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Catalytic reforming is a process that converts low octane hydrocarbons into high octane aromatics and iso-paraffins, requiring significant energy input. The process involves various reactions and can produce valuable by-products like hydrogen, with different commercial methods available for catalyst regeneration. Additionally, isomerization and catalytic dewaxing are related processes that enhance the properties of fuels and lubricants by transforming paraffins and improving cold flow characteristics.

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27 views14 pages

L4

Catalytic reforming is a process that converts low octane hydrocarbons into high octane aromatics and iso-paraffins, requiring significant energy input. The process involves various reactions and can produce valuable by-products like hydrogen, with different commercial methods available for catalyst regeneration. Additionally, isomerization and catalytic dewaxing are related processes that enhance the properties of fuels and lubricants by transforming paraffins and improving cold flow characteristics.

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Tiee Tiee
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Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic reforming is the process of transforming C7–C10
hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-
paraffins which have high octane numbers. It is a highly
endothermic process requiring large amounts of energy.
 Depending on the properties of the naphtha feedstock (as
measured by the paraffin, olefin, naphthene, and aromatic
content) and catalysts used, reformates can be produced with
very high concentrations of toluene, benzene, xylene, and
other aromatics useful in gasoline blending and petrochemical
processing.
 Hydrogen, a significant by-product, is separated from the
reformate for recycling and use in other processes.
Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming

Reforming Reactions
(PONA) {Paraffin, Olefin, Naphthene, Aromatic}
1) P → isomerizes to some extent converted to N, and
N subsequently converted to aromatics.
2) O → saturated to form P which then react as in
(1) {hydro- cracking}.
3) N → converted to aromatics. {dehydrogenation}.
4) A→ unchanged.
Catalytic Reforming
Overview

• Process Technology
 There are several commercial processes available for reforming.
1. Semi-regenerative Fixed Bed Process :The name semi-
regenerative comes from regeneration of the catalyst in the
fixed bed reactors after shut down by burning off the carbon
formed on the catalyst surface. (Low capital cost).
2. Continuous Regenerative (moving bed) CCR
Platforming :Catalyst can be regenerated continuously and
maintained at a high activity . (Higher capital cost).
Catalyst
All of the reforming catalyst contains platinum supported on a
silica alumina base.
6
Example (3)
On processing 1200 ton / day of 27 API catalyst crackers feed stock at a temperature of 450
o
C, pressure =1050 mm Hg the following products were obtained:
Products wt % API Mw
Gases 15 -- 32
C5+ gasoline 55 63 110
TCGO 26 5 260
Coke 4 -- 12
Given that: weight hourly space velocity WHSV = 0.7 hr -1, Linear velocity of vapor (U) = 0.3
m/s,
ρ catalyst = 420 Kg /m3
Calculate: a) diameter of the cracker, b) weight of catalyst needed.
Solution :
1200 ton/day * 1000 Kg/ton
m feed = -------------------------- = 50000 Kg /hr
24 hr/day
m gases = 0.15 * 50000 / 3600 =2.08 Kg/s
m C5+ gasoline = 0.55 * 50000/ 3600 =7.64 Kg/s
m TCGO = 0.26 * 50000/ 3600 = 3.61 Kg/s
Total moles of vapor = (2.08/ 32) + (7.64/ 110) + (3.61/ 260 ) 7
8
Isomerization
 Isomerization is the process in which light straight chain paraffins of low
RON (C6, C5 and C4) are transformed with proper catalyst into branched
chains with the same carbon number and high octane numbers.
 The hydrotreated naphtha (HTN) is fractionated into heavy naphtha
between 90–190 C (190–380 F) which is used as a feed to the reforming
unit. Light naphtha C5 - 80 C (C5 - 180 F) is used as a feed to the
isomerization unit.
 Isomerization Reactions:
Isomerization is a reversible and slightly exothermic reaction:
n-paraffin i-paraffin

Isomerization Catalysts
 There are two types of isomerization catalysts:
1. The standard Pt/chlorinated alumina with high chlorine content, which is
considered quite active,
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2. and the Pt/zeolite catalyst.
Catalytic Dewaxing
1- Catalytic dewaxing is a particular hydrocracking
process used to improve cold flow properties of middle
distillates and lubricants by cracking normal paraffins.
Dewaxing can be achieved by isomerization
2- Isoparaffins have lower melting points than normal
paraffins. The properties targeted for improvement are
pour point and viscosity of middle distillates and
lubricants, the cloud point of diesel fuel, and the freeze
point of jet fuel.

10
Catalytic Dewaxing
3- The catalytic process is carried out as a trickle
bed reactor over a bifunctional zeolite catalyst
under hydrogen flow. A non-noble metal (e.g.
nickel) supported on a medium-pore zeolite, such
as ZSM-5 can be used. The medium-pore zeolite
ZSM-5 appears to be particularly suitable to obtain
a high selectivity.

11
Chemical Treatment of Petroleum Products
The aims of chemical treatment is to remove the
impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen,
asphaltene, unsaturated compounds and some
aromatics compounds at low temperature.
Treatment processes for the removal of impurities
compounds are much less severe than the
hydrotreating processes. In fact, it is generally
recognized that the removal or conversion of theses
compounds in distillates by treatment processes is
usually limited to the lower molecular weight
compounds. 12
Coking

Methods of Chemical Treating


1- Oxidative Processes
2- Caustic Processes
3- Acid Processes
4- Solvent Processes, having three types :
• Solvent Deasphalting
• Solvent extraction
• Solvent dewaxing
Catalytic cracking processes
1- Oxidative Processes
Oxidative treatment processes are, in fact, processes that
have been developed to convert the objectionable-
smelling mercaptans to the less-objectionable disulfides by
oxidation. These reactions are carried out on the light
products (such as gasoline and kerosene) because the
mercaptans are concentrated within these cuts.
There are many methods for oxidative treating (for
example, Bender process, Copper Sweetening Process,
Doctor Process, Hypochlorite Sweetening Process, Merox
Process).

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