UNIT III Coherent Phase-Shift

Keying
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying

The pair of signals s1 (t ) and s2 (t ) is defined by

2 Eb
s1 (t )  cos(2 f c t )
Tb

2 Eb
s2 (t )  cos(2 f c t   )
Tb
2 Eb
 cos(2 f c t )
Tb
• Where 0tTb and Eb is the transmitted signal
energy per bit.
• Transmitted bit contains an integral number of cycles
of the carrier wave
• Carrier freq fc=nc/Tb
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying

There is only one basis function of unit energy

2
1 (t )  cos(2 f ct )
Tb 0 t  Tb
Express the transmitted signals in terms of
1 (t )

s1 (t )  Eb 1 (t )
0 t  Tb
s2 (t )  Eb 1 (t )
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying

The coordinates of the massage points are

Tb
s11  s1 (t )1 (t )dt  Eb
0
Tb
s21  s2 (t )1 (t )dt  Eb
0
 Binary Phase-Shift Keying

nc 2
Signal-space diagram for coherent binary PSK, assume
 Error Probability of Binary PSK

 Eb
The set of points closet to message point 1 at

 Eb
The set of points closet to message point 2 at

Symbol 1 ors1 (t )is described by

Z1 : 0  x1  
xis1 related to the received signalx(t )
T
x1  x(t )1 (t )dt
b

0
 Error Probability of Binary PSK

The conditional probability density function

that symbol 0 is transmitted is defined by

1  1 2
f x1 ( x1 | 0)  exp   ( x1  s21 ) 
 N0  N0 

1  1 2
 exp   ( x1  Eb ) 
 N0  N0 
 Click to edit Master title style

The conditional probability in favor of symbol 1

was transmitted symbol 0 is

p10  f x1 ( x1 | 0)dx1
0

1   1 
0 exp   N0 ( x1 
2
 Eb )  dx1
 N0 
 Error Probability of Binary PSK

Set
1
z ( x1  Eb )
N0
1  1 Eb

2
p10  Eb exp( z )dz  erfc( )
 N0 2 N0
Bit error rate for coherent binary PSK
1 Eb
Pe  erfc( )
2 N0
 Generation and Detection of
Coherent Binary PSK Signals

(a) binary PSK transmitter

(b)coherent binary PSK receiver
• Binary PSK transmitter
– Input binary sequence is represented in polar form +Eb
and -Eb.
– Signal coding is performed by polar Non return to zero
(NRZ) level encoder.
– Carrier is φ1(t) with freq fc=(nc/Tb)
– Carrier and signal are given to product modulator to
produce desired PSK wave
– φ
• Binary PSK Receiver
– BPSK and locally generated coherent reference signal φ1(t)

– If correlator output is greater than 0, 1is generated

otherwise symbol 0 is generated. If it is exactly zero, a
random guess of 1 or 0 is made
Power spectra of Binary PSK signals
 Quadriphase-shift keying
•
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase
Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once,
selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (45, 135,
225, and 315 degrees) QPSK allows the signal to carry twice
as much information as ordinary PSK using the same
bandwidth
• QPSK is used for satellite transmission of MPEG2 video,
cable modems, videoconferencing, cellular phone systems,
and other forms of digital communication over an RF carrier.
 Quadriphase-Shift Keying

 , 3 , 5 , 7 , etc.
The phase of the carrier takes on 4 4 4 4

 2E   
 cos  2 f c t  (2i  1)   0 t T
si (t )  T  4
  elsewhere
 0 

i = 1, 2, 3, 4
 Signal-Space Diagram of QPSK

Simplify:
2E  
si (t )  co s  (2i  1)  cos(2 f c t )
T  4
0 t  T
2E  
 sin  (2i  1)  sin(2 f c t )
T  4
Quadrature carriers:
2
1 (t )  cos(2 f c t )
T 0 t  T
2
2 (t )  sin(2 f c t )
T
Signal-space characterization of QPSK

Gray-encoded Phase of Coordinates of

Input Dibit QPSK Signal Message
Points
s s
 4  E 2  i2E 2
i1

10
3 4  E 2  E 2
00
5 4  E 2  E 2
01
7 4  E 2  E 2
11
Signal-Space Diagram

(0,1) (1,1)

(0,0) (1,0)
 (a) Input binary sequence. (b) Odd-numbered bits of
input sequence and associated binary PSK wave. (c)
Even-numbered bits of input sequence and associated
binary PSK wave. (d) QPSK waveform defined as s(t) 
si11(t)  si22(t).
 Error probability of QPSK
• In a coherent QPSK system, the received signal x(t)
is defined by

• w(t) is the sample function of white gaussian noise

process of zero mean and power spectral density
N0/2. The observation vector x has two elements x1
and x2, defined by
To calculate average probability of symbol error

Coherent QPSK system- two coherent binary PSK

systems in parallel using two carriers that are in phase
quadrature- like quadrature-carrier multiplexing.

The in phase channel output x1 and quadrature channel output x2

are viewed as individual outputs of the two coherent binary PSK
sytems
The signal energy per bit is E/2 and Noise spectral density is
No/2.
 Error Probability of QPSK
since there are two bits per symbol, the transmitted signal energy
per symbol is twice the signal energy per bit. E=2Eb
Pe=1-pc

Symbol error rate

Eb
Pe erfc( )
N0
Bit error rate

1 Eb
BER  erfc( )
2 N0
The same bit error rate as PSK, but half the channel bandwid
Generation of Coherent QPSK Signals

QPSK transmitter
Detection of Coherent QPSK Signals

coherent QPSK receiver

• If x1>0 decision is made in favour of symbol 1
for in-phase channel output otherwise in
favour of 0 is made
• If x2>0 decision is made in favour of symbol 1
for quadrature channel output, otherwise in
favour of 0 is made
 Possible Paths of QPSK

The carrier phase changes by180degrees when

both the in-phase and quadrature components of
QPSK signal changes sign. ex:01->10
The carrier phase changes by90 degrees when
the in-phase or quadrature component of QPSK
signal changes sign. ex:11->10
The carrier phase is unchanged when neither the
in-phase nor quadrature component of QPSK changes
sign. ex:10->10
 Offset QPSK

Reduce the extent of amplitude fluctuations when the

180- and 90-degree shifts in carrier phase and reduce
symbol errors.

The two basis functions of offset QPSK

2
1 (t )  cos(2 f c t ) 0 t T
T
2 T 3T
2 (t )  sin(2 f c t ) t 
T 2 2
Possible paths for switching

(a)QPSK (b)offset QPSK

π/ 4-Shifted QPSK
 π/ 4-Shifted QPSK

The phase transitions from one symbol to the next are

restricted to  4and 3 4radians. Consequently,
envelope variations are reduced, compared with QPSK

-shifted
4 QPSK can be noncoherently detected, we
should really speak of  4 -shifted DQPSK
The symbol pair (I,Q) is

I k cos( k  1   k ) cos  k
Qk sin( k  1   k ) sin  k
Correspondence between input
dibit and phase change

Gray-Encoded Phase Change,

Input Dibit  (radians)
00  4
01 3 4
11  3 4
10  4
 π/ 4-Shifted DQPSK results

Step k Phase  k  1 Input Phase Transmitted Phase

(radians) Dibit k
Change  k(radians)
 4 (radians)
4  2
1  2 00  4  4
2  4 10  4
3 10 3 4 30 4
4 0 01
 Differential Phase shift keying

• A normal PSK set phase for a bit pattern

whereas DPSK helps in determining the in the
phase of the received signal rather than the
phase itself
• Therefore there is no need for the demodulator
to have reference signal to determine exact
phase of the received signal (non coherent)
 Differential Modulation

• In the transmitter, each symbol is modulated

relative to the previous symbol and modulating
signal, for instance in BPSK 1 = no change,
0 = +1800
• In the receiver, the current symbol is demodulated
using the previous symbol as a reference. The
previous symbol serves as an estimate of the
channel. A no-change condition causes the
modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state
of the previous symbol.
 DPSK
• Differential modulation is theoretically 3dB poorer
than coherent. This is because the differential system
has 2 sources of error: a corrupted symbol, and a
corrupted reference (the previous symbol)
• DPSK = Differential phase-shift keying: In the
transmitter, each symbol is modulated relative to (a)
the phase of the immediately preceding signal
element and (b) the data being transmitted.
DPSK transmitter and receiver
• If transmitted bit is one, the phase is not changed. If
the transmitted bit is 0, the phase is shifted by 180.
• Average probability of error for DPSK is given by

• The differentially encoded sequence {dk} is generated

by using logical equation
 M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes

– we send any one of M possible signals during each signaling interval of

duration T
– The requirement is to conserve bandwidth at the expense of both
increased power and increased system complexity
– When the bandwidth of the channel is less than the required value, we
resort to an M-ary modulation scheme for maximum bandwidth
conservation
• M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
– If we take blocks of m bits to produce a symbol and use an M-ary PSK
scheme with M=2m and symbol duration T=mTb
– The bandwidth required is proportional to 1/(mTb)
– The use of M-ary PSK provides a reduction in transmission bandwidth
by a factor by a factor m=log2M
– The discrete coefficients are respectively referred to as the
in-phase and quadrature components of the M-ary PSK
singal

2E  2  i 0,1,..., M  1
si (t )  cos 2f c t  i  , (7.35)
T  M  0 t T

  2    2 
si (t )  E cos i    cos(2f c t )
  M   T 
  2    2  i 0,1,..., M  1
  E sin i    sin(2f c t ) , (7.36)
  M   T  0 t T
2 2 1/ 2
  2     2   
 E cos i     E sin  i    E, for all i (7.37)
  M     M  
• Signal-Space Diagram
– Pair of orthogonal functions
2
1 (t )  cos(2f c t ), 0 t T (7.38)
T
2
2 (t )  sin(2f c t ), 0 t T (7.39)
T

– Figure 7.20
1. M-ary PSK is described in geometric terms by a constellation of M
signal points distributed uniformly on a circle of radius √E
2. Each signal point in the figure corresponds to the signal s i(t) of Eq.
(7.35) for a particular value of the index i.
3. The squared length from the origin to each signal point is equal to
the signal energy E.
Octaphase-Shift-Keying (M=8)
Optimum receiver for coherent M-ary PSK
In the presence of noise, the decision-making process in
the phase discriminator is based on the noisy inputs,

The probability of correct reception is

Octaphase-Shift-Keying (M=8)


d12 d18 2 E sin( )
M

symbol error rate

E 
Pe erfc( sin( ))
N0 M
• M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
– The mathematical description of the new modulated signal
2 E0 2 E0 i 0,1,..., M  1
si (t )  ai cos(2f c t )  bi sin( 2f c t ), (7.40)
T T 0 t T
– The level parameter for in-phase component and quadrature component
are independent of each other for all I
– M-ary QAM is a hybrid form of M-ary modulation
– M-ary amplitude-shift keying (M-ary ASK)
• If bi=0 for all i, the modulated signal s i(t) of Eq. (7.40) reduces to

2 E0
si (t )  ai cos(2f c t ) i 0,1,..., M  1
– M-ary PSK T
• If E0=E and the constraint is satisfied

( Eai2  Ebi2 )1 / 2  E , for all i

• Signal-Space Diagram
– Figure 7.21 is the signal-space representation of M-
ary QAM for M=16
– Unlike M-ary PSK, the different signal points of
M-ary QAM are characterized by different energy
levels
– Each signal point in the constellation corresponds
to a specific quadbit
Fig.7.21
The general form of M-ary QAM is defined by the transmitted
signal
 M-ary PSK

i 2(i  1) M , i 1, 2..., M

One of the M possible signals

2E 2
si (t )  cos(2 f ct  (i  1)), i 1, 2,3..., M
T M
 References

1. 1. Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, An Introduction to analog and digital

communications, John Wiley and Sons, 2nd Edition, 2007.
2. 2. Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems, Pearson
Education, 6thEdition, 2009.