri a fost prezentat săptămâna
aceasta la Singapore Airshow.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.descopera.ro/dnews/18836650-airbus-a-dezvaluit-avionul-
curbat-care-are-aripile-integrate-in-fuzelaj [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
16:58]
Context 2 ,,Dar geamurile, într-adevăr, fac designul fuzelajului mult
mai complicat. Inginerii nu sunt deloc entuziasmați să pună
ferestre sau să dea găuri într-o unitate presurizată. Cu
siguranță ar fi mai ușor și mai ieftin să construiești aeronave
fără geamuri, dar pe de altă parte nu sunt sigur că pasagerilor

183
 le-ar plăcea sa zboare fără ele și ăsta este motivul, cred eu,
pentru care ele există.Sunt câteva schițe de aeronave fără
geamuri.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.vice.com/ro/article/wj7kk4/cum-sa-nu-fii-aspirat-in-afara-
avionului [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 17:37]
Comment Fuzelajul unește celelalte părți ale aeronavei (aripi, ampenaj,
tren de aterizare, motor etc.). Rezistența fuzelajului este
asigurată de cadre transversale și lise longitudinale care
servesc ca sprijin pentru înveliș. În fuzelaj este depozitat o
parte din combustibil și materialele de ungere.Corpul
hidravioanelor se numește fuzelaj-cocă, atunci când acesta se
scufundă parțial în apă.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzelaj [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 17:32]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

184
Term glider

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that has long fixed wings and no engine and flies by
gliding
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/glider [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 22:45]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural –gliders
Nota Bene from Middle English glider, glydare
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glider [accessed on:14.03.2020, 12:37]

Generic concept heavier-than-air craft

Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms hang glider
Synonyms sailplane
Context 1 “The Perlan 2 glider involved is described as a "pressurised
sailplane", which can handle air density - the mass of air divided by
its volume - of less than 2% its sea level reading.
The pressurised aircraft weighs 1,800lb (816kg) - about the same as
the original VW Beetle car - and has specially designed wings
spanning 84ft that cope better with higher altitudes than lower ones.
In theory, the wings can handle the kind of wind speeds found at
91,000ft, but no higher.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41172587 [accessed on:14.03.2020,12:45]

“The first successful heavier-than-air craft were unpowered

Context 2 gliders.In 1853, British engineer George Cayley built the world's
first real glider.It carried his terrified servant on a short flight across
a small valley before crash-landing. Later, in the 1890s, Otto
Lilienthal of Germany built a series of small, fragile
gliders.Launching himself into the wind from high places, he made

185
 about 2,000 controlled flights in them.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.dkfindout.com/us/transportation/history-aircraft/early-gliders/
[accessed on: 14.03.2020, 12:53]
Comment Most gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have
small engines for extending their flight when necessary by
sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane is on a continuously
descending slope) with some being powerful enough to take off self-
launch.. Gliders are principally used for the air sports of gliding,
hang gliding and paragliding. However some spacecraft have been
designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have
been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are
toys such as the paper plane and balsa wood glider.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft) [accessed on: 14.03.2020, 12:55]
Use area field aviation
Status official

186
Ro correspondent planor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aeronavă fără grup motor propulsor, a cărei deplasare este
determinată de factori meteorologici (curenți de aer) sau de relief
(zbor de pantă
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/planor [accessed on 11.05.2020, 22:49 ]

Grammatical information substantive comun, gen. neutru, pl. planoare, gen-dat.sg.

planorului , gen-dat.pl. planoarelor
Nota Bene Din fr. planeur.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/planor [accessed on 11.05.2020, 22:57 ]

Generic concept aerodină

Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms aparat de zbor fără motor.
Context 1 ,,Un planor s-a prăbuşit, sâmbătă după amiaza, pe panta de
aterizare a Aerodromului Sânpetru, din judeţul Braşov, conform
România Tv.Din primele informaţii se știe că o persoană este rănită
grav, chiar pilotul. Impactul se pare că a fost puternic, iar planorul
s-a deteriorat și bărbatul este prins în fibra contorsionată a cockpit-
ului.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.dcnews.ro/planor-prabusit_670194.html [ accesed on 14.03.2020,13:30]

Context 2 ,, Planorul, un avion fără motor, a aterizat forțat pe un câmp de pe

raza comunei Reci, intre Aninoasa și Magheruș, în județul
Covasna. La manșă se afla o femeie care a reușit să iasă din planor
fără probleme. Nu acuza probleme medicale, însă este evaluată
amănunțit de către echipajul SMURD de la fata locului, arată
purtătorul de cuvânt al ISU Covasna, sublocotenent Marius
Tolvaj.’’

187
Source of context 2 https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/un-planor-a-aterizat-fortat-in-covasna-la-mansa-se-
afla-o-femeie-foto-2679353 [accessed on: 14.03.2020, 14:32]
Comment Planorul e un fel de avion fără motor, greu de vreo 400 kg, care la
decolare este tras de un cablu lung de vreo 200 – 300 m. Practic, de
partea de jos a planorului se prinde un cablu, iar la 200 m distanță
se află un motor de aproximativ 280 de cai putere, care trage cablul
ăla super rapid, astfel încât planorul să se ridice de la sol asemenea
unui zmeu. Odată ajuns sus, el dă drumul cablului cu ajutorul
căruia a fost ridicat, apoi plutește ajutat de curenții de aer.

https://cristianflorea.ro/tare-zbori-planorul/ [accessed on: 14.03.2020, 14:35]

Use area field aviație

Status oficial

188
Term gyrocompass
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a compass that does not depend on magnetism but uses a
gyroscope instead
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/gyrocompass.htm [accessed on:
29.03.2020, 11:37]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – gyrocompasses
Nota Bene gyro- compass; gyro- : from Greek gyros , compass: from
Nota Bene Source Old French compas, from Latin com + passus
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gyrocompass
https://www.etymonline.com/word/gyro-#etymonline_v_41285
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=compass [accessed on:
29.03.2020, 11:50]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument, device
Synonyms direction finder
Acronyms GC (gyrocompass)
Context 1 “The direction a gyrocompass points is independent of the
magnetic field of the Earth and depends upon the properties
of the gyroscope and upon the rotation of the Earth. The axis
of a free gyroscope will describe a circle around the pole of
the heavens. To convert it into a gyrocompass, a control
must be introduced that, when the axis tilts, will operate to
precess (turn) it toward the meridian. The case of the
gyroscope is made pendulous, or a liquid is arranged to flow
from side to side.. “

Source of context 1 https://www.latestpilotjobs.com/webgame/free/id/41 [accessed on:

29.03.2020, 12:02]

189
Context 2 “The elder Sperry had earned a worldwide reputation for his
development of the gyrocompass, which had been installed
on more than 30 American warships. A massive device that
was practical only for marine use at that time, his invention
was still gaining in popularity and becoming standard
equipment on vessels then entering service. The
gyrocompass was immune from deviation and variation
problems, which hitherto had been difficult to overcome,
particularly in large steel warships.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.historynet.com/lawrence-sperry-autopilot-inventor-and-
aviation-innovator.htm [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 12:38]
Comment The use of a gyrocompass is one of the seven fundamental
ways to determine the heading of a vehicle. Although one
important component of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these
are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the
effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect
of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely
used for navigation on ships, because they have two
significant advantages over magnetic compasses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocompass [accessed on: 29.03.2020,

12:40]

Use area field aviation

Status official

190
Ro correspondent girocompas
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un aparat care indică unui avion direcția în grade.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girocompas [accessed on: 29.03.2020,
12:42]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. girocompase, gen-dat.sg.
girocompasului, gen-dat.pl. girocompaselor
Nota Bene Din fr. gyrocompas.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/girocompas [accessed on: 29.03.2020,
12:44]
Generic concept instrument de bord
Hypernyms instrument, dispozitiv
Synonyms girobusola , busola giroscopică
Context 1 ,,Girocompasul este, în esenţă un instrument mecanic menit
să faciliteze utilizarea busolei magnetice. Erorile din busola
magnetică sunt numeroase, ceea ce face ca zborul drept şi
schimbările de direcţie precise să fie greu de realizat, în
special în aer turbulent. Totuşi, un Girocompas, nu este
afectat de către forţele care fac compasul magnetic greu de
interpretat.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.infoaviatie.ro/girocompasul/42 [accessed on: 11.05.2020,
23:08]
Context 2 ,,De asemenea, aeronava-tinta avea la bord un generator
propriu de curent antrenat de o mica elice externa cu patru
pale din lemn (elicea era pusa in rotatie de fileurile de aer,
practic era un dinam, asigurand energia necesara
girocompasului, receptorului radio si pistoanelor servo-
hidraulice) si de un rezervor de combustibil cu capacitate
marita. ’’

191
Source of context 2 https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/regina-albinelorn2c2-2 [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 23:12]

Comment Girocompasul sau compasul giroscopic serveste la

determinarea directiei nord adevarat, folosind proprietatile
mecanice ale giroscopului. Girocompasul se amplaseaza la
bord intr-un loc ferit de vibratii, temperaturi ridicate sau
variatii mari de temperatura si cât mai aproape de intersectia
axei longitudinale de ruliu cu axa transversala de tangaj.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7mmuo9/Pentru-convertirea-
drumurilor-si-relevmentelor-citite-la-compasul-magnetic-se/ [accessed
on: 29.03.2020, 13:05]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

192
Term gyroscope
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a device containing a wheel that spins freely within a frame,
used on aircraft and ships to help keep them horizontal
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/gyroscope [accessed
on: 11.05.2020, 23:13]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – gyroscopes
Nota Bene gyro- -scope, from Ancient Greek γῦρος and σκοπός
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=compass
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=gyro [accessed on: 11.05.2020,
23:17]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument, device
Synonyms gyro
Acronyms GYRO ( gyroscope)
Context 1 “His gyroscope was a rapidly rotating disk with a heavy rim,
mounted in low-friction gimbals. As the earth rotated
beneath the gyroscope, it would maintain its orientation in
space. This proved to be hard to do in practice because the
frictional forces bring the spinning system to rest before the
effect could be observed “
Source of context 1 http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Mechanics/Gyroscope/Gyrosc
ope.html [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 14:18]

Context 2 “Gyroscopic flight instruments of some description are used

in most general aviation aircraft and in older commercial
aircraft. Examples of such instruments include attitude
indicators, heading indicators and turn coordinators (turn and
slip indicator). The gyroscopes within the instruments are
usually electrically or vacuum driven and make use of the

193
 basic gyroscopic principles to display the attitude of the
aircraft.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Gyroscopic_Flight_Instruments
[accessed on: 22.03.2020, 14:22]
Comment It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation
(spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When
rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or
rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of
angular momentum.Gyroscopes based on other operating
principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged MEMS
gyroscopes found in electronic devices, solid-state ring
lasers, fibre optic gyroscopes, and the extremely sensitive
quantum gyroscope.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope [accessed on: 22.03.2020,

15:18]

Use area field aviation

Status official

194
Ro correspondent giroscop
ID language română
ID country România
Definition dispozitiv care asigură stabilitatea și orientarea în spațiu a
unui avion,
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/giroscop [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 15:22]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. giroscoape, gen-dat. sg.
giroscopului, gen-dat.pl. bombardierelor
Nota Bene Din fr. gyroscope
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/giroscop [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 15:20]

Generic concept mecanism de rotație

Hypernyms dispozitiv
Synonyms girostat
,,Giroscoapele sunt folosite adesea pentru a ilustra legea de
Context 1 conservare a momentului cinetic sau legea inerţiei de rotaţie
care ne învaţă că un obiect aflat în mişcare de rotaţie în jurul
unei axe va continua să se rotească în jurul aceleiaşi axe până
când din exterior se va interpune un vector forţă care îi va
schimba direcţia de rotaţie.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.scientia.ro/tehnologie/39-cum-functioneaza-lucrurile/177-
cum-functioneaza-giroscopul.html [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 14:23]
Context 2 ,,În interiorul giroorizontului se află un giroscop montat în
plan orizontal. Bara orizontului reprezentată pe instrument,
este chiar orizontul real. Această bară este fixată de giroscop
şi rămâne într-un plan orizontal în timpul tangajului şi
înclinării (ruliu), indicând poziţia relativă faţă de orizont.
Macheta de avion care se observă pe faţa instrumentului este
solidară cu carcasa. Înclinarea avionului este indicată pe
gradaţiile din jurul instrumentului iar cabrajul sau picajul,
prin linii orizontale paralele cu orizontul mobil.’’

195
Source of context 2 http://www.infoaviatie.ro/giroorizontul/13 [accessed on: 22.03.2020,
15:30]
Comment Un giroscop este alcătuit dintr-un rotor (de obicei de forma
unui disc), fixat într-un cadru astfel încât să se poată roti în
jurul oricăreia dintre cele trei axe (în cazul unui giroscop cu
trei grade de libertate). Funcționarea giroscopului se bazează
pe conservarea impulsului unghiular; un corp care se rotește
în jurul propriei axe tinde să-și păstreze această axă de rotație
și se va opune unui impuls perturbator cu un altul, de-a
lungul unei axe perpendiculare pe axa de rotație si pe axa
impulsului perturbator.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giroscop [accessed on: 22.03.2020, 15:33]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

196
Term hang glider
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a glider resembling a large kite; the rider hangs from it while
descending from a height
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/hang_glider.htm [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 11:10]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – hang gliders

Nota Bene hang (v.) + glider; hang: Old English hon and Old English
hangian, Old Frisian hangia, Dutch hangen, German hängen;
glider: from Middle English glider, glydare
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/hang-glider#etymonline_v_41635
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=hang
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glider [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 11:13]

Generic concept glider

Hypernyms heavier-than-air aircraft
Synonyms delta wing glider
Collocations hang glider pilot
Context 1 “On 20 June 2002, Lawrence "Pete" Lehmann set a world
record for the longest hang glider flight to a declared goal
when he flew this Wills Wing Talon 150 a distance of 516.2
km (321 miles) from Zapata, Texas, to Big Lake, Texas.
Lehmann's 9-hour goal flight, which he had to declare before
taking off, exceeded the previous record by 16.1 km (10
miles). He reached a maximum altitude of 2,736 m (9,000 ft)
above sea level.“

Source of context 1 https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/hang-glider-wills-wing-

talon-150/nasm_A20060575000 [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 11:26]

197
Context 2 “A hang glider pilot has cheated death after his harness
became unhooked in mid-air, forcing him to hold on to the
frame for dear life.The extreme sports enthusiast said he made
a critical error during his setup which caused the harness to
separate from the wing during the flight believed to be in
California.The footage shows the pilot preparing for the flight
and he says he made his first mistake by connecting the
carabiner to the velcro rather than the webbing.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7837779/Hang-glider-pilot-
cling-dear-life-harness-comes-unhooked-mid-air.html [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 11:19]
Comment Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or
composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth to form a
wing. Typically the pilot is in a harness suspended from the
airframe, and controls the aircraft by shifting body weight in
opposition to a control frame.Early hang gliders had a low
lift-to-drag ratio, so pilots were restricted to gliding down
small hills.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_gliding [accessed on: 05.04.2020,
11:28]
Use area field aviation
Status official

198
Ro correspondent deltaplan
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aparat de zbor foarte ușor (de forma literei grecești delta) care
poate plana în curentul dinamic de pantă sau pluti în curentul
termic ascensional.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/deltaplan [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 11:31]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. deltaplane, gen-dat. sg.
deltaplanului, gen-dat.pl. deltaplanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. deltaplan.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/deltaplan [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 11:05]

Generic concept planor

Hypernyms aerodină
Synonyms planor in forma delta , deltaplanism
Context 1 Peste 50 de piloţi de deltaplan şi parapantă din România,
veterani sau tineri care acum deprind tainele acestui sport, s-au
întâlnit, în weekend-ul trecut, la Şumuleu-Ciuc, la un festival
al zborului, marcat de întâlniri emoţionante şi, mai ales, de
bucuria extraordinară pe care fiecare o simte atunci când se
află în aer.
Source of context 1 https://informatiahr.ro/bucuria-zborului-traita-de-zeci-de-piloti-de-
parapanta-si-deltaplan-intr-o-intalnire-emotionanta-la-sumuleu-ciuc-
leagan-al-zborului-liber-in-romania/ [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:02]
Context 2 ,,Vladimir Putin a folosit un deltaplan motorizat pentru a
conduce zborul unui stol de tineri cocori siberieni, o ispravă
caracteristică pentru puternicul președinte iubitor de animale al
Rusiei.Îmbrăcat într-un costum alb menit să imite un cocor
adult, Putin lua parte la un proiect prin care păsările pe cale de
dispariție crescute în captivitate sunt învățate să urmărească
aparatul de zbor în migrația lor sudică spre Asia Centrală.’’

199
 https://www.b1.ro/stiri/externe/vladimir-putin-lider-in-orice-situatie-a-
condus-zborul-unui-stol-de-tineri-cocori-siberieni-in-deltaplan-video-
Source of context 2
37018.html [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:07]
Comment Deltaplanul este o aeronavă în care pilotul zboară atârnat în
ham. Decolarea se face prin alergare pe panta de zbor sau prin
remorcaj iar pilotajul se efectuează prin schimbarea poziției
corpului. Deltaplanele cântaresc cu aproximație între 25 și 35
de kilograme și sunt demontabile. Astfel, ele pot fi ținute în
spații mici, lungimea unui deltaplan demontat poate fi de 4 sau
6 metri. Deltaplanele sunt de o mare diversitate, de la cele de
școală până la deltaplane de performanț
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaplan [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:01]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

200
Term hangar
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a large building in which aircraft are kept
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hangar [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 23:28]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – hangars
Nota Bene from French hangar; from Middle French hanghart; from Medieval
Latin angarium
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=helicopter [accessed on: 16.04.2020,
16:35]
Generic concept repair shed

Hypernyms construction; structure

Synonyms airdock
Acronyms HNGR (Hangar)
Context 1 “Aircraft owner and pilot Doug Blake founded his first aviation
construction company in 1997. As this company grew in both size
and experience it evolved into HangarsUSA, which was born in
2004. Doug has a personal stake in protecting airplanes. He takes the
same care in protecting his hangar clients’ aircraft as he does his
own. As a symbol of his commitment to building high-quality
hangars, Doug’s Bonanza is the first plane into every new hangar he
builds.’’
Source of context 1 http://www.hangarsusa.com/about-hangars-usa-aircraft-hangar-design-
company.php [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 16:58]
“Sabena technics inaugurated its new giant hangar in Bordeaux-
Context 2 Mérignac on January 21, a facility delivered in December and
already in service since the beginning of the year. It will meet the
needs of the growing fleet of wide-body aircraft in Europe.
Named Hangar HH, this new 10 000 m2 building can accommodate

201
 one Airbus A350-1000 or one Boeing 777-9 (the stretched version
of the 777X family), two intermediate capacity wide-body aircraft
such as the A330-200 (in head-to-tail position).’’
Source of context 2 https://www.aerocontact.com/en/aerospace-aviation-news/60107-mro-a-brand-
new-hangar-in-bordeaux-for-sabena-technics [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 17:02]
Comment Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood
and concrete are also used. The word hangar comes from Middle
French hanghart, of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard,
from *haim + gard . Hangars are used for: protection from weather,
protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair, manufacture,
assembly and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and
ships.
https://www.definitions.net/definition/HANGAR [accessed on: 16.03.2020,
17:05]
Use area field aviation
Status official

202
Ro correspondent hangar
ID language română
ID country România
Definition construcție amplasată în apropierea pistei de decolare și
aterizare, destinată adăpostirii, reparării și întreținerii
avioanelor.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/hangar [accessed on: 16.03.2020, 17:09]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. hangare, gen-dat.sg.

hangarului, gen-dat.pl. hangarelor
Nota Bene Din fr. hangar
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/intrare/para%C8%99ut%C4%83/40967 [accessed on:
16.03.2020, 17:11]
Generic concept șopron de reparații
Hypernyms construcție
Context 1 „. Amănunte despre construirea şi piedicile care i-au fost puse
hangarului am aflat de la Marius Mitrof, consilier în cadrul
Direcţiei Judeţene pentru Cultură Galaţi, autorul studiului
„Aerodromul din Galaţi şi destinul său absurd”, publicat în
volumul II al colecţiei de studii „Tradiţie, istorie, armată”.’’
Source of context 1 https://justitiecurata.ro/galati-ultimul-hangar-al-aviatiei-militare-ar-putea-
fi-demolat-de-primarie-pentru-a-face-loc-unui-parc/ [accessed on:
16.03.2020, 17:23]
Context 2 ,, Primul hangar de mentenanţă pentru aeronavele Hercules a
fost deschis la Flotila 90 Transport Aerian Otopeni unde se
află avioanele Hercules şi Spartan, din dotarea armatei.„E cel
mai modern hangar de care dispun forţele aeriene române. În
2006, printr-o hotărâre de guvern, unitatea militară de la Titu
s-a predat Consiliului Judeţean Dâmboviţa. Şi Consiliul
Judeţean este obligat ca, în compensare la inventarul de la
Titu să realizeze acest obiectiv de investiţii”, a spus Mircea

203
 Duşa, ministrul Apărării.’’
Source of context 2 http://stiri.tvr.ro/hangar-in-care-vor-putea-fi-reparate-avioanele-hercules-
si-spartan-la-flotila-90-otopeni_37890.html#view [accessed on: 16.03
2020, 17:25]
Comment Hangarul este format dintr-un acoperiș înălțat pe stâlpi și mai
multe deschideri laterale. De obicei hangarele sunt făcute din
metal, dar câte o dată vin făcute din alte materiale precum
lemnul și ciment.Hangarele vin utilizate pentru protejarea de
timpul atmosferic, repararea, fabricarea, înmagazinarea și
asemblarea acestelor mașinării.Hangarele se pot utiliza pentru
a proteja avioanele de factori climatici, de atacuri din partea
inamică sau doar pentru depozitarea avioanelor când acestea
nu sunt utilizate sau dacă sunt în reparare.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar [accessed on: 16.03 2020, 17:28]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

204
Term helicopter
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft whose lift is derived from the aerodynamic forces
acting on one or more powered rotors turning about substantially
vertical axes
Source of definition https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helicopter [accessed on:
22.01.2020, 16:56]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – helicopters
Nota Bene French helicopter, latinized combining form of Greek helix
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=helicopter [accessed on: 22.01.2020,
17:01]
Generic concept heavier-than-air craft
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms cargo helicopter
Synonyms chopper
Acronyms HEL (Helicopter)
Collocations military helicopter
Context 1 “The U.S. Air Force’s Global Strike Command took possession of
its first new security forces helicopter yesterday, during a ceremony
that also saw the new rotorcraft named “Grey Wolf.” Grey Wolf will
carry quick reaction forces consisting of Air Force security
personnel, ready to rapidly respond to an incident or attack at one of
hundreds of intercontinental ballistic missile silos spread across the
American West.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a30287090/air-force-
helicopter-grey-wolf/
[accessed on:22.01.2020,17:40]

205
 “Various category types of advanced military helicopters exist.
Context 2 Each type is uniquely designed to specifically support a defined
subset of functions across wide-ranging military operations.
Through the news and pop culture we hear terms like “Black Hawk”
and “Chinook” helicopters. Each of those unique helicopters are
categorized by their main function type and are officially named by
a military designation system.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.aircraftcompare.com/blog/types-of-military-helicopters/
[accessed on: 22.01.2020, 17:43]
Comment A helicopter, or chopper, is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and
thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off
and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and
laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested
or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of
VTOL (Vertical TakeOff and Landing) aircraft cannot
perform.Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-
century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first
operational helicopter in 1936.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter [accessed on: 22.01.2020, 17:45]
Use area field aviation
Status official

206
Ro correspondent elicopter
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aparat de zburat cu motor, a cărei susținere și mișcare sunt asigurate
de una sau mai multe elice care se rotesc în jurul unor axe verticale și
care poate ateriza pe un spațiu extrem de redus ori se poate menține în
aer într-un punct fix
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/elicopter [accessed on 22.01.2020, 17:46 ]

Grammatical information substantive comun, gen. neutru, pl .elicoptere, gen-dat. sg.

elicopterului , gen-dat.pl. elicopterelor
Nota Bene Din fr. hélicoptère.
Nota Bene Source https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/elicopter [accessed on 22.01.2020, 17:52 ]

Generic concept vehicul de zbor cu elice

Hypernyms vehicul aerian
Acronyms HEL (Helicopter)
Synonym autogir

Context 1 ,,Flo vrea să pornească din nou. Dar mai întâi are loc verificarea
exterioară, controlul pe care piloții îl realizează înainte de decolare.
„Trebuie să aloc acest timp”, spune el și inspectează concentrat
elicopterul. Controlează fiecare zonă de pe suprafață, pentru a
identifica eventuale urme suspecte de ulei și verifică dacă jocul
lagărelor este în regulă. Apoi verifică afișajele din cockpit.’’
https://roadstars.mercedes-benz.com/ro_RO/magazine/route/04-2017/heavy-rotation-how-
florian-kirschbaum-saves-the-forest-from-a-helicopter.html?owda=misc [ accesed on
Source of context 1
22.01.2020,18:30]
Context 2 ,,Din 2016 însă, pe lângă Airbus Helicopters România - jointventure-
ul pe care l-a fondat cu IAR - Airbus a deschis la Brașov și o fabrică
de elicoptere unde ar fi urmat să producă modelul H215M, atât pentru
forțele armate române, cât și pentru export.Din nefericire, acest
proiect este încă în stadiul incipient. Am construit această fabrică și

207
 am început să transferăm unele scule și echipamente pentru a putea
lansa rapid producția modelului H215M - elicopter de generația a
treia SuperPuma, spre deosebire de modelele Puma folosite în prezent
de România, care sunt modele din prima generație”, spune
Michalon.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-defense-23432705-video-vicepresedinte-airbus-exista-riscul-
mutam-fabrica-elicoptere-brasov-alta-tara-elicopterul-airbus-iar-215m-ramas-deocamdata-
doar-hartie-desi-putea-fabricat-romania-pentru-alti-clienti-din-intreag.htm [accessed on:
22.01.2020, 18:35]
Comment Elicopterul este un vehicul aerian motorizat, din categoria Aeronave
cu aripă rotativă, care poate decola și ateriza pe verticală și a cărui
susținere și mișcare sunt asigurate de una sau mai multe elice care se
rotesc în jurul unor axe verticale. Calitatea sa este că poate ateriza pe
un spațiu extrem de redus ori se poate menține în aer într-un punct fix.
Funcționarea sa se bazează pe momentul forței produs de elici.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elicopter [accessed on: 22.01.2020, 18:35]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

208
Term heliport
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an airport for helicopters
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/heliportt [accessed
on: 11.05.2020, 23:51]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – heliports
Nota Bene from French hélicoptère + second element abstracted from
airport (air+port; air : Old French air , Latin aer , Greek
aēr; port : Old English port Old French port )
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/word/port#etymonline_v_18487
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=heliport [accessed on:09.04.2020,
20:07]
Generic concept landing field
Hypernyms airport, aerodrome
Hyponyms helipad
Synonyms helidrome , rotor station
Acronyms Heli (heliport)
Collocations public heliport
Context 1 “The official opening of the heliport in the Eemshaven took
place on Friday 13 September. Minister Wiebes of Economic
Affairs arrived at Heliport Eemshaven by helicopter at
around 4:00 PM and has conducted the opening ceremony
there. The arrival of the heliport makes Eemshaven’s
position in the offshore wind sector even stronger. “
Source of context 1 https://windeurope.org/policy/topics/offshore-wind-ports/activities/first-
helicopter-flight-for-heliport-eemshaven/ [accessed on: 09.04.2020,
20:26]

209
Context 2 “Sky Shuttle Heliport is a public heliport conveniently
located in Hong Kong’s central business district, providing
ground handling and passenger services to cross-boundary
helicopter operators flying to / from destinations within the
Pearl River Delta. The award-winning heliport comprises of
two helipads, a flight operations control centre and features a
premium passenger lounge with custom-designed supporting
facilities for the ultimate customer experience, safety and
operational efficiency.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.skyshuttlehk.com/SSHLHeliport [accessed on: 09.04.2020,
20:32]
Comment It is a small airport suitable for use by helicopters and some
other vertical lift platforms. Designated heliports typically
contain one or more touchdown and liftoff area and may also
have limited facilities such as fuel or hangars. In some larger
towns and cities, customs facilities may also be
available.Early advocates of helicopters hoped that heliports
would become widespread, but they have become
contentious in urban areas due to the excessive noise caused
by helicopter traffic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliport#References [accessed on:

09.04.2020, 20:37]

Use area field aviation

Status official

210
Ro correspondent heliport
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aeroport de dimensiuni reduse, construit special pentru
elicoptere
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/heliport [accessed on: 09.04.2020, 20:46]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. heliporturi, gen-dat. sg.
heliportului, gen-dat.pl. heliporturilor
Nota Bene Din fr. éliport

Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/heliport [accessed on: 09.04.2020, 20:49]

Generic concept spatiu pentru elicoptere

Hypernym aeroport, aerodrom
Synonyms eliport
Context 1 ,,Spitalul Universitar de Urgenţă Bucureşti declară: "Acesta
reprezintă ultimul pas în operaţionalizarea dispozitivelor şi
instrumentelor specifice necesare pentru funcţionarea unui
heliport. În perioada imediat următoare vor fi finalizate
documentele de închidere pentru şantier, de recepţie a
lucrărilor de construcţie şi autorizare pentru funcţionarea ca
heliport civil cu circuit închis", potrivit sursei citate.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.bursa.ro/primul-zbor-efectuat-pe-heliportul-spitalului-
universitar-de-urgenta-bucuresti-47004832 [accessed on: 09.04.2020,
21:09]
Context 2 ,,Pentru realizarea lucrărilor MapN a lansat o licitație pe
SEAP, iar valoarea estimată a proiectului este de
18.318.877,68 euro fără TVA din fonduri NATO și al
MApN. Conform MApN, cu ceva timp în urmă, cazarma
1026 Tunari a fost selectată pe lista unităților disponibile
pentru îndeplinirea misiunilor NATO ca bază de staționare
temporară. Între altele, viitoarea bază NATO va avea
patru corpuri de cazare și centrala termică proprie, bloc

211
 alimentar, facilitați medicale, platforme de depozitare a
tehnicii militare, poligon calibrare a armamentului și chiar
un heliport.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.activenews.ro/stiri/NATO-isi-face-baza-langa-Bucuresti.-
Cat-va-costa-noua-facilitate-militara-160868 [accessed on: 09.04.2020,
22:04]
Comment Un heliport sau eliport este o zonă proiectată pentru
decolarea sau aterizarea elicopterelor. Este format de una
sau mai multe puncte de aterizare și poate avea clădiri
pentru serviciu și întreținere, structuri pentru realimentare,
iluminație și niște mâneci de vânt pentru a măsura puterea
vântului, iar în heliporturi de dimensiuni mai mari, sunt
dispuse garaje de parcare pentru aeronave.. Eliportul are o
suprafață cuprinsă între 500-1000 mp nefiind necesară
înlăturarea clădirilor, copacilor sau a obstacolelor naturale
din zonă, datorită decolării-aterizării elicopterelor care se
face pe verticală.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliport [accessed on: 09.04.2020, 22:15]
Use area field aviație
Status official

212
Term inclinometer

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with
the horizon
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/inclinometer.htm [accessed on:
09.05.2020, 10:59]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – inclinometers
Nota Bene from Latin inclinare + from Latin mētrum, from
Greek metron
Nota Bene Source https://www.lexico.com/definition/inclinometer
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=meter [accessed on:
09.05.2020, 10:59]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument
Hyponyms horizontal inclinometer
Synonyms clinometer
Context 1 “The inclinometer or "coordinator ball" shows the
relationship between the bank angle and the rate of yaw.
The turn is "coordinated" when the ball is centered. The
aircraft is "skidding" when the ball rolls toward the outside
of the turn and is "slipping" when it moves toward the
inside. “

Source of context 1 https://www.kellymfg.com/turn_indicators.html [accessed on:

09.05.2020, 11:56]
Context 2 “During a turn, an airplane will roll and yaw at the same
time, which is why a turn coordinator is important. A turn
coordinator displays initial roll rate and then turn rate when
a roll is stabilized. A small airplane depiction is also shown
on these flight instruments, displaying rolls along with the

213
 plane’s movement to show the turn direction. A small ball
underneath the airplane depiction moves along with the yaw
of the airplane in an inclinometer or “balance indicator”.
When rolling in or out of a turn, the small airplane banks in
the direction the plane rolls.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.flyaeroguard.com/blog/flight-instruments-the-six-pack/
[accessed on: 09.05.2020, 14:40]
Coordinated flight indication is obtained by using an
Comment inclinometer, which is recognized as the "ball in a tube". An
inclinometer contains a ball sealed inside a curved glass
tube, which also contains a liquid to act as a damping
medium. In some early aircraft the indicator was merely a
pendulum with a dashpot for damping. The ball gives an
indication of whether the aircraft is slipping, skidding or in
coordinated flight.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator [accessed on:
09.05.2020, 14:43]
Use area field aviation
Status official

214
Ro correspondent inclinometru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition instrument care indică înclinarea unei aeronave
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/inclinometru [accessed on: 09.05.2020,
14:45]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. inclinometer, gen-dat.
sg. inclinometrului, gen-dat.pl. inclinometrelor
Nota Bene Din fr. inclinomètre, engl. inclinometer.

Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/inclinometru [accessed on: 09.05.2020,

14:47]
Generic concept instrument de bord
Hypernym instrument
Hyponym inclinometru lateral
Synonyms indicator de pantă
Context 1 ,, Cel mai interesant proiect a fost Amphibian, un monoplan
biloc tip aripa zburatoare dotat cu tren de aterizare
retractabil, cabina complet inchisa, doua elice care se roteau
in sensuri opuse, sisteme de control ale carmei si
instrumente de navigatie –anemometru, doua manometre,
un barometru diferential care arata rata de urcare sau
coborare (aparat inventat chiar de Pennaud) si un
inclinometru..’’
Source of context 1 https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/visul-lui-wever-10 [accessed on:
09.05.2020, 11:26]
Context 2 ,,Când un pilot rotește avionul într-o mișcare, avionul
miniatural arată rapid o rolă corespunzătoare. Există semne
de marcat pe instrument care sunt calibrate pentru a afișa o
rată de rată standard pentru un avion (o rată standard de 360
de grade durează două minute).Coordonatorul de viraj

215
 include de asemenea un inclinometru, care este o minge
suspendată într-un fluid care reacționează ca un pendul în
timpul răsturnării.’’
Source of context 2 https://ro.careerlu.com/77561-aircraft-flight-instruments-the-basic-six-
pack-282852-19 [accessed on: 09.05.2020, 11:38]
Comment Un clinometru sau înclinometru este un instrument pentru
măsurarea unghiurilor de pantă (sau înclinare), altitudinea
sau depresia unui obiect în ceea ce privește gravitatea. Este,
de asemenea, cunoscut ca un contor de înclinare, indicator
de înclinare, pantă de alertă, gabaritul pantă, contor de
gradient, gradiometru, indicator de nivel, contor de nivel,
declinometer și smoală și indicator de rola.
https://apkgk.com/ro/com.plaincode.clinometer [accessed on:
09.05.2020, 15:20]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

216
Term interceptor
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a fast aircraft that attacks enemy aircraft
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/interceptor
[accessed on: 12.05.2020, 00:10]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – interceptors
Nota Bene from Latin interceptor

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/interceptor#etymonline_v_42527

[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:08]
Generic concept military aircraft
Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms fighter plane
Acronyms INRCP (interceptor)
Collocations interceptor aircraft
Context 1 “By the 1950s, there was a growing concern that Soviet
bombers would attack North America via the Canadian
Arctic. (NATO intelligence suggested that such an attack
could occur as early as 1954.) So, in 1953–54, the Royal
Canadian Air Force (RCAF) commissioned Avro to design
and build the Arrow: an all-weather nuclear interceptor
meant to fly higher and faster than any aircraft in its class.
Source of context 1 https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/avro-arrow
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:15]
Context 2 “Two MiG-31BM supersonic interceptor aircraft have
resumed service with the Russian Pacific Fleet's sea
aviation, fleet spokesman Nikolai Voskresensky was
quoted by local media as saying Wednesday.The two jets
covered a distance of more than 7,000 km while returning
to the Pacific Fleet's sea aviation's airfield in Yelizovo,
Kamchatka Krai, after undergoing extensive modernization

217
 and maintenance, said Voskresensky, according to TASS
news agency.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/20/c_137836793.htm
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:11]
Comment There are two general classes of interceptor: relatively
lightweight aircraft built for high performance over short
range, and heavier aircraft designed to fly at night or in
adverse weather and operate over longer ranges.
For daytime operations, conventional fighters normally fill
the interceptor role, as well as many other missions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft [accessed on:

12.04.2020, 17:17]

Use area field aviation

Status official

218
Ro correspondent interceptor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition avion pentru misiuni de intercepție
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/interceptor [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:18]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. interceptoare, gen-dat. sg.
interceptorului, gen-dat.pl. interceptoarelor
Nota Bene Din fr. intercepteur
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/interceptor [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:19]

Generic concept avion militar

Hypernym aeronavă
Acronyms INRCP (interceptor)
Context 1 ,,Între timp, directorul general al MiG, Tarasenko, a declarat
că proiectul de cercetare-dezvoltare și proiectare privind
interceptorul rus de ultimă generaţie, a fost planificat să
înceapă ,,în viitorul apropiat", iar livrările sale către forțele
armate ruse ar trebui să înceapă la mijlocul anilor 2020.
În afară de versiunea cu echipaj, se ia în considerare și
varianta fară pilot a interceptorului.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.defenseromania.ro/producatorul-rus-de-aeronave-militare-
mig-a-anuntat-dezvoltarea-unui-avion-de-generatia-cinci_593035.html
[accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:20]
Context 2 ,, Conform Consiliului Naţional ucrainean pentru Securitate şi
Apărare, Federaţia Rusă continuă să îşi comaseze forţele la
graniţa ruso-ucraineană, aducând inclusiv radare şi avioane de
luptă mig-31, interceptori capabili să atingă o viteză maximă
de Mach 2,83.’’
Source of context 2 http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/rusia-si-a-deplasat-avioane-de-interceptare-
mig-31-langa-granita-cu-ucraina---226422 [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:23]

Comment Un interceptor este un tip de avion de vânătoare conceput

219
 pentru a intercepta și distruge avioane inamice, în special
bombardiere, de obicei bazându-se pe viteza mare de
intercepție. Multe asemenea avioane au fost construite în
perioadă imediat premergătoare celui al doilea război mondial
până în anii 1960, când au devenit mai puțin importante din
cauza trecerii de la bombardiere strategice la rachete balistice
intercontinentale.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor [accessed on: 12.04.2020, 17:21]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term jet

220
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft with a jet engine that is able to fly very fast
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/jet [accessed on:
12.05.2020, 00:14]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – jets
Nota Bene from French jet , from Old French get, from Latin iactus
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/jet#etymonline_v_42698 [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 15:14]
Generic concept airplane
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms jetliner
Synonyms jet-propelled plane
Collocations private jet
Context 1 “The He 178 was a small, metal aircraft that ran on diesel fuel.
The jet intake was in the nose and the plane was fitted with
tailwheel undercarriage. The main landing gear was retractable
but remained fixed in “down” position throughout the flight
trials. Maximum speed was around 380 mph for the radial-flow
turbojet.This maiden flight took place only days before Germany
started World War II by invading Poland.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.airelectro.com/blog/news/on-this-day-in-1939-the-first-jet-plane-
tookoff/ [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 15:33]
Context 2 “No security lines or TSA pat downs. Cushy leather seats and
legroom for days. Fido curled up right next to you. The perks of
flying on a private jet used to be something only the rich and
famous enjoyed. But that’s changing — and in some cases, you
can fly on a private jet or plane for the cost of coach (or less) if
you know how to shop smartly.’’

https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-fly-on-a-private-jet-for-under-
Source of context 2

221
 200-per-person-2014-07-01 [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 15:28]

Comment Whereas the engines in propeller-powered aircraft generally

achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower speeds and
altitudes, jet engines and aircraft achieve maximum efficiency at
speeds close to or even well above the speed of sound. Jet
aircraft generally cruise at faster than about Mach 0.8 (609 mph,
981 km/h or 273 m/s) at altitudes around 10,000–15,000 metres
(33,000–49,000 ft) or more.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 15:39]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent avion cu reacție

222
ID language română
ID country România
Definition un avion cu reacție este un avion propulsat de unul sau mai
multe motoare cu reacție.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_cu_reac%C8%9Bie [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 15:54]
Grammatical information Grup nominal:
avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat. sg.
avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
cu: prepoziție
reacție: substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. reacții, gen-dat.
sg. reacției, gen-dat.pl. reacților
Nota Bene avion: din fr. avion
reacție: din fr.reaction
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/reactie [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 16:04]

Generic concept avion

Hypernym aeronavă
Hyponym avion de linie cu reacție, turbojet
Synonyms jet

Context 1 ,,O copie fidelă a primului avion cu reacţie din lume, Coandă
1910, care a făcut senzaţie acum un secol la Salonul de la
Paris, a fost prezentată la Craiova şi a rulat câţiva metri pe
pista Aeroclubului Român. Aeronava a fost realizată după
planurile marelui inventator român Henri Coandă de o echipă
formată din câţiva foşti aviatori şi a costat 100.000 de euro.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sci-tech/natura-si-mediu/foto-video-copia-primului-
avion-cu-reactie-coanda-1910-lansata-la-craiova-constructorii-au-in-plan-si-o-
replica-a-aeronavei-lui-traian-vuia-129475 [accessed on: 21.03.2020, 16:18]

Context 2 ,,La 27 august 1982 se inaugura primul avion cu reacţie

223
 construit în România, ROMBAC 1-11, de către Întreprinderea
de Avioane Bucureşti. Designul aeronavei a fost inspirit din
avionul englez mediu curier BAC 1-11.
ROMBAC 1-11 a fost primul avion comercial cu reacţie din
Europa comunistă, exceptând URSS.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/astazi-se-implinesc-33-de-ani-de-cand-a-fost-
lansat-primul-avion-de-pasageri-cu-reactie-construit-integral-in-romania-a-
fost-primul-din-europa-comunista-galerie-foto-14690422
[accessed on: 21.03.2020, 16:22]
Comment Primul zbor cu un avion cu reacție a fost realizat de Henri
Coandă în Franța.Motorul avionului lui Coandă consta dintr-un
compresor acționat de un motor cu ardere internă cu piston, de
50 de cai putere. Aerul absorbit de compresor prin partea din
față a motorului era refulat cu mare viteză prin spatele lui spre
cele două zone de postcombustie, cu care era prevăzut
motorul. În felul acesta se producea un efect de reacție, care
împingea avionul către înainte, permițând deplasarea în
atmosferă a aerodinei.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_cu_reac%C8%9Bie [accessed on:
21.03.2020, 16:29]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term landing

224
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the fact of an aircraft arriving on the ground or a boat reaching
land
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/landing?q=%09landing
[accessed on: 12.05.2020, 00:27]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – landings
Nota Bene From English landing, present participle of land; from Middle
English land, lond, from Old English land, lond; from Proto-
Germanic *landą
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/landing [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:22]

Generic concept part of a flight

Hypernyms arrival
Hyponyms splashdown, touchdown
Synonyms come down
Acronyms LDG (landing)
Collocations emergency landing
Context 1 “Takeoff and landing are widely considered the most dangerous
parts of a flight. But that's only partially true. Let's take a look at
this chart. Boeing keeps track of fatal commercial jet accidents
every year and categorizes those accidents by when they occurred
during the flight. Boeing breaks down the average one-and-a-
half-hour flight into eight phases. “

Source of context 1 https://www.businessinsider.com/why-airplane-takeoff-landing-are-

dangerous-flight-2019-12 [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:32]
Context 2 “A Virgin Atlantic Flight 138 was traveling from New York's
John F Kennedy Airport to London's Heathrow when the fire
broke out. The crew members onboard the flight were able to
quickly extinguish the small fire.After the plane made its
emergency landing at Boston's Logan international airport,

225
 emergency services were called to examine the Airbus A330.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.newsweek.com/london-virgin-atlantic-flight-emergency-landing-
boston-1447660 [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:34]
Comment A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight
including taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing.
Aircraft usually land at an airport on a firm runway or helicopter
landing pad, generally constructed of asphalt concrete, concrete,
gravel or grass. Aircraft equipped with pontoons (floatplane) or
with a boat hull-shaped fuselage (a flying boat) are able to land
on water. Aircraft also sometimes use skis to land on snow or ice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:36]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent aterizare

226
ID language română
ID country România
Definition luarea contactului cu pământul de către un avion după zbor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aterizare [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:44]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. aterizări gen-dat. sg.
aterizării gen-dat.pl. aterizărilor
Nota Bene Din fr. atterri
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aterizare [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:46]

Generic concept parte a zborului

Hypernym sosire
Hyponym amerizarea
Synonyms aterizaj
Context 1 ,,Aterizarea a fost cu probleme din cauza schimbaii bruste a
vitezei si directiei vantului.Avionul a sosit la aerportul din
Komi de la Moscova, dupa o calatorie de aproximativ 1.500
de kilometri.Principalul tren de aterizare a fost avariat in
timpul aterizarii, dar pilotul a reusit sa opreasca aparatul de
zbor pe pista. ’’
Source of context 1 http://www.ziare.com/stiri/avion/un-avion-boeing-a-fost-avariat-la-
aterizare-dupa-ce-vantul-si-a-schimbat-brusc-viteza-si-directia-video-
1596968 [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:54]
Context 2 ,,Un avion aparţinând companiei low-cost Blue Air, care
venea din Bucureşti, a ratat ieri aterizarea pe Aeroportul
Internaţional Arad şi a ieşit de pe pistă mai bine de 7 metri.
Avionul mergea spre Valencia şi avea escală la Arad.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.bihon.ro/romania/un-avion-cu-65-de-pasageri-la-bord-a-
ratat-aterizarea-n-arad-570873/ [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 17:58]
Comment Aterizarea se compune din următoarele manevre:coborârea,
planarea, redresarea, luarea contactului cu solul și rularea pe
acesta până la oprirea aparatului de zbor.De regulă, aterizarea
aeronavelor se face cu vântul în față. Elicopterele și

227
 avioanele cu decolare și aterizare pe verticală utilizează
aterizarea pe verticală, care începe în momentul reducerii
turației motorului (motoarelor) pentru diminuarea înălțimii
până la intrarea în contact cu platforma de aterizare.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterizare [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 18:11]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term landing gear

228
ID language English
ID country US
Definition the set of wheels and other parts that support a plane when it
is on the ground and make it possible to take off and land
Source of definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear [accessed on: 12.05.2020,
21:43]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – landing gears
Nota Bene landing : From English landing, present participle of land;
from Middle English land, lond, from Old English land,
lond; from Proto-Germanic *landą
gear: From Middle English gere, a borrowing from Old
Norse gervi, from Proto-Germanic *garwijaną
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Etymology_1
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gear [accessed on: 03.05.2020, 18:52]
Generic concept part of an airplane
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms landing skid
Synonyms undercarriage
Acronyms LG (landing gear)
Context 1 The whole process of retracting and extending the landing
gear is controlled by a computer called LGCIUs (Landing
Gear Control and Interface Units). There are two separate
identical units, one being a backup. They monitor the
position of the landing gear and communicate with other
aircraft systems. Every time the gear is cycled, it switches
between the two computers. This maintains reliability by
not having the backup system sitting dormant.

Source of context 1 https://blog.virginatlantic.com/behind-the-scenes-how-does-aircraft-

landing-gear-work/ [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 19:10]

229
Context 2 When an aircraft is unable to touch down with its landing
gear fully extended it must perform a gear-up or “belly”
landing. Such a landing does carry a small risk - there is
likely to be damage to the aircraft; it could conceivably
catch fire or flip over if it lands too hard. Bad weather or
high winds can increase the danger.
Source of context 2 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/advice/What-happens-when-a-
planes-landing-gear-fails/ [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 19:17]
Comment For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is
not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without
damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common with
skis or floats needed to operate from snow/ice/water and
skids for vertical operation on land. Faster aircraft have
retractable undercarriages, which fold away during flight to
reduce drag.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear [accessed on:03.05.2020,

19:20]

Use area field aviation

Status official

230
Ro correspondent tren de aterizare
ID language română
ID country România
Definition ansamblu de piese (bare de susținere, roți amortizoare și
frâne) care asigură deplasarea (rularea) pe sol a unui avion.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/tren%20 [accessed on: 03.05.2020, 18:29]

Grammatical information Grup nominal:

tren: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. trenuri gen-dat. sg.
trenului, gen-dat.pl. trenurilor
de: prepoziție
aterizare: substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. aterizări, gen-
dat.sg. aterizării, gen-dat.pl. aterizărilor
Nota Bene tren: din fr. train.
aterizare: după fr. atterrir.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aterizare
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/tren [accessed on: 03.05.2020, 19:47]
Generic concept parte a unui avion
Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms bară de susținere
Synonyms aterizor
Context 1 ,, Sindicatul piloţilor spanioli SEPLA a scris pe Twitter, fără
să citeze niciun fel de surse, că o parte din trenul de
aterizare al avionului s-a desprins şi ar fi pătruns într-unul
dintre motoarele avionului, relatează Agerpres.
Cotidianul El Pais aminteşte că incidentul se produce la scurt
timp după ce spaţiul aerian în zona aeroportului Adolfo
Suarez-Madrid Barajas a fost închis, iar operaţiunile de pe
aeroportul madrilen au suferit întârzieri după ce au fost
detectate drone neautorizate în imediata apropiere’’

https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/externe/mapamond/live-video-un-avion-cu-130-de-

231
Source of context 1 pasageri-la-bord-se-pregateste-sa-aterizeze-de-urgenta-in-spania-1254597
[accessed on: 03.05.2020, 19:52]

Context 2 ,,In domeniul trenurilor de aterizare si sistemelor

hidraulice, Aerostar face parte din lantul de furnizori al
SAFRAN Landing Systems, fiind furnizor de produse
complete inclusiv asamblari mecanice si hidraulice complete
si testare.
Compania are capabilitati avansate pentru prelucrari
mecanice pe masini CNC cu 3-4-5 axe pentru piese din aliaje
de aluminiu, otel, otel inox, bronz, titan.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.aerostar.ro/prelucrari [accessed on: 03.05.2020, 19:54]

Comment Trenul de aterizare - este un sistem mecanic format dintr-un

cadru care este de obicei retractabil și montat pe roți care
susține o aeronavă atunci când nu este în zbor și este utilizat
pentru manevre de decolare și aterizare și cele de la sol.De
obicei, compus din roți fixate pe amortizoare de șoc, poate în
schimb monta în mod special schiuri pentru operații pe
suprafețe cu zăpadă sau înghețate și plutitoare pentru
operațiuni pe suprafețe de apă, ca în cazul hidroavioanelor.

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_aterizare [accessed on:

03.05.2020, 19:53]

Use area field aviație

Status oficial

Term layover

232
ID language English
ID country US
Definition is a stop between flights, also called a connection.
Source of definition https://scottscheapflights.com/glossary/layover [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 14:30]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – layovers
Nota Bene lay (v.) + over (adv.) ; lay : Old English lecgan , Old, Middle
Dutch legghan, Dutch leggen, Old High German lecken,
German legen; over: Old English ofer, Old High German
ubar, German über
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/lay?ref=etymonline_crossreference#e
tymonline_v_6606
https://www.etymonline.com/word/layover#etymonline_v_30732
https://www.etymonline.com/word/over?ref=etymonline_crossreference
[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 14:36]

Generic concept part of a flight

Hypernyms stay
Hyponyms pit stop , night-stop
Synonyms stopover
Collocations short layover
Context 1 “Airports that offer fast and affordable transportation to the
cities they serve are the best places for an airport layover
adventure. In cities like Amsterdam, Sydney, Washington
D.C., Chicago and Toronto, travelers can easily take public
transportation from the airport to the city center and spend a
half-day exploring.“

Source of context 1 https://www.smartertravel.com/airport-layovers-9-ways-make-layover/

[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 14:51]

Context 2 “GULLIVER's recent trip to Russia was marred by a number

233
 of near-disasters. The first, and most distressing, had to do
with a short layover. I had to be in Connecticut for a
wedding on the weekend before my trip. Instead of stopping
back home in DC after the wedding, my plan was to head
straight to Russia as soon as the weekend was over.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2009/08/30/short-layovers
[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 14:46]
Comment In air travel, a stop or transfer (from one airplane to another)
is considered to be a layover or connection up to a certain
maximum allowed connecting time.The maximum time
depends on many variables, but for most U.S. and Canadian
itineraries, it is 4 hours, and for most international itineraries
(including any domestic stops), it is 24 hours. In general,
layovers are cheaper than stopovers, because notionally
layovers are incidental to traveling between two other points,
whereas stopovers are among the traveler's destinations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layover [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 15:00]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent escală

234
ID language română
ID country România
Definition oprire a unei nave sau a unei aeronave într-un punct al rutei,
pentru aprovizionare, pentru îmbarcarea sau debarcarea
pasagerilor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/escal%C4%83 [accessed on: 05.04.2020,
15:01]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. escale, gen-dat. sg.
escalei, gen-dat.pl. escalelor
Nota Bene Din fr. escale.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/escal%C4%83 [accessed on: 05.04.2020,
15:02]
Generic concept parte a unui zbor
Hypernym staționare
Synonyms oprire ( a unui zbor)
Context 1 ,,De exemplu daca vrei sa zbori din regiunea noastra spre
SUA, dar nu sunt inca zboruri directe si unica modalitate de
transport este zborul cu escala.
Sau vrei sa zbori spre Tenerife dar toate biletele ieftine
pentru zborul direct sunt deja rezervate si au ramas doar
bilete scumpe - in acest caz poti opta pentru conexiunile low-
cost care pot fi si de 3-4 ori mai ieftine decat zborul direct.’’
Source of context 1 https://zbordirect.com/blog/zbor-low-cost-cu-escala-procedura-si-
recomandari [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 15:08]
Context 2 ,,Anul trecut, Qantas a deschis ruta Perth – Londra, singura
legătură aeriană directă dintre Australia şi Europa.În prezent,
compania Singapore Airlines asigură cel mai lung zbor
comercial fără escală, operat între Singapore şi Newark, ce
are o durată de 18 ore şi 30 de minute.’’

https://www.capital.ro/a-fost-realizat-cel-mai-lung-zbor-din-lume-cat-a-
Source of context 2

235
 durat-si-la-ce-teste-au-fost-supusi-pasagerii.html [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 15:14]
Comment Nevoia de deplasare si accesibilitatea biletelor de avion
determina anual miscari masive de populatie, de unde rezulta
automat si escalele, as putea spune ca sunt doua feluri de
escale: escalele low cost, escalele pe curse de linie, generate
automat de sistemele de rezervari si acceptate de aliantele
companiilor aeriene.Diferenta dintre cele doua tipuri de
escale ar fi ca cele low cost sunt facute manual si daca ai
pierdut conexiunea trebuie sa iti cumperi un alt bilet de
avion, iar cele de linie, daca ai pierdut conexiunea compania
te reruteaza automat pe prima cursa din alianta
http://worldevents.ro/2019/04/05/despre-zborurile-si-escale/ [accessed
on: 05.04.2020, 15:21]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term military aircraft

236
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition any type of aircraft that has been adapted for military use.
Source of definition https://www.britannica.com/technology/military-aircraft [accessed
on:28.03.2020, 18:31]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural –military aircrafts
Nota Bene military: from Old French militaire ; Latin militaris
aircraft: from air (n.) + craft (n.) ; air: Old French air , Latin
aer, Greek aēr; craft: Old English cræft , -creft , Old High
German chraft, German Kraft
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/aircraft#etymonline_v_26081
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=military [accessed on: 28.03.2020,
18:35]
Generic concept heavier-than-air craft
Hypernyms military vehicle
Hyponyms bomber ; attack aircraft
Synonyms warplane
Context 1 “The first successful military aircraft was built in the early
19th century by American aviation pioneers Orville and
Wilbur Wright. With a maximum speed of 42 miles per hour,
the manned flyer was significantly different to the jets of today
that are capable of reaching maximum speeds of 1,500 miles
per hour or more and require no onboard crew. In modern
warfare, these unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly called
UAVs or drones, have become an indispensable weapon and
are in great demand in many parts of the world.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.statista.com/topics/1546/military-aircraft-manufacturing/
[accessed on: 28.03.2020, 18:46]
Context 2 “Two bodies have been recovered from the US military
aircraft that crashed in Afghanistan's Ghazni province
Monday, a defense official told CNN, adding that sensitive

237
 equipment was also disabled by military personnel that arrived
at the site.The latest reports also indicate there was a distress
call from the crew indicating some type of trouble with the
aircraft, the official added.
Later on Tuesday a statement from the Pentagon confirmed the
remains of two personnel had been recovered.’’
Source of context 2 https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/28/politics/afghanistan-us-crash/index.html
[accessed on: 28.03.2020, 18:54]
Comment Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
Combat aircraft are designed to destroy enemy equipment
using their own aircraft ordnance.[1] Combat aircraft are
typically developed and procured only by military forces.
Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their
primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense.
These mainly operate in support roles, and may be developed
by either military forces or civilian organizations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft [accessed on: 28.03.2020,
18:55]
Use area field aviation
Status official

238
Ro correspondent avion militar
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un avion construit și folosit în scopuri militare
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_militar [accessed on: 29.03.2020,
11:02]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat.
sg. avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
militar: adjectiv, gen. neutru, variabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
militar, militară, militari, militare
Nota Bene avion: din fr. avion.
militar: din fr. militaire, lat. militaris, germ. Militär
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/militar [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 11:05]
Generic concept aerodină
Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms bombardier
Synonyms avion de luptă
Context 1 ,,Rebelii houthi din Yemen au anunţat, pe 14 februarie, că au
doborât un avion militar Saudit, transmite The Aviationist.
Arabia Saudită a confirmat pierderea aeronavei, dar a
susţinut că avionul, un Panavia Tornado, s-a prăbuşit în timp
ce oferea suport pentru trupe terestre ale Yemenului. Un clip
video publicat de rebeli arată cum avionul este distrus de o
rachetă trasă de la sol.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.mediafax.ro/externe/video-momentul-tulburator-cand-un-
avion-militar-tornado-este-distrus-de-o-racheta-situatia-pilotilor-este-
necunoscuta-18853076 [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 11:13]
Context 2 ,, La fel ca și aeronava cu care au ajuns până în Germania, și
avionul militar românesc a fost modificat pentru executarea
misiunii cu risc biologic. Au fost montate sterilizatoare, dar și

239
 separatoare de plastic și decontaminatoare care să împiedice
răspândirea virusului, dacă acesta există. Cei șase români au
fost deja testați la îmbarcare și la niciunul dintre ei nu a fost
confirmată prezența coronavirusului, astfel că măsurile
autorităților române sunt profilactice.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/cum-arata-avionul-militar-special-
modificat-care-i-a-adus-in-tara-pe-romanii-de-pe-diamond-princess-
2891895 [accessed on: 29.03.2020, 11:15]
Comment Printre categoriile acestuia se pot distinge două categorii
principale: avioanele de luptă dotate cu armament ofensiv, ca
de exemplu bombardierul, avionul de vânătoare, avionul de
luptă multirol și avioanele de suport, care nu sunt dotate cu
armament ofensiv eventual sunt dotate cu armament
defensiv: avionul de recunoaștere.Această definiție se aplică
de asemenea și elicopterelor de luptă și pentru sprijin aerian
sau sol.Aviația militară a fost dezvoltată la mijlocul Primului
Război Mondial, la un deceniu de la primul zbor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_militar [accessed on: 29.03.2020,
11:17]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term navigator

240
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the member of an aircrew who is responsible for the aircraft's
course
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/navigator.htm [accessed on:
12.05.2020, 10:50]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – navigators

Nota Bene from Latin navigator

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=navigator [accessed on:

12.05.2020, 10:52]
Generic concept navigator of an aircraft
Hypernyms flight crew
Hyponyms astrogator
Synonyms air navigator , flight navigator
Acronyms NAV (navigator)
Context 1 “After the war came the boom in commercial air travel, and
more demand for automation. In the 1950s, commercial
planes had five crew members in the cockpit: a flight
engineer, a radio operator, a navigator and two pilots. Over
the next few decades, automation and improved technology
made the first three jobs unnecessary—and saved airline
companies a lot of money. “

Source of context 1 https://www.history.com/news/plane-automation-autopilot-flight-302-

610 [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 10:58]
Context 2 “In 1945, Penn State alumnus Alexander “Lew” Parry Jr.
found himself in the middle of World War II, spending much
of his active-duty time that year as a navigator in a B-29,
flying 31 missions and targeting some of Japan’s key
military strongholds and other targets, while escaping near-
death experiences a number of times.’’

241
Source of context 2 https://news.psu.edu/story/592023/2019/11/07/world-war-ii-b-29-
navigator-talks-about-his-role-pacific [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 11:10]
Comment Navigators are fully fledged members of the air crew and
make use of highly specialized computer systems to carry
out their tasks. They may be appointed as operational
commanders of the aircraft and must be able to make quick
decisions. Electronic warfare is an integral part of the
Airforce navigators' tasks.
Navigators operate the electronic systems on board, and
because of rapid development in the electronics field, must
be increasingly competent in their computer operations.

http://www.gostudy.mobi/careers/view.aspx?oid=405 [accessed on:

12.05.2020, 11:08]

Use area field aviation

Status official

Ro correspondent navigator

242
ID language română
ID country România
Definition persoană care face parte din echipajul unei aeronave.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/navigator [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 11:36]

Grammatical substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl.navigatori gen-dat. sg.

information navigatorului, gen-dat.pl. navigatorilor
Nota Bene Din fr. navigateur, it. navigatore.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/navigator [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 11:39]

Generic concept navigator al unei aeronave

Hypernym echipaj de zbor
Hyponym astronavigator
Synonyms navigator aerian
Context 1 ,,Antonov An-26 este un avion militar de transport ușor,
fabricat în Uniunea Sovietică/Ucraina, Kiev de către Antonov.
Acest avion se află in serviciu activ în peste 30 de forțe
aeriene din diferite țări, dar și cu câțiva operatori civili.
Forțele Aeriene Române dețin în prezent patru aparate de
acest tip. Este pilotat de 2 piloti.Are un maestru de bord si un
navigator.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.wikiwand.com/ro/Antonov_An-26 [accessed on: 12.05.2020,
11:29]
Context 2 ,,Pe Yak-42 nu există niciun navigator. Funcțiile sale sunt
îndeplinite de un computer digital de bord. Facilitează foarte
mult activitatea piloților prin calcularea continuă a locației
aeronavei, viteza și direcția vântului, distanța și direcția de
rulare către punctele selectate ale traseului. Mai mult, toate
acestea sunt efectuate cu o acuratețe deosebită.’’
Source of context 2 https://zizuhotel.ru/ro/rossiya/blizhnemagistralnye-samolety-regionalnyi-
samolet-klyuchevye/ [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 11:18]

Comment Navigatorul poate face parte din echipajul de

243
 aviație.Navigatorul poate face parte din echipajul de marină,
sau aviație. In ultimul timp acest termen în domeniului nu mai
este actual, deoarece avioanele moderne sunt echipate cu un
sistem electronic de navigație automat Flight Management
Systemen (FMS), astfel că pilotul poate dirija avionul fără
ajutorul unui navigator.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 11:32]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term parachute

244
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a piece of equipment made of a large piece of special cloth
that is fastened to a person or thing that is dropped from an
aircraft, in order to make him, her, or it fall slowly and safely
to the ground
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/parachute [accessed
on 12.05.2020, 21:54]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – parachutes
Nota Bene from French parachute
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/parachute#etymonline_v_7165
[accessed on 27.02.2020, 14:05]
Generic concept device
Hypernyms rescue equipment
Hyponyms drogue parachute
Synonyms chute
Collocations parachute jump
Context 1 “Believe it or not, some airplanes use parachutes as well.
For some, the function is a lot like a drag racer. This is ideal
for areas with limited runways, such as an aircraft carrier's
deck. There also are some aircraft that use a parachute
recovery system to protect them from crashes. By pulling a
huge red lever in the plane when the pilot feels he has lost
control, the plane and parachute glide gently to the
ground.’’
Source of context 1 https://sciencing.com/parachutes-used-today-7450870.html [accessed on
27.02.2020,14:30]

Context 2 “The first parachute jump of note is made by André-Jacques

Garnerin from a hydrogen balloon 3,200 feet above Paris.
Leonardo da Vinci conceived the idea of the parachute in his
writings, and the Frenchman Louis-Sebastien Lenormand

245
 fashioned a kind of parachute out of two umbrellas and
jumped from a tree in 1783, but André-Jacques Garnerin was
the first to design and test parachutes capable of slowing a
man’s fall from a high altitude.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-first-parachutist
[accessed on: 27.02.2020, 14:20]
Comment Parachute design has changed considerably over the years,
from roughly cut shapes to aerodynamic "ram-air" parafoils.
Many modern parachutes are quite maneuverable and can
facilitate controlled descent similar to that of a glider. In
addition, smaller "drogue parachutes" are sometimes used to
aid deceleration of a fast-moving vehicle such as a drag racer,
a fixed-wing aircraft, or a spacecraft during reentry or after
touchdown.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Parachute [accessed on:
27.02.2020, 14:35]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent parașută

246
ID language română
ID country România
Definition dispozitiv în formă de umbrelă cu suprafață mare, folosit
pentru aterizarea lentă a unui corp lansat de la înălțime, de
obicei dintr-un avion în zbor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/intrare/para%C8%99ut%C4%83/40967 [accessed on:
27.02.2020, 14:40]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. parașute, gen-dat.sg.
parașutei, gen-dat.pl. parașutelor
Nota Bene Din fr. parachute
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/intrare/para%C8%99ut%C4%83/40967 [accessed on:
27.02.2020, 14:42]
Generic concept dispozitiv
Hypernyms echipament de salvare
Hyponyms parasail
Context 1 ,,Aparitia aparatelor de zbor mai grele decat aerul a declansat
o noua etapa in constructia de parasute. Zborurile cu primele
avioane-aparate care nu erau destul de sigure-faceau ca unele
dintre ele sa se incheie cu catastrofe. Din aceasta cauza, se
simtea nevoia unui dispozitiv sigur, care sa poata salva viata
pilotului in caz de avarie a aparatului. Pentru inceput, s-a
incercat adaptarea parasutelor utilizate la salturile din
aerostate la noile aparate de zbor, dar se ridicau unele
probleme legate de forma si marimea lor, dar si cat de sigure
pot fi, in orice conditii de zbor.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/cum-a-aparut-parasuta-o-
istorie-de-peste-4000-de-ani [accessed on: 27.02.2020, 15:00]

Context 2 ,,André-Jacques Garnerin a fost numit în funcţia de şef al

247
 trupelor de artilerie ale armatei franceze de nord. Luat
prizonier de către austrieci, a profitat de cei trei ani petrecuţi
în puşcărie, pentru a pune la punct planurile primei sale
paraşute. La începutul anului 1797, André-Jacques Garnerin
a efectuat primele experiente, la Paris, cea finală constând în
lansarea cu paraşuta a câinelui său, care a avut o aterizare
fără probleme, ajungând cu bine pe pământ.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.descopera.ro/cultura/14857542-primul-om-care-sarit-cu-
parasuta-aruncat-cainele [accessed on: 27.02 2020 ,15:06]
De obicei, parașutele sunt folosite pentru a încetini căderea
Comment prin aer a unei persoane sau a unui obiect, până când viteza de
coborâre nu mai pune în pericol viața respectivei persoane sau
integritatea obiectului. De asemenea, parașutele sunt folosite
pentru a frâna mișcarea orizontală a unui vehicul (avion sau
navetă spațială) la aterizare. Multe parașute moderne sunt
semi-rigide, manevrabile, și pot asigura o coborâre controlată,
asemănătoare cu cea a unui planor
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C8%99ut%C4%83 [accessed on:
27.02 2020 ,15:10]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term parachutist

248
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a person who jumps from aircraft using a parachute
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/parachutist.htm [accessed
on: 15.04.2020, 15:13]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – parachutists
Nota Bene from French parachute -ist
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parachutist
https://www.etymonline.com/word/parachute#etymonline_v_7165
[accessed on: 15.04.2020, 15:14]
Generic concept parachute jumper
Hypernyms jumper
Hyponyms skydiver
Synonyms parachuter
Collocations military parachutist
Context 1 “André-Jacques Garnerin’s ascent to becoming the
world’s first parachutist was harder than his descent—
although his landing had a few bumps. Born in 1769, the
Parisian daredevil survived the French army and spent
three years as a prisoner of war in Buda, Hungary until
1797 before making the leap to parachuting; these
experiences awakened his desire to pursue the possibility
of human flight “

Source of context 1 https://bonjourparis.com/archives/andre-jacques-garnerin-parachutist-

parc-monceau/ [accessed on: 15.04.2020, 18:08]
Context 2 “Though the service has not released additional details,
the wording of its statements may point to a parachute
malfunction while inside the aircraft. For low-level jumps,
military parachutists typically wear harnesses with a
main parachute on their back and a reserve parachute
strapped to their chest. If one of the canopies accidentally

249
 deploys inside the plane while the rear cargo ramp is open
in preparation for jumping, the slight vacuum created
could cause the parachute to fill with air and yank the
wearer out of the plane.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/us/airman-missing-cargo-
plane.html [accessed on: 15.04.2020, 17:57]
A parachutist's equipment consists of at least three,
Comment usually four components, a container/harness system, a
main canopy, a reserve canopy and increasingly
frequently an automated activation device (AAD) as well.
Other items may include a helmet, jumpsuit, altimeter,
and gloves. Increasing number of skydivers wear cameras,
like GoPros, to record their skydives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting
[accessed on: 15.04.2020, 18:12]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent parașutist

250
ID language română
ID country România
Definition persoană specializată în lansarea cu parașuta
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/parasutist [accessed on: 15.04.2020, 18:23]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. parașutiști, gen-dat. sg.
parașutistului, gen-dat.pl. parașutiștilor
Nota Bene Din fr. parachutiste.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/parasutist [accessed on: 15.04.2020, 18:26]

Generic concept săritor

Hypernyms parașută
Hyponyms instructor parasutist
Synonyms săritor cu parașuta
Context 1 ,,În cadrul școlii noastre de parașutism te putem pregăti
pentru a deveni un parașutist adevărat prin metodele
Accelerated Freefall și Static Line recunoscute la nivel
international.Accelerated Freefall sau AFF este cea mai
rapidă şi intensivă metodă de progresie în paraşutism de a
învăţa tehnicile plutirii în aer cu paraşuta deschisă. Este de
asemenea cea mai nouă metodă de a te iniţia în siguranţă în
paraşutism.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.tnt-brothers.ro/cursuri-parasutism [accessed on: 21.04.2020,
19:45]
Context 2 ,,Parasutist profesionist este un concept larg. Primul pas este
licenta de parasutist, pe care o poti avea chiar de la 16 ani si
cu un numar de minimum 25 de salturi. Pentru a deveni
instructor ai nevoie de minimum 500 de salturi si totalizand 6
ore de cadere libera. Acum, 3.200 de salturi si 14 ani mai
tarziu, inca am foarte multe de invatat, fiind un sport
complex.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.ziare.com/weekend/timp-liber/te-ai-intrebat-cum-e-sa-sari-cu-
parasuta-e-mai-periculos-sa-treci-strada-decat-sa-sari-din-avion-interviu-

251
 1477728 [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 19:46]
Comment Clasificarea parașutiștilor.
După scop sunt: civili; militari ,dupa categoria de pregătire:
începători, antrenament, performanță, instructori, conform
Regulamentului de Clasificare al Sportivilor din România:
categoria a III-a (25 salturi), categoria a II-a (50 salturi,
categoria a I-a (200 salturi), Maestru al Sportului, Maestru
Emerit al Sportului, după certificatul obținut conform
Normelor F.A.I.: Certificat “A”, Certificat “B”, Certificat
“C”, Certificat “D”
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C8%99ut%C4%83#Clasificarea_para
%C8%99uti%C8%99tilor [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 19:51]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term passenger
ID language English

252
ID country UK/US
Definition Passengers are practically all persons on board an aircraft,
who are not crew members.
Source of definition https://www.easa.europa.eu/faq/20027 [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 16:41]

Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – passengers

Nota Bene from Old French passagier, passageor, Modern French

passager, from Latin passus from Latin passus
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=passenger [accessed on:
25.04.2020, 16:51]
Generic concept person on board
Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms stowaway
Synonyms traveler
Acronyms PAX ( passenger)
Collocations passanger seat
Context 1 “Disruptive passenger behaviour is one of the main reasons
for aircraft diversions. Disruptive behaviour in-flight or on
the ground can affect your safety and the safety of fellow
passengers. Besides safety implications, it can have serious
consequences, including civil prosecution. Airlines have a
right to refuse to carry passengers that they consider to be a
potential risk to the safety of the aircraft, its crew or its
passengers. “

Source of context 1 https://www.caa.co.uk/Passengers/On-board/Disruptive-passengers/

[accessed on: 25.04.2020, 18:27]

Context 2 “The passenger seat in civil aircraft is an important piece of

equipment. It is important, firstly because it is the one part of

253
 the aircraft with which the passenger is in intimate contact
and, secondly, because of the bulk and multiplicity of
installation in any aircraft, the aggregate weight constitutes a
major portion of equipment weight.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb031941/full/htm
l?skipTracking=true [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 17:05]
Comment Crew members (if any), as well as the driver or pilot of the
vehicle, are usually not considered to be passengers. For
example, a flight attendant on an airline would not be
considered a passenger while on duty and the same with
those working in the kitchen or restaurant on board a ship as
well as cleaning staff, but an employee riding in a company
car being driven by another person would be considered a
passenger, even if the car was being driven on company
business.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger [accessed on: 25.04.2020,

18:28]

Use area field aviation

Status official

Ro correspondent pasager
ID language română

254
ID country România
Definition persoană care circulă sau călătorește folosind un mijloc de
transport în comun(avion)
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pasager [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 18:31]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. pasageri, gen-dat. sg.
pasagerului, gen-dat.pl. pasagerilor
Nota Bene Din fr. passager.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pasager [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 18:34]

Generic concept om de la bordul unei aeronave

Hypernyms aeornavă
Hyponyms navetist
Synonyms călător
Context 1 ,,Suprarezervare (overbooking) este practica prin care
companiile aeriene vând mai multe bilete de avion decât
locuri disponibile în aeronavă. In acest mod se realizează
compensarea situațiilor de no-show (atunci când un pasager,
din motive independente de compania aeriană, nu apare la
îmbarcare, lăsându-și locul liber în avion) și se alocă locuri la
bord pasagerilor care altfel nu ar putea să-și rezerve un
zbor.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/vama-si-
vize/drepturile-si-obligatiile-pasagerului [accessed on: 25.04.2020,
18:46]
Context 2 ,, Atunci când pasagerul nu se prezintă la o cursă, fără să
avizeze în prealabil transportatorul, acesta din urmă poate
anula rezervările pe zborurile de continuare sau retur. Totuşi,
dacă pasagerul avizează în prealabil, transportatorul nu va
anula rezervarea pe zborurile de continuare.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.tarom.ro/termeni-si-conditii-de-calatorie/articolul-6-
rezervarile.html [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 18:48]
Comment Odată ajunși la bord, pasagerii trebuie să respecte anumite

255
 reguli – ale companiei aeriene, dar și reguli de conduită și
bun simț, astfel încât zborul să se desfășoare fără probleme,
cât mai plăcut pentru toți pasagerii.
Înainte de începerea zborului, pasagerii sunt instruiți privind
siguranța în timpul cursei. E recomandat să acordați atenție
acestor mesaje, chiar dacă le-ați mai auzit sau văzut înainte,
pentru a ști cum să vă comportați în situații de urgență.
https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/check-in-si-
calatoria-cu-avionul/servicii-la-bord [accessed on: 25.04.2020, 18:50]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term pilot
ID language English

256
ID country UK/US
Definition person who is trained to fly an aircraft.
Source of definition https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pilot [accessed on
20.01.2020, 19:25]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – pilots
Nota Bene Middle French pillote, from Italian piloto, Old Italian pedoto,
Medieval Greek pedotes, Greek pedon
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pilot [accessed on 20.01.2020,
19:25]
Generic concept aircrew
Hypernyms aeronaut
Hyponyms co-pilot
Synonyms aviator ; airman
Collocations experienced pilot
Context 1 “ Flying across the world at the controls of some of the most
sophisticated aircraft in existence, is, for many, a dream job.
But the road to a pilot career is not an easy one, with many
hurdles to be overcome. Here are some top tips to get you
started.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.pilotcareernews.com/top-5-tips-become-pilot/ [accessed on
20.01.2020,20:00]
Context 2 “ For all of these reasons, a pilot might report making $25,000
per year or $225,000 per year. But in general, newly trained,
inexperienced pilots might make between $30,000 and
$50,000 per year, while an experienced pilot who has
climbed his way up from first officer at a regional airline to
first officer at a major airline and then finally, a captain at a
major airline over a period of 10 years will probably earn
$100,000 or more.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/airline-pilot-salaries-4126309
[accessed on: 20.01.2020, 20:16]

257
Comment An aircraft pilot or aviator is a person who controls the flight
of an aircraft by operating its directional flight controls. Some
other aircrew members, such as navigators or flight engineers,
are also considered aviators, because they are involved in
operating the aircraft's navigation and engine systems. Other
aircrew members, such as flight attendants, mechanics and
ground crew, are not classified as aviators.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_pilot
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent pilot
ID language română

258
ID country România
Definition persoană specializată care conduce o aeronavă
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pilot [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 20:25]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. masculin, pl. piloţi, gen-dat.sg.

pilotului, gen-dat.pl. piloţilor
Nota Bene Din fr. pilote
Nota Bene Source https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilot [accessed on: 20.01.2020, 20:30]

Generic concept echipaj al zborului

Hypernyms aeronava
Hyponyms co-pilot

Synonyms aviator

Context 1 ,, Pasiunea de a fi pilot se transmite din tată-n fiu, meseria

fiind considerată una de familie. "90% din cei ce zboară
provin din familii de aviatori", afirmă comandantul Cezar
Osiceanu. Chiar dacă acolo, sus, "orice greşeală e scrisă cu
sânge", pilotul nu şi-ar schimba meseria pentru nimic în
lume’’
Source of context 1 https://adevarul.ro/life-style/stil-de-viata/pilot-avioane-meserie-adrenalina-
1_50ba058c7c42d5a663b06013/index.html [accessed on: 20.01.2020,
20:45]
Context 2 ,,Laurence Shears a zburat 45 de ani pentru Qantas si s-a
pensionat recent din pozitia de comandant pe 747. Pe zborul
de retragere, in cockpit i-a stat alaturi fiul sau, de 17 ani pilot
Qantas.21.000 de ore de zbor. Aproape 900 de zile sau 2,5
ani. Asa poate fi rezumata cariera lui Laurence “Laurie”
Shears (64 de ani), cel mai experimentat pilot de Boeing 747
din lume’’

http://aeronews.ro/video-cel-mai-experimentat-pilot-de-747-din-lume-s-a-
Source of context 2
pensionat/ [accessed on: 20.05 2020 ,20:51]

259
Comment Pilotul de avion este o persoană calificată care conduce în
mod efectiv o aeronavă. Pentru a deveni pilot de avion trebuie
să termini studiile medii în domeniu, însă studiile superioare
sunt recomandate. Mai mult, completarea cursurilor de pilot e
necesară. Pentru a activa ca pilot de avion trebuie să deții
diploma de pilot comercial (în caz de pilot militar vi se cer
diplome în domeniu) și în final, să fii antrenat pe un anumit
tip de avion pe care urmează să-l pilotezi (toate abilitățile se
vor verifica la perioade fixe de timp).
http://www.carieramea.com/pilot-de-avion/ [accessed on: 20.05 2020
,20:53]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

Term pitch

260
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition angular rotation relative to the lateral (wing to wing) axis of
the aircraft - nose up or nose down
Source of definition https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Pitch [accessed on: 10.05.2020,
18:43]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – pitches
Nota Bene from Old English pic ,Latin pix

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=pitch [accessed on: 10.05.2020,

18:48]
Generic concept flight maneuver
Hypernyms flight
Hyponyms loft
Synonyms rake, slant
Acronyms P (pitch)
Collocations aircraft pitch
Context 1 “An airplane rotates in bank, pitch, and yaw while
also moving horizontally, vertically, and laterally. The four
fundamentals (straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and
descents) are the principle maneuvers that control the
airplane through the six motions of flight “
Source of context 1 https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_
handbook/media/05_afh_ch3.pdf [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 19:08]

Context 2 “The equations governing the motion of an aircraft are a very

complicated set of six nonlinear coupled differential
equations. However, under certain assumptions, they can be
decoupled and linearized into longitudinal and lateral
equations. Aircraft pitch is governed by the longitudinal
dynamics. In this example we will design an autopilot that
controls the pitch of an aircraft.’’

261
Source of context 2 http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=AircraftPitch&s
ection=SystemModeling [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 19:01]
Comment As an airplane moves through the air it also can rotate about
its center of gravity in three axes. Rotation along the lateral
axis (found by drawing a from one wing-tip to the other
through the body of the plane) is called pitch and is
controlled by the elevator. Rotation along the longitudinal
axis (found by drawing a line from the front of the plane to
the rear along the body) is controlled by the ailerons on the
wing and is called roll.
https://www.touringmachine.com/Articles/aircraft/6/ [accessed on:
10.05.2020, 19:07]
Use area field aviation
Status official

Ro correspondent tangaj

262
ID language română
ID country România
Definition mișcare alternativă de înclinare a unei nave sau a unei
aeronave efectuată în jurul unei axe perpendiculare pe
direcția de mers
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/tangaj [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 19:18]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. tangaje, gen-dat. sg.
tangajului, gen-dat.pl. tangajelor
Nota Bene Din fr. tangage.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/tangaj [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 20:18]

Generic concept mișcare de zbor

Hypernyms mișcare
Synonyms balansare, oscilare.
Context 1 ,,Tractiunea vectoriala a turboreactoarelor este obtinuta prin
devierea jetului de gaze fata de axa centrala . Forta de
tractiune astfel orientata creeaza momente ce permit
controlul celor trei "grade de libertate" aerodinamica ale
avionului : giratie, ruliu, tangaj.
Tractiunea vectoriala poate fi de tip 2D sau 3D in functie de
cate grade de libertate poate controla.Motoarele sunt de tip
turbofan cu postcombustie, cu ajutaje orientabile. ’’
Source of context 1 https://iar99soim.blogspot.com/2017/03/turboreactoarele-avioanelor-de-
lupta-iii.html [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 20:33]
Context 2 ,,Desigur tînărul uită că un motor cocoțat mult peste centrul
de greutate al avionului produce un moment de tangaj, adica
tinde sa coboare botul, tendinta care trebuie contracarată de
ampenaje si unghiul de incidentă al aripii, fapt care mareste
ceva rezistența la înaintare. Oricum, ideal ar fi ca vectorul
tracțiunii să se afle pe axa centrului de greutate’’
Source of context 2 http://la-neamtu-tiganu.blogspot.com/2017/11/avioane-electrice-1.html

263
 [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 20:32]
Comment În aeronautică, tangajul este controlat prin împingerea sau
tragerea manșei.Manșa comandă la rândul său mișcarea în
adâncime a corpului aeronavei, cel mai adesea în partea din
spate a aparatului de zbor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangaj [accessed on: 10.05.2020, 20:35]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

264
Term propeller
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a device that causes a ship or aircraft to move, consisting
of two or more blades that spin at high speed
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/propeller?q=%09p
ropeller [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 22:12]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – propellers
Nota Bene from Latin propellere+ -er
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/propeller
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=propel [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 12:23]
Generic concept aircraft part
Hypernyms aerodynamic device
Hyponyms screw propeller
Synonyms airscrew
Acronyms PROP ( propeller)
Collocations airplane propeller
Context 1 “The report on the causes of the July 10, 2017 crash,
released Wednesday, slams “consistent production errors”
at Warner Robins Air Logistics Complex in Warner
Robins, Georgia, saying evidence from the crashed plane
shows employees missed growing corrosion on the key
propeller blade during a 2011 overhaul. The report finds
workers at the base did a poor job of following the Navy’s
specific procedure for its propellers, in part because the
vast majority of blades overhauled at the base followed
different procedures. “

Source of context 1 https://apnews.com/0d204d0f4bdb4929a10fcddc07fd808e

[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:45]

265
Context 2 “Airplane propellers (sometimes referred to as
"airscrews," especially historically and in Britain) have
thick and narrow blades that turn at high speed, whereas
ship propellers have thinner, broader blades that spin more
slowly. Although the basic theory is the same, plane and
ship propellers are optimized for very different speeds in
very different fluids—faster in air, slower in water—and a
propeller that works well in one isn't necessarily going to
work as well (or at all) in the other.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-propellers-work.html
[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:35]
Comment The propeller attaches to the power source's driveshaft
either directly or through reduction gearing. Propellers
can be made from wood, metal or composite materials.
Propellers are only suitable for use at subsonic airspeeds
mostly below about 480 mph (770 km/h; 420 kn), as
above this speed the blade tip speed approaches the speed
of sound and local supersonic flow causes high drag,
noise and propeller structural problems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics) [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 12:47]
Use area field aviation
Status official

266
Ro correspondent elice
ID language română
ID country România
Definition Organ de mașină rotativ, format din două sau mai multe pale
fixate pe un butuc, folosit la propulsia avioanelor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/elice [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 22:15]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. elice, gen-dat.sg. elicei,
gen-dat.pl. elicelor
Nota Bene Din fr. hélice, lat. helix, -icis.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/elice [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 12:55]

Generic concept parte a aeronavei

Hypernyms dispozitiv aerodinamic
Hyponyms elice cu șurub
Synonyms helix, spirală
Context 1 ,,Comisia pentru Siguranţa Transporturilor Naţionale din
Statele Unite a cerut, marţi, Boeing să reproiecteze structura
carcasei elicei pentru toate avioanele 737 NG şi să
înlocuiască sistemul respectiv pentru toate avioanele
existente, după un incident produs în aprilie 2019 în care o
femeie a fost ucisă într-un avion al operatorului Southwest
Airlines din cauza defectării unui motor în urma ruperii unei
palete a elicei, transmite Reuters.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.bursa.ro/o-comisie-pentru-siguranta-din-sua-cere-boeing-sa-
reproiecteze-sistemul-elicei-la-avioanele-737-ng-08344830 [accessed
on: 05.04.2020, 13:32]

Context 2 ,,Elica aeronavei este montată pe arborele motorului. Când

șurubul se rotește, lamele circulă în aer la un anumit unghi de
atac și îl aruncă înapoi, datorită căruia, ca și cum s-ar
împinge din aer, acestea tind să înainteze. Astfel, în timpul

267
 rotirii elica dezvoltă o forță aerodinamică îndreptată de-a
lungul axei elicei.’’
Source of context 2 https://nt-csm.ru/ro/kakoi-propeller-vs-o-propellerah-dlya-
kvadrokoptera-kakie-byvayut.html [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 13:33]
Comment Paletele elicei sunt amplasate astfel încât să producă prin
rotație deplasare aerului sau a apei. Pe suprafața lor iau
naștere forțe determinate de diferențele de presiune, forțe
care asigură propulsia navei, repectiv a avionului. Fiecare
paletă a elicei contribuie la acest efect de propulsie..După
principiul de funcționare o elice este inversul turbinei, prin
faptul că cedează energie mediului înconjurător pe când
turbina preia energia din mediul înconjurător.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elice [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 13:37]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

268
Term reconnaissance plane
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition military airplane used to gain information about an enemy
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/reconnaissance_plane.htm
[accessed on: 30.04.2020, 18:30]
Grammatical information Noun phrase, countable, plural – reconnaissance planes
Nota Bene reconnaissance: from French reconnaissance, from Old
French reconoissance
plane: Latin planum
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=reconnaissance&ref=searchbar_
searchhint
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=plane [accessed on: 30.04.2020,
18:30]
Generic concept military airplane
Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms spy plane
Collocations supersonic reconnaissance aircraft
Context 1 “In the early 1950s, at the peak of the Cold War, the CIA
began a covert effort to develop a reconnaissance plane
that could reach an altitude of 70,000 feet, high enough (it
was thought) to avoid detection by Soviet radar. “

Source of context 1 https://www.history.com/news/area-51-top-secret-spy-planes-u2-

blackbird [accessed on: 12.05.2020, 22:31]
Context 2 “Since its first flight back in 1955 and throughout its career,
the legendary reconnaissance plane has always operated
close (if not over) enemy territory, gathering vital
intelligence from an altitude of 70,000 feet where most of
enemy interceptors or surface to air missiles could not reach
it..“

269
Source of context 2 https://www.insider.com/story-behind-rare-2-plane-u2-spy-plane-
mission-california-2019-11 [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 11:06]
Before the development of devices such as radar, military
Comment forces relied on reconnaissance aircraft for visual
observation and scouting of enemy movement. An example
is the PBY Catalina maritime patrol flying boat used by the
Allies in World War II: a flight of U.S. Navy Catalinas
spotted part of the Japanese fleet approaching Midway
Island, beginning the Battle of Midway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft [accessed on:

30.04.2020, 19:43]

Use area field aviation

Status official

270
Ro correspondent avion de recunoaștere
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un avion militar condus de un pilot, care efectuează o
misiune de recunoaștere aeriană.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_recunoa%C8%99tere [accessed
on: 30.04.2020, 19:45]
Grammatical information Grup nominal
avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat.
sg. avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
de: prepoziție
recunoaștere: substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl.
recunoașteri, gen-dat.sg. recunoașterii, gen-dat.pl.
recunoașterilor
Nota Bene avion: din fr. avion
recunoaștere: după fr. reconnaître
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/recunoastere [accessed on: 30.04.2020,
19:58]
Generic concept avion militar
Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms avion de spionaj
Context 1 ,,Statele Unite au ridicat din nou un avion de recunoaştere
deasupra peninsulei coreene, întărind astfel supravegherea aeriană
a Coreei de Nord, după ce zilele trecute au trimis un bombardier în
misiune de patrulare asupra Mării Japoniei (numită Marea de Est
în cele două Corei), transmite EFE, precizează Agerpres. ’’

Source of context 1 https://www.dcnews.ro/sua-trimite-un-nou-avion-de-recunoastere-

deasupra-peninsulei-coreene_717013.html [accessed on: 30.04.2020,

271
 20:04]

Context 2 ,, Judecând după informațiile serviciului de presă al celei de-

a 6-a flote a Marinei SUA, pe 19 aprilie, avionul rusesc Su-
35 a zburat la 7,62 m apropiere de avionul de recunoaștere
american P-8A Poseidon deasupra Mării Mediteraneene.
Întrucât echipajul Poseidon nu a reacționat imediat la acest
semnal, a fost interceptat de două ori timp de 100 de minute
și a simțit turbulențe.’’
Source of context 2 https://ro.sputnik.md/columnists/20200423/29989930/Su-35-a-
interceptat-un-avion-de-recunoastere-al-SUA-la-tarmul-sirian-Ce-cauta-
americanii.html [accessed on: 30.04.2020, 20:06]
Comment În Primul Război Mondial recunoașterea aeriană era
efectuată de avioane de vânătoare sau bombardament
standard echipate cu camere, având rol de „ochi a armatei”,
ajutând trupele terestre.În Războiul Rece SUA a dezvoltat
câteva tipuri de avioane dedicate acestui scop, incluzând
Lockheed U-2 și SR-71 Blackbird împotriva amenințării
nucleare din partea URSS.În zilele noastre acest rol strategic
a fost preluat de sateliții de spionaj și rolul tactic de avioane
fără pilot
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_recunoa%C8%99tere [accessed
on: 30.04.2020, 20:00]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

272
Term roll
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the rotation of an airplane around the side-to-side axis
Source of definition https://howthingsfly.si.edu/flight-dynamics/roll-pitch-and-yaw
[accessed on: 13.05.2020, 14:43]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – rolls
Nota Bene from Old French rolle, from Latin rotula
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=roll [accessed on: 13.05.2020,
14:47]
Generic concept flight maneuver
Hypernyms flight
Synonyms revolve
Acronyms R (roll)
Collocations right roll
Context 1 “Motion around the longitudinal axis, the lateral axis and
the vertical axis are referred to as roll, pitch and yaw
respectively. The primary flight control surface for
controlling roll is the ailerons, for pitch the elevator and for
yaw, the rudder. “

Source of context 1 https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Axis_of_Rotation [accessed on:

13.05.2020, 15:06]
Context 2 “The down aileron forces the air down harder, resulting in
an increase in lift and the up aileron decreases the
downward force, resulting in a decrease in lift. In the case
of a right roll, the decreased lift on the right side and
increased lift on the left side result in a roll to the right.’’
Source of context 2 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/intro.htm [accessed on: 13.05.2020,
14:59]

273
Comment The movement around the longitudinal axis is called roll.
The cause of movement or roll about the axis is the action
of the ailerons. Ailerons are attached to the wing and
control through the control column in a manner that ensures
one aileron will deflect downward when the other is
deflected upward.
https://www.thaitechnics.com/fly/control.html [accessed on:
13.05.2020, 14:52]
Use area field aviation
Status official

274
Ro correspondent ruliu
ID language română
ID country România
Definition mișcare alternativă de înclinare a unei nave în jurul axei sale
longitudinale
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ruliu [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 15:12]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. ruliuri, gen-dat.sg.

ruliului, gen-dat.pl. ruliurilor
Nota Bene Din fr. roulis.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ruliu [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 15:14]

Generic concept mișcare de zbor

Hypernyms mișcare
Synonyms oscilare, balansare
Context 1 ,,Mișcarea manșei spre stânga sau dreapta acționează
eleroanele de pe aripi, ducând la o mișcare de ruliu (rotație)
în jurul axei longitudinale. Călcarea palonierelor (pedalelor)
spre stânga sau dreapta acționează direcția avionului în
lateral. Ceea ce trebuie reținut însă, este că manevrarea
aeronavei se face prin acționarea combinată a diferitelor
comenzi. ’’
Source of context 1 https://sites.google.com/site/totuldespreavioane/partile-componente-ale-
avionului-si-manevrarea-sa [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 15:17]
Context 2 ,,În privința modelelor F35B și F-35C, un zbor la o viteză
de peste Mach 1,2 (viteza maximă este de Mach 1,6) poate
„provoca pagube structurale” învelișului „stealth” al
avionului iar după anumite manevre, piloții nu sunt încă în
măsură să controleze complet tangajul și ruliul aeronavei.’’
Source of context 2 https://evz.ro/franta-germania-avion-lupta.html [accessed on:
13.05.2020, 15:19]
Comment Axa de ruliu (axa longitudinală, X–X) trece la un avion de
la bot la coadă. Rotația în jurul acestei axe se numește ruliu.

275
 Poziția unghiulară în jurul acestei axe se numește înclinare
(laterală).Suprafețele de comandă principale pentru
înclinare sunt eleroanele. Eleroanele sunt comandate prin
mișcarea stânga–dreapta a manșei.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprafe%C8%9Be_de_comand%C4%83_
a_zborului [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 15:21]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

276
Term rudder
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a movable auxiliary airfoil on an airplane usually attached
at the rear end that serves to control direction of flight in
the horizontal plane
Source of definition https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rudder [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 11:40]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – rudders

Nota Bene Middle English rother, from Old English roðor

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=rudder [accessed on: 11.05.2020,

11:43]
Generic concept part of an airplane
Hypernyms device
Hyponyms vertical tail
Synonyms hinged vertical airfoil
Acronyms RUD (rudder)
Context 1 “Most high performance model aircraft tend to snap roll if
too much elevator is applied at slower airspeeds. Proper
rudder application prevents this dangerous condition. Larger
aircraft, especially big scale models, first point in the
opposite direction before swinging around and banking as
ordered, called adverse yaw, when only ailerons are used in a
turn. Proper rudder application prevents this unwanted
yaw’’
Source of context 1 https://amaflightschool.org/getstarted/how-do-i-use-rudder [accessed
on: 11.05.2020, 12:07
Context 2 “The pilot controls the forces of flight and the aircraft’s
direction and attitude by means of flight controls.

277
 Conventional flight controls consist of a stick or wheel
control column and rudder pedals, which control the
movement of the elevator and ailerons and the rudder,
respectively, through a system of cables or rods.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.britannica.com/technology/airplane/Devices-for-
aerodynamic-control#ref64149 [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 12:12]
Comment The rudder is a movable surface that is mounted on the
trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer or fin. Unlike a boat,
the rudder is not used to steer the aircraft; rather, it is used to
overcome adverse yaw induced by turning or, in the case of a
multi-engine aircraft, by engine failure and also allows the
aircraft to be intentionally slipped

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Rudder [accessed on: 11.05.2020,

12:15]

Use area field aviation

Status official

278
Ro correspondent cârmă
ID language română
ID country România
Definition organ al unei aeronave component al ampenajului orizontal
sau vertical.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/c%C3%A2rm%C4%83 [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 11:30]
Grammatical substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. cârme , gen-dat. sg.
information cârmei, gen-dat.pl. cârmelor
Nota Bene Din sl. krŭma.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/c%C3%A2rm%C4%83 [accessed on:
11.05.2020, 12:18]
Generic concept component a unui avion
Hypernyms dispozitiv
Hyponyms stabilizator vertical
Synonyms organ de menținere a direcției de mers
Context 1 ,,Printre cele cateva zeci de mesaje care semnalau erori
tehnice trimise de pilotii avionului Air France prăbușit
săptamana trecută in Atlantic, se numără si o problemă legată
de cârmă, potrivit unui expert aeronautic, citat de Associated
Press.Aparatul, care avea 228 de persoane la bord, a transmis
24 de mesaje automate. Oficialul, care sustine ca a avut acces
la ancheta franceză, a precizat ca dispozitivul despre care este
vorba controlează marja de manevra a cârmei, insă mesajul
nu contine informatii suficiente.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/avionul-air-france-prabusit-in-atlantic-a-avut-
probleme-legate-de-carma-4550211 [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 12:41]
Context 2 ,,Multe din incidente au fost produse de către avioane operate
de linii aeriene sărace, din țări puțin dezvoltate sau cu puțin
interes în securitatea aviatică (precum Nigeria sau Indonezia),
datorită prețului redus și disponibilității ridicate a avionului

279
 pe piață. O problemă mecanică cu acest avion a fost cârma
verticală, care a provocat mai multe prăbușiri (precum USAir
427 și United 585).’’
Source of context 2 http://jrtdrbd.blogspot.com/2019/07/boeing-737-cuprins-istorie-
modele.html [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 11:43]
Comment Abilitatea de a modifica forţele generate de aripi, înseamnă că
putem controla şi manevra avionul. Componenta rotitoare a
stabilizatorului vertical se numeşte cârmă; este utilizată pentru
a devia coada spre dreapta sau spre stânga, dacă privim din
faţă. Partea rotitoare a stabilizatorului orizontal este numită
elevator; este folosit pentru a devia stabilizatorul orizontal în
sus sau în jos.
https://totuldespreavioane.wordpress.com/2016/01/08/avionul-descriere-
si-functionare/ [accessed on: 11.05.2020, 12:46]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

280
Term seaplane
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an aircraft that can take off from and land on water
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/seaplane [accessed
on:13.05.2020, 11:18]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – seaplanes
Nota Bene from sea + plane; sea: From Middle English see, from Old
English sǣ; plane: from Latin planum
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=seaplane
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sea
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=plane [accessed on 04.03.2020, 17:15]

Generic concept amphibious aircraft

Hypernyms aircraft
Hyponyms floatplane; pontoon plane
Synonyms hydroplane
Context 1 “Seaplanes were among several topics that came up at a
recent meeting of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The
Times of Gainesville reported.The current master plan “is in
need of revision to address changes in regional land use,
population, outdoor recreation trends and Corps of Engineers
management policy,” the agency says on its website.
In recent days, the corps has been holding open houses to
discuss the plans.’’
Source of context 1 https://newschannel9.com/news/local/seaplanes-other-changes-being-
considered-for-georgia-lake [accessed on 04.03.2020,17:50]

Context 2 “One of the most common uses for seaplanes these days is air
taxi service. Seaplanes are a unique and efficient way of
getting from one place to another. The planes are able to fly
low and fast. More significantly, since they can take off and

281
 land on water, seaplanes have more flexibility when traveling
from the mainland to island sites.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.seaplanes.vn/blog/en/seaplanes-use/ [accessed on:
04.03.2020, 17:52]
Comment Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a
subclass called amphibious aircraft. Seaplanes and
amphibians are usually divided into two categories based on
their technological characteristics: floatplanes and flying
boats; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far
more.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane [accessed on: 04.03.2020, 18:00]
Use area field aviation
Status official

282
Ro correspondent hidroavion
ID language română
ID country România
Definition avion înzestrat cu dispozitive de amerizare, care înlocuiesc
trenul de aterizare și care îi permit să plutească pe apă
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/hidroavion [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 11:23]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. hidroavioane, gen-dat.sg.

hidroavionului, gen-dat.pl. hidroavioanelor
Nota Bene Din fr. hydroavion
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/hidroavion [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 19:43]

Generic concept avion amfibie

Hypernyms aeronavă
Hyponyms hidroavion plutitor
Synonyms hidroplan
,,Cel mai mare hidroavion din lume a fost inaugurat,
Context 1
duminica, in China.Aparatul de zbor a decolat de pe
aeroportul din Zhuhai si a zburat circa o ora, astfel ca testul a
fost unul de succes, relateaza agentia DPA.Astfel,’’
Source of context 1 http://www.ziare.com/international/china/primul-zbor-al-celui-mai-mare-
hidroavion-din-lume-a-fost-un-real-succes-planurile-chinei-pentru-acest-aparat-
video-1494562 [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 19:58]

Context 2 ,,Un hidroavion de producţie finlandeză a zburat pentru

prima dată la începutul acestei săptămâni. Aparatul de zbor a
decolat de pe un lac şi s-a ridicat în aer. FlyNano este un
aparat de zbor recreaţional şi a fost construit de firma cu
acelaşi nume.’’
Source of context 2 http://stiri.tvr.ro/hidroavionul-monopost-flynano-de-32-000-de-euro-a-
executat-primul-zbor_17585.html#view [accessed on: 03.04.2020, 19:59]
Comment Hidroavioanle au fost unele din cele mai mari aparate de zbor
în prima jumătate a secolului 20. Abilitatea lor de a ameriza a
fost unul din motivele pentru care nu s-a ținut cont de

283
 dimensiuni, care în mod normal contau foarte mult pentru
zonele de aterizare. Aceeași abilitate a fost folosită pentru
salvarea și recuperarea piloților căzuți în timpul celui de-Al
Doilea Război Mondial. După încheierea războiului utilizarea
lor a scăzut simțitor, o mare parte din misiuni au fost preluate
de alte tipuri de aparate de zbor.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroavion [accessed on: 03.04.2020,
20:02]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

284
Term takeoff

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition the moment when an aircraft leaves the ground and begins
to fly
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/takeoff?q=%09takeo
ff [accessed on: 13.05.2020, 11:24]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – takeoffs
Nota Bene from take (v.) + off (adv.).; take: late Old English tacan;
Middle Low German tacken, Middle Dutch taken, Gothic
teka; off: emphatic form of Old English of
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/takeoff#etymonline_v_24593
https://www.etymonline.com/word/off?ref=etymonline_crossreference
https://www.etymonline.com/word/take#etymonline_v_24612
[accessed on: 04.04.2020, 12:10]
Generic concept part of a flight
Hypernyms departure
Synonyms liftoff
Acronyms TO (Takeoff)
Collocations vertical takeoff
Context 1 “A medical evacuation plane exploded in a ball of flames
during the takeoff in the Philippine capital, Manila, on
Sunday, killing all eight passengers and crew on board.
The Lion Air plane - bound from Manila to Haneda, Japan -
burst into flames at the end of the runway at about 8pm
(12:00 GMT), the capital's main airport said. “

Source of context 1 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/manila-medevac-plane-

explosion-kills-200329154642150.html [accessed on: 04.04.2020,
12:48]
Context 2 “A new video posted to Youtube by aircraft manufacturing
company Boeing this week has been making headlines

285
 around the world. This footage captures the incredible and
almost impossible near-vertical takeoff of the firm's latest
737 plane at the Farnborough International Airshow.
The clip was taken on the third day of the airshow during a
demonstration for the new Boeing 737 MAX 7.’’
Source of context 2 https://interestingengineering.com/boeing-737-jet-performs-an-
impossible-near-vertical-takeoff [accessed on: 04.04.2020, 12:49]
Comment For aircraft that take off horizontally, this usually involves
starting with a transition from moving along the ground on a
runway. For balloons, helicopters and some specialized
fixed-wing aircraft (VTOL aircraft such as the Harrier), no
runway is needed. Takeoff is the opposite of landing.The
takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross
weight, and aircraft configuration (flap or slat position, as
applicable).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeoff [accessed on: 04.04.2020, 12:51]

Use area field aviation

Status official

286
Ro correspondent decolare
ID language română
ID country România
Definition desprindere a unei aeronave de pământ sau de suprafața apei și
începere a zborului
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/decolare [accessed on: 04.04.2020, 12:53]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. decolări, gen-dat. sg.
decolării, gen-dat.pl. decolărilor
Nota Bene Din fr. décoller.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/decolare [accessed on: 04.04.2020, 12:55]

Generic concept parte a zborului

Hypernyms plecare
Synonyms decolaj ; decolat
Context 1 ,,Zeci de cetăţeni americani sunt blocaţi la Moscova după ce
un avion de evacuare către New York a fost consemnat la sol
înainte de decolare după ce Rusia a anunţat brusc suspendarea
zborurilor internaţionale. Cursa Aeroflot urma să repatrieze
cetăţeni americani şi să se întoarcă din SUA cu cetăţeni ruşi. ’’
Source of context 1 https://adevarul.ro/international/rusia/o-zbor-evacuare-anulat-decolare-
guvernul-rus-decis-sistarea-tuturor-zborurilor-internationale-
1_5e8771f45163ec42716b328c/index.html [accessed on: 04.04.2020,
12:58]

Context 2 ,,Ei au examinat conditiile de decolare pentru doua tipuri de

avioane - avionul de pasageri de dimensiuni medii Airbus
A320 si mai micul avion Havilland DHC8-400.
Echipa a calculat distanta necesara pentru decolare si
incarcatura maxima posibila la decolare pentru ambele
avioane. Ei au descoperit ca distanta necesara pentru

287
 decolarea unui avion A320 a crescut in medie cu 2,7 metri pe
an, in timp ce pentru DHC8-400 a crescut cu 1,4 metri pe an.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.ziare.com/mediu/incalzire-globala/incalzirea-globala-face-
decolarea-avioanelor-tot-mai-dificila-studiu-1597420 [accessed on:
04.04.2020, 13:01]
Comment Decolarea este o fază de zbor a unei aeronave care după rulajul
pe sol se desprinde și se ridică în aer în vederea efectuării
zborului. Decolarea se consideră încheiată la atingerea
altitudinii de 15 m pentru aviația civilă și 25 m pentru aviația
militară și a unei viteze care să permită executarea unor
manevre în aer în deplină siguranță a zborului.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolare [accessed on: 04.04.2020, 13:02]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

288
Term trainer

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an airplane or a simulated aircraft used in training aircrew
members, especially pilots.
Source of definition https://www.dictionary.com/browse/trainer [accessed on: 13.04.2020,
11:28]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – trainers
Nota Bene agent noun from from Old French train
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/train#etymonline_v_16859
https://www.etymonline.com/word/trainer#etymonline_v_38956 [accessed
on: 10.04.2020, 15:18]
Generic concept simulator/ trainig
Hypernyms aircaft
Hyponyms link trainer
Synonyms flight simulator
Collocations jet trainer
Context 1 “Many driver’s ed cars have a brake mechanism on the
teacher’s side; in the same vein, trainer aircraft like the T-7
have two sets of controls, so either person can fly the plane
from their station. The tandem cockpits in the T-7, says the
plane’s chief engineer, Paul Niewald, are “basically
identical,” except that the front one boasts a head-up display.“

Source of context 1 https://www.popsci.com/boeing-t7-trainer-jet/ [accessed on: 10.04.2020,

15:37]

Context 2 “Northrop's T-38 advanced jet trainer entered service in

1961. More than five decades later, the Air Force still
operates about 400 that have been updated with heads-up
(HUD) displays, GPS, and modern navigation systems. But

289
 the T-38 can't fly forever. Even now, it is no longer a practical
trainer to prepare pilots for aircraft like the F-22 and F-35.’’

Source of context 2 https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a21437/lockheed-t-50a-

training-aircraft/ [accessed on: 10.04.2020, 15:39]
Comment The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety
features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight
characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows
pilots-in-training to safely advance their real-time piloting,
navigation and warfighting skills without the danger of
overextending their abilities alone in a fully featured aircraft.
Civilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, with
two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_aircraft [accessed on: 10.04.2020,
15:42]
Use area field aviation
Status official

290
Ro correspondent avion de antrenament
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un avion destinat facilitării antrenării piloților.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_antrenament [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 15:43]
Grammatical information Grup nominal:
avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat.
sg. avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
de: preopoziție
antrenament: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl.
antrenamente, gen-dat.sg. antrenamentului, gen-dat.pl.
antrenamentelor
Nota Bene avion: Din fr. avion.
antrenament : Din fr. entrainement.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/antrenament [accessed on: 10.04.2020,
15:50]
Generic concept simulator/antrenament
Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms avion scoală
Context 1 ,, În prezent, T-38 este înlocuit cu cel mai nou avion de
antrenament T-7A Red Hawk. În 2018, compania Boeing a
primit un contract de 9,2 miliarde de dolari pentru
construirea de aeronave T-X pentru a înlocui avionul T-38C
al US Air Force. Acest contract prevede ca 350 de avioane
de antrenament T-7A Red Hawk să fie livrate până în 2034.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.defenseromania.ro/doua-avioane-de-antrenament-t-38c-
talon-ale-us-air-force-s-au-ciocnit-la-baza-aeriana-vance_599979.html
[accessed on: 10.04.2020, 15:55]

291
Context 2 ,,Povestea sta in felul urmator. Polonia incearca de ceva
vreme, prin Institutul Tehnic al Fortelor Aeriene (ITWL –
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych), sa puna in practica
dezvoltarea avionului Grob-2. Asta se doreste a fi un
monomotor biloc, care poate fi utilizat atat ca avion de
antrenament, cat si pentru unele misiuni de lupta, care sa
inlocuiasca batranele TS-11 Iskra si, posibil, chiar si la fel de
batranele Suhoi Su-22.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/un-nou-avion-de-
antrenament-polonezo-ucrainean-se-pare-ca-da/ [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 16:06]
Comment Aceste avioane sunt dotate cu comenzi duble pentru inițierea
tehnicii de zbor al elevilor din școlile de pilotaj, cât și pentru
antrenamentul executării unor exerciții dificile.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_antrenament [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 16:17]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

292
Term turbofan
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a turbine used as an engine, especially for an aircraft, that
provides some force for movement from the gas that it pushes
out, and some by turning a large special wheel with blades
that also pushes air out, or an aircraft driven by this type of
engine
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/turbofan [accessed on
15.05.2020, 11:32]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – turbofans
Nota Bene turbo- fan; turbo-: Latin turbo; fan: Old English fann, from
Latin vannus
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turbofan
https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbo-#etymonline_v_18825
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=fan [accessed on 17.03.2020,
17:00]
Generic concept jet engine
Hypernyms engine
Synonyms fanjet
Acronyms TF (Turbofan)
Context 1 “The jet has since evolved into the turbofan, whose gaping
intakes have—as seasoned air travellers will have noticed—
grown larger and larger over the years, to accommodate ever
bigger and better fans. And now, as 2015 turns into 2016,
another new design is being rolled out. This is the geared
turbofan, which is available as an option on the A320neo, the
latest product of Airbus, Europe’s biggest aerospace group’’
Source of context 1 https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2015/12/30/flyings-
new-gear [accessed on 17.03.2020, 17:11]

293
Context 2 “Air Force scientists and engineers have addressed this gap
in technology by inventing a variable bypass turbofan
engine. The engine includes a bypass fan with blades mated to
a first low-pressure shaft segment. A second low-pressure
shaft incorporates a low-pressure compressor and a connected
low-pressure turbine. The engine has a clutch between the
first and second low-pressure shaft segments and a brake to
selectively halt or oppose rotation of the first low-pressure
shaft segment or the bypass fan’’
Source of context 2 https://techlinkcenter.org/technologies/variable-bypass-turbofan-engine/
[accessed on 17.03.2020, 17:09]
Comment The word "turbofan" is a portmanteau of "turbine" and "fan":
the turbo portion refers to a gas turbine engine which achieves
mechanical energy from combustion, and the fan, a ducted fan
that uses the mechanical energy from the gas turbine to
accelerate air rearwards. Thus, whereas all the air taken in by
a turbojet passes through the turbine (through the combustion
chamber), in a turbofan some of that air bypasses the turbine.
A turbofan thus can be thought of as a turbojet being used to
drive a ducted fan, with both of these contributing to the
thrust.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan [accessed on 17.03.2020, 17:16]
Use area field aviation
Status official

294
Ro correspondent turboventilator
ID language română
ID country România
Definition este un tip de motor de avion care constă dintr-un ventilator cu
un turboreactor de diametru redus amplasat posterior acestuia
care antrenează ventilatorul.
Source of definition https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboventilator [accessed on 17.03.2020,
17:20]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl.turboventilatoare, gen-dat.sg.
turboventilatorului , gen-dat.pl. turboventilatoarelor
Nota Bene Din fr. turboventilateur
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/turboventilator/56458 [accessed on 17.03.2020,
17:23]
Generic concept motor de avion
Hypernym motor
Synonyms turboreactor
,,Compania mixta dintre GE si Snecma a fost infiintata in 1974.
Context 1
Obiectivul acesteia era extinderea prezentei sale pe piata de
avioane pentru distante scurte si medii, o piata dominata de
motoare de avion care foloseau clasicul model de
turboventilator cu presiune joasa, cum ar fi motorul JT8D de
la Pratt & Whitney.’’
Source of context 1 https://aeronews.ro/motorul-celui-mai-bine-vandut-avion-din-lume/
[accessed on 13.05.2020, 11:42]
Context 2 ,,Seria de motoare JT8D a fost una foarte populară, realizându-
se peste 14.000 de unități. Este un motor turboventilator, care
și-a făcut apariția în 1963, cu un zbor inaugural pe o aeronavă
Boeing 727.JT8D este un motor turboventilator, 2-spool, care
conține două ansambluri rotative independente unul de celălalt.

295
 Primul ansamblu rotativ compus din compresorul de joasă
presiune și turbina de joasă presiune, iar al doilea ansamblu
rotativ format din compresorul de înaltă presiune și turbina de
înaltă presiune.’’
Source of context 2 https://infoaviatie.ro/pratt-whitney-jt8d/6 [accessed on 17.03.2020, 17:50]

Motorul Turboventilator este construit pe principiul unui

Comment ventilator urmat de un motor principal (care cuprinde şi o
turbină cu gaze), fiind înconjurat de o zonă de circulaţie a
aerului, aer introdus de ventilatorul principal. O parte din
curentul de aer aspirat de ventilator trece prin motorul principal,
unde este ars pentru a alimenta cu putere ventilatorul, dar
majoritatea curentului de aer trece pe lângă motorul principal, şi
produce cel mai mult din tracţiune. Ventilatorul şi turbina
ventilatorului sunt compuse din multe pale şi sunt conectate
printr-un ax adiţional
http://www.infoaviatie.ro/motorul-turboventilator-sau-motorul-turboreactor-
dublu-flux-mtr-df/1 [accessed on 17.03.2020, 17:56]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

296
Term turbulence
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition It can be defined as small-scale, short-term, random and
frequent changes to the velocity of air
Source of definition http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:atmospheric-turbulence
[accessed on: 21.04.2020, 17:52]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – turbulences
Nota Bene from Late Latin turbulentia , from Latin turbulentus
Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbulence#etymonline_v_38991
[accessed on: 21.04.2020, 17:53]
Generic concept bad weather
Hypernyms weather, inclementness
Hyponyms clear-air turbulence
Synonyms instability ( in the atmosphere)
Acronyms TURBC; TB (Turbulence)
Collocations severe tulburence
Context 1 “Almost three dozen people aboard an Air Canada flight to
Australia were injured by severe turbulence that forced pilots
to land in Honolulu on Thursday, the airline said.
Flight 33, scheduled to go from Vancouver to Sydney touched
down at Honolulu International Airport at 6:45 a.m. local time
due to "un-forecasted and sudden turbulence approximately
two hours past Hawaii," according to an Air Canada
statement.“

Source of context 1 https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/severe-turbulence-injures-nearly-

three-dozen-air-canada-flight-n1028916 [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 18:33]
Context 2 “Just like a flight can be delayed for a number of reasons, the
cause of turbulence is dependent on several factors, from the
temperature to the direction that air is blowing. “As the sun

297
 comes up and heats the ground, that hot air (called thermals)
rises and mixes with cooler air. The two air masses mixing
creates an imbalance, which results in rough air. This type of
turbulence typically happens closer to the ground. If you’ve
ever flown into Las Vegas or Phoenix, you might have felt a
bumpy approach due to the desert ground pushing hot air
upward,” Gonzales says.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.rd.com/advice/travel/what-is-turbulence/ [accessed on:
21.04.2020, 18:35]
Comment Turbulence is caused by the relative movement of disturbed air
through which an aircraft is flying. Its origin may be thermal
or mechanical and it may occur either within or clear of cloud.
The absolute severity of turbulence depends directly upon the
rate at which the speed or the direction of airflow (or both) is
changing, although perception of the severity of turbulence
which has been encountered will be affected by the mass of the
aircraft involved.

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Turbulence [accessed on: 21.04.2020,

18:37]

Use area field aviation

Status official

298
Ro correspondent turbulență
ID language română
ID country România
Definition stare a unui fluid în masa căruia există vârtejuri
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/intrare/turbulen%C8%9B%C4%83/58944 [accessed
on: 21.04.2020, 18:57]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. turbulențe, gen-dat. sg.
turbulenței, gen-dat.pl. turbulențelor
Nota Bene Din fr. turbulence, lat. turbulentia.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/intrare/turbulen%C8%9B%C4%83/58944 [accessed
on: 21.04.2020, 18:59]
Generic concept vreme rea
Hypernyms vreme
Hyponyms turbulența în aer clar
Synonyms instabilitate (in atmosfera)
Context 1 ,,Piloții poartă întotdeanua centura de siguranță și același sfat
îl dau și pasagerilor.Turbulențele sunt cauzate de diferite
aspecte ale vremii.
Turbulenţa este o perturbaţie produsă în aer, însă care nu se
aseamănă cu valurile sau curenţii marini. În cazul în care nu
există niciun obstacol în calea unui val de turbulenţă, acesta
se va desfăşura lent, dar dacă acesta întâmpină rezistenţă, va
face tot posibilul să o distrugă. ’’
Source of context 1 https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/de-ce-exista-turbulente-si-
cat-de-periculoase-sunt-716736 [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 19:05]
Context 2 ,,Turbulențele sunt încadrate în trei categorii: termice,
mecanice și de forfecare. În mare, toate trei sunt versiuni mai
mici ale mișcărilor pe care le-ai văzut în apa care curge.
Aerul cald se ridică la fel cum apa caldă se ridică din
adâncimi. Asta se numește turbulență termică și se simte ca
un soi de dâmb când mergi cu un avion care are o viteză de

299
 cinci sute de mile pe oră. Dacă ai zburat vreodată în norii de
după-amiază, probabil că ai simțit genul ăsta de turbulență
termică.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.vice.com/ro/article/d7vgnq/pilotii-explica-de-ce-nu-trebuie-
sa-ti-fie-frica-de-turbulente-245 [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 19:32]
Comment Turbulențele se produc atunci când curenții de aer sunt
deviați sau când se ciocnesc două mase de curenți din direcții
și la viteze diferite. Cea mai frecventă cauză a formării
turbulențelor este prezența curenților de convecție – acestea
sunt mase de aer încălzite de soare care se formează în nori,
iar avioanele care traversează aceste porțiuni întâmpină
turbulențe.
https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/intrebari-frecvente-
bilete-de-avion/ce-sunt-turbulentele [accessed on: 21.04.2020, 19:34]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

300
Term ultralight
ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an extremely light and small aircraft with a very small engine,
designed to carry only one or two people
Source of definition https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ultralight [accessed on:
24.04.2020, 12:20]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – ultralights

Nota Bene ultra- light; ultra: from Latin ultra-; from French ultra ;
light: Old English leht, leoht, Middle Dutch lucht, Dutch licht,
Old High German lioht, German Licht
Nota Bene Source https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ultralight
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=ultra-
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=light [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 12:27]

Generic concept aircraft

Hypernyms flying vehicle
Hyponyms hang glider
Synonyms microlight
Acronyms UL (Ultralight )
Collocations ultralight aircraft
Context 1 “On average, 60 deaths per year occur in the U.S. due to
ultralight crashes, a number that will undoubtedly rise in the
future. The U.S. and Canada have very few regulations
covering the licensing of pilots or the design and construction
of ultralight aircraft. The North American safety record is
inferior to that of countries that have implemented stricter, more
far-reaching regulations. Stricter pilot certification and enforced
regulations governing design and construction of ultralight
aircraft would improve the safety record of this sport. “
Source of context 1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3573093 [accessed on: 24.04.2020,
13:20]

301
Context 2 “Ultralight (light recreational) aircraft have advanced
significantly since their emergence in the 1970s, from basic
fabric and wire aeroplanes to the sleek composite types we see
today.The performance of modern light recreational aircraft
easily equals, and in many cases betters, the lower end of the
general aviation aeroplane spectrum. “
Source of context 2 https://www.casa.gov.au/aircraft/sport-aviation/ultralight-and-weightshift-
microlight-aircraft [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 12:44]
Comment There are two main types of microlight / ultralight; the 3-axis
(or fixed wing) type which are similar in appearance to a
conventional aeroplane and the flexwing type which consists of
a delta or parachute type wing similar to that of a hang glider or
paraglider with a 'tricycle undercarriage' unit suspended
underneath it. The latter is also sometimes referred to as
a Paramotor or Powered Paraglider (PPG). This type of
microlight is controlled either by weight shift or by means of a
paraglider control system. Most unpowered microlights are foot
paragliders and hang gliders anf are foot launched

https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Ultralight/Microlight_Aircraft
[accessed on: 24.04.2020, 13:24]

Use area field aviation

Status official

302
Ro correspondent avion ultraușor
ID language română
ID country România
Definition aparat de zbor având o masă relativ mică.
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ultrau%C8%99or [accessed on: 24.03.2020,
13:41]
Grammatical information Grup nominal:
avion: substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. avioane, gen-dat. sg.
avionului, gen-dat.pl. avioanelor
ultraușor: adjectiv, gen. neutru, varabil cu 4 forme flexionare:
ultraușor, ultraușoară, ultraușori, ultraușoare
Nota Bene Din fr. ultra + lat. osteolum.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ultra
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/usor [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 13:44]
Generic concept avion
Hypernym aeronavă
Synonyms avion ușor
Acronyms UL (Ultralight )
Context 1 ,,Ei bine, vorbim despre un avion ultrausor, cea mai accesibila
categorie a aparatelor de zbor. VL-3 Evolution este produs in
Cehia, de compania JBMaircraft, fiind construit aproape in
intregime din materiale compozite. Asta inseamna o greutate
redusa si performante considerabile, combinatia perfecta in
aviatie. Daca mai adaugam la asta si un design extrem de reusit,
atat din punct de vedere aerodinamic, cat si vizual, ajungem
destul de aproape de ceea ce este VL-3.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/cel-mai-rapid-avion-ultrausor-cot-
a-cot-din-lume-disponibil-si-in-romania/ [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 13:51]
Context 2 ,,Un avion ultrauşor consumă circa 12-15 litri de benzină la
ora de zbor. Ruta Iaşi-Bucureşti s-ar parcurge în maxim 2 ore cu
un consum de maxim 30 de litri. Un autoturism ar parcurge acest

303
 traseu în cel puţin 6 ore respectând, oarecum, actualele restricţii
de viteză şi consumând cel puţin 50 de litri.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.money.ro/cat-te-costa-sa-ai-propriul-tau-avion/ [accessed on:
24.03.2020, 13:56]
Comment Aeronavele ultraușoare motorizate sunt: avioanele ultraușoare,
motodeltaplanele, motoparapantele, elicopterele ultraușoare,
autogirele ultraușoare și dirijabilele ultraușoare.
Aeronavele ultraușoare motorizate primare sunt definite ca fiind
una dintre următoarele variante: o aeronavă cu un singur loc,
care are o masă maximă echipată și pregătită pentru zbor nu mai
mare de 165 kg și o suprafață a aripii (numai pentru avioane
ultraușoare și motodeltaplane) nu mai mică de 10 m2 sau o
aeronavă cu două locuri, care are o masă maximă echipată și
pregătită pentru zbor nu mai mare de 195 kg, o suprafață a aripii
(numai pentru avioane ultraușoare și motodeltaplane) nu mai
mică de 10 m2 și o încărcare nu mai mare de 25 kg/m2.
https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm2tcnrx/aeronave-ultrausoare-definitii-ordin-1219-
2002?dp=gizdkojuga3dk [accessed on: 24.04.2020, 13:59]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

304
Term variometer

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition an instrument that indicates the rate of climb or descent.
Source of definition https://www.dictionary.com/browse/variometer [accessed on:
05.04.2020, 19:32]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – variometers
Nota Bene borrowed from German Variometer, from vario- + -meter;
vario-: Latin varius; -meter: from Latin mētrum, from
Greek metron
Nota Bene Source https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/variometer
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vario
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=meter [accessed on: 05.04.2020,
19:40]
Generic concept flight instrument
Hypernyms instrument
Hyponyms Relative Netto Variometer
Synonyms rate-of-climb indicator; vertical speed indicator; vertical
velocity indicator
Acronyms VSI (vertical speed indicator)
VVI( vertical velocity indicator)
Context 1 “The variometer is viewed as a critical part of the glider’s
instrument display, giving the pilot information on
performance of the glider while flying through the
atmosphere. The variometer depends upon the pressure
lapse rate in the atmosphere to derive information about rate
of climb or rate of descent. A non-electric variometer uses
a separate insulated tank (thermos or capacity flask) as a
reference chamber. “

305
 https://www.flightliteracy.com/pitot-static-instruments-part-five-
Source of context 1
variometers/ [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:27]
Context 2 “A simple variometer can be constructed by adding a large
reservoir (a capacity bottle) to augment the storage capacity
of a common aircraft rate-of-climb instrument. In its
simplest electronic form, the instrument consists of an air
bottle connected to the external atmosphere through a
sensitive air flow meter.’’
Source of context 2 https://wingsandwheels.com/avionics-instruments/variometers.html
[accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:29]
Comment It can be calibrated in metres per second, feet per minute (1
ft/min = 0.00508 m/s) or knots (1 kn ≈ 0.514 m/s),
depending on country and type of aircraft. It is typically
connected to the aircraft's external static pressure source.In
powered flight the pilot makes frequent use of the VSI to
ascertain that level flight is being maintained, especially
during turning maneuvers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometer [accessed on: 05.04.2020,

20:31]

Use area field aviation

Status official

306
Ro correspondent variometru
ID language română
ID country România
Definition instrument care măsoară viteza de urcare și de coborâre a unui
aparat de zbor
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/variometru [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:33]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. variometre, gen-dat. sg.
variometrului, gen-dat.pl. variometrelor
Nota Bene din fr. variomètre.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/variometru [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:34]

Generic concept instrument de bord

Hypernym intrument
Hyponym variometru cu capsula
Synonyms indicatorul de viteză pe verticală
Acronyms VSI (vertical speed indicator)
VVI( vertical velocity indicator)
Context 1 ,,In cadrul acestui program au fost instruiti un numar de 30 piloti
instructori de zbor, instructorii acestui program de zbor
instrumental fiind PREJBEANU GERGETA si CIOARGA
THEODOR. Zborul instrumental „sub cusca”, de prima faza,
avea la baza citirea instrumentelor clasice de la bordul avionului:
busola (cu lichid), vitezometru, variometru, altimetru,
indicatorul de viraj/glisada si ceasul’’
Source of context 1 http://www.virtualarad.net/orizont_aviatic/ianuarie_2003/articol1/articol_1.ht
m [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:49]
Context 2 ,,Odata cu aparitia variometrului pe plansa de bord s-a
revolutionat zborul fara motor. Astfel a fost facut un pas inainte
privind zborul de performanta si in special zborul in curenti
ascendenti termici.
Totusi variometrele normale au un mare dezavantaj si anume isi

307
 modifica indicatia in functie de viteza de zbor, adica indica si
urcarile sau coborarile datorate miscarilor mansei in
profunzime.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.creeaza.com/tehnologie/aeronautica/INSTRUMENTE-DE-
BORD368.php [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:58]
Comment Variometrul este un instrument de bord pentru
controlul zborului.Viteza se măsoară în metri pe secundă (m/s)
sau în picioare pe minut (ft/min) conform cu traficul aerian
dirijat al ICAO. Din punct de vedere constructiv se aseamană
cu altimetrul. Partea principală a instrumentului o constituie tot o
capsulă metalică, care comunică cu un termos. Pe tubul de
legătură există un orificiu capilar (tub capilar), prin care
ansamblul capsulă-termos comunică cu exteriorul.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometru [accessed on: 05.04.2020, 20:57]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

308
Term wing

ID language English

ID country UK/US
Definition one of the horizontal airfoils on either side of the fuselage of an
airplane
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/wing.htm [accessed on: 15.05.2020,
15:51]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – bombers
Nota Bene from Old Norse vængr , from a Proto-Germanic *we-ingjaz

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=wing [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 15:55]

Generic concept part of an airplane

Hypernyms airplane
Hyponyms delta wing
Synonyms airfoil
Acronyms WG (wing)
Collocations left/right wing
Context 1 “If you've had a window seat next to the wing of an airplane,
you've probably watched as flaps on the wing engage and
disengage as a plane takes off and lands. That's because in each
phase of flight -- take off, landing, cruising and maneuvering --
the ideal wing parameters vary. Until now, we've made do by
modifying rigid wings with hinged surfaces. But imagine if the
entire wing could change shape -- that's what researchers led by
NASA and MIT are working towards. “
Source of context 1 https://www.engadget.com/2019-04-01-nasa-mit-shape-shifting-airplane-
wing.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLnJvLw&guce_referrer_
sig=AQAAAMiDfvkYWggc83F4sm2VfVnhtIkrM7PoqQu3Y1kEZSWu-YkceRbE6Xpx0VV-
V8D-
rd_7E790Jk72PwP08P_kgXgujvfOWuTuLUF3lq93jF9VsqefoDwHbMQOJkgKaKcXcg09Ua9Cv
J5qqwrV6cKkpNPsgh-o6Sm2l25oJ6s78NjA [accessed on: 15.05.2020, 16:11]

309
Context 2 “On the Boeing 737, similar to other aircraft types, we have
position lights (also called navigation lights). They have to be on
when it is dark. If you’re sitting in the airplane facing forward,
the light on the left wing is red and the one on the right wing is
green. These wingtip lights are visible from the front and from
the sides of the aircraft’’
Source of context 2 https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/aviation/ask-the-pilot-whats-the-purpose-
of-the-different-aircraft-lights [accessed on: 05.05.2020, 16:06]
Comment Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top
of the wing. When air moves faster, the pressure of the air
decreases. So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the
pressure on the bottom of the wing. The difference in pressure
creates a force on the wing that lifts the wing up into the air.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/dynamicsofflight.html
[accessed on: 05.05.2020, 16:15]

Use area field aviation

Status official

310
Ro correspondent aripă
ID language română
ID country România
Definition organ de sustentație la un avion.
Source of definition http://www.dexonline.ro:8080/definitie/arip%C4%83 [accessed on:
05.05.2020, 17:13]
Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. feminin, pl. aripi, gen-dat.sg. aripii,
gen-dat.pl. aripilor
Nota Bene Lat. alapa
Nota Bene Source http://www.dexonline.ro:8080/definitie/arip%C4%83 [accessed on:
05.05.2020, 17:15]
Generic concept parte a unui avion
Hypernyms avion
Hyponyms aripă delta
Synonyms suprafața de control
Context 1 ,,La aripa tradițională a aeronavei, numai părți ale acesteia,
cum ar fi flapsurile și eleronul, se pot mișca pentru a schimba
direcția aeronavei. Aripa proiectată de cercetătorii MIT și
NASA ar putea să-și schimbe forma în întregime.
Aripa este alcătuită din sute de piese mici identice, care
conțin componente rigide și flexibile, ce o fac mai ușoară și
mai eficientă decât aripile tradiționale ale avionului. ’’
Source of context 1 https://science.hotnews.ro/stiri-spatiul-23064446-nasa-mit-creat-avion-
aripi-ultra-flexibile-care-isi-pot-schimba-forma-zbor.htm [accessed on:
05.05.2020, 17:25]
Context 2 ,,La impact, drona efectiv face o gaură în aripa avionului,
fiind apoi complet „înghiţită” de aceasta. Într-un zbor
normal, forţele aplicate aripii ar putea mări această „gaură”,
lucru care ar putea duce la mărirea ei sau chiar ruperea
completă a aripii. Efectele unui impact ar putea duce la

311
 prăbuşirea avionului.’’
Source of context 2 https://www.go4it.ro/content/stiinta/ce-se-intampla-atunci-cand-un-avion-
se-loveste-de-o-drona-17565997/ [accessed on: 05.05.2020, 17:25]
Comment În zborul aerodinamic, bazat pe forţa portantă, cea mai
importantă parte a avionului este aripa. Împreună cu
ampenajele, aripa asigură portanţa, stabilitatea şi
manevrabilitatea avionului.
În general aripa este compusă din: structura de rezistenţă,
înveliş exterior, rezervoarele integrate de combustibil,
aparatura hidro-pneumatică aferentă comenzilor. Sub aripă se
instalează: trenul principal de aterizare al avionului, sistemul
de propulsie, acroşaje speciale, rachete, bombe.
http://www.infoaviatie.ro/aripa-avionului/22 [accessed on: 05.05.2020,
17:30]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

312
Term zeppelin

ID language English
ID country UK/US
Definition a large rigid dirigible designed to carry passengers or bombs
Source of definition https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/zeppelin.htm [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 16:33]
Grammatical information noun, countable, plural – zeppelins
Nota Bene from German Zeppelin

Nota Bene Source https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=zeppelin [accessed on:

10.04.2020, 16:36]
Generic concept airship
Hypernyms aircraft
Synonyms Graf Zeppelin, rigid airship
Acronyms ZEP (Zeppelin)
Collocations zeppelin aircraft
Context 1 “A typical zeppelin could carry five 50 kilograms high-
explosive bombs and 20 incendiary bombs, 2,5 kilograms
each. The most terrific attack over London resulted in 22
victims, 87 hard injuries and without any damage to the
zeppelin.When a cure for this air beast was founded, the role
of zeppelins in the war reduced, and in 1918. It stopped
completely. “
Source of context 1 http://www.tt-group.net/en/world-destinations/zeppelins-and-why-arent-
they-used-as-a-commercial-flight-method-anymore/ [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 17:53]
Context 2 “The center of zeppelin production in the United States was
Akron, Ohio. In 1916, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company purchased land near Akron, Ohio to build a plant
that could produce zeppelin aircraft. In 1917, the main

313
 Goodyear Company created a subsidiary known as the
Goodyear Zeppelin Company to manufacture the zeppelins.’’

https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Zeppelins [accessed on: 10.04.2020,

Source of context 2
17:50]
Comment Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874 and
developed in detail in 1893. They were patented in Germany
in 1895 and in the United States in 1899. After the
outstanding success of the Zeppelin design, the word
zeppelin came to be commonly used to refer to all rigid
airships. Zeppelins were first flown commercially in 1910 by
Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-AG (DELAG), the world's first
airline in revenue service. By mid-1914, DELAG had carried
over 10,000 fare-paying passengers on over 1,500 flights.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin [accessed on: 10.04.2020, 18:02]
Use area field aviation
Status official

314
Ro correspondent zepelin
ID language română
ID country România
Definition navă aeriană dirijabilă de mari dimensiuni, construită din metal,
cu numeroase compartimente umplute cu hidrogen sau cu alt gaz
mai ușor decât aerul
Source of definition https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zepelin [accessed on: 10.04.2020, 18:05]

Grammatical information substantiv comun, gen. neutru, pl. zepeline, gen-dat. sg.
zepelinului, gen-dat.pl. zepelinelor
Nota Bene Din germ. Zeppelin.
Nota Bene Source https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zepelin [accessed on: 10.04.2020, 18:10]

Generic concept aerostat

Hypernyms aeronavă
Synonyms dirigabil rigid, Zeppelin
Context 1 ,,Într-un articol publicat în numărul din luna septembrie al
jurnalului Energy Conversion and Management, o echipă de
cercetători propune construirea unui zepelin de 10 ori mai mare
decât Hindenburg, ceea ce, conform oamenilor de ştiinţă, ar duce
la o creştere de 1.000 de ori a capacităţii de a transport a
mărfurilor şi a oamenilor.’’
Source of context 1 https://www.descopera.ro/dnews/18322878-o-relicva-a-trecutului-s-ar-putea-
intoarce-zepelin-de-zece-ori-mai-mare-decat-hindenburg [accessed on:
10.04.2020, 18:17]
Context 2 ,, La începutul toamnei anului 1929 un Zeppelin survola România
după o călătorie în întreaga lume. Aeronava Zeppelin LZ127 a
fost la primul și singurul său voiaj în jurul lumii și la acel moment
dirijabilul a fost văzut în zbor și în Sibiu. Presa locală vuia de
trecerea unui Zeppelin deasupra oraşului, iar sibienii au fost de-a
dreptul fermecați la vederea acestuia.’’
Source of context 2 http://www.turnulsfatului.ro/2016/02/15/53297/ [accessed on: 10.04.2020,
18:19]

315
Comment Zepelinele au fost primele aerostate dirijabile folosite cu succes în
aeronautică. Denumirea provine de la constructorul lor, Ferdinand
von Zeppelin. Erau folosite între anii 1900 - 1940 la transportul
de persoane sau mărfuri, cât și în scopuri militare. Succesul lor, în
comparație cu alte tipuri de dirijabile, a fost atât de mare încât
constructorul a atras un număr mare de investitori, putând astfel
să mărească dimensiunile zepelinului și să le fabrice în serie.
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirijabil#Zepelinele [accessed on: 10.04.2020,
19:05]
Use area field aviație
Status oficial

316
 Chapter IV. CONCLUSION

The aviation industry has a very important role because it provides a lot of facilities to the
people around the world and it helps the world's economy a lot. It is one of the most developed
industries and is used for both military and civilian purposes.
Since 1903, when the first airplane was invented by the Wright brothers, aviation has
developed enormously. New aircraft were created, new airports, and all air services that are
available today.
This industry has developed easily but surely and it provides also the fastest means of
transport, a lot of jobs in this industry and facilitates tourism and trade all over the world.
Air transport is the safest and the most useful today and all these aircraft made human life
much easier.
In military aviation, various aircraft such as fighters, bombers or drones are used in different
missions.These aircraft have a very important role in this field because they facilitate and help
the military services.
From my point of view, aviation has a very important role in the world especially for global
business. If before people didn't think it was possible to fly, to travel by plane, today it is such a
natural thing. Aviation is constantly evolving and innovations continue to appear every day in
this field.It is an area that everyone needs to explore and descover and that's why I created this
glossary.
This glossary consists of some important terms in this field. I collected simple terms and
definitions so anyone who reads this glossary, can understand everything.
Everything is very well organized and easy to read. It has 150 terms , 75 English terms and
their correspondent in Romanian. Also, in this glossary 64 of the terms are nouns and 11of them
are noun phrases.

317
 4.1. Etymology

The etymology represents the history of the words and has an important role in the study of
the origins of words . Knowing the origin of a word helps you to understand better his meaning
and and how it was formed. Because of their etymology various terms are similar or even
identical in many other languages.
In this glossary most of the terms are of Latin, Greek, French and German origin and some
English terms are similar or identical with his Romanian correspondent. The reason for this is the
fact that these words share the same origin or the Romanian terms are derived from English

4.2. Parallel between the English and Romanian terms

Example of some similar and identical terms :

Fuselage/ Fuzelaj
Drone/ Dronă
Autopilot/ Autopilot
Ballon/ Balon
Barometer/ Barometru
Altimeter/ Altimetru
Cabin/ Cabină
Gyrocompass/ Girocompas
Gyroscope/ Giroscop
Interceptor/ Interceptor
Heliport/ Heliport
Navigator/ Navigator
Pilot/ Pilot
Turbulence/ Turbulentă
Zeppelin/ Zepelin

318
Example of terms that are not alike in English and Romanian:
Landing/ Aterizare
Takeoff/ Decolare
Seaplane/ Hidroavion
Layover/ Escală
Pitch/ Tangaj
Roll/ Ruliu
Propeller/ Elice

4.3. The problematic terms

The main problem I faced when I analyzed the terms was that in Romanian I could not find
synonyms and hyponyms for certain terms (hangar, interceptor, cabină)
A problematic term in this glossary was ''airmail'' . It was very difficult for me to find contexts
for this term because it is no longer used today as it was used in 1918 when this service appeared
as a result of the invention of airplanes. Finally, after many searches, I found contexts for this
term.

319
 Chapter V. REFERENCES

Bibliography:

Dictionary:

-DEX-Dicționarul explicative al limbii romane ( editia a II-a), Academia Romană, Editura

Univers Enciclopedic, 1998

Images Bibliography:
https://www.universulargesean.ro/un-argeean-inventatorul-celebrului-balon-zeppelin/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wright-flyer-of-1903
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Santos-Dumont_(1898).jpg
https://alchetron.com/Montgolfier-brothers
https://ro.pinterest.com/pin/460915343105005492/
https://time.com/4143574/wright-brothers-patent-trolling/

320
Webiography:

Main links:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/
https://www.dictionary.com/
https://www.collinsdictionary.com
https://dexonline.ro
https://www.etymonline.com/

Other links :

https://www.yourdictionary.com/accelerometer
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accelerometer
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=accelerate
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=meter
https://aerospace.honeywell.com/en/learn/products/sensors/accelerometers-high-performance-accelerometers
https://www.aviationpros.com/home/article/10387465/inertial-navigation-systems-gyroscopes-and-accelerometers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer#Navigation
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/accelerometru
https://airlinestravel.ro/testarea-zgomotului-pentru-ferestrele-aeronavei-boeing-777x.html
http://www.roaf.ro/ro/cer_senin/arhiva/2007/articles_5_2007.php?art=31
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometru
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aerobatics
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aerobatics#etymonline_v_40817
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://www.etymonline.com/word/acrobatics
https://pelotedeporcelaine.com/blogs/infos/from-the-first-flight-in-1783-to-the-aerobatics-in-the-21st-century
https://www.spektrumrc.com/Products/Default.aspx?ProdId=HAN2800
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/acrobatie%20aeriana
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/acroba%C8%9Bie
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian

321
https://www.aviatiamagazin.com/aviatie-sportiva/echipa-romaniei-locul-5-la-campionatul-mondial-de-acrobatie-
aeriana
https://www.orange.ro/info/gadgets/article/2748142
https://aeroclubulromaniei.ro/page/spa-acrobatie
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/airfoil
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aerofoil?ref=etymonline_crossreference
https://www.etymonline.com/word/foil?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_11731
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-?ref=etymonline_crossreference
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180540
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/09544100JAERO737
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profil_aerodinamic
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodinamic
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/profil
http://www.infoaviatie.ro/profil-aerodinamic/7
http://www.termo.utcluj.ro/mf/luc12.pdf
https://greenspacetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/04/26/profil-aerodinamic-caracteristici-geometrice/
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/heavier-than-air_craft.htm
https://www.yourdictionary.com/aerodyne
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://www.etymonline.com/word/dyne#etymonline_v_16030
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft
https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-aircraft-and-aerodyne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerodin%C4%83
https://www.go4it.ro/curiozitati/dosare-3998600/proiectele-necunoscute-ale-lui-henri-coanda-7057481/ozn-ul-lui-
coanda-fascinanta-creatie-care-a-inlemnit-america-7099030/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodin%C4%83
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/aeromedicine.htm
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=medicine
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aero-#etymonline_v_40818
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeromedicine
https://www.queenslandcountrylife.com.au/story/3964205/flight-course-set-for-rural-health/
https://medilinkint.com/news-items/medlink-air-ambulance-service-in-focus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_medicine
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeromedicin%C4%83

322
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/medicin%C4%83
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronautica
https://www.spacetalks.net/event/medicina-aeronautica-si-spatiala/
https://medicis.ro/medicina-aeronautica/
https://nccmn.fandom.com/ro/wiki/Glosar_de_avia%C8%9Bie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aerostat
https://www.wescam.com/blog/silent-sentinels-aerostat/
https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/10/breaking-jlens-aerostat-breaks-loose-over-pennsylvania/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerostat
https://www.mediafax.ro/economic/fundul-zburator-este-aproape-de-lansare-a-fost-anuntata-versiunea-de-
productie-a-aerostatului-airlander-10-18804891
https://www.setthings.com/ro/aerostate-baloane-si-dirijabile/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostat
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/aeronaut.htm
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeronaut
https://decider.com/2019/12/20/the-aeronauts-true-story-amelia-wren-james-glaisher/
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/15/ballooning-hero-airbrushed-history-reunite-eddie-redmayne-felicity/
https://library.si.edu/exhibition/fantastic-worlds/age-of-the-aeronaut
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronaut
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordache_Cuparencu
https://bercenidepoveste.ro/balonul-romania-a-decolat-din-curtea-uzinei-de-gaz-filaret/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aileron
https://www.etymonline.com/word/aileron#etymonline_v_8073
https://howthingsfly.si.edu/flight-dynamics/roll-pitch-and-yaw
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/08_phak_ch6.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/eleron
https://www.rfi.ro/social-80313-fragmentul-de-avion-boeing-descoperit-insula-reunion-ajuns-franta
http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/avionul-viitorului-nasa-produce-un-tip-de-aripa-care-isi-schimba-forma-in-
timpul-zborului---286035
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleron
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-base
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894

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https://www.etymonline.com/word/base#etymonline_v_42415
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/11/middleeast/iran-strike-al-asad-air-base-exclusive-intl/index.html
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/u-s-military-has-begun-reestablishing-air-base-inside-saudi-n1031916
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/baza
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian
https://sputnik.md/editorialist/20200222/29277129/expert-romania-baza-aeriana-pentagon.htm
https://www.stiripesurse.ro/militari-din-cadrul-fortelor-terestre-si-militari-americani-de-la-baza-aeriana-mihail-
kogalniceanu-desfasoara-mai-multe-exercitii-la-babadag_1452809.html
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/baza%20aeriana
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-force
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=air+force
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=force
https://www.wearethemighty.com/gear-tech/10-worst-air-forces-2018?rebelltitem=5#rebelltitem5
https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/whats-behind-frances-first-vietnam-air-force-mission/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/air-force
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fortele%20aeriene
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/forta
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian
https://www.zf.ro/business-international/cum-arata-cele-mai-periculoase-arme-ale-statelor-unite-cea-mai-puternica-
forta-aeriana-din-lume-si-a-fotografiat-o-parte-din-flota-de-avioane-galerie-foto-15888448
https://www.g4media.ro/investitii-tot-mai-mari-in-fortele-aeriene-nato-in-tarile-din-europa-de-est.html
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/fortele%20aeriene
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/air%20taxi
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=taxi
https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/05/wisk-signs-deal-to-deploy-an-air-taxi-trial-in-new-zealand/
https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/6/21048373/hyundai-flying-car-uber-air-taxi-ces-2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerotaxi
https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/zborurile-timisoara-oradea-posibile-doar-aerotaxi-aeroportul-bihorean-inchis-
modernizare-1_55a50744f5eaafab2c90c188/index.html
https://www.money.ro/turul-aerian-al-capitalei-a-salvat-de-la-faliment-firmele-de-aero-taxi/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_aerian

324
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aircraft
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=aircraft
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/word/craft
https://newatlas.com/aircraft/airbus-whale-belugaxl-cargo-plane-service/
https://www.businessair.com/jet-aircraft
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/aircraft.htm
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aeronav%C4%83
https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeronav%C4%83
https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-23544564-video-prima-aeronava-complet-electrica-din-lume-efectuat-primul-
test-zbor.htm
https://www.europafm.ro/toti-cei-180-de-pasageri-care-se-aflau-la-bordul-aeronavei-ucrainene-prabusite-in-iran-au-
murit/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronav%C4%83
https://www.britannica.com/technology/aircraft-carrier
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air
https://www.etymonline.com/word/craft
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=carrier&ref=searchbar_searchhint
https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a32239137/pentagon-study-aircraft-carriers/
https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1961/may/attack-carrier-mobile-might
https://www.britannica.com/technology/aircraft-carrier
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/portavion
https://www.defenseromania.ro/amiral-kuzne-ov-va-fi-echipat-cu-sisteme-pantsir-m-ru-ii-au-anun-at-cand-va-
deveni-opera-ional-portavionul_603132.html
https://www.go4it.ro/content/curiozitati/noul-portavion-american-este-o-minune-a-tehnologiei-dar-are-mari-
probleme-cu-toaletele-19143271/
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/portavion
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aircrew
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aircrew
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/word/crew#etymonline_v_344
https://www.raf.mod.uk/recruitment/aircrew
https://www.crows.org/mpage/Speaker19-anderson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew
https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gmztcmzw/comandantul-si-echipajul-aeronavei-civile-codul-aerian?dp=giytcobzge3tm
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/echipaj

325
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zbor
https://cnscbt.ro/index.php/ghiduri-si-protocoale/ghiduri/1246-ghid-de-evaluare-a-riscului-de-transmitere-a-rujeolei-
in-timpul-calatoriei-cu-avionul/file
http://www.justice.gov.md/file/Centrul%20de%20armonizare%20a%20legislatiei/Baza%20de%20date/Materiale%2
02014/Legislatie/32012R0965.pdf
https://www.esky.ro/ghid-de-calatorie/bilete-de-avion/check-in-si-calatoria-cu-avionul/servicii-la-bord
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/airline
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=line
https://www.goindigo.in/about-us.htm
https://www.boredpanda.com/american-airlines-employee-harassment-text-messages-
woman/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=organic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_aerian%C4%83
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/companie
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/aerian
https://www.vola.ro/bilete-avion/Aeroflot-SU/
https://www.blueairweb.com/ro/ro/Blue-Air-este-cea-mai-mare-companie-aeriana-romaneasca/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companie_aerian%C4%83
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/airliner
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/airliner
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_40894
https://www.etymonline.com/word/line#etymonline_v_43454
https://abcnews.go.com/International/highly-iran-shot-ukrainian-airliner-us-official-confirms/story?id=68173173
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_comercial
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/avion
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/comercial
http://www.ziare.com/stiri/avion/boeing-777x-cel-mai-mare-avion-comercial-cu-doua-motoare-din-lume-a-efectuat-
primul-zbor-video-1595049
https://gadget.ro/airbus-a-reusit-prima-decolare-complet-automatizata-a-unui-avion-comercial-bazata-pe-
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_comercial
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/airmail.htm
https://www.etymonline.com/word/air#etymonline_v_8078

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https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=mail
https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/airmail.pdf
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https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=light
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3573093
https://www.casa.gov.au/aircraft/sport-aviation/ultralight-and-weightshift-microlight-aircraft
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Ultralight/Microlight_Aircraft
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ultrau%C8%99or
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/ultra
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/usor
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romania/
https://www.money.ro/cat-te-costa-sa-ai-propriul-tau-avion/
https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm2tcnrx/aeronave-ultrausoare-definitii-ordin-1219-2002?dp=gizdkojuga3dk
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/variometer
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/variometer
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vario
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=meter
https://www.flightliteracy.com/pitot-static-instruments-part-five-variometers/
https://wingsandwheels.com/avionics-instruments/variometers.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometer
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/variometru
http://www.virtualarad.net/orizont_aviatic/ianuarie_2003/articol1/articol_1.htm
https://www.creeaza.com/tehnologie/aeronautica/INSTRUMENTE-DE-BORD368.php
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variometru
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/wing.htm
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=wing
https://www.engadget.com/2019-04-01-nasa-mit-shape-shifting-airplane-
wing.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLnJvLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMi
DfvkYWggc83F4sm2VfVnhtIkrM7PoqQu3Y1kEZSWu-YkceRbE6Xpx0VV-V8D-
rd_7E790Jk72PwP08P_kgXgujvfOWuTuLUF3lq93jF9VsqefoDwHbMQOJkgKaKcXcg09Ua9CvJ5qqwrV6cKkpN
Psgh-o6Sm2l25oJ6s78NjA
https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/aviation/ask-the-pilot-whats-the-purpose-of-the-different-aircraft-lights

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https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/dynamicsofflight.html
http://www.dexonline.ro:8080/definitie/arip%C4%83
https://science.hotnews.ro/stiri-spatiul-23064446-nasa-mit-creat-avion-aripi-ultra-flexibile-care-isi-pot-schimba-
forma-zbor.htm
https://www.go4it.ro/content/stiinta/ce-se-intampla-atunci-cand-un-avion-se-loveste-de-o-drona-17565997
http://www.infoaviatie.ro/aripa-avionului/22
https://www.audioenglish.org/dictionary/zeppelin.htm
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=zeppelin
http://www.tt-group.net/en/world-destinations/zeppelins-and-why-arent-they-used-as-a-commercial-flight-method-
anymore/
https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Zeppelins
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/zepelin
https://www.descopera.ro/dnews/18322878-o-relicva-a-trecutului-s-ar-putea-intoarce-zepelin-de-zece-ori-mai-mare-
decat-hindenburg
http://www.turnulsfatului.ro/2016/02/15/53297/
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirijabil#Zepelinele

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