Central Processing Unit

9/10/2021

Prepared by:
Sharo Rebwar Rauf

Supervised by:
Ranjdar Saeed

This report is submitted

As a partial fulfillment for the requirements in the

Professional Communication

Komar University of Science and Technology

Summer 2021
Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
 Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
What is a CPU?
The CPU (pronounced sea-pea-you) is the computer's central processing unit, also known
as a processor, central processor, or microprocessor. The CPU of a computer processes
all instructions received from the computer's hardware and software. The CPU, for
example, processed the instructions to open and display this web page on your computer
using a web browser.
TIP: The CPU is commonly referred to as the computer's brain. However, it's more
accurate to think of software as the brain and the CPU as a supercomputer. A CPU is
great at math, but it wouldn't know how to do anything else if it weren't for the software.
Note: Any novice computer user may incorrectly refer to their computer as the CPU, as
well as their monitor. When referring to your computer or display, use the terms
"computer" or "monitor," rather than "processor." The central processing unit (CPU) is a
computer chip.

How Are CPUs Made?

Photolithography Manufacturers can no longer make ransistors using traditional methods
because they are so small. While precise lathes and even 3D printers may produce
extremely intricate designs, they are limited to micrometer precision (about one thirty-
thousandth of an inch) and are incompatible with the nanoscale scales used in today's
semiconductors.

Photolithography solves this problem by eliminating the requirement for precise

movement of complex apparatus. Instead, it uses light to etch a picture onto the chip,
similar to a traditional overhead projector found in classrooms, but in reverse, scaling
down the stencil to the needed precision.
The image is projected onto a silicon wafer that is manufactured to extremely high
precision in controlled laboratories, as even a particle of dust on the wafer might cost
thousands of dollars. The wafer is coated with a photoresist material that reacts to light
and is washed away, leaving an etching of the CPU that can be filled with copper or
doped to make transistors. This procedure is then repeated several times, building up the
CPU like layers of plastic in a 3D printer.
Packaging it up It takes much more than placing the CPU in a box with just some
styrofoam to package it for consumer use. A finished CPU is meaningless unless it can
communicate with the rest of the system. The delicate silicon die is mounted to the PCB
that most people conceive of as the "CPU" during the "packing" process.
This procedure necessitates a high level of precision, but not as much as the preceding
steps. Electrical connections are run to all of the pins that make contact with the
motherboard, and the CPU die is installed on a silicon board. The high-end AMD
Threadripper has 4094 pins, indicating that modern CPUs can have thousands of them.
An "integrated heat spreader" is mounted to the top of the CPU since it generates a lot of
heat and needs to be covered from the front. This comes into contact with the die and
transmits heat to a top-mounted chiller. The thermal paste used to build this connection
isn't good enough for some enthusiasts, so they delid their processors to apply a more
premium solution.

What makes a CPU a CPU?

The CPU is the central component of a computing device, and while it is vital, it can only
function in conjunction with additional components. The silicon chip is inserted into a
specific socket on the device's main circuit board (motherboard or mainboard). It is
distinct from the memory, which stores information momentarily. It's also distinct from
the graphics card or graphics chip, which is responsible for rendering the video and 3D
images on your screen.
A single computer chip has billions of small transistors, which are used to build CPUs.
Those transistor allow it to combine the data required to execute programs stored in your
system's memory. They're essentially little gates that turn on and off, transmitting the
ones and zeros that translate into whatever you're doing with the gadget, whether it's
viewing videos or sending an email.

What does a CPU actually do?

A CPU is a computer processor that takes instructions from a software or application and
executes them. Fetch, decode, and execute are the three stages of this operation. A CPU
retrieves an instruction from RAM, decodes it, and then executes it utilizing the CPU's
relevant elements.

Basic arithmetic, comparing numbers, applying a function, or moving numbers around in

memory can all be part of the executed instruction, or calculation. Because everything in
a computing device is represented by numbers, the CPU can be thought of as a super-fast
calculator. The burden that results may start Windows, play a YouTube video, or
calculate compound interest in a spreadsheet.
The CPU in modern systems serves as the ringmaster of the circus, feeding data to
specialized hardware as needed. For example, the CPU may need to instruct the graphics
card to display an explosion as a result of shooting a gasoline drum, or instruct the solid-
state drive to move an Office document to the system's RAM for faster access.

Cores, clocks, and costs

CPUs used to have just one processor core. Today's CPUs include several cores that
allow them to execute multiple instructions at the same time, effectively packing several
CPUs into a single chip. The majority of today's CPUs contain two or four cores. Six
cores are considered standard, although more expensive CPUs might have anything from
eight to 64 cores.
Multithreading is a technology used by several processors. Consider a single physical
CPU core that may simultaneously execute two lines of code (threads), resulting in two
“logical” cores on the operating system side. Because they share the same resources as
actual cores, virtual cores aren't as powerful as physical cores, but they can aid enhance
the CPU's multitasking performance when running appropriate applications.
When looking at CPUs, the clock speed is prominently shown. This is the “gigahertz”
(GHz) statistic, which effectively signifies how many instructions a CPU can process per
second, but it isn't the complete story when it comes to performance. When comparing
CPUs from the same product family or generation, clock speed is most important. When
all other factors remain constant, a faster clock speed indicates a quicker processor. A
3GHz processor from 2010 will, on the other hand, produce less work than a 2GHz
processor from 2020.
So, how much should you spend on a computer processor? We have a number of guides
that might help you choose the finest CPU for your needs. Unless you're a hardcore
gamer or someone who wants to edit films, you shouldn't spend more than $250 on a
rough outline. By avoiding the most recent hardware and instead sticking with a recent
generation of CPU, you can help keep costs down.
For Intel CPUs, this means chips from the 8th, 9th, or 10th generations. The product
name can be used to determine their generation. The Core i7-6820HK, for example, is a
sixth processor, whilst the Core i5-10210U is a tenth chip.
AMD uses a similar strategy with its Ryzen processors: The Ryzen 5 2500X is a 2nd-
generation processor with the new "Zen+" core design, while the Ryzen 9 3950X is a 3rd-
generation processor. The Ryzen 4000 was offered as a laptop chip line and as an APU,
with extremely limited desktop availability through system builders. With that in mind,
whether the Ryzen 5000 is the fourth or fifth generation of AMD Ryzen CPUs is
debatable, but it is the most recent, and AMD has recently united its laptop, APU, and
desktop platforms under the Ryzen 5000 label.

How important is the CPU?

Although your CPU is no longer as vital as it once was for total system performance, it
still plays a significant part in the reaction and quickness of your computer device. Larger
clock rates are generally beneficial to gamers, while a higher CPU core count is
beneficial to more serious work like as CAD and video editing.
Keep in mind that your CPU is part of a system, so you'll want to make sure you have
enough RAM and fast storage to feed data to it. Perhaps the biggest question mark will be
your graphics card, as you'll need to strike a balance with your PC in terms of both
performance and cost.
You're in a better position to make an informed decision regarding your computing
hardware now that you know what a CPU does. Learn more about AMD and Intel's top
chips with this guide.

Types of CPUs
Previously, computer processors utilized(use) numbers to identify themselves and
aid(help) in the identification of speedier processors. The Intel 80486 (486) processor, for
example, is quicker than the Intel 80386 (386) processor. All computer processors began
adopting names like Athlon, Duron, Pentium, and Celeron after the launch of the Intel
Pentium processor (which would officially be the 80586).
In today's world, computer processors come in a variety of architectures (32-bit and 64-
bit), speeds, and capabilities, in addition to their various names. The most expensive
types of CPUs is AMD EPYC 7742, which costs €7,728

How fast does a CPU transfer data?

The data travels very close to the speed of light, which is 299,792,458 m/s, as it does with
any device that uses electrical signals. The medium (metal in wire) through which a
signal travels determines how close it can get to the speed of light. The majority of
electrical impulses move at 75 to 90% of the speed of light.