CENGR 3260 - HYDRAULICS

FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN

Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

COURSE OUTLINE
I. REYNOLD’S NUMBER
II. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES
III. HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
IV. PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES
V. PIPES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
VI. PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
VII. PIPE DISCHARGING FROM A RESERVOIR
VIII. PIPE CONNECTING TWO RESERVOIRS
IX. EQUIVALENT PIPES
X. RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
✓ Type I
✓ Type II

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PIPES
Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow full.
Conduits flowing partially full are called open channels.

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PIPES
TWO TYPES OF STEADY FLOW
a. Laminar Flow
The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or
intersect.
The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number Re is less than 2,000.

b. Turbulent Flow
The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual fluid particles are irregular
and continuously cross each other.

Turbulent flow normally occurs when the Reynolds number exceed 2,000.

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REYNOLD’S NUMBER
Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force
to viscous force.

For pipes flowing full:

where:
𝛖𝐃𝛒 𝛖𝐃 υ= mean velocity in m/s
𝐑𝐞 = =
𝛍 𝐯 ρ = mass density in kg/m³
D = diameter of pipe in m
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m²/s
𝛍 μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s
𝐯=
𝛒

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REYNOLD’S NUMBER
For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R

𝟒𝛖𝐑𝛒 𝟒𝛖𝐑
𝐑𝐞 = =
𝛍 𝐯

R =Hydraulic Radius
Cross−sectional area of pipe,A
R= Pipe perimeter,P

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VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES
The velocity distribution for laminar flow, at a cross section, follows
a parabolic law of variation with zero velocity at the walls.

𝛄𝐡𝐋
𝐮 = 𝐯𝐜 − 𝟒𝛍𝐋
𝐫

𝟏
𝐯= 𝟐
𝐯𝐜

Laminar flow velocity distribution

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VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES

Velocity u, at any distance r from the center of the pipe :

x vc vc 2 𝐫𝟐
= 2 ;x= ro 2
r 𝐮 = 𝐯𝐜 𝟏 − 𝐫 𝟐
r2 ro 𝐨

where:
hL= head lost in pipe
L = length of pipe
ro = pipe radius
vc = centerline or maximum velocity
μ = absolute viscosity of the fluid
γ = unit weight of fluid
u = velocity at distance r from pipe center
v = average velocity
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VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES
The velocity distribution for turbulent flow varies with Reynolds number, with
zero velocity at the wall and increase more rapidly for a short distance from the
walls as compared to laminar flow.
Velocity u at any distance r from the center
of the pipe:
𝛕𝐨 𝐫𝐨
𝐮 = 𝐯𝐜 − 𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝛒 𝐫𝐨−𝐫

𝛕𝐨 𝐟𝐯 𝟐
=
𝛒 𝟖

𝐫𝐨
Turbulent flow velocity distribution 𝐮 = 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝐟 𝐯 − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝐟𝐯 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐫𝐨 − 𝐫

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VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPES

Centerline or maximum velocity:

where:
𝐯𝐜 = 𝐯 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝐟 τo = maximum shearing stress in the pipe
f = friction factor
Velocity: v = mean velocity

𝛕𝐨
𝐯 = 𝐯𝐜 − 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
𝛒

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
Glycerin (sp.gr. = 1.26 and μ=1.49 Pa-s) flows through a
rectangular conduit 300mm by 450mm at the rate of 160 L/s. Is
the flow laminar or turbulent?

Solution:

Q = 160 L/s or 0.160 m³/s

A = 0.30m x 0.45m

A
a. For non-circular conduits R=
P
4υRρ (0.30m)(0.45m)
Re = R=
μ (2)(0.30m)+(2)(0.45m)
Q R = 0.09 m
υ=
A
4 1.185 m/s 0.09 m 1000 kg/m3 1.26
0.160 m3 /s Re = m
υ= kg − 2
(0.30m)(0.45m) 1.49 s −s
m2
υ = 1.185 m/s
𝐑 𝐞 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
Oil of specific gravity 0.9 and dynamic viscosity μ = 0.04 Pa-s
flows at the rate of 60 liters per second through 50 m of 12-mm
diameter pipe. If the head lost is 6m, determine
(a) the mean velocity of flow

(b) the type of flow

(c) the velocity at the centerline of the pipe if f = 0.01004

Solution:

Q = 60 L/s or 0.06 m3/s L = 50 m

D = 120mm or 0.12m μ= 0.04 Pa-s

a. mean velocity b. type of flow

Q υDρ
υ= Re =
A μ
0.06 m3 /s 5.305 m/s 0.12 m 1000 kg/m3 0.9
υ=π Re = m
2
4 0.12 m 0.04
kg − 2
s −s
m2
𝛖 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
𝐑 𝐞 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭

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 Solution:
c. Centerline velocity

vc = v 1 + 1.33f 1/2
vc = 5.31 m/s 1 + 1.33 0.01004 1/2

𝐯𝐜 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟎 𝐦/𝐬

HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

MAJOR HEAD LOSS – caused by pipe friction along straight

sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform thickness.

MINOR HEAD LOSS – caused by change in velocity or direction

of flow, and are commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy.

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
MAJOR HEAD LOSS, 𝐡𝐟
a. Darcy-Weisbach Formula (Pipe-Friction Equation)

𝐟𝐋 𝐯𝟐
𝐡𝐟= 𝐃 𝟐𝐠
For circular pipes with a given discharge:
where:
𝐟𝐋 𝟖𝐐𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔𝐟𝐋𝐐𝟐
f = friction factor 𝐡𝐟= 𝐃 𝐡𝐟= 𝐃𝟓
(S.I. unit)
𝛑𝟐𝐠𝐃𝟒
L = length of pipe
D = pipe diameter
D = 4R (or non-circular pipes)
v = mean velocity of flow

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

Value of Friction Factor
a. For Laminar Flow
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒𝛍 𝟑𝟐𝛍𝐋𝐯 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝛍𝐋𝐐
f= = 𝐡𝐟 = 𝐡𝐟 = π𝛒𝐠𝐃𝟒
(circular pipes)
𝐑𝐞 𝐯𝐃𝛒 𝛒𝐠𝐃𝟐

b. For Turbulent Flow

b.1. Smooth and Rough Pipes b. 2. Smooth pipes, R e between 3,000 − 100,000 (Blasius)

𝟖𝛕 𝟖𝐯𝐬𝟐 𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟔
𝐟= 𝛒𝐯𝐨𝟐 = 𝐟=
𝐯𝟐 𝐑𝐞 𝟎.𝟐𝟓

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
b. 3. Smooth Pipes, R e up to about 3,000,000
𝟏
= 2 log (𝐑 𝐞 𝐟)-0.80
𝐟

b.4. Rough Pipes, where δ1 < 0.3ε (Karman)

𝟏 𝐃 𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝐯
= 2 log ( 𝐞 ) + 1.14 𝛅𝟏 =
𝐟 𝛕𝐨/𝛒

ε = absolute roughness
ε/D = relative roughness (dimensionless)
δ1 = nominal thickness of viscous sublayer

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

b. 5. Smooth and Rough pipes, turbulent (Colebrook)
𝟏 𝛆/𝐃 𝟐.𝟓𝟏
= -2 log 𝟑.𝟕 + 𝐑 𝐟
𝐟 𝐞

b. 6. Haaland Formula

𝟏 𝟔.𝟗 𝛆/𝐃 𝟏.𝟏𝟏

= -1.8 log +
𝐟 𝐑𝐞 𝟑.𝟕

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
b. Manning Formula
It is one of the best-known open-channel formulas and is commonly
used in pipes.
𝟏.𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝐯= 𝐧
𝐑 𝐒 (English unit)
𝟏
𝐯= 𝐧 𝐑𝟐/𝟑 𝐒 𝟏/𝟐 (S.I. unit)

where:
n = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = 𝐡𝐟 /𝐋

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

Substituting the following:
hf D
For non − circular pipes, D = 4R: S= and R = 4
L
2 1
1 D 3 hf 2 𝟔.𝟑𝟓𝐧𝟐𝐋𝐯𝟐
v= n 𝐡𝐟 = (S.I. unit)
4 L 𝐃𝟒/𝟑

For circular pipe:

Q Q 𝟏𝟎.𝟐𝟗𝐧𝟐𝐋𝐐𝟐
v=A=π 2) 𝐡𝐟 = (S.I. unit)
4
(D 𝐃𝟏𝟔/𝟑

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
c. Hazen Williams Formula
This formula is applicable only to the flow of water in pipes larger
than 50mm and velocities less than 3 m/s
𝐯 = 1.318 𝐂𝟏 𝐑𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝐒𝟎.𝟓𝟒 (English unit) 𝐯 = 0.489 𝐂𝟏 𝐑𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝐒𝟎.𝟓𝟒 (S.I. unit)

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙:
𝐐= 0.4322 𝐂𝟏 𝐃𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝐒𝟎.𝟓𝟒 (English unit) 𝐐= 0.2875 𝐂𝟏 𝐃𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝐒𝟎.𝟓𝟒 (S.I. unit)
where:
C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient
𝟏𝟎.𝟔𝟕𝐋 𝐐𝟏.𝟖𝟓
R = hydraulic radius 𝐡𝐟 = (S.I. unit)
𝐂𝟏 𝟏.𝟖𝟓𝐃𝟒.𝟖𝟕
D = pipe diameter
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf /L
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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

MINOR HEAD LOSS
a. Sudden Enlargement

𝐯𝟏−𝐯𝟐 𝟐
𝐡𝐋 =
𝟐𝐠

𝐯𝟏−𝐯𝟐 𝟏.𝟗𝟐
𝐡𝐋 = By Archer
𝟐𝐠

where:
v1 = velocity before enlargement, m/s
v2 = velocity after enlargement, m/s

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
b. Gradual Enlargement
𝐊 𝐯𝟏−𝐯𝟐 𝟐 where:
𝐡𝐋 = 𝟐𝐠 K= Coefficient of gradual enlargement

c. Sudden Contraction

𝐯 𝟐
where:
𝐡𝐋 = 𝐊 𝐜 K c= Coefficient of sudden contraction
𝟐𝐠
v= velocity in smaller pipe

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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

d. Bends and Standard Fittings

𝐯 𝟐
𝐡𝐋 = 𝐊 𝟐𝐠

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PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES
𝐡𝐟𝟏

𝐡𝐜
𝐡𝐟𝟐
HL
𝐯 𝟐 /𝟐𝐠 𝐡𝐞
P/𝛄 𝐡𝐟𝟑

P/𝛄 P/𝛄
𝐐𝟏 𝐐𝟐 𝐐𝟑

Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipe 3

𝐐𝟏 = 𝐐𝟐 = 𝐐𝟑

𝐇𝐋 = 𝐡𝐟𝟏 + 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐡𝐟𝟑 + 𝐡𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

Two pipes, each 300m long, are connected in series. The flow
of water through the pipes is 150 L/sec with a total frictional loss of
15m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300mm, what is the diameter of
the other pipe? Neglect minor losses and assume f = 0.02 for both
pipes.

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 Solution:

Given:
Q = 150 L/sec or 0.150m³/s
L = 300 m each
f = 0.02 0.0826fL1 Q2 0.0826fL2 Q2
HL= +
D1 5 D2 5
D1 = 300 mm 3 3
m m
0.0826(0.02)(300m) (0.150 s )2 0.0826(0.02)(300m) (0.150 s )2
HL = 15 m 15 m= 5 + 5
(0.3m) D2

Q1 = Q2 = 0.150m³/s 𝐃𝟐 = 0.255 m or 255 mm

HL = hf1 + hf2
0.0826fLQ2
hf = D5

PIPES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL

𝟏 𝐐𝟏
𝐐 𝐐
𝐀 𝟐 𝐐𝟐 𝐁

𝟑 𝐐𝟑
𝐐 = 𝐐𝟏 + 𝐐𝟐 + 𝐐𝟑

𝐇𝐋 = 𝐡𝐋𝟏 = 𝐡𝐋𝟐 = 𝐡𝐋𝟑

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4
Three pipes A, B, and C are connected in parallel. If the
combined discharged of the 3 pipes is equal to 0.61 m³/s and
assuming the value of friction factor is 0.002, compute the rate of
flow of each pipe using the tabulated data shown:

PIPELINE LENGTH DIAMETER

A 600 m 150 mm
B 480 m 200 mm
C 750 m 100 mm

Solution:

0.61 m³/s 0.61 m³/s

hfA = hfB = hfC

Q A + Q B + Q C = 0.61 m³/s

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Solution:
a. rate of flow of pipeline A
0.0826 f LAQA 2 0.0826 f LB QB2 0.0826 f LAQA 2 0.0826 f LC QC2
= =
(DA )5 (DB )5 (DA )5 (DC )5

0.0826 (0.02)(600m)QA2 0.0826(0.02)(480m)QB2 0.0826 (0.02)(600m)QA2 0.0826(0.02)(750m)QC2

= =
(0.15m)5 (0.20m)5 (0.15m)5 (0.10m)5

6.608 QA2 = 3.965 Q B 2 6.608 QA2 = 1.898 QC 2

Q A= 0.774 Q B Q A= 1.377 Q C
Q B= 1.291 Q A Q C= 0.726 Q A

Q A + Q B + Q C = 0.61 m³/s
Q A + 1.291 QA +0.726 Q A= 0.61 m³/s
𝐐𝐀 = 0.202 m³/s

Solution:
b. rate of flow of pipeline B
Q B= 1.291 Q A
Q B= 1.291 (0.202 m³/s)
𝐐𝐁= 0. 𝟐𝟔𝟏 m³/s

c. rate of flow of pipeline C

Q C= 0.726 Q A
Q C= 0.726(0.202 m³/s)
𝐐𝐂 = 0.147 m³/s

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PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
𝐀
𝐡𝐟𝟏

𝐡𝐟𝟐= 𝐡𝐟𝟑

𝐐𝟏 = 𝐐𝟒
𝟏
𝐐𝟑 𝐇𝐋𝐀−𝐁

𝟑
𝐐𝟏 𝐂 𝐁
𝐡𝐟𝟒
𝐐𝟏 = 𝐐𝟐 + 𝐐𝟑
𝟐
𝐃
𝟒
𝐡𝐟𝟐 = 𝐡𝐟𝟑 𝐐𝟐
𝐐𝟒
𝐇𝐋𝐀𝐁 = 𝐡𝐟𝟏 + 𝐡𝐟𝟐 + 𝐡𝐟𝟒

𝐇𝐋𝐀𝐁 = 𝐡𝐟𝟏 + 𝐡𝐟𝟑 + 𝐡𝐟𝟒

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 5

A pipe network consists of pipeline 1 from A to B, then at B it is
connected to pipelines 2 and 3, where it merges again at Joint C to form a
single pipeline 4 up to point D. Pipelines 1,2 and 4 are in series connection
whereas pipeline 2 and 3 are parallel to each other. If the rate of flow from A
to B is 10 L/sec and assuming f = 0.02 for all pipes, determine the flow in
each pipe and the total head lost from A to D.

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Solution:
Given:

Q = 10 L/sec or 0.01m³/s
f = 0.02

Q1 = Q4
Q1 = Q4 = 0.01m³/s
0.0826fLQ2
hf = D5

Solution:
2
0.0826(0.02)(3000m) 0.01 m3 /s hf2 = hf3
hf1 = (0.2m)5
hf1 = 1.549 m 1,495.64 Q2 2 = 16,520 Q3 2

16,520 Q3 2
0.0826(0.02)(2200m) Q2 2 Q 2=
hf2 = 1,495.64
(0.3m)5
hf2 = 1,495.64 Q2 2 Q 2= 3.323 Q 3 (𝐸𝑞. 1)

0.0826(0.02)(3200m) Q3 2
[Q2 + Q 3 = Q1 ]
hf3 = (0.2m)5
Q 2 + Q 3 = 0.01 m3 /s
hf3 = 16,520 Q3 2
(𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑞. 1)
2
0.0826(0.02)(2800m) 0.01 m3 /s
hf4 = 3.323 Q 3 + Q 3 = 0.01 m3/s
(0.4m)5
hf4 = 0.0452 m 𝐐𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝐦³/s or 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝐋/s

19
Solution:
Substitute Q3 to Eq. 1

Q 2= 3.323 Q 3
Q 2= 3.323(0.00231 m³/s)
𝐐𝟐= 0. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝐦³/s

𝐐𝟐= 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝐋/s

THANK YOU!

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