ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

AJAY YADAV
PURU VASHISHTHA
FOURTH YEAR
 DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled “MERCANTILE BUILDING AND DEEP
BASEMENT PRECAST ” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture and submitted
to Vastu Kala Academy of Architecture is done solely for academic purpose.

This report has been carried out under the supervision of Prof. Sanjay Mehra.

We would like to thank Construction.org for carrying out all the research work for the MERCANTILE BUILDING AND DEEP
BASEMENT PRECAST . All the other reference sources have been mentioned as bibliography at the end of the report.

Group members:

● PURU VASHISHTHA
● AJAY YADAV

We declare that all the information in the report is true to our knowledge.

Signature of group members. Signature of faculty.

MERCANTILE BUILDING
MERCANTILE BUILDING

These shall include any building or a part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either
wholesale or retail.

Group F Mercantile Buildings

These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used as shops, stores, market, for
display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail. Mercantile buildings shall be
further subdivided as follows:

● Subdivision F-1
Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area up to 500 m2 )
● Subdivision F-2
Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area more than 500
m2 )
● Subdivision F-3
Underground shopping centres

Storage and service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the
same building shall also be included under this group.
SHOP

Subdivision F-1 Subdivision F-2 Subdivision F-3

MALL DEPARTMENT STORE UNDERGROUND MARKET

HISTORY OF MALLS
Shopping centers have existed in some form for more than 1,000 years as ancient market squares, bazaars and seaport commercial districts. The modern
shopping center, which includes everything from small suburban strip centers to the million-square-foot super-regional malls, had its genesis in the 1920s.

● In the later half of the 1920s, as automobiles began to clog the central business districts of large cities,
● Small strip centers were built on the outskirts.
● The concept of developing a shopping district away from a downtown is generally attributed to J.C. Nichols of Kansas City, Mo. His Country Club Plaza,
which opened in 1922, was constructed as the business district for a large-scale residential development.
● It featured unified architecture, paved and lighted parking lots, and was managed and operated as a single unit.

Grandview Avenue Shopping Center in Columbus, Ohio South-dale centre in Edina, Minnesota (near
Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, 1922 (1931) Minneapolis) in 1956.

Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest
shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built.

Spencer Plaza Chennai ,1985 Ansal Plaza , 1999 Crossroads mall Mumbai , 1999
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Concrete is a versatile construction material, which is obtained by hardening a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water in well-proportioned quantities. As
we all are aware that, concrete has a very high compressive strength but low in tensile strength. Wherever tensile forces are involved like in slabs and beams,
it is recommended not to use plain concrete.

So, adding steel to the concrete is the solution, as we know it has high tensile strength and also possesses good compressive strength. However, the bond
between concrete and steel works well and when these two are combined called reinforcement. After the alliance, the material is known as Reinforced
Cement Concrete.

● Joseph Monier, a 19th-century French gardener, was a pioneer in the development of structural, prefabricated and reinforced concrete,
● having been dissatisfied with the existing materials available for making durable flowerpots.
● He was granted a patent for reinforcing concrete flower pots by means of mixing a wire mesh and a mortar shell.
● In 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders, using iron rods placed in a grid
pattern.
● Though Monier undoubtedly knew that reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, it is not clear whether he even knew how much the
tensile strength of concrete was improved by the reinforcing.

Use in construction:

Wall Slab Beam Column Foundation Frame

Key characteristics
Three physical characteristics give reinforced concrete its special properties:
1. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is similar to that of steel, eliminating large internal stresses due to differences in thermal
expansion or contraction.
2. When the cement paste within the concrete hardens, this conforms to the surface details of the steel, permitting any stress to be transmitted
efficiently between the different materials. Usually steel bars are roughened or corrugated to further improve the bond or cohesion between the
concrete and steel.
3. The alkaline chemical environment provided by the alkali, contained in the hardened cement paste causes a passivating film to form on the
surface of the steel, making it much more resistant to corrosion.
REGULAR GRADES OF CONCRETE AND THEIR USES
RAFT FOUNDATION
Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil reinforced with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the structure
to the soil. Usually, mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the structure it is supporting.

Raft foundation is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial buildings where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos, foundations for heavy
industrial equipment etc.

Working Principle of Raft Foundation

Raft foundation transmits the total load from the building to the entire ground floor area. Stress distribution mechanism of raft foundation is very simple. Total weight of
the structure and self-weight of the mat is calculated and is divided by the total area of the foundation it is covering to calculate the stress on the soil.
As in case of raft foundation the contact area of the foundation with soil is much more than any other type of foundation, so the load is distributed over a larger area
and thus the stress on soil is lesser and the possibility of shear failure of soil is also reduced.

When to Choose Raft Foundation

Raft foundation is preferred when-

● The soil has a low bearing capacity.

● Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large area.
● The columns or walls are placed so closely that the individual footings would overlap.
● Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
● There is a possibility of differential settlement in case individual footing is used.
● When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of compressible soil.
● Basement is to be constructed.
FOUNDATION
Applicability of Raft
(Mat) Foundations

● Low bearing capacity soil

● Spread footing cover about
70% of the structure
● High structure loads
● For structures like chimneys, RAFT FOUNDATION
silos, tanks, large machines
● Structures and equipment
sensitive to differential
settlement
● Soft pockets or cavities of in
the Soil to unknown extent
raft
● Watertight construction
under basements below
groundwater table
● Highly compressible soil and
extends to a great depth
RAFT FOUNDATION
Materials Used for Raft Foundation Construction
Here are some materials used for the erection of Raft
foundation-

● Formwork
● Spacer
● Reinforcement
● Concrete.

Construction Process of Raft foundation

Key steps of Raft foundation construction are noted
below.

1. Identify the desired depth at which foundation is

to be provided.

2. Excavate soil up to the required depth.

3. Compact the soil.

4. Provide a waterproofing membrane.

5. Pour 3” of plane cement-sand paste.

6. Lay reinforcement maintaining the required

spacing using spacers.

7. Pour concrete to the desired depth.

8. Curing.
TYPES RAFT FOUNDATION
1. Flat Plate Mat
This is the simplest form of raft foundation. This type of mat is used when the columns and walls are
uniformly spaced at small intervals and the subjected loads are relatively small. Reinforcement is
placed in both directions and more reinforcement is required at the column locations and
load-bearing walls. The thickness of this types of raft foundation is generally restricted within 300mm
for economic reason. A thicker slab would not be economical.

2. Plate Thickened under Columns

When the columns and load bearing walls are subjected to heavier loads, the slab is thickened
under the columns and walls and extra reinforcement is provided to resist against diagonal shear
and negative reinforcement.

3. Two-way Beam and Slab

In this type of raft, beams are cast monolithically with the raft slab connecting the columns and
walls. This type of raft is suitable when the columns are placed at a larger distance and the loads on
the columns are variable.

4. Plates with Pedestals

In this type of mat, a pedestal is provided at the base of the columns. Purpose of this type of
foundation is same as flat plate thickened under columns.

5. Piled Raft
This type of raft foundation is supported on piles. A piled raft is used when the soil at a shallow
depth is highly compressible and the water table is high. Piles under raft help in reducing settlement
and provides resistance against buoyancy.

6. Rigid Frame Mat/Cellular Raft Foundation

In this type of raft, the foundation walls act as a deep beam. Rigid frame mat is referred when
columns carry extremely heavy loads and the connecting beams exceeds 90cm depth. Here two
concrete slabs are placed, one on top of another and connected with foundation walls in both
directions and thus forms a cellular raft foundation. This type of raft is very rigid and is economical
when the required slab thickness is very high.
BEARING CAPACITY OF RAFT FOUNDATION
COLUMN AND BEAM
PLINTH
A plinth is a base or platform that supports a plinth, column, or structure. Structurally, the plinth distributes weight and pressure down evenly across a column across a wider space and
can also elevate structures above the ground to protect them from water or other elements.

What is plinth beam?

● The plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam built between the wall and its foundation. The plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or cracking of the foundation
cracks in the wall above when the foundation suffers from laying.
● Plinth beams evenly distribute the load from the wall over the foundation.
● In a skeletal system, which is the other name for a framed structure, the plinth beam is the first beam to be built after the foundation.

Concrete Strength Suitable for Construction of Plinth Beam

● The concrete strength of the plinth board beam must not be less than 20 MPa.

Minimum Dimension of Plinth Beam

● The minimum depth of the plinth beam is 20 cm, while its width must match the
width of the final stroke of the foundation.

Steel Bars Used for Plinth Beam

● It is recommended to provide two bars with a minimum diameter of 12 mm at the

bottom of the beam. Likewise, two bars with a minimum diameter of 10 mm must
be provided at the top of the plinth beam.
● The reinforcement bars must be protected by a 25 mm concrete cover. With regard
to the stirrups, the diameter of the stirrup must be at least 6 mm, and the spacing
of 15 cm must be sufficient.
DIAPHRAGM WALL CONSTRUCTION

Diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete structure constructed in-situ panel by panel. The wall is usually designed to reach very great depth,
sometimes up to 50m, mechanical excavating method is thus employed.

DIAPHRAGM WALL CONSTRUCTION

● Construct the guide wall

● Excavation to form the diaphragm wall trench
● Support the trench cutting using bentonite slurry
● Inert reinforcement and placing of concrete to form
the wall panel

Diaphragm wall is a continuous wall constructed in ground

in to facilitate certain construction activities, such as:

● As a retaining wall
● As a cut-off provision to support deep excavation
● As the final wall for basement or other
underground structure (e.g. tunnel and shaft)
Guide wall – guide wall is two parallel concrete beams constructed
● As a separating structure between major along the side of the wall as a guide to the clamshell which is used for the
excavation of the diaphragm wall trenches.
underground facilities
● As a form of foundation (barrette pile – rectangular Trench excavation – In normal soil condition excavation is done using a clamshell or grab suspended
by cables to a crane. The grab can easily cut through soft ground. In case of encountering boulders, a
pile) gravity hammer (chisel) will be used to break the rock and then take the spoil out using the grab.

Reinforcement – reinforcement is inserted in the form of a steel cage, but may be required to lap a
few sections in order to reach the required length.
Using hydrofraise (reverse circulation trench cutter) to form
diaphragm wall panel Concreting – placing of Concrete is done using tremie pipes to avoid the segregation of concrete. As
Concrete being poured down, bentonite will be displaced due to its lower density than concrete.
Bentonite is then collected and reused.

Joining for the diaphragm wall panel – Diaphragm wall cannot be constructed continually for a very long section due to limitation and size of the mechanical plant. The wall is
usually constructed in alternative section. Two stop end tubes will be placed at the ends of the excavated trench before concreting. The tubes are withdrawn at the same time of
concreting so that a semi-circular end section is formed. Wall sections are formed alternatively leaving an intermediate section in between. The in-between sections are built similarly
afterward but without the end tube. At the end a continual diaphragm wall is constructed with the panel sections tightly joined by the semi-circular groove.
DIAPHRAGM WALL CONSTRUCTION
DIAPHRAGM WALL
CONSTRUCTION
Using hydrofraise (reverse circulation trench
cutter) to form diaphragm wall panel

Bored piles of square section can be installed

using the Hydrofraise or similar drilling
techniques. The bore hole is stabilised by drilling
mud. The “Hydrofraise” is a drilling machine
powered by three down-the-hole motors,
operating with reverse circulation.

A heavy metal frame, serving as a guide, is fitted

at its base with two cutter drums carrying
tungsten carbide tipped cutters. These rotate in
opposite directions and break up the soil. A pump
is placed just above the drums and evacuates the
loosened soil, which is carried up to the surface
by the drilling mud. The mud with cuttings is
continuously filtered (desander unit) and then
poured back into the trench.

A heavy crawler crane supports and manipulates

the machine. It carries the power pack supplying
the hydraulic power, which is conveyed through
hoses to the three down-the-hole motors, two of
them driving the cutter drums and the third
driving the pump.

The hydraulic cutting device is designed to give the cutter drums a high
torque at low speed of rotation. The guide frame is suspended from the
cable-operated crane. A hydraulic feed cylinder is used to achieve a
constant rate of advance or to maintain a constant weight on the cutter
drums.

Another important advantage is that the drilling mud is constantly

screened and desanded during excavation. Thus the reinforcement can
be placed and concreting carried out as soon as the required depth has
been reached. This excavation system makes it possible to drill piles
panels or diaphragm wall elements in a very wide range of soils, from
cohesionless soils to hard rock.
ROOF
The roof is a key element of the building structure, providing protection from the elements and has a vital role in reducing heat loss from the building.

Flat Roof Construction

A roof is considered to be flat when it is of a slope of 1-5o to the horizontal. Although flat roofs are cheaper to build than pitched roofs, they have a shorter life span.
A flat roof usually consists of the following:
● Waterproof membrane to prevent water penetrating the structure and interior of the building
● Roof deck, providing the base for the waterproof membrane, and in some cases the insulation
● Thermal insulation
● Load bearing or primary structure, usually constructed in timber in a low rise construction.

Functional Requirements:
The functional requirements of the roof
are:
● Strength and stability
● Protection from the weather
● Durability
● Resistance to passage of sound
● Thermal insulation
● Resistance to air leakage
● Fire safety
● Security
● Aesthetics
ATRIUM
● In ancient Roman times, the atrium was the central open
area of a house, but today the term atrium is typically
associated with commercial and public buildings including
offices, health care facilities, libraries, hotels, courthouses,
educational facilities, etc.
● The atrium space type includes glazed courtyard spaces
and multistoried spaces. Atria are typically used as key
architectural features in main entries, public circulation
areas or as special destinations within a building.
● Atrium design often involves skylights and generous
glazing areas that provide an infusion of natural light which
make them prominent building areas well suited to serve
ceremonial and social functions.
 SLAB

1. One-Way Slabs on Beams 2. One-way joist slab (Ribbed slab) 3. Waffle Slab (Grid slab)

Cast in situ method is used to construct one-way slabs on It consists of a floor slab, usually 50 to 100mm thick, supported by It is a type of reinforced concrete slab that contains square
beams which involves fixing of forms followed with the reinforced concrete ribs (or joists). The ribs are usually tapered grids with deep sides. Waffle slab construction process
installation of reinforcements, and finally the pouring of fresh and are uniformly spaced at distances that do not exceed 750mm. includes fixing forms, placement of pods on shuttering,
concrete.One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans The ribs are supported on girders that rest on columns.A one-way installation of reinforcement between pods, installation of
of 3-6m, and a live load of 3 to 5KN/m2. They can also be used joist concrete slab is suitable for spans of 6-9m and live loads of steel mesh on top of pods, and pouring of concrete.Grid slabs
for larger spans with relatively higher cost and higher slab 4-6KN/m2. Because of the deep ribs, the concrete and steel are suitable for spans of 9-15m and live loads of 4-7KN/m2.
deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is however quantities are relatively low, but expensive formwork is needed. Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite expensive.
needed.

4. Flat Plates 5. Flat Slabs 6. Two-way Slabs on Beams

Flat plates can be constructed as one-way or two-way slabs This is typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns The construct of this type of slab is similar to that of one-way
and it is directly supported by columns or walls. It is easy to or caps, without the use of beams. This type of slab is generally slab on beams, but it may need more formworks since
construct and requires simple formworks. easy to construct and requires little formwork. The loads are two-way slabs are supported on all sides. Slabs on beams
directly transferred to the columns. are suitable for spans between 6 and 9m, and live loads of
Flat plates are most suitable for spans of 6 to 8m, and live 3-6KN/m2 . The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs,
loads between 3 and 5KN/m2. Added to that, the range of Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9m, and for live producing relatively low deflection. Additional formwork for the
spans for prestressed flat plates is between 8-12m, and it can loads of 4-7KN/m2. They need more formwork than flat plates, beams is needed.
also be constructed as post-tensioned slabs. especially for column capitals. In most cases, only drop panels
without column capitals are used. It can be constructed as a
post-tensioned flat slab.
 FLOORING - ROOMS
CERAMIC FLOOR TILES
The surface where the After receiving the tiles at site, first
tiles are to be laid must please segregate the tiles boxes
be properly finished and according to batch no. &
should not be uneven. manufacturing date. Before laying,
tiles boxes should be stacked
vertically to avoid breakage &
chipping in tiles.

Ceramic tiles should be Neat cement should not be used

soaked in water, for fixing tiles. Doing so may lead
minimum 2 hrs before to cracks on the surface of the tiles
laying. due to hydration heat generated
by cement. Tiles should be fixed
either by cement & sand mortar as
per the suggested ratio by

INSTALLATION PROCESS
engineer or architect or at good
quality tile adhesive.

Before fixing the tiles, dry layout of tiles should be made in the desired pattern
ensure an acceptable blend of shade and design. Then lix the tiles with cement
mortar or adhesive. Please note that certain amount of shade and size variation is
inherent in the manufacturing of tiles. The company will bear no liability after the
tiles are fixed.

CERAMIC FLOOR Arrow Mark (Tar K) on the

TILE 600*600 As part of internationally accepted
back of the tile should practices, laying of tiles with spaces
(BY KAJARIA) always be followed in one of 2-5 mm is always recommended.
direction only, for proper It enhances the beauty of the
alignment & design. space.

Since most of the carpentry,

For proper bonding, press electrical or interior works are done
the tiles gently with a after the installation of tiles, it is
wooden mallet to make important to provide protective
proper adherence. DO NOT cover on the surface of the tiles. It
USE AN IRON HAMMER OR is recommended to use thick
SOME HEAVY MATERIAL TO plastic sheet layer/POP on the
PRESS THE TILE. surface and this shouldn't be
opened until the area becomes
ready for occupation.
WATERPROOFING
What is Waterproofing?
Waterproofing, at its simplest definition, is treating a surface to protect it from the damages that water could bring. The process helps certain objects
become water-resistant or water-repellant that leaves said objects unaffected by the negative impacts and effects that water. This is most helpful in
protecting a building and structural foundations.

What can happen if the building is not waterproof?

● Cracks in the foundation or joints exposing to water can lead to more serious structural problems.
● Mold growth is also a common waterproofing problem that is difficult to correct. If the building is built of wood or has wooden furniture, moisture from
the penetration of water will lead to rotting or delamination of wood.
● After studying several cases, WHO issued a report on this issue, which states that water leakage in buildings poses a health hazard, and about 50 terrible
diseases are caused by damp stains on the wall.

WATERPROOFING IN BASEMENT

APPLICATION PROCESS STEP VISE:

CONSTRUCTION WATER STOP MEMBRANE PREPARATION MEMBRANE TANKING PENETRATIONS TREATMENT PROTECTION AND DRAINAGE
WATERPROOFING IN BASEMENT

CONSTRUCTION WATER STOP :

The first defence in the construction phase of building the block wall is to install a ‘water stop’ along the slab base between the reinforcing bars. There are a couple of
reasons why we recommend a gun application swellable product. First, you can control the thickness, recommended 15mm or less. This is because profile ‘water stops’
will be too strong and would ‘blow’ the block work. Second, gun application is easier and less expensive.

FIRST LAYER JOINT PROTECTION :

Lay the first (couple) layer of blocks on the slab as a normal build. Then add a crystalline growth compound slurry to around 30mm depth in the centre core of the
blocks. The crystalline growth compound is the second layer of defence in the construction phase. A slurry mix of Contec C1 would be 5 parts C1 to 2 parts water. This will
simply pour into the cavity. Allow to set before core fill.

WATER STOP

CONSTRUCTION WATER STOP

PART OF SLAB

MEMBRANE PREPARATION :

1 2 3 4 5

FILLING IN CRACKS LEVELING THE MORTAR DRYING OF MORTAR RUBBING EXCESS MORTAR DIG FOR EXPOSING SLAB
6 7 8 9 10

INSTALL CAULKING
REPAIR DAMAGE IN SLAB CLEANING DUST INSTALLING BAKING ROD SMOOTHING FINISHED JOINT
COMP.
WATERPROOFING IN BASEMENT

MEMBRANE TANKING : PENETRATION TREATMENT :

● Before the block work is core filled, or tanked, cut

● Install a ‘Bond Breaker’ system to the joints
penetration cavity and in place penetration in
between the slab and first course of blocks. position.
Run a bead of caulking compound, Sikaflex ● Ensure a snug fit to the penetration by installing
backing rod
PRO into the corner join; apply a coating of
● Install the caulking, Sikaflex PRO to provide flexible
Flexipro membrane, whilst wet place bonding between the two materials.
Polycloth reinforcing fabric into the ● Complete the membrane application by installing a
‘bond breaker’ system.
membrane, then coat again with Flexipro.
● Apply the first coat of FLEXIPRO
waterproofing membrane with a brush,
roller or soft broom with a coverage
thickness between 0.5mm to 1mm.
● Apply a second coat of FLEXIPRO
PROTECTION AND DRAINAGE
waterproofing membrane with a coverage
thickness between 0.5mm to 1mm. The final There are two primary methods of providing membrane
protection which aid drainage:
application strokes should be running
● Install plastic sheeting or ‘bubble’ rolls against the
diagonally to the first coat. membrane prior to backfill.
● An optional third coat can be applied, with ● Install FLOCELL sheets, covered with FILTERWRAP
the finished membrane being 2mm or less. geo-fabric against the membrane prior to backfill.
This method also helps the water get to the
● Allow three to five days to cure fully drainage system more efficiently. The standard
residential drainage system involves installing
agriculture pipes, often with aggregate and
geo-fabric.
MACHINERY USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

Construction equipment can be categorized in to 4 main sections based on purpose and use, They are:

1. Earth Moving equipment

2. Construction vehicle
3. Construction Equipment

1. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

EXCAVATOR LOADER BACKHOE BULLDOZER LOADING SHOVEL

2. CONSTRUCTION VEHICLE

TIPPER DUMBER TRAILER TANKER TRUCK

3.CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

MANUAL CONCRETE CONCRETE MIXER COMPACTOR CONVEYOR OR HOIST CRANE

MIXER
DEEP BASEMENT
DEEP BASEMENT
A basement is part of a building that is either partially or completely below ground level

The term ‘basement’ is sometimes used interchangeably with the term ‘cellar' and may refer to any sort of below ground space used to provide
accommodation, storage, car parking, services spaces, and so on.

TYPES OF BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

● Masonry Wall Basements
The basement walls are constructed with masonry block units. There are many joints where the masonry units connect to each other so
make sure your basement is properly reinforced and the walls are waterproofed.

● Precast Panel Basements

Precast sections can be fabricated to specific design requirements for just-in-time delivery, providing rapid on-site construction,
integrated water bars, low site waste and high quality finishes.

● Poured Concrete Wall Basements

By far the most popular type of basement construction. Here are some of the benefits of poured concrete walls:

● Solid concrete is better able to resist cave-ins caused by lateral pressures of water, earth, and wind.
● More fire resistance-because solid concrete is dense and is joint free.
● More resistant to water because concrete has fewer and smaller voids than concrete block

MASONRY WALL BASEMENTS PRECAST PANEL BASEMENTS POURED CONCRETE WALL BASEMENTS
HISTORY OF BASEMENT
Byzantine Basements

Beneath Istanbul, An Ancient City's Byzantine walls the

2nd century A.D and sweeping Ottoman palaces.
Condensation can be seen on the stone walls in a
section of a Byzantine substructure in Istanbul.
An archway in a section of a Byzantine substructure.
Arches, at least 20 feet high, are evenly spaced through
the structure.
Water drips from the ceiling, and bricks — thin and
rust-colored, alternating with thick stripes of mortar.
Hewn stones, cut stones were been used. It is from
palace built by Constantine the Great, the 4th century
Roman emperor and founder of ancient
Constantinople.
The ventilation channel were not efficient , but the
temperature is warm in the winter and cool in the
summer.
Remnants of pottery and glass are seen among restored
Byzantine-era ruins in a basement below a carpet shop
HISTORY OF BASEMENT
In ancient times, the space in a home below ground was used for water, wine, or food storage. In the Renaissance, the basement space
provided wealthy families with a place for their kitchen, servant’s quarters, and laundry rooms. Before basements were comfortable living
spaces with walk-out patios and windows, the space under homes was utilized in a different way. The basement was made of stone masonry with
vault structural component.. Eventually, the need for storage was replaced by a need for living space in an industrialized nation.

RENAISSANCE ERA CELLAR/BASEMENTS CELLAR/BASEMENTS STORAGE BASEMENT

During Victorian and Edwardian times, with cheap labour available, basements were commonly constructed below buildings, but with the onset
of the First World War, building rates fell dramatically. After the war the number of houses with servants fell so the requirement for additional
accommodation was greatly reduced. In the 1920s and 30s, with an improvement in public transport, more building land became available and
therefore the need to construct basements below the ground almost disappeared. However, in cities, such as London, due to the demand for
housing, the price of land and the cost of moving, basements are being constructed or converted for living space. This is causing concern in some
areas where very large, multi-storey basements are begin constructed, which can cause significant disruption to neighbours over a long period.

VICTORIAN TIMES BASEMENT WW1 BASEMENTS VINTAGE BASEMENTS

PRECAST BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
The production process of PRECAST concrete elements
has 12 different phases that should be organized over a
24-hour cycle taking into account the production output
desired and the climatic Conditions.

The production beds on which the concrete elements are

formed have an optimal length of between 120 m to 150 m
with widths between 1.2 m or 2.4 m.

1. DETENSIONING OF THE STEEL WIRES 2. ELEMENT CUTTING 3. LIFTING OF THE ELEMENT FROM THE BEDS
PRECAST BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
4. STOCKING OF THE ELEMENTS 5. CLEANING AND OILING OF ELEMENT 6. LAYING OF THE STEEL WIRES

7. STRESSING OF THE STEEL WIRES 8. CONCRETE TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION 9. ELEMENT CASTING

10. FRESH CONCRETE WORKING 11. ELEMENT MARKING 12. CONCRETE CURING
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
PRECAST CONCRETE FOOTING

The precast foundation is a reinforced concrete element made up of a tied rebar

beam cage incorporated within a semi-precast concrete element which acts as
formwork. The element can be used in the construction of column and wall
foundation of any type and is suitable for any elevated structure.
The use of the precast foundation eliminates all those inconveniences that crop
up during the construction of foundations using traditional methods (for example,
cast-in-place), aiming to halve the costs involved in constructing a foundation
structure, greater jobsite safety for workers and a turnaround speed without
precedence.

PLAN AND SECTION OF

PRECAST FOUNDATION PAD
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
PRECAST CONCRETE FOOTING ASSEMBLY

● The Precast Pad Foundation is placed on the lean concrete, which has
previously been prepared.
● Then the precast column is mounted on the pad foundation.
● And the bent rebars jutting out from the base.
● Then they are inserted inside the Foundation element.
● A final casting of concrete embeds the column’s rebars inside the Precast
Foundation The work is completed with the removal of all adjustment devices.
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY

THE ASSEMBLY AND ALIGNMENT OF THE PRECAST PAD FOR DEEP

PRECAST COLUMN FOUNDATIONS ON PILES OR MINI PILES

For the assembly and alignment of the precast column, adjusting devices are used.

● These allow an easy, fast and precise installation.

● During the production phase of the Precast Foundation, four anchor bolts are
left within the central concrete walls, while the precast column is equipped
with eight threaded couplers.
● The adjusting devices are fixed to the anchor bolts using nuts and to the
precast column using bolts. ADVANTAGES
● This system not only allows the precast column to be aligned with pinpoint
1. The most economical by far
precision, but also eliminates any kind of shoring during assembly.
2. Saving on construction costs
● The four adjusting devices will be dimensioned in relation to the weight and 3. Fast assembly
other strains to which the column is subject and are used merely for 4. Perfect connection between column and foundation
assembling the elements. 5. Pinpoint precision
● When the concrete inside of the precast foundation has cured, all the adjusting 6. Reduction of the foundation rebars
7. Lowering of the foundation thickness
devices are removed. 8. Greater job site safety for workers
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY

PRECAST PAD FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION

The precast foundation is a reinforced concrete

element made up of a tied rebar beam cage
incorporated within a semi-precast concrete
element which acts as formwork. The geometric
dimensions and the steel area are established
through static calculations elaborated according
to the distributed of loads N, Mx, Tx, My, Ty and
the pt pressure admissible on the
terrain.

CONCRETING

The work is completed with a final casting of

concrete into the Precast Pads, thereby
connecting columns, beams and foundations.
CONCLUSIONS

The use of the Precast Foundation eliminates all those inconveniences that crop up
during the construction of foundations using traditional methods (for example,
cast-inplace), aiming to halve the costs involved in constructing a foundation structure,
greater job-site safety for workers and a turnaround speed without precedence.

Unlike traditional systems used in the construction of foundations, the use of our product
does not require the additional presence of skilled workers and auxiliary tools (formwork,
boards, nails, Hammers, pincers, shears, etc.).
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
PRECAST CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

Precast Retaining Walls are vibrated concrete structures for retaining soil. The side
facing the soil is endowed with one or more vertical stiffening ribs that go from the
base to the top of the wall.

They can be placed on a Precast Foundation of varying size that has been laid
beforehand. The two elements are then anchored through a concrete pour.

The Precast Foundation can be both direct (shallow) and indirect (deep). If the
terrain requires it, piles or micropiles can be driven into the ground before the laying
of the Precast Foundation.

ASSEMBLY

● The Precast Foundation is placed on the lean concrete, which has previously
been prepared

● Then the Retaining Wall is mounted on the foundation and the bent rebars
jutting out from the base are inserted inside the Foundation element.

● A final casting of concrete embeds the Wall’s rebars inside the Precast
Foundation .

● The work is completed with the removal of all adjustment devices .

● For the assembly and alignment of the Retaining Wall, adjusting devices are
used. These allow an easy, fast and precise installation.

DEEP FOUNDATION ON PILES OR MINI PILES

The precast element may be mounted both in a shallow foundation and a deep
one. When faced with conditions in which the admissible pt pressure cannot bear
the N, Mx, Tx, My, Ty loads, piles or mini piles are introduced into the foundation.

The jutting out reinforcements at the head of the pile are incorporated within the
footing base through the pouring of concrete.
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
CONCRETING

When the concrete inside of the Precast Foundation has cured, all the adjusting
devices are removed.

Thanks to the technology with which it has been designed, the two precast
structures manage to form, after the final pour of concrete, a perfect monolithic
structure.

In order to optimise the amount of the concrete using for the construction of the
Wall the Precast Foundation can be produced slightly sloped.

ADVANTAGES

1. 40% savings on completion times.

2. 30% savings on total work costs.
3. The work is terminated without the need of skilled labor for the positioning of the
foundation reinforcement.
4. Speed of assembly and adjustment of the Precast Retaining Walls.
5. Pinpoint precision in the adjustment of the elements.
6. Braces are not needed.

The Precast Foundation is a reinforced concrete element made up of a tied rebar beam
cage incorporated within a semi-precast concrete element which acts as formwork.
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
PRECAST CONCRETE BEAMS AND COLUMNS

Precast concrete is a versatile structural material and can be used as the structural system
of a building, bridge or other structure. Precast structural systems are comprised of a variety
of shapes and components.
Most of these will fall into categories of beams, columns, or walls. However, since precast is a
cast material, essentially any shape can be manufactured to meet a project’s needs. The
basic beams and columns are discussed in this section.

BEAMS

BEAMS ARRANGEMENT
Beams are typically considered structural components and are made in one of three key
shapes:
● Rectangular
● Inverted Tee Beams
● L-Beams
Beams are horizontal components that support deck members like double tees,
hollow-core, solid slabs, and sometimes other beams. They can be reinforced with either
prestressing strand or conventional reinforcing bars. This will depend on the spans,loading
conditions, and the precast producer’s preferred production methods.

Finishes:
BEAMS PRECAST
Since beams are cast upright, the bottom, sides, and ledges are cast against a form and
will typically be provided with an "as cast" finish that results in a smooth, hard finish.
Typical sizes: Practically any size needed to
satisfy structural requirements
The top of the beam is troweled by the finishing crew and can be smooth, roughened to ● Typical depths: 16 to 40 in.
simulate the finish of supported double tees (as in a parking structure), or intentionally ● Typical widths: 12 to 24 in.
roughened to create a bond with cast-in-place concrete that may be poured on top. ● Typical span-to-depth ratios: 10 to 20
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
COLUMNS

Columns are typically used to support beams and spandrels in applications such as parking
structures and precast concrete structural systems of all types. They generally are designed
as multilevel components ranging from a single story to six levels or more. Sizes and
shapes can vary to satisfy both architectural and structural requirements.

COLUMN ARRANGEMENT
● Typical shapes: Square or rectangle
● Typical sizes: From 12 by 12 in. to 24 by 48 in.

Finishes:
Since columns are cast in a horizontal position, three of the four sides are created with a
form. These finishes are very smooth and most often remain "as cast" in the finished
construction, although they may have an architectural finish and be exposed to view. The
fourth side is normally troweled to match the other three sides as closely as possible.
COLUMN PRECAST
COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION
Advantages of the precast building
system
● Eco friendliness. The precast
construction method saves
energy, water and building
material.
● Earthquake resistance.
● Profitability.
● Quality and precision.
● Quality of living conditions.
● Safety and protection.
● Low-impact construction.
● Esthetically appealing
houses.
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION The connection between precast concrete
elements of the joint system can divide into
two types: limited ductility connection and
ductile connection.

Limited ductile connections of joint systems,

usually a dry connection formed by bolting
or welding of reinforcement or plate or steel
insertion. These connections behave as if
they are not part of a monolith construction
and generally have limited ductility or elastic
behavior.

Generally, ductile connections of joint

systems are a dry joint with unbonded
prestressed tendons used to connect
precast concrete elements. The hybrid
system uses a dry joint that incorporates
unbonded prestressed tendons and
longitudinal bars at the moment resisting
COLUMN AND BEAM CONNECTION frame, or unbonded prestressed tendons
and energy dissipation devices

COLUMN AND BEAM CONNECTION WITH INSERT PLATE

PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION SIMPLE BASE CONNECTION

Dimensional tolerances in precast

concrete members:

COLUMN PRECAST

COLUMN PRECAST
SIMPLE BASE CONNECTION ALTERNATE METHOD
FIXING COLUMN ON FOUNDATION BOLTING FINISH

VIDEO EXPLANATION

3D VIEW
PRECAST BASEMENT DWG

COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION

Precast concrete is a versatile structural material and can be used as the

structural system of a building, bridge or other structure. Precast structural
systems are comprised of a variety of shapes and components.
Most of these will fall into categories of beams, columns, or walls. However,
since precast is a cast material, essentially any shape can be manufactured to
meet a project’s needs. The basic beams and columns are discussed in this
section.
COLUMNS AND BEAMS CONNECTION
PRECAST BASEMENT DWG
BASEMENT
CASE STUDY
ELANTE MALL
“Elante” a mixed use development project, spread across 20 acres. This development is located in the ‘the city beautiful’, Chandigarh. The
development consists of three distinct facilities which includes retail mall, office complex & hotel with central courtyard.

● Elante, with its retail space of over 1 million Sq. Ft.

across G+3 levels is the largest mall in chandigarh.

● The retail space hosts premium national and

international brands along with a mic of
hypermarket, departmental stores, sports bar.
Bowling alley.

● Elante hasa well planned entertainment zone with

multiplex and food court to cater to its customers

● Total Site Area - 20.16 Acres

● Ground Coverage - 50%
● Total Built Up Area - 17,50,000 Sq.Ft
● Retail Mall Area - 11,15,000 Sq.Ft
● Office Complex - 3,75,000 Sq.Ft
● Hotel Area - 2,60,000 Sq.Ft
● Total Basement parking - 5,846 Cars
VENTILATION
When cars enter, exit and drive through your enclosed parking garage, they release toxic and non-toxic gases like carbon dioxide, water and
nitrogen. Unfortunately if car engines is not perfect, they typically release unburned fuel and fuel particles.
• So ventilation of cars is important and also to clear smoke in the vent of a fire

● Mechanical ventilation uses fans and vents to exhaust existing basement air ● A basic mechanical ventilation system begins with a
and bring in fresh, outdoor air. design plan and depends largely on the size of the
● This type of system may be as simple as placing small window fans in opposite basement and other appliances or items in the space.
windows or as technical as installing an exhaust fan with ventilation pipe. ● For most small to moderately sized basements, a
ventilation fan on one side of the basement and an
exhaust fan on the other end is suitable.
● The fans may be permanently installed within existing
window cavities, or may need dedicated openings cut
through the portions of the basement walls that are
above ground.
● The best ventilation fans include a humidity sensor for
simple automation.
● Once the sensor detects a certain moisture content,
AIR VENT the fans vent the air until the moisture content in the
basement is reduced.

How Duct ventilation work?

FIRE SAFETY
A sprinkler is a nozzle attached to a network of pipes, and installed just below the ceiling of a room. Every sprinkler has a small glass bulb with a
glycerine-based liquid in it. This bulb normally blocks the flow of water. In a fire, the liquid in the bulb will become hot. It will then expand, and
shatter the glass bulb, removing the obstacle and causing water to spray from the sprinkler.

A fire hydrant is a vertical steel pipe with an outlet, close to which two fire hoses are stored (A fire hydrant is called a standpipe in
America). During a fire, firefighters will go to the outlet, break open the hoses, attach one to the outlet, and manually open it so that water rushes
out of the nozzle of the hose. The quantity and speed of the water is so great that it can knock over the firefighter holding the hose if he is not
standing in the correct way.  As soon as the fire fighter opens the hydrant, water will gush out, and sensors will detect a drop in pressure in the
system. This drop in pressure will trigger the fire pumps to turn on and start pumping water at a tremendous flow rate.

Fire Pumping Room

Fire pumps are usually housed in a pump

room very close to the fire tanks. The key
thing is that the pumps should be
located at a level just below the bottom
of the fire tank, so that all the water in the
tanks can flow into the pumps by gravity.

How sprinkler system work?

SUMP PIT
Basement sump Pump Types and Working Process

A pit is constructed in the basement of our homes. Once the pit is constructed, the sump
pump is fitted into it. When water makes its way into the pit, the sump pump has a
float-activated switch similar to your toilet.

As the water rises, the pump is activated. The motor is switched on automatically to force
the water into the discharge pipe and push it outside. Water is discharged to a nearby
drainage system. Basement sump pumps are of two types namely as follows:

Submersible Sump Pumps — A submersible sump pump runs on electricity. These sump
pumps are kept inside the water and work with the help of a float-activated switch. They
are quiet in operation so mostly preferred by people for household purposes.

Pedestal Sump Pumps — Pedestal sump pump motors do not work under the water, as
the submersible one. Its motor is located outside the water and above the pump. It also
has a float-activated switch to determine the rise in water level. They are less expensive.
Pedestal sump pumps are best for frequent water drainages but are noisy in operation.

Benefits of Sump Pump

Basement sump pump is mainly used for the

following purposes in our households as follows

● Prevents flooding of rainwater

● Protects against sewage backups

● Keeps basement humidity levels low

● Reduces the risk of mold and mildew

growth

● Keeps flood water out of the basement

● Improves indoor air quality by reducing the

humidity levels.
CORE
LIFT/ELEVATOR
The lift lobby should be designed appropriately since this has
bearing on the traffic handling especially when more number of
lifts are involved. In a dual line arrangement (lifts opposite to each
other) the lobby should be between 1.5 times and 2.5 times the
depth of one car. Typically, the greater the number of lifts, the
bigger the multiplier to be used. As an example, a quadruplex may
use 1.5 to 2, where as an octuplex will need 2 to 2.5. For in-line
(single line) arrangements, the lobby can be typically half of the
above recommendations.

Arrangement of elevators

2 3

NO. OF CAR LIFT

6

1
8
CORE
The core of a multistory building that integrates functions and service
needs for established occupants. Such areas are normally composed of
vertical circulation, toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair.
• Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for
load-bearing high-rise building system.

DETAIL DIMENSIONS
WET RISER SHAFT FIRE ALARM SHAFT
1.2 m * 0.8 m 0.6 m * 0.3 m

TELEPHONE SHAFT COMPUTER CABLING SHAFT

0.6 m * 0.3 m 0.6 m * 0.3 m

1. FIRE CONTROL ROOM / TELEPHONE ROOM

(a) Telephone room: 4 m x 3 m.
(b) Fire control room: 4 m x 3 m preferable location near
entrance lobby.
2. ELECTRICAL RISING MAIN SHAFT
2.2 x 0.8 m for accommodating normal & essential supply rising
mains.

STRUCTURE OF CORE
a. If the building structure been R.C.C, the core structure should be shear wall. In this
case core structure may not be steel structure.
b. If the building structure been steel , the core structure should be steel structure.
In this case core structure may be R.C.C structure.
c. If the building structure been Composite ,the core structure should be shear wall.
In this case core structure may not be steel structure.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_Building

● https://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-design-of-rcc-columns/

● http://www.railsystem.net/diaphragm-wall-construction/

● https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/raft-foundation-design-requirements-applicability/3212/

● http://www.gordonenergy.com/blog/history-of-the-basement/

● https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1016814868/beneath-istanbul-archaeologists-explore-an-ancient-citys-byzantine-basements

● https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1016814868/beneath-istanbul-archaeologists-explore-an-ancient-citys-byzantine-basements

● https://www.bobvila.com/articles/460-pre-cast-foundation-system/

● https://www.monachinotechnology.com/precast-retaining-walls.html

● https://www.pci.org/PCI/Design_Resources/About_Precast/Beams_and_Columns.aspx

● https://www.jswneosteel.in/pdf/sample-drawings/sample-drawings-g-2-structure.pdf

● https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/detail-post-flat-roof-details/

● Image source : Google

● https://www.constrofacilitator.com/alternate-building-materials-used-in-construction/

● https://www.dsatm.edu.in/images/Architecture/pdf/Alternative%20Low-Cost%20Building%20Material-%20Ar.Vidya%20&%20Ar.Radha.pdf

● https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=137

● https://www.surfacesreporter.com/articles/82415/2021-construction-and-building-material-industry-trends-in-india

● https://edgebuildings.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/IFC-India-Construction-Materials-Database-Methodology-Report.pdf

● https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2019-08-28-india-extracts-3-times-more-natural-resources-global-average

● https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.oneearth.org/towards-a-greener-construction-one-fly-ash-brick-at-a-time/&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1631293909488000&usg=AOvVa
w3iA-iLEp_yQiZrQDabipia

● https://www.devalt.org/images/L2_ProjectPdfs/MarketevaluationreportforrecoureefficiencyusingCDwaste.pdf?Oid=122

● http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/2-416-1516167906111-115.pdf

● https://www.academia.edu/37915630/Qualities_Use_and_Examples_Sustainable_Architecture_Module_Qualities_Use_and_Examples_of_Sustainable_Building_Materials?email_wor
k_card=view-paper

● https://www.jojusolar.co.uk/portfolio_page/julian-lorena-join-blacks/

● https://anusolar.com/index.php/portfolio/kerala/