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Thermodynamics: Measure

The document is a lecture on thermodynamics that covers several topics: 1. It introduces the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. It discusses temperature scales like Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit, and how thermometers are used to measure temperature. 3. It covers the concepts of thermal expansion in solids and liquids, explaining that materials increase slightly in size when heated. 4. The last section provides a macroscopic description of ideal gases and gives the ideal gas law equation.

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42 views9 pages

Thermodynamics: Measure

The document is a lecture on thermodynamics that covers several topics: 1. It introduces the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. It discusses temperature scales like Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit, and how thermometers are used to measure temperature. 3. It covers the concepts of thermal expansion in solids and liquids, explaining that materials increase slightly in size when heated. 4. The last section provides a macroscopic description of ideal gases and gives the ideal gas law equation.

Uploaded by

Tiee Tiee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S.

Esmail

Thermodynamics
19.1 Temperatures and the Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius temperature Scale

19.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

19.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

=======================================
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Two objects are in thermal equilibrium with each other if they do not exchange
energy when in thermal contact.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if objects A and B are separately in
thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then objects A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

Figure 19.1 : The zeroth law


of thermodynamics.

-Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of


several scales, including Kelvin, Fahrenheit and Celsius.

-Thermal energy refers to the energy contained within a system that is responsible
for its temperature.

-Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a one object to another due to a
difference in temperature

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

Temperature is the property that determines whether an object is in thermal


equilibrium with other objects. Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other
are at the same temperature. The SI unit of absolute temperature is the kelvin,
which is defined to be 1/273.16 of the difference between absolute zero and the
temperature of the triple point of water.

The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases
i.e the liquid, gas, and solid of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic
equilibrium,which occurs at exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F) and a partial vapour
pressure of 611.657 pascals.

19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius temperature Scale

Thermometers are devices used to measure the temperature of a system.

Figure 19.2 A mercury thermometer before and after increasing its


temperature.

The three most common temperature scales are Kelvin , Celsius, and Fahrenheit.

Absolute zero

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

1- Conversion of celsium to Kelvin

T (K) = T (°C) + 273.16 -------------------------------(1)

2- Conversion of celsium to Fahrenheit

T (°F) = 9/5 T (°C) + 32 --------------------------------(2)

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

19.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

When the temperature of an object is changed by an amount ΔT, its length changes by
an amount ΔL that is proportional to ΔT and to its initial length Li

Where the constant α is the average coefficient of linear expansion. The average
coefficient of volume expansion β for a solid is approximately equal to 3α.

Where the thermal expansion in three dimensions

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

19.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

An ideal gas is one for which PV/nT is constant. An ideal gas is described by the
equation of state,

where n equals the number of moles of the gas, P is its pressure, V is its volume, R is
the universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol . K), and T is the absolute temperature of the
gas. A real gas behaves approximately as an ideal gas if it has a low density.

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

Calculate the mass of a mole of carbon dioxide?

We need to find the molecular mass of carbon dioxide


Molecular mass of CO2 = Molecular mass of carbon + 2 (Molecular mass of oxygen)
{ 2 atoms of oxygen are present)
Molecular mass of carbon = 12
Molecular mass of oxygen= 16
molecular mass of CO2 = 12 + (16 X 2)
= 12 + 32
= 44 g
Mass of 1 mole (6.023 X 1023 molecules) of CO2 is about 44g.

Calculations using moles

There are only five possible calculations you will ever have to do using moles. They
are simply permutations of the formulae on the previous page.

1. Find the number of moles, given the mass and molar mass

n=m/M - No manipulation required

Example: How many moles are there in 6.51g of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

Molecular mass of sodium chloride ( NaCl) is 58.5g.

Atomic mass of sodium(Na) is 23 g and atomic mass of chloride (Cl) is 35.5 g.

So molecular mass of sodium chloride = atomic mass of Na + atomic mass of Cl

So Molecular mass (M) of NaCl =23+35.5=58.5 g

n=m/M=6.51/58.5=0.111mol

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

2. Find the mass, given the number of moles and molar mass

n×M=m - Multiply both sides by M to find an expression for m

Example: What is the mass of 0.263mol of hydrogen iodide?

Molar mass of HI, Hydrogen Iodide is 127.91241 g/mol

Where 1.00794+126.90447

Element Symbol Atomic Mass Number of Atoms Mass Percent

Hydrogenium H 1.00794 1 0.788%

Iodium I 126.90447 1 99.213%

n×M=m=0.263×127.9=33.6g

3. Find the molar mass, given the mass and number of moles

M=m/n - Divide previous expression by n to find an expression for M

Example: sample of 0.284mol of a substance has a mass of 17.8g. What is the molar
mass of the substance?

M=m/n=17.8/0.284=62.7g

4. Find the number of atoms/molecules, given the mass and molar mass

Number of atoms=n×L - No manipulation required

n=m/M - No manipulation required

∴Number of atoms=n×L=m/M×L

Example: How many water molecules are there in 1.25g of water?

Number of atoms=n×L=m/M×L=1.25/18×6.02×1023=4.18×1022

5. Find the mass, given the number of atoms/molecules and the molar mass

m=Number of atoms×ML - Divide equation above by L and multiply by M

Example: What is the mass of 100 million atoms of gold?

m=Number of atoms×M/L=100×106×197.0 /(6.02×1023 )=3.27×10−14

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Lecture5 : General Physics 07-11 -2021 Dr. Ayad M. S. Esmail

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