OUTLINE IN

CIVIL PROCEDURE 1 (ORDINARY CIVIL ACTIONS)

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Discussion of class policies
B. Overview on the course/subject
C. Distribution of subject outline
II. BASIC CONCEPTS
A. JURISDICTION
1. Classification of Courts
2. Distinguished from Venue
3. Error of Jurisdiction
4. Error of Judgment
5. Exercise of jurisdiction
6. Law that determines jurisdiction
7. Adherence to jurisdiction
8. Jurisdiction by estoppel
9. Jurisdiction of Courts
a. Supreme Court
b. Court of Appeals
c. Sandiganbayan
d. Regional Trial Court
e. Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court in Cities,
Municipal Circuit Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court
(1) RA 11576
10. Jurisdictional amount
11.Actions incapable of pecuniary estimation
12. Docket fees
B. Application of the Rules of Court
1. Suppletory application
2. Equitable doctrines
C. Principal and secondary action
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D. Applicable Cases:
1. Chester De Joya vs. Judge Placido Marquez, et.al. (G.R. No. 162416, January 31, 2006)
2. Bank of the Philippine Islands vs. CA (G.R. No. 168313, October 6, 2010)
3. Cipriano P. Primicias vS. Hon. Felicisimo Ocampo (G.R. No. L-6120, June 30, 1953, En banc)
4. Angelina Lopez, et. al. vS. Cesar Paras, et. al. (G. R. No. L-25795, October 29, 1966)
5. George Katon vs. Manuel Palanca, Jr. (G.R. No. 151149, September 7, 2004)
6. Agcaoili vs. GSIS (G.R. No. L-30056, August 30, 1988)
7. Air Manila, Inc. vs. Court of Industrial Relations (G.R. No. L-39742, June 9, 1978)
8. David Reyes vs. Jose Lim, et al. (G.R. No. 134241, August 11, 2003)
9. Megan Sugar Corp. vs. RTC of Iloilo-Branch 68 (G.R. No. 170352, June 1, 2011)
10.Kukan International Corp. vs. Reyes (G.R. No. 182729, September 29, 2010)
11. Alona Roldan vs. Spouses Barrios, et.al. (G.R. No. 214803, April 23, 2018)
12. Lamberto Casalla vs. People of the Philippines, et. al. (G.R. No. 138855, October 29, 2002)
13.Surigao Mine Exploration Co., Inc. vs. C. Harris, Surigao- Mainit Mining Syndicate, et. al. (G.R. No
III. CAUSE OF ACTION (RULE 2)
A. Cause of Action
1. Nature
2. Right of action
3. Relief and remedy
B. Foundation of civil actions
C. Failure to state a cause of action
D. Class suit
E. Factors that can prevent cause of action from accruing
F. Splitting of action
G. Joinder of causes of action
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H. Permissive joinder of parties
I. Applicable cases:
1. Esperanza Sumulong vs. CA, et. al. (G.R. No. 108817, May 10, 1994)
2. SolOil, Inc. vs. PCA (G.R. No. 174806, August 11, 2010)
3. Geronimo Q. Quadra vs. Court of Appeals and PCSO (G.R. No. 147593, July 31, 2006)
4. Norlinda S. Marilag vs. Marcelino B. Martinez (G.R. No. 201892, July 22, 2015)
5. Pantranco North Express, Inc. and Alexander Buncan vs. Standard Insurance Company, Inc. and
IV. PARTIES TO CIVIL ACTIONS (RULE 3)
A. Designation of parties
B. Party in an ordinary civil action
C. Real party in interest
D. Classes of party in interest
E. Non-joinder and misjoinder of parties in interest
F. Unwilling co-plaintiff
G. Death of party
1. Action that survives
2. Action that does not survive
H. Applicable cases:
1. Limjoco vs. Intestate Estate of Fragrante (G.R. No. L-770, April 27, 1948)
2. Anita Mangila vs. CA, et. al. (G.R. No. 125027, August 12, 2002)
3. Wang Laboratories, Inc. vs. Mendoza (G.R. No. 72147, December 1, 1987)
4. Merrill Lynch Futures, Inc. vs. CA (G.R. No. 97816, July 24, 1992)
5. Superlines vs. PNOC (G.R. No. 169596, March 28, 2007)
6. Bacalso, et.al. vs. Padigos, et.al. (G.R. No. 173192, April 14, 2008)
7. Taliorin vs. Tarona (G.R. No. 177429, November 24, 2009)
8. People of the Philippines vs. Jose C. Go and Aida C. Dela Rosa (G.R. No. 201644, September 24, 2
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9. Arcelona vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 102900, October 2, 1997)
10.Nilo Oropesa vs. Cirilo Oropesa (G.R. No. 184528, April 25, 2012)
11. Juana Complex I Homeowners Association, Inc. vs. Fil Estate Land, Inc. (G.R. No. 152272, March
12.Liana’s Supermarket vs. NLRC and National Labor Union (G.R. No. 111014, May 31, 1996)
13.Land Bank of the Philippines vs. Cacayuran (G.R. No. 191667, April 17, 2013)
14.Purita Alipio vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 134100, September 29, 2000)
15.Vivencio M. Ruiz, et al. vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 116909, February 25, 1999)
V. VENUE (RULE 4)
A. Application
B. Venue of real actions
C. Venue of personal actions
D. Venue of actions in rem and in personam
E. Applicable cases:
1. Go Chan vs. Go Chan (G.R. No. 131889, March 12, 2001)
2. San Miguel Corporation vs. Troy Francis L. Monasterio (G.R. No. 151037, June 23, 2005)
3. Perkin Elmer Singapore PTE Ltd. vs. Dakila Trading Corporation (G.R. No. 172242, August 14, 200
4. Asiavest Limited vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 128803, September 25, 1998)
5. Leah Palma vs. Hon. Danilo P. Galvez (G.R. No. 165273, March 10, 2010)
VI. PLEADINGS (RULES 6-11)
A. Complaint
B. Answer
1. Defense
i. Negative
ii. Affirmative
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C. Counterclaim
1. Compulsory
2. Permissive
D. Cross-claim
E. Reply
F. 3rd (4th, etc.)-party claim
G. Parts of a Pleading
H. Manner of making allegations in the pleadings
1. Ultimate facts
2. Evidentiary facts
3. Actionable document
4. Negative pregnant
I. Effect of failure to plead
1. Waiver of defenses and objections; exceptions
2. Averments in the Complaint
3. Order of Default; Remedies of a party declared in default
4. Setting aside of the Order of Default
5. Judgment by Default
6. Partial default
J. Amended pleadings
1. Nature and Effects
2. Manner of amending
3. Amendment as a matter of right
4. Amendment with leave of court
5. Improper amendments
6. Formal amendment
7. Amendment to conform to evidence
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K. Supplemental pleadings
1. Nature
2. Effects
L. When to file responsive pleading
M. Applicable Cases:
1. Spouses Meliton vs. CA, et. al. (G.R. No. 101883, December 11, 1992)
2. Carlo Tan vs. Kaakbay Finance Corp., et. al. (G.R. No. 146595, June 20, 2003
3. Rodrigo Sumiran vs. Spouses Damaso (G.R. No. 162518, August 19, 2009)
4. Domingo Neypes, et.al. vs. CA (G.R. No. 141524, September 14, 2005)
5. Manuel C. Bungcayao, Sr. vs. Fort Ilocandia Property Holdings and Development Corporation (G
6. Lourdes C. Fernandez vs. Norma Villegas (G.R. No. 200191, August 20, 2014)
7. Mamaril vs. Civil Service Commision (G.R. No. 164929, April 10, 2006)
8. Torres vs. Specialized Packaging Development Corporation (G.R. No. 149634, July 6, 2004)
9. Benjamin Cua vs. Wallem Philippines Shipping, Inc. and Advance Shipping Corporation (G.R. No
10.Pinausukan Seafood House vs. FEBTC (G.R. No. 159926, January 20, 2014)
11. Metrobank vs. Ley Construction and Development Corp. (G.R. No. 185590, December 3, 2014)
12.Equitable Cardnetwork, inc. vs. Josefa Borromeo Capistrano (G.R. No. 180157, February 8, 2012)
13.Philippine National Bank vs. Court of Appeals and Atty, Mordeno Cua (G R. No. 126153, January
14.Venzon vs. Rural Bank of Buenavista (Agusan del Norte), Inc. (G.R. No. 178031, August 28, 2013)
15. Ruby Ruth S. Serrano Mahilum vs. Spouses Edilberto Ilano and Lourdes Ilano (G.R. No. 197923,
16.Spouses Benedict and Sandra Manuel vs. Ramon Ong (G.R. No. 205249, October 15, 2014)
17.Laus vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 101256, March 8, 1993, 219 SCRA 688)
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18.Guillerma S. Sablas vs. Esterlita S. Sablas (G.R. No. 144568, July 3, 2007)
19.De Dios vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 80491, August 12, 1992)
20.Regalado P. Samartino vs. Leonor B. Raon (G.R. No. 131482, July 3, 2002)
VII. BILL OF PARTICULARS (RULE 12)
A. Nature
B. Purpose
C. When not applicable
D. Applicable case: Cesar E. A. Virata vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 106527, April 6, 1993)
VIII. FILING AND SERVICE OF PLEADINGS, JUDGMENTS AND OTHER
PAPERS (RULE 13)
A. Filing
1. Manner
2. When to file
B. Service
1. Modes of service
2. Completeness of service
C. Effect of non-compliance of rules on filing and service
D. Applicable Cases:
1. Heirs of Numeriano Miranda, Sr. vs. Pablo R. Miranda (G.R. No. 179638, July 8, 2013)
2. Philippine National Bank vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (G.R. No. 172458, December 14, 2
3. Benguet Electric Cooperative, Inc. vs. National Labor Relations Commission (G.R. No. 89070, Ma
IX. SUMMONS (RULE 14)
A. Nature
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B. Contents
C. Importance
D. Persons who can serve
E. Modes of service
F. Proof of service
G. Alias summons
H. Applicable Cases:
1. B. D. Long Span Builders, Inc. vs. R. S. Ampeloquio Realty Development, Inc. (G.R. No. 169919, S
2. The Philippine American Life & General Insurance Company vs. Hon. Augusto V. Breva (G.R. No.
3. Ma. Teresa Chavez Biaco vs. Philippine Countryside Rural Bank (G.R. No. 161417, February 8, 200
4. Allen A. Macasaet, et. al. vs. Francisco R. Co, Jr. (G.R. No. 156759, June 5, 2013)
5. Constantino A. Pascual vs. Lourdes S. Pascual (G R. No. 171916, December 4, 2009)
6. Domagas vs. Jensen (G.R. No. 158407, January 17, 2005)
7. Bienvenido Ejercito, at. al. vs. M.R. Vargas Construction (G. R. No. 172595, April 10, 2008)
8. Republic of the Philippines vs. Alberto Domingo (G.R. No. 175299, September 14, 2011)
9. Government of the Philippines vs. Aballe (G.R. No. 147212, March 24, 2006)
10.Republic of the Philippines vs. Resins Incorporated (G.R. No. 175891, January 12, 2011)
11. Pedro T. Santos, Jr. vs. PNOC Exploration Corporation (G.R. No. 170943, September 23, 2008)
12.Sixto N. Chu vs. Mach Asia Trading Corporation (G.R. No. 184333, April 1, 2013)
X. MOTION (RULE 15)
A. Nature
B. Kinds
C. Omnibus motion
D. Rules and exceptions on motion
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E. Hearing of motion
F. Applicable cases:
1. United Pulp and Paper Co., Inc. vs. Acropolis Central Guaranty Corporation (G.R. No. 171750, Jan
2. Matylou Cabrera vs. Felix Ng (G.R. No. 201601, March 12, 2014)
3. Tung Ho Steel Enterprises Corporation vs. Ting Guan Trading Corporation (G.R. No. 182153, Apri
4. Ray Shu vs. Jaime Dee, et al. (G.R. No. 182573, April 23, 2014)
XI. MOTION TO DISMISS (RULE 16)
A. Grounds
B. Period to file
C. Resolution of a motion to dismiss
D. Dismissal with and without prejudice
E. Applicable Cases:
1. Yap vs. Chua (G.R. No. 186730, June 13, 2012)
2. Selga vs. Brar (G.R. No. 175151, September 21, 2011)
3. Hon. Erlinda C. Pefianco vs. Maria Luisa C. Moral (G.R. No. 132248, January 19, 2000)
4. Brother Mariano “MIKE” Z. Velarde vs. Social Justice Society (G.R. No. 159357, April 28, 2004, En
5. Virginia S. Do vs. Subic Bay Marine Exploration, Inc. (G.R. No. 189532, June 11, 2014)
6. Republic of the Philippines vs. Transunion Corporation (G.R. No. 191590, April 21, 2014)
XII. DISMISSAL OF ACTIONS (RULE 17)
A. Dismissal upon notice of the plaintiff
B. Dismissal upon motion of the plaintiff
C. Dismissal due to fault of the plaintiff
D. Applicable Cases:
1. Gil Miguel T. Puyat vs. Ron Zabarte (G.R. No. 141536, February 26, 2001)
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2. Ramon Ching and Powing Properties, Inc. vs. Joseph Cheng (G.R. No. 175507, October 8, 2014)
XIII. PRE-TRIAL (RILE 18)
A. Purposes of
B. Nature
C. Appearance of parties
D. Default in Pre-Trial
E. Pre-Trial Brief
F. Pre-Trial Order
G. Applicable Cases:
1. Espiritu vs. Lazaro (G.R. No. 181020, November 25, 2009)
2. Dr. Manuel Vera vs. Ernesto F. Rogor, and the Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 147377, Auguts 10, 2007
3. Rolando Agulto vs. William Z. Tecson (G.R. no. 145276, November 29, 2005)
4. Caltex Philippines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 97753, August 10, 1992)
5. Velasco vs. Apostol (G.R. No. 44588, May 9, 1989)
XIV. INTERVENTION (RULE 19)
A. Nature
B. To whom granted?
C. Applicable Case: Santiago Land Development Corporation vs. Heirs of Norberto J. Quisumbing (G
XV. CALENDAR OF CASES
A. Whose responsibility?
B. Preferential cases to be calendared
XVI. SUBPOENA (RULE 21)
A. Nature
B. Kinds
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C. Authority to issue subpoena
D. Service of subpoena
E. Quashal of subpoena
F. Applicable Cases:
1. Magdalena H. Huggland vs. Judge Jose L. Lantin (A.M. No. MTJ-98-1153, February 29, 2000)
2. Domingo Roco vs. Hon. Edward B. Contreras (G.R. No. 158275, June 28, 2005)
XVII. COMPUTATION OF TIME (RULE 22)
A. Rules on computation of time
B. Interruption
XVIII. MODES OF DISCOVERY (RULES 23-29)
A. Importance
B. Depositions
1. Kinds
2. When to take?
3. Who can take?
4. Manner of taking
5. Where to use and against whom?
6. Before whom can be taken?
7. Disqualifications
C. Interrogatories to parties
D. Request for admission
E. Production or inspections of documents or things
F. Physical and mental examinations of persons
G. Refusal to comply the modes of discovery
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H. Applicable Cases:
1. Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, et. al. (G.R No. 90478, November 21, 1991)
2. Jonathan Landoil International Co., Inc. vs. Mangudadatu (G.R. No. 155010, August 16, 2004)
3. Fortune Corporation vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 108119, January 19, 1994)
4. Dasmariñas Garments, Inc. vs. Reyes (G.R. No. 108229, August 24, 1993)
5. Spouses Vicente and Leticia Afulugencia vs. Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co. and Sheriff Emmanu
6. Marcelo vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 156605, August 28, 2007)
7. Manzano vs. Despabiladeras (G.R. No. 148786, December 16, 2004)
8. Fortunata N. Duque vs. Spouses Enrico Bonifacio and Dra. Edna Bonifacio (G.R. No. 125383, July
9. Josielene Lara Chan vs. Johnny T. Chan (G.R. No. 179786, July 24, 2013)
10.Republic vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 90478, November 21, 1991)
XIX. TRIAL (RULE 30)
A. Nature
B. Order of trial
C. Postponement of
D. Suspension of
E. Applicable Case: Aniceto G. Saludo vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 121404, May 3, 2006)
XX. CONSOLIDATION OR SEVERANCE (RULE 31)
A. Ways
B. Time for
C. Applicable Case: Steel Corporation of the Philippines vs. Equitable PCI Bank Inc. (G.R. Nos. 19046
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XXI. TRIAL BY COMMISSIONER (RULE 32)
A. Commissioner
B. When resorted to?
C. Applicable Case:
XXII. DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE (RULE 33)
A. Nature
B. Demurrer to Evidence in criminal case
C. Applicable Case:
XXIII. JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS (RULE 34)
A. When applicable?
B. Who can avail?
C. Applicable Cases:
1. Tan v.s De la Vega (G.R. No. 168809, March 10, 2006)
2. Apolonio Galofa vs. Nee Bon Sing (G.R. No. L-22018, January 17, 1968)
XXIV. SUMMARY JUDGMENT (RULE 35)
A. When proper?
B. Applicable Cases:
1. Maritime Industry Authority [MARINA] vs. Marc Properties Corporation (G.R. No. 173128, Februar
2. Gubat vs. National Power Corporation (G.R. No. 167415, February 26, 2010)
3. Spouses Ramon and Mercedita Villuga vs. Kelly Hardware and Construction Supply, Inc. (G.R. N
4. Nocom vs. Camerino (G.R. No. 182984, February 10, 2009) j
XXV. JUDGMENTS, FINAL ORDERS (RULE 36)
A. Requirements for validity
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B. Judgment based on compromise agreement
C. Judgment upon confession
D. Attack on the validity of judgment/order
E. Amended judgment
F. Supplemental judgment
G. Finality of judgment or final order
H. Several judgment
I. Applicable Cases:
1. Shimizu Philippines Contractors, Inc. vs. Mrs. Leticia B. Magsalin (Karen Tradings), FGU Insuran
2. Cf. Continental Bank vs. Tiangco (No. 50480, December 14, 1979)
3. Nicos Industrial Corp. vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 88709, February 11, 1992)
4. Air France vs. Carrascoso (No. L-21438, September 28, 1966)
XXVI. NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION (RULE 37)
A. New Trial
1. Purpose
2. Grounds
B. Reconsideration
1. Purpose
2. Grounds
C. Challenging a Foreign Judgment or Final Order
D. Applicable Cases:
1. Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 190680, September 13, 2012)
2. Medado vs. Heirs of Consing (G.R. No. 186720, February 8, 2012)
3. Pineda v. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 181643, November 17, 2010)
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4. Siok Ping Tang vs. Subic Bay Distribution, Inc. (G.R. No. 162575, December 15, 2010)
5. Nemia Castro vs. Rosalyn Guevarra and Jamir Guevarra (G.R. No. 192737, April 25, 2012)
XXVII. RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT, ORDERS, PROCEEDINGS (RULE 38)
A. When applicable?
B. Period to file
C. Applicable Cases:
1. Dela Cruz vs. Andres (G.R. No. 161864, April 27, 2007)
2. Julio Purcon, Jr. vs. MRM Philippines, Inc. (G.R. No. 182718, September 26, 2008)
3. Garcia vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 96141, October 2, 1991)
4. Regalado vs. Regalado (G.R. No. 134154, February 28, 2006)
5. Insular Life Savings and Trust Company vs. Runes, Jr. (G.R. No. 152530, August 12, 2004)
6. Que vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 150739, August 18, 2005)
7. Romeo Samonte vs. S.F. Naguiat, Inc. (G.R. No. 165544, October 2, 2009);
XXVIII. EXECUTION, SATISFACTION AND EFFECTS OF JUDGMENT (RULE 39)
A. When available?
B. Which court to apply for execution?
C. Stay of judgment
D. Executory judgment
E. Quashal of a writbof execution
F. Execution pendng appeal
G. Revival of judgment
H. Ordinary Judgment
I. Special Judgment
J. Exemption from execution
K. Return of writ of execution
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L. Applicable Cases:
1. Teresita Fabian vs. Aniano Desierto (G.R. No. 129742, September 16, 1998)
2. Far Eastern Surety and Insurance Company, inc. vs. Virginia D. Vda. De Hernandez (G.R. No. L-30
3. Centennial Guarantee Assurance Corporation vs. Universal Motors Corporation (G. R. No. 189358
4. Olongapo City vs. Subic Water and Sewerage Co., Inc. (G.R. No. 171626, August 6, 2014)
5. Salamat Vda. De Medina vs. Judge Cruz (G.R. No. L-39272, May 4, 1988)
6. Olac vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 84256, September 12, 1992)
7. D’Armoured Security and InvestigationAgency vs. Arnulfo Orpia (G.R. No. 151325, June 27, 2005)
8. Kelley, Jr. vs. Planters Products, Inc. (G.R. No. 172263, July 9, 2008)
9. Juanita Trinidad Ramos vs. Danilo Pangilinan (G.R. No. 185920, July 20, 2010)
10.Gagoomal vs. Villacorta (G.R. No. 192813, January 18, 2012)
11. Magdalena T. Villasi vs. Filomeno Garcia (G.R. No. 190106, January 15, 2014)
12.FGU Insurance Corporation vs. Regional Trial Court (G.R. No. 161282, February 23, 2011)
13.ECE Realty and Development, Inc. vs. Rachel Mandap (G.R. No. 196182, September 1, 2014)
14.Northwest Orient Airlines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals and C.F. Sharp & Company Inc. (G.R. No. 112
XXIX. APPEALS (RULES 40-46)
A. Nature
B. Perfection of appeals
C. Appeal from MTC to RTC under Rule 40
D. Ordinary Appeal under Rule 41
1. Matters that can be appealed
2. Orders which are not appealable
E. Interruption of period to appeal
F. Orders which are not appealable
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G. Reversal of a judgment on appeal
H. Petition for Review from RTC to the CA under Rule 42
I. Appeal from Quasi-Judicial Agencies to the CA under Rule 43
J. Appeal by Certiorari under Rule 45
1. Scope
2. Questions of fact and of law
3. Certiorari in Rule 65
4. Dismissa/Denial of appeal by Certiorari
K. Cases originally filed with the Court of Appeals
L. Applicable Case: Global Medical Center v. Ross Systems (G.R. Nos. 230112 & 230119, 11 May 2021
Special Instructions: READ the applicable cases for recitation and/or quiz purposes
on the meetings the particular topics and sub-topics are discussed, On the day of the
Final Examinations, SUBMIT the digests of the same cases hand-written on a yellow
paper and (paper or hard)-bound for posterity.
Outline prepared by:
DODIE OPINION TURLA
Dean, UNO-R School of Law
Legal Counsel, UNO-R
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y 31, 2006) 1
2
0, 1953, En banc) 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
 10
11
ctober 29, 2002) 12
ndicate, et. al. (G.R. No. L-45543, May 17, 1939) 13

14
15
31, 2006) 16
17
nce Company, Inc. and Martina Gicale (G.R. No. 140746, March 16, 2005) 18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
01644, September 24, 2014) 26
 27
28
G.R. No. 152272, March 5, 2012) 29
, May 31, 1996) 30
31
32
33

34
une 23, 2005) 35
172242, August 14, 2007) 36
37
38
 39
40
41
42
pment Corporation (G.R. No. 170483, April 19, 2010) 43
44
45
34, July 6, 2004) 46
g Corporation (G.R. No. 171337, July 11, 2012) 47
48
, December 3, 2014) 49
0157, February 8, 2012) 50
R. No. 126153, January 14, 2004) 51
8031, August 28, 2013) 52
lano (G.R. No. 197923, June 22, 2015) 53
ctober 15, 2014) 54
55

56
57
58

ril 6, 1993) 59
 y 8, 2013) 60
172458, December 14, 2011) 61
on (G.R. No. 89070, May 18, 1992) 62

nc. (G.R. No. 169919, September 11, 2009) 63

usto V. Breva (G.R. No. 147937, November 11, 2004) 64
161417, February 8, 2007) 65
66
r 4, 2009) 67
68
April 10, 2008) 69
ber 14, 2011) 70
71
uary 12, 2011) 72
September 23, 2008) 73
74
n (G.R. No. 171750, January 25, 2012) 75
76
(G.R. No. 182153, April 7, 2014) 77
78

79
80
y 19, 2000) 81
357, April 28, 2004, En banc) 82
e 11, 2014) 83
April 21, 2014) 84

85

507, October 8, 2014) 86

87
47377, Auguts 10, 2007) 88
89
90
91

berto J. Quisumbing (G.R. No. 106194, January 28, 1997) 92

ebruary 29, 2000) 93
94

95
, August 16, 2004) 96
97
98
o. and Sheriff Emmanuel Ortega (G.R. No. 185145, February 5, 2014) 99
100
101
(G.R. No. 125383, July 2, 2002) 102
103
104
May 3, 2006) 105

k Inc. (G.R. Nos. 190462 and 190538, November 17, 2010) 106

107
108

R. No. 173128, February 15, 2012) 109

110
n Supply, Inc. (G.R. No. 176570, July 18, 2012) 111
112
radings), FGU Insurance Corporations (G.R. No. 170026, June 20, 2012) 113
114
115
116

September 13, 2012) 117

118
119

15, 2010) 120

April 25, 2012) 121

122
123
124
125
ugust 12, 2004) 126
127
128
 129
rnandez (G.R. No. L-30359, October 3, 1975) 130
ation (G. R. No. 189358, October 8, 2014) 131
ugust 6, 2014) 132
133
134
151325, June 27, 2005) 135
136
137
138
139
ruary 23, 2011) 140
eptember 1, 2014) 141
pany Inc. (G.R. No. 112573, February 9, 1995) 142

& 230119, 11 May 2021) 143

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/jan2006/gr_162416_2006.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/oct2010/gr_168313_2010.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1953/jun1953/gr_l-6120_1953.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1966/oct1966/gr_l-25795_1966.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/sep2004/gr_151149_2004.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/aug1988/gr_l_30056_1988.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1978/jun1978/gr_39742_1978.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2003/aug2003/gr_134241_2003.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/jun2011/gr_170352_2011.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/sep2010/gr_182729_2010.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2018/apr2018/gr_214803_2018.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/oct2002/gr_138855_2002.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/may1939/gr_l-45543_1939.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1994/may1994/gr_108817_1994.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/aug2010/gr_174806_2010.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/jul2006/gr_147593_2006.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/jul2015/gr_201892_2015.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/mar2005/gr_140746_2005.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1948/apr1948/gr_l-770_1948.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/aug2002/gr_125027_2002.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/dec1987/gr_72147_1987.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/jul1992/gr_97816_1992.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/mar2007/gr_169596_2007.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/apr2008/gr_173192_2008.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/nov2009/gr_177429_2009.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/sep2014/gr_201644_2014.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/oct1997/gr_102900_1997.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/apr2012/gr_184528_2012.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/mar2012/gr_152272_2012.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1996/may1996/gr_111014_1996.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/apr2013/gr_191667_2013.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/sep2000/gr_134100_2000.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/feb1999/gr_116909_1999.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/mar2001/gr_131889_2001.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_151037_2005.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_172242_2007.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/sep1998/gr_128803_1998.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/mar2010/gr_165273_2010.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/dec1992/gr_101883_1992.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2003/jun2003/gr_146595_2003.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/aug2009/gr_162518_2009.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/sep2005/gr_141524_2005.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/apr2010/gr_170483_2010.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/aug2014/gr_200191_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/apr2006/gr_164929_2006.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jul2004/gr_149634_2004.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jul2012/gr_171337_2012.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/jan2014/gr_159926_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/dec2014/gr_185590_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/feb2012/gr_180157_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jan2004/gr_126153_2004.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/aug2013/gr_178031_2013.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/jun2015/gr_197923_2015.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/oct2014/gr_205249_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/mar1993/gr_101256_1993.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/jul2007/gr_144568_2007.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/aug1992/gr_80491_1992.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jul2002/gr_131482_2002.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/apr1993/gr_106527_1993.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/jul2013/gr_179638_2013.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/dec2011/gr_172458_2011.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/may1992/gr_89070_1992.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/sep2009/gr_169919_2009.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/nov2004/gr_147937_2004.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/feb2007/gr_161417_2007.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/jun2013/gr_156759_2013.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/dec2009/gr_171916_2009.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jan2005/gr_158407_2005.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/apr2008/gr_172595_2008.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/sep2011/gr_175299_2011.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/mar2006/gr_147212_2006.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/jan2011/gr_175891_2011.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/sep2008/gr_170943_2008.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/apr2013/gr_184333_2013.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jan2012/gr_171750_2012.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/mar2014/gr_201601_2014.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/apr2014/gr_182153_2014.html ok
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/apr2014/gr_182573_2014.html ok

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jun2012/gr_186730_2012.html ok fem
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/sep2011/gr_175151_2011.html ok fem
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jan2000/gr_132248_2000.html ok fem
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/apr2004/gr_159357_2004.html ok fem
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/jun2014/gr_189532_2014.html fem
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/apr2014/gr_191590_2014.html fem

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/feb2001/gr_141536_2001.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/oct2014/gr_175507_2014.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/nov2009/gr_181020_2009.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_147377_2007.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/nov2005/gr_145276_2005.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/aug1992/gr_97753_1992.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/may1989/gr_44588_1989.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/jan1997/gr_106194_1997.html
A.M. No. MTJ-98-1153 (lawphil.net)
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_158275_2005.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/nov1991/gr_90478_1991.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/aug2004/gr_155010_2004.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1994/jan1994/gr_108119_1994.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/aug1993/gr_108229_1993.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/feb2014/gr_185145_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/aug2007/gr_156605_2007.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/dec2004/gr_148786_2004.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jul2002/gr_125383_2002.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2013/jul2013/gr_179786_2013.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/nov1991/gr_90478_1991.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/may2006/gr_121404_2006.html

G.R. No. 190462 and G.R. No. 190538 (lawphil.net)

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/mar2006/gr_168809_2006.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1968/jan1968/gr_l-22018_1968.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/feb2012/gr_173128_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/feb2010/gr_167415_2010.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jul2012/gr_176570_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/feb2009/gr_182984_2009.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jun2012/gr_170026_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1979/dec1979/gr_50480_1979.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/feb1992/gr_88709_1992.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1966/sep1966/gr_l-21438_1966.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/sep2012/gr_190680_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/feb2012/gr_186720_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/nov2010/gr_181643_2010.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/dec2010/gr_162575_2010.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/apr2012/gr_192737_2012.html

https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/apr2007/gr_161864_2007.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/sep2008/gr_182718_2008.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/oct1991/gr_96141_1991.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/feb2006/gr_134154_2006.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/aug2004/gr_152530_2004.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/aug2005/gr_150739_2005.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/oct2009/gr_165544_2009.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/sep1998/gr_129742_1998.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1975/oct1975/gr_30359_1975.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/oct2014/gr_189358_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/aug2014/gr_171626_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/may1988/gr_l_39272_1988.html
G.R. No. 84256 September 2, 1992 - ALEJANDRA RIVERA OLAC, ET AL. v. COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL. : September 1992 - Philipp
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_151325_2005.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/jul2008/gr_172263_2008.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2010/jul2010/gr_185920_2010.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jan2012/gr_192813_2012.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/jan2014/gr_190106_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/feb2011/gr_161282_2011.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2014/sep2014/gr_196182_2014.html
https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/feb1995/gr_112573_1995.html

gr_230112_leonen.pdf (lawphil.net)
59
59
AL. : September 1992 - Philipppine Supreme Court Decisions (chanrobles.com)