Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Regional Office No. VIII
CALBIGA WESTERN SAMAR COLLEGE
Calbiga, Samar

SPC 10
Edukasyong Pangtahanan
at Pangkabuhayan
Module 3(Semi-finals)

Prepared by: ROSILA L. NABLO, LPT

Instructor

AY: 2021-2022
2nd Semester
 I. Pre-test
Direction: Based from what your own views, answer the following questions. Write
your answer in a short bond paper or yellow paper.
1. What is the definition of Fishery?
2. What is the value of Fishery?
3. Does our archipelagic nation in fishery sector can suffice the needs of the people
in our country? Explain why or why not.
4.In what ways you can promote the Fishery industry to your barangay? Justify your
answer.

II. Title
• Fisheries and Aquaculture
III. Objective/s
• Identify knowledge and skills to be developed in Fisheries and Aquaculture
IV. Content
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
- Understand the Aspects, Classifications, Methods of Fish Culture
- Identify the Facilities, Parts of Fish Pond and their Functions. Illustrate Fish Pond Layout
- Identify the Cultivable Fish and Crustacean Species
DEFINITION OF FISHERY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
What is FISHERY?
As the time goes by, different centuries and generation are past. The original term of fish were
interpret by various early people. The term has a different version to another set of people.
From the Proto-Indo-European(4500BC to 2500 BC) it is used as peysk/pisk. It was used for
numbered centuries, then, the term was again change because of the passing of generation to
generation and another generation. The term in the language of Proto-Germanic(500 BC) was
fiskaz. The term in West Frisian was fisk, in Dutch was vis, inDanish and Norwegian was fisk, in
German was fisch. Old English adopted it and later it was coined as fisc. Today, the
contemporary English now term it as fish. In our Philipine local term is isda. Fish is
approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate scaly-skinned animal, which swims and found in the
fresh and salt waters of the world. It breathes under the water because of their gills, absorbing
the oxygen from the water to suffice the needs of body to live. Fish is a vertebrate being
because they have a skeleton with a spine. Just like mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians,
fish have a skeleton made from bone. But rays and sharks have a skeleton made of a rubbery,
softer substance called cartilage. A fish wiggle its tail to swim throughwater. Their fins function
as the steer and support their body to stay upright.
Fins are covered in skin without scale. Bony rays supported the fins to maintain the structure
and functionality of fins. A fish has an armored body by scales to protect from the parasites and
other injuries. Scales also gives the fish are flectors and coloration to hide and camouflage
themselves from the predators’ sight.
Fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species,
an activity known as fishing including the processing and marketing as well as protecting and
conserving fish and other fishery product for sustainable use.

Fishery has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does provide food which is the
basic needs of mankind, yet not only sustain food and raw material but also employment
opportunities to a vast number of the population in country. It can be a source of livelihood
which can lead to contribute to micro and macro community; supplying, sustaining food and
fodder that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic relationship
facilitated by trading system in local, national and international, marketable surplus products,
protect our environment and natural resources, another source of savings of the entire national
budget and basis of the economic development of a country. Without fishery, the economy will
be at high risk to food security that may be resulted into serious national problems. The above
mentioned statements may occur obverse and the opposite of those things may happen.
BRANCHES OF FISHERY ARTS
- Fish culture is an art and science of raising, rearing and propagating of fish and other aquatic
products under controlled or semi-controlled environment. It is primarily practice for the
support and sustenance to human needs for consumption. Fish culture under controlled
condition is one undertaken in an aquarium, tank, hapa, fish cage, pen or pond.
 Fish culture has three major phases: fish propagation, fish cultivation and fish
conservation.
1. Fish Propagation is defined as the natural or artificial method of promoting or
enhancing reproduction and survival of fish and other aquatic products. It includes
keeping, maintaining and spawning breeders in tanks or ponds, hatching the eggs in
hatchery facilities, and nursing the delicate larvae up to size suitable for stocking in
the grow-our or rearing areas.

Natural Method

Artificial Method

- Fish Cultivation simply means the rearing of fish and other aquatic products from very
young stage like fry and fingerlings, to marketable size. Itis done in fresh, brackish and
marine waters in any of the rearing contraptions or structures. The other types of sub-
classification based on the techniques applied and financial investments, namely: extensive,
semi-intensive and intensive.
 - Fish Conservation is the public control and various maintenances of the various fisheries
where fish and other fishery products are deprived. It work should be designed to insure
maximum sustainable yield of fish. For instance, the continuous use of fishpond without
proper maintenance, like applying fertilizer, lowers the productivity of the soil. It lessens
the capacity of fish to reproduce.

- Fish Capture is a rule or principle of capturing or operating methods of fish and carried out
distinct means with some regularity. It includes the fishing gears, technologies and
equipment for systematic capturing.

- Fish Preservation - It is any operation that can prevent or inhibit the natural process of
breakdown or decomposition taking place in the fish. It is known as fish processing.

ASPECTS, CLASSIFICATIONS AND METHODS OF FISH CULTURE

Many programs and activities had been done in response to the problems regarding the shortage of
the supply of fish in the country. One of which these program is Fish Culture. Fish culture then must
be introduced to enhance awareness and adopt some of the technology and its adoption as
additional source of food and income.

Nature and Scope of Fish Culture

- It is the rearing of fish from fry to marketable size. It also cultivates other aquatic products
such as crabs, prawns and shrimps. Fish cultivation is undertaken in fresh, brackish and
marine waters based from the environment and water supply.
- The fresh water type of fish cultivation is carried out in lakes, rivers, dams or reservoirs and
marshes. Structures used for this type are fish ponds, fish pens, fish cage, fish tank and
raceways. The species of fish that are usually raised are tilapia, carp, catfish, mudfish and
milkfish.
- The brackish water type of fish cultivation is carried out in tidal flats or along margins of
estuarine areas. The structures as those in freshwater are used in this type is the same,
except the raceways. The major species of fish cultivated are tilapia, milkfish, shrimps and
crabs. Fish pond is the predominant type of fish cultivation in the country. It contributes
utmost production of inland waters. Milkfish is the number one product.
 - The marine water type of fish cultivation is carried out in salt waters or open ocean waters.
The farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters, where currents are stronger
than they are inshore. The structures used for this type are fish cage, fish tank, fish pond
and raceways. The species of fish that are shellfish like prawns, or oysters and seaweed.

Phases or Aspects of Fish Culture:

1. Fish Cultivation
The rearing of fish under controlled and semi-controlled condition.

2. Fish Propagation
The process of increasing fish life either by natural or artificial means of reproduction.

3. Fish Conservation
The scientific means of conserving fish and
other fishery aquatic products/resources. It
helps to keep the sport of fishing alive. Also,
helps to maintain the balance of certain
ecosystems. Fish are important to the planet
and fish conservation can help maintain
nature’s balance.
Classification of Fish Culture
1. . According to extent of financial investment
a. Intensive - utilizes limited area with very high investment
b. Extensive - utilizes wide area with minimal capital and very low production
c. Semi-intensive - employ some or the majority of the modern
techniques of production
2. According to purpose
a. for commerce or for business
b. for recreation or for enjoyment
c. for educational and cultural or scientific pursuit
d. for food production
3. According to design
a. natural pond
b. artificial pond
4. According to state of water
a. still water
b. running water
5. According to salinity
a. freshwater
b. brackish-water
c. marine or saltwater
6. According to temperature
a. warm water or hot water
b. cold water
7. According to species raised
a. freshwater species
b. brackish-water species
c. marine or saltwater species
Methods of Fish Culture
Based on the structures used in fish cultivation, they can be classified into five methods. These are
the fish pond, fish pen, fish cage, fish tank and open-water method.
Fish pond is the most widely used. Fry or fingerlings of one or more species are stocked and reared
in pond up to harvest time. Natural food is grown in pond. The supplementary feed is added. The
method of harvesting is draining the pond. Retrieval of fish in this way is complete. Another method
of harvesting is freshening in case of bangus. Having positive rheotaxism, the fish are induced to go
against water current by the gate and concentrated into a catching pond where they are scooped.
The fish pen method of fish cultivation is undertaken in net enclosures in shallow protected areas of
inland waters. Bamboo and wood materials ate used as post and braces. Its lower end is embedded
in the mud to prevent
escape of stock by excavating under, while the upper end is extended two meters or more beyond
the water level to escape of fish by jumping out. Harvest of fish is done by seining or shocking them
with electricity.
The fish cage method of fish cultivation is also undertaken in inland bodies of water, both in flowing
and still water ones. The structure used is also made of nets. PVC pipes as framing materials is
preferred to that of wood or bamboo. A cage is much smaller than a fish pen. The cage is closed on
all sides and installed in suspension. Fish cage is stationary and movable. Floating and fixed cages
have open top. Growth rate of fish is dependent on the kind and amount of food given and
suitability of the environment. Harvesting of stock is relatively easy and complete. The fish is either
scooped or the cage is merely brought out of the water to empty the fish.
The fish tank method of fish cultivation is practiced primarily by fish hobbyists and in pet shops. The
method employs varying sizes and shapes of fish culture structures. These include glass bowls or
aquaria and wooden or concrete tanks. This method cultivation is done outdoor and indoor. The
method involves rearing or breeding of ornamental or fancy, colourful species of fish.
A fifth method of fish cultivation is open-water method. It is done in bays, coastal lagoons, canals
and similar environments.

DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES USED IN FISH CULTURE

In every area of specialization, there are terminologies used to give a specific meaning for a matter.
This will served as a common idea to the professionals in their respective fields. So as is in this area,
there are scientific terminologies. In this lesson, it will tackle about various common terminologies
used in fish culture.
Terminologies Used in the Study of Fish Culture
1. Anadromous - are species of fish that go upstream from salt water to freshwater to spawn. ex:
bangus
2. Biomass - is the total weight of the animal in the given environment.
3. Cannibalistic - are species of fish that feed on their own kind.
4. Carnivorous - are species of fish that feed on other animals.
5. Catadromous - are species of fish that go down from freshwater to saltwater to spawn.
ex: eels
6. Competition - is the rivalry for food, space and oxygen inside the fishpond.
7. Endemic or indigenous - is native to the locality
8. Exotic or indigenous - is introduced by other countries
9. Fecundity - is the number of eggs laid by a female fish in one spawning.
10. Food chain - is the linear relationship of undergoing the process of eating and being eaten.
11. Habitat - is the place where plants and animals grow and naturally live.
12. Herbivorous - are species of fish that feed on plants and vegetables only
13. Lab-lab - is the vernacular term for all the greenish, brownish or yellowish crust
of micro benthic fauna and flora, which are found growing in matrix or mat at the pond floor.
14. Milt - is the male reproductive gland of fishes
15. Omnivorous - are species of fish that feed on both plants and animals
16. Oviparous - are species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and developed outside the
body. ex: tilapia
17. Ovoviviparous - are species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and developed within the body but
the young when born alive or not receive nourishment from the mother fish. ex: Rays and Sharks
18. pH - is the hydrogen ion-concentration of water.
19. Photosynthesis - is the process by which plants manufacture their food with the aid of sunlight.
20. Plankton - is the biological association of minute plants and animals which are found growing on
the surface of the water.
21. Predators - are species of fish feeding on other fishes specially the cultivable ones.
22. Prolific - is the process of producing young in great numbers
23. Sabalo - is the bangus breeder or spawner
24. Salinity - is the degree of freshness and saltiness of water.
25. Scavenger - are species of fish that feed on decaying organic matter.
26. Spat - is the larvae of oyster and mussel which are free swimming in water.
27. Standing crop - is the total number of fish stocked at a given area at a given time.
28. Temperature - is the degree of coldness and hotness of water.
29. Tide - is the periodic rise and fall of seawater.
30. Viviparous - are species of fish that bring forth living young which during their early
development receive nourishment from their mother fish.
FISH CULTURE FACILITIES
Many facilities that can operate in fish culture. In this lesson, we only tackle the common and
frequently used facilities. They are Fish Pond, Fish Cage, Fish Pen, Fish Tank, Hapa and Raceway.
1. FISH POND
According to the www.agriculturenigeria.com that fish pond is a confined body of water where fish
are raised under controlled conditions. Fish can also be raised in plastics, fiber stars and wooden
rafts. There are three main types of ponds in construction. This either be earthen pond, concrete
pond and riprap.

Fish Earthen Pond Fish Concrete Pond Fish Riprap Pond

Interpreting Plans and Layout

Fish pond Layout

Legend:
] [ - Main Gate TP – Transition Pond
) ( - Secondary Gate RP – Rearing Pond
| | – Tertiary Gate WSC – Water Supply Canal
HP – Head Pond CP – Catching Pond
NP – Nursery Pond

2. Fish Cage
Fish Cage is a structured-based net that is
ether stationary or
movable. Set in water and surrounded all
sides by bamboo slats and
provided with an anchor at the bottom. It is from fry to marketable size.
used for the culture of fish

3. Fish Pen
It is an enclosure of net or bamboo slats with
sturdy posts staked
at the bottom of water and used for the
culture of fish from fry to
marketable size. The fish pen is fastened
permanently against sturdy
post and frames.

4. Fish Tank
It is structure made of brick tile, concrete or
polyvinyl chloride
(pvc) used for the purpose of culturing fish
from fry, to marketable size.
It also can be used as a breeding tank, or as
conditioning tank.

5. Hapa
A small unframed net enclosure with the
entire upper opened. It
is suspended by poles with ample portion
extending beyond the water
level to prevent the fish from jumping out.
 6. Raceway
It is an enclosure of concrete soil or added
materials. The shape is
likely of the canal through which constant
water flows. Fish are raised in
the raceway at high density and their waste
products are carried out by
the water passing through the areas.

FISH CAPTURE
Basic Philippine Fishing Methods and Gears
1. Passive gear using bare hand – a method that is composed of the simplest forms of gathering
aquatic resources (I.e. hand picking and diving)
2. Active gear - a method that depend on the psychological reaction of fish to certain physical or
chemical properties
a. Mechanical stupefying
1. Hitting a fish directly with any object like stones, clubs, hammers
etc.
2. Hitting a submerged stone with another where fish is hiding.
3. Using of dynamite detonated by a blasting cap with a short fuse.
3. Fishing Using Miscellaneous Hand Or Grappling Instruments - are generally used for gathering
sessile or trapped animals (panikwat)
English Names Local Names
1. Shovels - Pala
2. Tongs - Sipit
3. Gafts - Gantso
4. Hoes - Panghukay
5. Picks - Patik, Piko
6. Scrapers - Pangayod
7. Spades - Pangdukal
8. Grabs - Pandakut
9. Rakes - Kalaykay, Lawiswis, Pangahig (Tagalog) Palunpat
(Ilonggo), Tako, Sagad (Iloko)
Saliwsiw (Bikol), Kalaskas (Kapangpangan)
10. Tweezers - Pambunot
11. Dredges - Pangahig
12. Scoops - Panalok, Bithay (Tagalog), Sihud (Sebu) Parwas,
Tagban (Iloko), Sangya (Bisaya) Sagudsod (Kapangpangan)
13. Pokers - Pangsundot
14. Clamps - Pang-ipit
15. Snares - Panilo (Tagalog), Panghilot (Bukidnon), Hikog
(Aklan)
4. Wounding Gear - gears used by man who to wound a fish from some distance either by throwing
pointed objects or using special equipment.
5. Barriers and Traps - gears that lead the fish into a situation or enclosure from which it cannot
escape or from which the way of escape is not easily located.
6. Fishing with lines - method of line fishing with hooks that follows the principle of offering the fish
real or artificial bait which it tries to catch.
7. Longlines - extremely long lines with a large series of baited hooks either set or drifting that
requires only periodical attention at more or less a fixed time intervals.
8. Falling Gear - a type of gear that works on the principle of covering the fish with a gear.
9. Fish Impounding Nets – gear usually made of woven or knitted fibers with mesh to confine
thefish.
10. Scooping nets – net that take fish by submerging a hanging net and swiftly
lifting the gear to capture or enclose the fish over it.
11. Drive-in Gear – a gear uses a scare line or other devices to frighten the fish toward the net. The
harvest of the fish is affected by the lifting process of the nets.
12. Dragged Gear – nets which are pulled through the water or near the bottom or even pelagically
for an unlimited time.
13. Seine nets – nets that consist of a bust or bag with very long wings or towing warps. The capture
of fish is done by surrounding a certain area of water with school of fish and towing the gear over
this area with both ends to a fixed point on the shore or on a vessel.
14. Surrounding Nets - fishing devices made of long walls of webbings; capture of fish is by
surrounding the fish not only from the side but also from beneath.
15. Gill Nets - simple walled curtain-like nets set vertically in water.
16. Traps For Jumping or Flying Fishes - a method of catching fish that it jumps, falls back into a
horizontal floating or suspended net, raft trap, or even in an empty boat or box (pangsiriw in Iloko).

COMMON COMMERCIAL SPECIES OF AQUATIC RESOURCES

The main purpose of capture fisheries is to provide and sustain seafood in the highly demanding
market. In this lesson, it tackles about the common commercial species that being patronize of
today’s society. It contains the pictures and common, local, scientific names to determine the
usually known aquatic resources. The contents are from the trusted references in the Philippines
and around the globe (such as Bureau of Fish and Aquatic Resources the Food and Agriculture of
the United Nations) for its reliable and most accurate information.

Local Name: Bangus

Common Name: Milkfish
Scientific Name: Chanos chanos

Local Name: Tilapia

Common Name: Tilapia
Scientific Name: Oreochromis spp.
Local Name: Tulingan
Common Name: Mackerel Tuna
Scientific Name: Euthynnus affinis

Local Name: Hito

Common Name: Catfish
Scientific Name: Clarias batrachus

Local Name: Dilis

Common Name: Anchovy
Scientific Name: Stolephorus
commersonii
Local Name: Tamban
Common Name: Herrings
Scientific Name: Clupea

Local Name: Galunggong

Common Name: Big-bodied Round Scad
Scientific Name: Decapterus macrosoma

Local Name: Tambakol

Common Name: Skipjack Tuna
Scientific Name: Katsuwonus pelamis

Local Name: Hiwas

Common Name: Moonfish
Scientific Name: Mene maculate
 Local Name: Lapu-lapu
Common Name: Orange-spotted
Grouper
Scientific Name: Epinephelus coioides

Local Name: Matangbaka

Common Name: Bigeye Scad
Scientific Name: Selar
crumennopthalmus

Local Name: Maya-maya

Common Name: Crimson Snapper
Scientific Name: Lutjanus erythropterus

Local Name: Sapsap

Common Name: Slip Mouth
Scientific Name: Leiognathus equulus

Local Name: Dalagang Bukid

Common Name: Redbelly Yellow Tail
Fusilier
Scientific Name: Caesio cunning

Local Name: Hasa-hasa

Common Name: Short-bodied Mackerel

Local Name: Salmon

Common Name: Hawaiian
Salmon/Rainbow Runner
Scientific Name: Elagatis bipinnulata

COMMON COMMERCIAL CRUSTACEAN

 Local Name: Alimango
Common Name: Swamp Crab
Scientific Name: Scylla serrata

Local Name: Alimasag

Common Name: Fresh Crab
Scientific Name: Brachyura

Local Name: Sugpo

Common Name: Giant Tiger Prawn
Scientific Name: Penaeus monodon

V. Activity
Name:________ Course:________
Subject:_______ Date:_______
DEVELOPING OWN FISH POND LAYOUT
Illustration.
Direction: Complete the materials needed. Do the procedures properly.
Materials:
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Bond Paper
Procedures:
1. Prepare your materials.
2. Develop your own Fish Pond Layout. All kinds of compartments,
dikes and gates must be included.
3.Submit it to your teacher for assessment.
Criteria:
1. Completeness – 30%
2. Accuracy – 5%
3. Neatness – 5%
___________________
 40%

VI. Reflection
How will you contribute in caring our ocean species?

VII. Post Test

1. Why is there a need to get acquainted with the different fishing gear
used in the Philippines?
2. How are these fishing gear classified?
3. If you were given a chance to go with a fisherman to fish what would
you do to have more catch and which of the gear would you recommend?
Why?
4. Do you think the kind of gear and the method of operation have a role
in a successful fishing operation? Why?
5.If you were given a capital to build or establish your own fishery
business, in specifically what branch of fishery do you prefer? Explain
your answer.

VIII. Reference
https://www.fao.org/3/x6941e/x6941e04.htm#:~:text=For%20statistical%20purposes
%2C%20aquatic%20organisms,without%20appropriate%20licences%2C%20are%20the
https://www.fao.org/3/ab412e/ab412e07.htm
https://www.academia.edu/43347527/
LEARNING_MODULE_IN_AGRI_FISHERY_ARTS_AGRI_FISHERY_ARTS_LEARNING_MODUL
E_ii_LEARNING_MODULE_IN_AGRI_FISHERY_ARTS_ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

***Disclaimer***
Most of the images and graphic illustrations taken from the online resources are owned
by the original makers and are used solely as support materials for academic purposes.