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STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
QUARTER 3: MODULE 1
DEFINITION, NATURES AND IMPORTANCE OF
STATISTICS

PREPARED BY:
MS. JOAN L. MONCAWE, LPT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ……………………………………………………………
Module 1……………………………………………………………….
Warm up Discussion……………………………………………
Lecture………………………………………………………….
Activity ………………………………………………………...
Module 2.
Warm up Discussion……………………………………………
Lecture………………………………………………………….
Activity ………………………………………………………...

INTRODUCTION

At the end of this chapter, the student are expected to:

a. Determine the nature of statistics applicable to a given situation.
b. Identify universe, population and variable in a given situation or problem and,
c. Classify the data according to variable type and appropriate level of measurement.

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 MODULE NO.1: DEFINITION, NATURES AND IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS
WARM UP DISCUSSION

 Definition, Nature and Importance of Statistics

The word statistics id derived from the Latin word status meaning “state” . Early uses of statistics
involved compilation of data and graphs describing various aspects of the state and country, the word statistics
has two basic meaning. When sometimes uses this word when referring to actual numbers derived from data
and the others refers to statistics as a method of analysis.

STATISTICS
Is a collection of quantitative data, such as statistics of crimes, statistics on enrolment, statistics on
unemployment, and the like. Statistics is also a science, which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of quantitative data.
Statistics involves much more than the simple collection, tabulation and summarizing of data. Statistics is
also a tool that helps us develop general and meaningful conclusion that go beyond the original data. The
following are some examples of the uses of statistics.
 Survey are designed to collect early returns on election day to forecast the outcome of an election
 Consumers are samples to provide information for predicting product preference.
 The research physician conducts experiments to determine the effects of various drugs controlled
environment conditions on humans in order to infer the appropriate method of treatment of particular
disease.
 Newly manufactured fuses are sampled before shipping to decide whether to ship or hold individual lots.

 Nature of Statistics
The origin of modern statistics can be traced to two areas of interest, which on the surface, have very little in
common; government (political science) and games of chance.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS deals with the methods of organizing, summarizing and presenting a mass of
data so as to yield meaningful information.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS deals with making generalizations about the body of data where only part of it
is examined. This comprises those methods concerned with the analysis

Exercise 1: Determine whether the following statement use the area of Descriptive or Inferential Statistics.
1. A bowler wants to find his bowling average for the past 12 years. _______
2. A manager would like to predict based on previous years’ sales the sales performance of a company
for the next five years. _______
3. A politician would like to estimate, based on an option poll, his chance for winning in the upcoming
senatorial election. _______
4. A teacher wishes to determine the percentage of students who passed the examination. _______
5. A student wishes to determine the average monthly expenditures on school supplies for the past five
months. _______.
6. A basketball player wants to estimate his chance of winning the most valuable player (MVP)award
based on his current season averages and the averages of his opponents. _______

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 LECTURE

 DEFINITION OF SOME BASIC STATISTICS TERMS

The following are terms commonly used in statistics:
1. Population is the set all individuals or entitles consideration or study. It may be a finite or infinite
collection or objects, events or individual, with specified calls or characteristics under consideration.
Example 1: The research would like to determine the average age of patients infected with dengue fever
for the month of October at DLSU-UMC.
Population: the set of all patient with dengue fever
Example 2: The researcher would like to determine the number of female PT student in DLSU-
Dasmarinas.
Population: The set of all students in DLSU-D
2. Variable is a characteristics of interest measurable on each and every individual in the universe, denoted
by any capital letter in the English alphabet, is called a variable.

Types of Variable
Qualitative Variable consists of categories or attributes, which have non-numerical characteristics.
Example is classification, year level, sex and subjects enrolled this semester.
`
Quantitative Variable consists of number representing counts or measurements/.
Variable for Population 1: A = age
Variable for Population 2: S = sex

Classification of Quantitative Variable

Discrete Quantitative Variable – results from either a finite number of possible values or a countable
number of possible values.
Example: number of students, number of books, and number of patients.
Continuous Quantitative Variable - results from infinitely many possible values that can be associated
with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there
no gaps or interruptions.
Example: height, weight, grade point average, and time

3. SAMPLE is a part of the population or a sub-collection of elements drawn from a population

4. PARAMETER is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a population.
5. STATISTICS is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a sample.
6. SURVEY is often conducted to gather opinions or feedbacks about a variety of topics
Census Survey, most often simply referred to as census, is conducted by gathering
information from the entire population.
Sampling Survey, most often simply referred to as survey, is conducted by gathering
information only from part of the population

Exercise 2: Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable in the following:
1. The Dean of certain college would like to determine the average weekly allowance of BS Computer
Science Students.
2. The DLSU-D Admissions Office would like to conduct a survey on the preferred courses of 4 th year
high school students in Cavite.
3. The Dean of the College of Science would like to know the number of students who are smoking.
4. Information will be collected to new voter for 2004 election to identify their opinion regarding
politics in the Philippines.
5. A group of students taking Statistics conducted a study on the effect of boy-girl relationship to the
academic performance of the students.

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  Levels of Measurements
Another common way to classify data is use four level of measurement. The level of measurement of the
data determines the algebraic operations that can be performed and the statistical tools that can be
applied to the data set. The following are the four levels:

Level 1: Nominal is characterized by data the consists of names, labels or categories only.
The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme.
Example; Name, religion, Civil Status, Address, Sex and Degree Program
Level 2: Ordinal involves data that may be arranged in some order but difference between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless.
Example: Military Rank, Job Position or Year Level
Level 3: Interval is like ordinal level with the addition property the meaningful amounts of different
between data can be determined. However, there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point.
Example: IQ Score, Temperature
Level 4: Ratio is the interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point. For values at this
level, difference and ratios are meaningful.
Example: Height, width, Area or weekly allowance

Exercise 3: At what level is the following variables measure? Write Nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio
on the space provided.
1. Family Income
2. Candidate voted for in 2002 barangay election
3. Gender
4. Tax identification number (TIN)
5. Average number og glasses of water consumed per day
6. Blood pressure
7. Number of clients
8. Main source of income
9. Car plate number
10. Academic rank in High school

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 ACTIVITY NO. ____
NAME: ADVISER:
GRADE AND SECTION: CONTACT NUMBER:

I. Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable in the following:

1. A statistics teacher, Mrs. Reyes, would like to determine whether the number of the students I a class at
the start of the semester can determine the number of failures.
Population:_________________________________
Variable: __________________________________
Types of Variable:____________________________

2. The head librarian would like to identify the book/s commonly read by DLSU-D students.
Population:_________________________________
Variable: __________________________________
Types of Variable:____________________________

3. Some parents would like to determine whether Counter Strike is good or bad to the behavior of their
children.
Population:_________________________________
Variable: __________________________________
Types of Variable:____________________________

4. From all students registered this semester, the Mathematics Department would like to know how many
students like mathematics.
Population:_________________________________
Variable: __________________________________
Types of Variable:____________________________

5. A study to be conducted by an NGO would determine the Filipinos’ awareness about the war against
IRAQ.
Population:_________________________________
Variable: __________________________________
Types of Variable:____________________________

II. Identify each statement as having discrete or continuous data. Write D for discrete and C for
continuous on the space provided.
________1. Among 1,500,000 microcomputer chip made by Motocolla,2 are found to be defective.
________2. Yesterday’s record show that 25 students were absent.
________3. Radar on Edsa indicated that the driver was going 150 kph when ticketed for speeding,
________4. The amount of the time that a taxi driver spends yielding to individual pedestrians each year
is 2.367 seconds.
________5. Upon completion of a diet and exercise program, Tony weighed 12.37 lbs. less than when he
started the program.
III. Identify which of the following quantitative data would be represented by discrete variable or
continuous variable. Write DV for discrete variable and write CV for continuous variable.
1. Number of students ___________
2. Time (in minutes) to finis an exam ___________
3. Distance (in km) of school from place of residence ___________
4. Length (in cm) of fish caught ___________
5. Percentage increase in enrolment this year ___________
6. Width of the newest brand of cellular phone ___________

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 7. Number of enrollees ___________
8. Monthly income of 100 randomly selected persons at KADIWA Market ___________
9. Sum of points in tossing a pair of dice ___________
10. Lifetime(in years) of televisions produced by ZONY ___________

IV. At what level is the following variables measure? Write Nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio on the
space provided.
1. Student number
2. Weight of sample of candies
3. Zip codes
4. Final grades of 4.0, 3.75.3.5
5. SSS number
6. Instructors rated as superior, above average, average, below average, or poor
7. Lengths of TV commercial (in seconds)
8. Distance (in km) travelled by a bus
9. The years 1896, 2000, 1776, 1995
10. Ideal number of children.

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