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Chapter-3 Computer HW and OS

This document discusses the key components of a CPU, including the central processing unit, registers, and system clock. It describes the components inside the CPU such as the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers that hold inputs and outputs. The document also covers topics like microprocessor speeds, Moore's Law, word size, transistors that make up the physical CPU, and basic switches and gates.

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14 views17 pages

Chapter-3 Computer HW and OS

This document discusses the key components of a CPU, including the central processing unit, registers, and system clock. It describes the components inside the CPU such as the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers that hold inputs and outputs. The document also covers topics like microprocessor speeds, Moore's Law, word size, transistors that make up the physical CPU, and basic switches and gates.

Uploaded by

gecch460
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

CHAPTER-3

Computer Hardware & Operating


System

03/08/24 1
Introduction to CPU
• Central processing unit imprinted on silicon chip
called microprocessor.
• Contain tens of millions of tiny transistors.

• Key components:
– Central processing unit.

– Registers.

– System clock.

03/08/24 2
Types of Chips
• Intel makes a family of processors:
– Pentium III and Pentium4 processors in most PCs
– Celeron processor sold for low-cost PCs
– Xeon and Itanium for high-end workstations and network
servers.
• Other processors:
– Cyrix and AMD make Intel-compatible microprocessors.
– Power PC chips used primarily in Macintosh computers.
– HP’s Alpha microprocessor used in high-end servers.

03/08/24 3
Microprocessor Speeds
• Measure of system clock speed :
– How many electronic pulses the clock produces per second
– Usually expressed in gigahertz (GHz)
• Billions of machine cycles per second
• Some old PCs measured in megahertz (MHz)
• Comparison of clock speed only meaningful between
identical microprocessors.
• CPU cycle time – inverse of clock rate or speed.

03/08/24 4
Current Technology Capabilities
and Limitations
• Moore’s Law
– Rate of increase in transistor density on microchips doubles
every 18-24 months with no increase in unit cost.
• Rock’s Law
– Cost of fabrication facilities for chip generation doubles
every four years.
• Increased packing density.
• Electrical resistance.

03/08/24 5
03/08/24 6
Components of the CPU
• Control Unit (CU)
– Moves data and instructions between main memory and
registers.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Performs computation and comparison operations.
• Set of registers (R)
– Storage locations that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.

03/08/24 7
03/08/24 8
Actions Performed by CPU
• Fetch cycle
• CPU:
• Fetches an instruction from primary storage.
• Increments a pointer to location of next instruction.
• Separates instruction into components (instruction code and data
inputs).
• Stores each component in a separate register.
• Execution cycle
• ALU:
• Retrieves instruction code from a register.
• Retrieves data inputs from registers.
• Passes data inputs through internal circuits to perform data
transformation.
• Stores results in a register.

03/08/24 9
CPU Registers
• Primary roles
– Hold data for currently executing program that is
needed quickly or frequently (general-purpose
registers).
– Store information about currently executing program
and about status of CPU (special-purpose registers).

03/08/24 10
General-Purpose Registers
• Hold intermediate results and frequently needed
data items.
• Used only by currently executing program.

• Implemented within the CPU; contents can be


read or written quickly.
• Increasing their number usually decreases
program execution time to a point.
03/08/24 11
Special-Purpose Registers
• Track processor and program status
• Types
– Instruction register
– Instruction pointer
– Program status word (PSW)
• Stores results of comparison operation.
• Controls conditional branch execution.
• Indicates actual or potential error conditions.

03/08/24 12
Word Size
• Number of bits a CPU can process simultaneously.

• Increasing it usually increases CPU efficiency, up to a


point.
• Other computer components should match or exceed it
for optimal performance.
• Implications for system bus design and physical
implementation of memory.

03/08/24 13
The Physical CPU
• Electrical device implemented as silicon-based
microprocessor.
• Contains millions of switches, which perform
basic processing functions.
• Physical implementation of switches and
circuits.

03/08/24 14
Transistors
• Electronic switches that may or may not allow
electric current to pass through.
– If current passes through, switch is ON, representing
a 1 bit.
– Otherwise, switch is OFF, representing a 0 bit.

03/08/24 15
Switches and Gates
• Basic building blocks of computer processing circuits.

• Electronic switches
– Control electrical current flow in a circuit.

– Implemented as transistors.

• Gates
– An interconnection of switches.

– A circuit that can perform a processing function on an


individual binary electrical signal, or bit.
03/08/24 16
END OF CHAPTER -3

03/08/24 17

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