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I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground

Wurgesa is one of the villages found in Habru wereda of North

Wollo administrative Zone of Amhara National Reginald State.
The village is found at 20 km from Mersa town following to the
main asphalt road from Mersa to Dessie. The wereda where the
study area found is bounded in the west Meket & Gubalafto
woredas, in the south Ambasel woreda, in the North Gubalafto
& RayaKobo woredas and in the east Afar regional state.

The average elevation of the villages is about 1800 masl. and it is

classified as kola agro climatic zone.

At the time of the study the population of the villages is 15052.

The means of subsistence for most of the inhabitants is
agriculture and marketing having a very few others are also
living.
In the village there are some institutional services like health
posts, schools, farmer training center, kebele administrative
offices, Municipality, Mosques& Churches.
In connection with water scarcity. girls are enforced to fetch
water travelling long journey making them late from school.

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1.2. Objective of the study

1.2.1. Over all objectives

The water supply, sanitation and hygiene program aims to

improve the health and living conditions of the communities by
supporting them amongst other things to improve their water
supply and sanitation facilities. The study town has sever
problem of water supply with poor practices of sanitation and
hygiene, more over, the existing water supply sources of the
villages is un protected, unfenced, un safe and in sufficient in
quantity and poor in quality.
There fore, the over all objective of this study is to asses
willingness to pay and affordability for selected technology at
least to cover 100% operation and maintenance cost and thus to
design and implement a sustainable water supply and sanitation
system for this village through improving the quantity, quality
and level of services as per the standards set for small town of
Ethiopia.

1.2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

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I. Design the water supply system using a borehole as a

source to meet the water demand of Wurgesa village from
the year 2015 to the year 2035 and improving the health
status by recommending sanitation facilities.

 Construction of pressure line

 Construction of gravity main
 Construction of pump house
 Construction of service reservoir
 Construction of distribution net work
 Construction of public fountain

II. To set reasonable tariff according to the technical point of

view and the affordability and ability to pay the
community.

2. STUDY METHODIOLOGY
To study the water supply and sanitation of Wurgesa town the
following methodologies were applied.
- Community meetings about the existing water supply
sanitation and hygiene situation of the study area was carried
out at different time to identify major water and sanitation
problems and examine solutions in view of communities based
development intention.

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- Discussion was also conducted with all concerned and

responsible wereda governmental offices, Municipality and
individuals which includes water supply sanitation and hygiene
committee.
- Actual visit of the water resources and assessments of sanitary
facilities has been conducted.
- Population data collected from community and Municipality.
- Economic activity and in come level of community were
conducted.
- The best route for pipe laying, appropriate site selection for
pump house and clear water reservoir and public fountains
selected.
- Engineering surveying work conducted.
3. IN FRASTRUUCTURE AND SOCIAL SURVICES
3.1. POPULATION
The planning of water supply system of the area is based on the
forcast of population distribution, population size and
population growth rate. Based on the information gathered the
population of Wurgesa is estimated to be 15052.
The population projection of the villages for the next 20 years.

3.2. EDUCATION

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There is one primary and secondary school, health center,

Municipality..
In addition there are farmers training centers, kebele
administrative offices and religion institution /mosques and
churches/ which are supportive agents for education.

3.3. HEALTH IN FRASTRUCTURE

There is one health center for the area which provide heath
services for it and surrounding rural kebeles according to the
health center report water born diseases are among the most
prevalent top diseases frequently occurred in the area.
3.4. EXISTING WATER SUPPLY STATUS
The existing sources of water of the community are spring and
hand dug well of all are failing and all are in pure and unsafe.
During summer season, the community uses surface water
which is turbid and in pure. Both the communities and their
cattle’s, camels and others use together.
At winter /hot/ season the communities and their animals
water consumption increases and the discharges of the sources
decreases inversely. Adults spend most of their time by fetching
and searching for water for their daily consumption. These
conditions are discouraging females to be late or totally leave
out from school.

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The existing sources are poor in sanitation and quality. There

fore, the communities are suffered by different water born
diseases and other related diseases like Cholera, diarrhea and
skin diseases.
These things are brought burden to the economy and
productivity of the community.
3.5. Existing sanitation condition
There is no adequate provision of sanitary facilities. And also
they are poor in solid waste disposal techniques. The
communities are using the open field for defection; the people
dump their waste in open fields. Therefore, the spread of
contagious diseases like cholera, diarrhea and other water born
diseases are in creasing time to time.
3.6. Community participation
The people have desire and willingness to participate in all
aspects during and after implementation of the project.

II. Design of water supply scheme

1. Technology option

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Taking economical capability and social viability in addition to

technical feasibility choosing this source to supply it is
recommendable .It is sufficient and technically feasible.
2. population projection
According to Wurgesa municipality, kebele administrator and
committee, the existing population living at the area is 15052.
The method which is used in forcasting the population
geometric growth rate method with design period of 20 years.
The future population of the village can be projected using the
following formula.
Pn = Po(1+r)n
Where Pn = population at the end of design period.
Po = present population
r= annual growth rate.
N = design period in year
New water supply system are normally made some how
enough to meet the need of growing communities for own
economically justifiable number of year in the future. The
design period should be neither too long that present
population of the community is over charged nor too short that
it may require large extensions due to the increased water
requirements jest after a few years.

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When design such scheme, it must be decided for what time in

the future the various components of the scheme shall be
dimensioned. The time span is not only limited by general
economic considerations but also by the following factors:-
 use full life time of component strictures and economic
life time of equipment.,
 the ease or difficulty of enlarging the works, including
consideration of there location;
 the anticipated rate of population growth and water use
by the community;
 availability of funds
 for flexibility purpose
Therefore, for our case 20 years design period and 15636
present population for one year construction period is taken.

Year 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Growth 3.88 3.88 3.69 3.51 3.35 3.19
rate
Projected 15636 16243 19470 23135 27279 28150
population

Now, using the formula:

Pn = Po (1+r)20

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Take
3. Water demand projection
3.1 . Domestic (residential) water demand (DWD);
Domestic water demand includes water requirement for
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing of clothes, utensils and
house and flushing of water closets.
According to the universal access program now a days
accepted by our country Ethiopia the average daily demand of
water per capital is 20 liter/cap/day. 3.1.1 Modes of Services

Based on the available data obtained from the Wurgesa Water

Supply Service during the field visit in 2012, five major modes of
service were identified for domestic water consumers. The five
modes are:
 House tap connections (HC);
 Yard tap connections (YCO);
 Neighbour tap Connections (YCS);
 Public fountains (PT);
 Other sources.
The current estimate of the modes of services in Wurgesa is as
follows in table.

Table Current modes of services by percentage

Mode of Percent of
Service population served
HC 3
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YCO 49
YCS 5
PT 38
TTU 8
Total 100
Source: wurgesasa water service &Municipality.
According to the Wurgesa Water Supply Service estimation,
currently 3% of the total population is served by house
connection,49% yard connection,5%shared and 38% uses
public fountains while the remaining 8% uses water from other
sources such as hand dug wells, springs or vendors.

3.1.2 Domestic Water Demand Projection

In projecting the domestic water demand of Wurgesa the
following procedures were followed:
 Determining population percentage distribution by mode
of service and its future projection
 Establishment of per capita water demand by purpose for
each mode of service;
 Projected consumption by mode of service;
 Adjustment for climate;
 Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions.

3.1.3 Population distribution by mode of service

The percentage of population to be served by each mode of
service will vary with time. The variation is caused by changes
in living standards, improvement of the service level, changes in
building standards and capacity of the water supply service to
expand.

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Therefore, the present and projected percentage of population

served by each demand category is estimated by taking the
above stated conditions and by assuming that the percentage for
the house and yard tap users will increase gradually during the
project service period while the percentage of tap users will
dramatically reduce as more and more people will have private
connections as the living standard of people and the socio-
economic development stage advance.
After establishing the connection profile for the base year a
projection was made for the design year considering the target
coverage to be achieved.
In determining the future trends of the modes of service, factors
that influence the growth rates were taken into account, these
included:
 Willingness to pay and level of affordability of the
community in relation to existing and planned water tariff
levels;
 Ability to provide sufficient quantity and quality of water;
 Institutional capacity of the Town Water Supply Service in
terms of qualified staff, equipment and facilities to offer a
sustainable water supply system.
 This projection envisaged provision of the traditional
source users with public taps, and yard connections (own
& shared). Further decreases in public tap users are
expected on the assumption that more and more people
will have private yard connections. Due to this an increase
in percentage of yard connections and house connections
is anticipated by the end of the design period.
Taking the above considerations into account the proposed
projected modes of services is given. At the end of the design
period it is planned that all households will receive water from
the Water Supply Service.

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Table Population Percentage Distributions by Mode of Service

Year
Mode 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
of
Service
HC 3% 5.00% 8.0% 9.0% 11.0% 3.0%
YCO 47% 52% 53% 55% 56% 47%
YCS 5% 4% 3% 2% 2% 5%
PT 39% 37% 35% 34% 31% 39%
TTU 6% 2% 1% 0% 6%
0%
TOTAL 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100% 100.00% 100.00%

The connection profiles for the intermediate years were

determined by linearly interpolating the values of the base year
and the target year.

3.1.4 Per capital water demand

The per-capita domestic water demand for various demand
categories varies depending on the size of the town and the level
of development, the type of water supply scheme, the
socioeconomic conditions of the towns and the climatic
condition of the area. The per capita water demand for adequate
supply level has to be determined based on the basic human
water requirements for various activities of demand category.
According to the design criteria prepared in January, 2006 by
Ministry of Water Resources, table bellow shows the per capita
domestic water demand adopted for Urban Water Supply
System for Stage I (2025) design Horizon.

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Table 3.1 Breakdown of Per Capita Water Demand by

Purpose (2025)

Purpose Mode of Service

HC YCO YCS PT
Total 50 25 30 20
(l/c/day)

With an increase in awareness within the community on the

advantage of using a clean water supply and provision of better
services by the water supply unit, the consumption level of the
community in each mode of service is expected to increase by
the end of the project design period (2035). In view of this, and
as per the recommendation in the MoWR design criteria, the per
capita consumption for each mode of services at the end of the
design period was estimated. The expected domestic water
demand for each mode of service by the end of the project
period is given in Table bellow.
Table Projected Per-Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2030)

Purpose Mode of Service

HC YCO YCS PT
Total 70 30 40 25
(l/c/day)
It is difficult to estimate how exactly the per capita water
demand will grow in between the design horizons. The values
given in table above have therefore been used for the first year
of design horizon i.e. 2015 and assumed to remain constant until
2025 though the reality of the situation may be that per capita
demand may gradually grow from existing usage up to the 2025
design horizon per capita demands.

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Between the 2015 and 2025 design horizons, the assumption

has been made that there will be a linear growth in per capita
demands. .Per capita demands from 2015 (commissioning of
the project) to 2035 (end of stage II design horizon) are
presented in table bellow.
It should be noted at this point that the reality of the situation
will only be able to be determined with constant monitoring of
consumptions and tracking of data over the years between
implementation and the final year of the design horizon. The
estimation of these intermediate per capita demand figures will
not have any effect on the design of Stage I and Stage II
infrastructure, but may affect the calculation of water tariffs.
Table Projected Per Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2015 -2035)

Mode of Year
Service 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
HC 50.0 50.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
YCO 25.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 30.0
YCS 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.5 25.0

3.1.5 Adjustment for Climate

Wurgesa with a mean annual precipitation of (600-901)mm
belongs to Group B as per the design criteria. Thus, an
adjustment factor of 1.0 is taken.
3.1.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions
Wurgesa feasibility study and design report considered,
Wurgesa town as having a very high potential for development
but lower living standard at present, and classified it into group
B. The appropriate Socio-economic adjustment factor of 1.05 has
therefore been adopted.

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3.1.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand

After considering changes in population and changes in the
mode of service, per-capita demand and applying the
adjustment factors, the domestic demands were calculated and
are presented in table bellow.
Table Population and Domestic Demand Water Projection

Description Un Year
it
201 202 20 2035
5 0 25 2030
Population
Growth rate   3.88 3.69 3.5 3.19
(Town) % % 1% 3.35% %
Town No 162 1947 23 27279 2815
Population 43 0 13 0
5
Percentage of            
population served
by Service Type
HC % 3% 5.00 8.0 9.0% 11.0
% % %
YCO % 47 52% 53 55% 56%
% %
YCS % 5% 4% 3% 2% 2%
PT % 39 37% 35 34% 31%
TTU % % %
6% 2% 0% 0%
1%
Population served  
by
HC No 18
487 973 51 2455 3096
YCO No 763 1012 12 15003 1576
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26
4 4 1 4
YCS No 69
812 779 4 546 563
No 633 80
PT 5 7204 97 9275 8727
TTU No 23
975 390 1 0 0
Total Population   23
Served 162 1947 13 2815
43 0 5 27279 0

Percentage of Total 100. 100. 10 100.0 100.

Population 0 0 0.0 0
Domestic Demand            
Per capita            
demand
HC l/ 50.0 50.0 50. 60.0 70.0
c/ 0
d
YCO l/ 25.0 25.0 25. 27.0 30.0
c/ 0
d
YCS l/ 30.0 30.0 30. 35.0 40.0
c/ 0
d
PT l/ 20.0 20.0 20. 22.5 25.0
c/ 0
d
Total Domestic m3 4692 9303
demand /d 366 00 581 78017 35
26 835 8.5
366. 469. 581. 930.
3 2 84 780.2 4
Climate Adjustment 1 1 1 1 1
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Factor
Socio-Economic   1.0
1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
Adjustment Factor 5
Adjusted Total m3 61
Domestic demand /d 385 492 1 819 976
l/s 4.5 5.7 7 9 11

4.0.0 Non-Domestic Water Demand

Non-domestic water demand was also determined
systematically. It can be broadly classified into three major
categories:
 Institutional water demands (Public and governmental);
 Commercial water demand;
 Industrial water demand

4.1.1 Institutional Water Demand

The water required for schools, hospitals, health centre offices,
government offices and services, religious institutions and other
public facilities is classified as institutional water demand
During the field visit, data for the Government and commercial
water consumption was not available. The previous feasibility
and design report took the commercial and institutional demand
as 10% of the domestic demand (public demand) , this is related
to other related studies which put public demand between 10-
25% of the domestic demand. But now for our case it should be
as follow.
Educational Institutes፡

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The water demand for educational institutes is classified

into day schools. Thus the water demand depends on the
number of students, teachers, and any other supporting
staff. Information regarding these factors was obtained
from the capacity building office of the woreda, and used
to determine the demand for the base year.

Currently Wurgesa town has one elementary schools, one high

school. The Wereda education office has indicated that, the total
number of Wurgesa town students attending schools are about
2799 and 18% of the total population and percentage of the
students attend school will decrease by 3 % annually.

Table Estimated Number of People Attending School and water

demand
Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Number of 2799  
students
attending
school.      

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% age of  0 3
increase 3 4 5
projected 2799 2715 2634 2529 2403
number of
students
attending school
Percapita
demand
l/c/pupil 5 5 5 5 5
demand l/day
13995 13575 13170 12645 12015
5 allowance for
staff
699.75 678.75 658.5 632.25 600.75
total demand
14694. 14253. 13828. 13277. 12615.
l/day
75 75 5 25 75
14.694 14.253 13.828 13.277 12.615
demand m3/day
75 75 5 25 75
0.1700 0.1649 0.1600 0.1536 0.1460
demand l/se
78 74 52 72 16

Health Institutions፡
Health institutions found in Wurgesa town are one health center
with 10 beds, two private health clinics. Water demand of health
institutes depends on the number of beds and staffs residing in
the institution’s compound.
Table health water demand
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Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Number of Health 10 10
centre beds 10 10 10
Per capital 50
consumption
l/bed/day 50 50 50 50
Demand M^3/day 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
10% of staff 0.05
allowance 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Total demand
m3/d
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
Total demand l/se 0.0063 0.0063 0.0063 0.0063 0.006
66 66 66 66 366

Government and Public Offices፡

According to the data obtained from the finance and economic
development office of the woreda, there are 6 government and 2
non government organizations. It has been surveyed that there
are 85 employees with per capita demand of 5 l/c/d. Then the
water demand for the design period is calculated with
assumption of 5% employee increase per five year per sector
office.

Table office water demand

Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Number of 6 6 6 6 6
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sector
Employee 85  86  87  91  95
% age
increasment  1 1 1 5 5
total number
of employee
per capita
demand 5 5 5 5 5
Demand l/d 425 425 435 455 475
Demand
m3/d 0.425 0.425 0.435 0.455 0.475
0.004 0.00491 0.005 0.005 0.00549
Demand l/se 919 8981 035 266 7685

Other Public Water Demands፡

Other public water demands such as for prisoners, mosques and
churches have also been considered.
Prisoners
The town has one prison and as the data obtained from the
institution it accommodates an average of 5 prisoners per day.
The water demand for this is estimated using a water demand of
20 l/ prisoner/day.
Table prisoner demand
Years 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Number of
prisoner 5 5 5 5 5

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per capita
demand 20 20 20 20 20
Demand 100 100 100 100
l/d 100
Demand 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
m3/d 0.1
Demand 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
m3/se 0.000002 02 02 02 02

Church and Mosques፡

Wurgesa town has about three Mosques and two Churches. In
estimating the water demand of churches and mosques, the
average number of visitors is estimated as percentage of the
population. Considering the socio-cultural situation of the town,
the average daily visitors are estimated to be 2% of the
population. Applying a specific demand of 5 l/ visitor, the
projected demand of the town is analyzed and given in table.
Table ፡Other Public Water Demands in m3/day
Years 2015 2020 2025 2030 20335
total population 16243 19470 23135 27279 28150
Mosques and
churches (2%) 324.86 389.4 462.7 545.58 563
per capita
demand 5 5 5 5 5
Demand l/d 1624.3 1947 2313.5 2727.9 2815
Demand m3/d 1.624 1.95 2.313 2.728 2.815
Demand l/se 0.018799769 0.022535 0.026777 0.031572 0.032581

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Livestock Demand፡
The main water sources for livestock in the town are river and
springs. It is expected that the domestic water demand for
livestock will increase with improvement of the water supply
service. For this service other sources are recommendable.
From the data obtained from the woreda office, the total
livestock population of the town is estimated to be 1000. Since
the major source of water supply for livestock is spring and
rivers, only 10% of the total livestock population is considered
in computing the average daily demand using a specific water
demand of 25 l/livstock. Further this demand is assumed to
grow by 1% annually. The livestock present and future demand
is computed and presented in table.
Table: Projected livestock Water Demand
Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
total livestock 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
10% of total 152 154 156 158
livestock 150
% increment 0 1 1 1 1
Per capia demand
l/day/liv 25 25 25 25 25
Total demand
l/day 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950
Total demand
m^3/day 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95
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Total demand 0.04340 0.045 0.045

l/sec 3 0.044 0.045 2 7
Commercial Demand፡
Wurgesa town has only 11 hotels, 2 restaurants/bars, 6
breakfast shops, and 40 tea houses. The commercial demands
adopted are 10 l/seat for restaurants, 35 l/bed for a hotel and
10 l/d for breakfast shops and tea houses. The average number
of beds in hotels is 15, number of employee & consumer per
shop and tea houses is 5 and the average number of seats in
restaurants and bars is taken as 15. Producers of traditional
drinks and food are the major water consumers in different
town of Amhara region but in this figure they are not
considered. It is also assumed that the annual water demand for
commercial purposes increases at an average rate of 10% of the
current demand. The projected total commercial water demand
is shown in the following table.
Table Projected Commercial Water Demand
Commercial centre 2015 2020 2020 2025 2030
Bar /restaurant 300 330 363 400 440
Hotel 5775 6352 6988 7686 8455
breakfast shop and
tea house 460 506 557 612 674
subtotal l/day
6535 7188 7908 8698 9
15%Traditional 980.25 1078.2 1186.2 1304.7 1435
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drink & food

Total demand
l/day 7515.25 8266.2 9094.2 10002.7 11004
Total demand
m^3/day 7.51525 8.2662 9.0942 10.0027 11.00
Total demand l/sec 0.086982 0.095674 0.105257 0.115772 0.127

Industrial Water Demand፡

Heavy industries should provide their own water supply system,
independent of the town water supply system because of their
large water requirement which result in high capital investment
cost and hence high water tariff on the inhabitants. Therefore, in
this study since no existence of industries at present and no
information about the future plan of industries, industrial water
demand is not considered.

Fire Water Demand

Additional reserve in reservoir volume is not considered for

firefighting purpose, rather the system is assumed to
accommodate the requirement by stopping the supply to the
consumers and directing it to the consumers.
UN Accounted for Water (Water loss) ፡
Water loss includes leakage in the pipe due to breakage, lose
jointing, illegal connections, and un-meter usages such as
flushing, cleaning the system and overflow from the components
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of the water supply system. The water production and

consumption records of Wurgesa town water supply system for
the past three years shows increasing from year to year. In
water supply project it is assumed that water loss will be
minimal at the beginning of the design period and will increase
gradually with time in the expected service life of the new
system unless intermediate leakage detection and subsequent
remedial work is carried out. Because detection require, skilled
professional, equipment and strong organization, which are
unlikely to be established on ground of the overall development
of the nation and in Wurgesa in particular, it is logical to
presume in increase of water loss with time in designing water
supply system. Therefore, from the past experience in the region
and previous studies 20% for year 2015, 22% for year 2020,
15% for year 2025, 16% for year 2030, 17%for year 2035 and
18% for year 2040 of average day demand is taken as system
loss.

Table system loss calculations

Category Year
201 2020 2025 2030 2035 204
5 0
Adjusted m3/
domestic day 385 492 611 819 976 385

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water L/S
demand 4.5 5.7 7 9 11 4.5
Percent (%) 20 22 15 16 17 18
of water
loss (%)
Water m3/ 108.2 91.6 131.0 165.9
loss day 77 4 5 4 2 69.3
(m3/day L/S
) 0.9 1.254 1.05 1.44 1.87 0.81

Average day demand

The average water demand can be determined by adding the
categories of water demands: Domestic water demand,
Institutional water demand (public and governmental),
Commercial water demand, and Industrial water demand and
unaccounted for water loss. The average water demand
represents the daily demand of the town averaged over the year.

Maximum day demand

The daily water consumption varies from one day to another.
Maximum water demand represents the water consumption of a
day which is higher than the normal or average day water
consumption. Daily water demand changes with seasons and
days of the week. The ratio of the maximum daily consumption
to the mean daily consumption is called the maximum day
factor. Maximum day factor usually varies between 1.1 and 1.3.
For Wurgesa town maximum day factor of 1.2 has been adopted.
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Peak Hour Water Demand

Peak hour demand is meant for peak demand in some hours
within a day. It occurs particularly, when all the water taps are
opened at a particular rush hour. Such an event is likely to
happen during morning hours when most people use water for
bathing, washing utensils and cooking. Moreover, it could also
occur at the end of the day when people need water for the same
purpose after working hours. The peak hour water demand is
greatly influenced by the size of the town, number of population,
and social activity pattern. The ratio of the peak hour demand to
the maximum day demand is called peak hour factor. A peak
hour factor of 1.6 on daily maximum values has been used for
Wurgesa town.
Summary of Water Demand Assessment፡
The total water demand projections for Wurgesa town for the
target years have been summarized in table below.
Table Summary of Water Demand & Population to the end of
design period

WURGESA WATER SUPLY PROJECT

S.No Item Unit
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
1 base population
23/02/2005 - 29 - No 16243
NORTH WOLLO  
WATER RESOURCES  
DEVELOPMENT  
DEPARTEMENT  
2 growth rate % 3.88% 3.69% 3.51 3.19%
3.35%
3 total population to No 16243 19470 23135 27279 28150
be served
4 proportion of %          
population
  HTU 3% 5.00% 8.0% 9.0% 11.0%
  YTU 47% 52% 53% 55% 56%
  NTU 5% 4% 3% 2% 2%
  PTU 39 37 35 34 31
  TWU 6 2 1 0 0
  Total   100 100 100 100 100
  Population by level            
of service
  House Tap Users No 487 973 1851 2455 3096
(HTU)
  Yard Tap Users 7634 10124 12261 15003 15764
(YTU)
  Neighboring Tap 812 779 694 546 563
Users NTU)
  Public Tap Users 6335 7204 8097 9275 8727
(PTU)
  Traditional 975 390 231 0 0
sources
5 per capita Lpcd          
domestic water
demand
  HTU 50.0 50.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
  YTU 25.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 30.0
  NTU 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
  PTU 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.5 25.0

WURGESA WATER SUPLY PROJECT

  TWU     0 0 0
6 average per capita Lpcd 31.25 31.25 31.25 36 41.25
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5.0 Description of proposed water supply

5.1. Water sources:
The water supply source for village will be from a borehole
having a discharge 11l/s.
The design of the project follows cost recovery principle and aim
to meet the water demand set by the Universal Access strategy
of the country and the cost effective guideline given by the
program.
5.2 Pressure line:
The pressure main delivers water to service reservoir from
borehole to which water flow by gravity to the distribution net
work.
The size of the pressure line is designed to convey
economically the proposed discharge that submersible
pumping delivers to service reservoir with in the
recommended pumping hour i.e. 8 hour.
Where ground elevations, physical obstructions and land
regulations permit; transmission mains follow the most
practical direct route. The routes where the rising mains buried
from the pump stations to the reservoir follow by crossing the
farm lands to reduce the length of pipes. The required capacity
of the transmission main in the year 2035 is taken in to

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consideration. Designs are based on the maximum demand of

the design year.
7.3. Determination of economical diameter and capacity of
service
Reservoir:
Q = V/t , Qmax= 12l/s
Pumping rate will be taken as 12.5 l/s.=12.5*10^-3m3/s.
Economical diameter (D) can be determined using the
empirical formula;
D =0.97 Q1/2 - 1.22Q1/2, where Q = discharge in m3/sec
= 0.1085 -0.1364m.
D = 0.119m
’’
=4.3 - 5.37’’

Take as 5’’ or 6’’= 0.127or0.1524m

Commercially available diameter of the pipe size is

D =4,’’ 5’or 6’’
D=0.1016m.
V = Q/A, A=8.11 ×10-3m2
V = 1.5m/sec <2m/s………….ok.
Checking for total head
The required head is calculated as follows:
Hnet =Hd+Hf+Hm +Ht
Hf=friction head
Hm=minor loss
Delivery head=1940-1627=313m-----------------Option(1)
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Delivery head=-----------------Option(2)

Pump position=88m------------------------------------------(3)
Tanker height=3m--------------------------------------------(4)
Head loss=--------------------------------------------------- -(5)
Major loss=--------------------------------------------------(5.1)
Minor loss=--------------------------------------------------(5.2)
A, Head loss:
Major loss(1):
Hf1=10.67(Q/C)1.852*(L/(D4.87)) , L=4100m, D=0.1016m Q=12l/s C=105

Hf1=151m
Minor loss(1):
Hm1=15.1m
Major loss(2):
Hf2=32m , D=0.0635m
Hm2=3.2m
Hnet =Hd+Hf+Hm+Ht==m(623m -1)----Total
Hnet =Hd+Hf+Hm+Ht=m(for option -2)

7.4 Determination of capacity of boosting collection

chamber:
A, Detention time (40min-1hr)

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Q=12l/s.*60*60=43200liter.=43.2m3=50m3
7.5 Determination of capacity of service reservoir:
Capacity of service reservoir for the village is determined using
simplified empirical method commonly practical in many
water supply projects.
There fore,
Capacity of reservoir = 1/3*MDDA
= 1/3*1408Li/day
= 469 000litt
=469 m3
= (500m3 reservoir is recommended),
B, Head loss:From Borehole to Boosterstation.
Deliveryhead=126m
Major loss(1):
Hf1=10.67(Q/C)1.852*(L/(D4.87)) , L=2570m, D=0.1016m Q=12l/s C=115

Hf1=80m
Minor loss(1):
Hm1=8m
Major loss(2):
Hf2=32m , D=0.0635m
Hm2=3.2m
Hnet=340.2=342m

C, Major loss(1): From Booster to Service reservoir

Hf1=10.67(Q/C)1.852*(L/(D4.87)) , L=1535m, D=0.1016m Q=12l/s C=110

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Hf1=52m
Minor loss(1):
Hm1=5.2m
Htanker=5m
Deliveryhead=193m
Hnet=52+5.2+5+194=257m

8. Power and head determination of the proposed surface

pump:
Boosterstation:
Delivered power:
P=10*12/1000*260=31.3kw.there fore take =65%

P = QH =48kw.

Where, P = power in put to the pump (kw)
 = unit weight of water (9.81kN/m3)
 = pump efficiency (65%)
H = total head
H = Hd+Hf+Hm+Ht=260m
Take the standard value,
P = kw

In addition to head the operation of the pump is affected by

altitude change, so, including 10% reduction of the pump power
for every 1000 m variation from sea level
P = 56.64kw=45kw Take as 57kw.
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Take the standard value,P=75KW

If the pump is primed by generator the power of the generator
shall be determined as follows:-
Generator power
The Generator power exceeds 50% of the power of the pump,
then the generator power is:-
PG = 1.5*Pp
= 112.5kw Take as 115kw.
From Borehole to bouster station:
P=QH=41.6=43kw
Take =0.70
P=60=6KW. ---------take 70.95kw (for Altitude change).
Take the standard value,
P=75KW
Generator power=112.5=113kw.

9. Distribution Net work

Distribution net work is designed for peak hourly demands
including domestic, public and un accounted for water. The net
work closely follows the existing house settlement, The
diameter of the pipe is designed according to the demand
forecasted up to the year 2035.

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Water demand at each node was calculated based on the

physical observations, supplemented by in information gathered
from woreda water resource development office and water
supply and sanitation committee. Summary of demand at each
node, velocity in each pip, diameter of each pipe and head losses
will be followed.
11, Public fountain
 The total number of public fountain which are required for
domestic (house hold) consumption has been estimated
based on the people not to travel more than 500 m from their
house.
 Thus a total of 8 public fountains,5 with 6 faucets&3with 4
faucets are proposed to be implemented. The locations of
public tabs were decided together with woreda water
resource development offices, Municipality and water supply
and sanitation committee.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION:
The existing drinking water of the village is not sufficient in
quantity and not pure in quality, and also they are on felling.
Sanitation in the village is not satisfactory. The proposed water
supply project is therefore, expected to improve their health
status, sanitation and time and energy savings.

RCOMMENDATIONE:

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In order to maximize the benefits and minimize the negative

impacts of the proposed water supply project, the following
measures are recommended.
- Educating the community in sanitation, cleanness and
personal hygiene.
- Improve the environmental sanitation.
- Improving the personal capacity of the people.
- Improve shouldering capacity of their responsibility.
- Improving the know how of the users concerning water and
its impacts.
- Improving the user concepts about their resources and
protecting their resources from different dangers.
 Finally we are recommending for any different supportive
agents and government sectors for giving attention and
focuses to these society to stand together to throw out this
series problem.

WURGESA WATER SUPLY PROJECT