DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY

UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
A REMINDER TO THE STUDENT: GUIDELINES & POLICIES in the LABORATORY
 The Lab Instructor is the first to enter and the last one to leave the Lab Room.
The students are not allowed to enter the lab room without the Lab Instructor or to stay beyond the lab period in
the absence of the Faculty in-charge.
 During the First Meeting, each group is asked to check in a set of glassware and equipment for the entire term.
The group fills up a Check in Form to confirm the contents of the cabinet assigned to them.
 The members of the group are responsible for all items issued under their names and any breakage or loss will
be charged to the group.
The integrity of the items issued to the group is the sole responsibility of the group members. Be sure that the
cabinet is securely locked. Bring your own padlock and key on the Second Meeting.
 The group may borrow other items from the Stock Room on an “as need” basis.
A member of the group fills up a Borrower’s Slip and presents his/her ID Card. At the end of the lab period, the
group returns all borrowed items listed in the Borrower’s Slip to the Lab Technician. The student, in turn, receives
his/her ID card and Borrower’s Slip from the Technician.
 The group will be assigned a specific work area and it is their responsibility to keep it clean and orderly.
Don’t forget to return all used items (those that were issued to the group for the entire term) inside the locker.
Throw paper and matchsticks in the trash bin. Verify with your Lab Instructor which chemical wastes can be
flushed down the sink with running water and which ones are to be disposed in chemical wastes containers.
Check the water faucet and gas outlet after using. Report leaks to the Lab Instructor or Technician.
 Submit your updated Pre-Lab Report Notebook (also referred to as the Journal) on time.
Students will not be allowed to perform the experiment without the updated Pre-Lab Journal.
 Always wear the appropriate laboratory attire. Students not wearing the appropriate lab attire will automatically
get an absence mark and will be prohibited to perform the experiment.
Sleeveless shirts, shorts, skirts and open-toed footwear are not allowed. Wear shoes that shed or repel liquids. Always
secure long hair with a clip, hair clamp or band. Remove necktie or scarf when performing experiments.
 Wear your lab gown and goggles while performing an experiment.
The lab gown and goggles are worn as long as the student is within the working area of the lab room. Students
are also required to wear the lab gown while washing/cleaning the glassware/lab items (before and after the
performance of the experiment).
 NO UNAUTHORIZED EXPERIMENTATION!
Students are not allowed to perform experiments other than the one that is indicated in the procedure of the
experiment scheduled for the Day. Irresponsible mixing of solutions, esp. without proper supervision, may result
in serious accidents.
 Report all accidents, no matter how minor it may appear, to the Lab Instructor.
All accidents must be recorded and students who need/require immediate medical attention must be sent to the
University Clinic.
 During the Check-out Week (13th week of the Term), the students will return all the glassware and equipment
issued to the group.
The integrity of the contents of the locker is determined by comparing the contents of the locker with the items
indicated in the Check-in Form. The group will be charged for any loss or breakages and the payment is done at
the Accounting Office. The receipt is presented to the Technician in-charge and a clearance slip will be issued to
each student. The clearance must be presented to the Proctor during the Final Exams for the Laboratory.
 The Pre-Lab Journal, the Compilation of the Exercises/Assignments, ASA, Data and Calculations Sheet
and/or Final Report Sheet are submitted to the Lab Instructor during the Final Exam Week.
This confirms that the undersigned has read the Laboratory Guidelines & Policies and will abide by it.

PRINT (Family Name, Given Name, M.I.) ID No. Signature of Student Date Signed

Page 1
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1: Noting Details

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity the student must be able to

1. observe, collect, record and interpret experimental data and make sound conclusions based on
logical and scientific arguments.
2. use common glassware and equipment and practice good laboratory skills and techniques
3. classify aqueous solutions as acidic, basic or neutral
4. estimate the pH of common household commercial products

MATERIALS 500 mL of 50:50 Ethanol-water Red Cabbage Extract (To be prepared by the Technician)
Buffers solutions as standards, 0.5 M HCl, 0.5 M H3PO4, 0.5 M CH3COOH, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5
M KNO3, 0.5 M NH3, 0.5 M NaOH
One commercial product per group: calamansi juice, guyabano juice, orange juice, white
vinegar, spirit of ammonia, Sprite, 7-Up, Liquid Sosa ( or Zosa), any liquid commercial
product with reported pH value (e.g. facial wash, feminine wash)
EXPERIMENTAL Extraction of Juice from Red Cabbage (Note: To be Prepared Ahead by Technician)
PROCEDURE Cut the red cabbage into small pieces with the use of a food blender. Add 500 mL of
the ethanol-water mixture (50:50) and securely cover the blender. Continue blending for 2
more minutes. Filter the mixture with a strainer or cheesecloth. Label the liquid portion as
extract.
A. Setting the Standards: Buffers as Reference Solutions
Place 4 mL of distilled water in a test tube and label. Add 1 mL of the extract solution
and observe the color.
The class will be provided seven kinds of buffer solutions whose pH range from 1 to 13.
Obtain seven (7) test tubes and label each one with letters A to G. Measure 4 mL of the
buffer solution and transfer into the corresponding test tube. Add 1 mL of the extract to
each test tube and take note of the color of the resulting mixture. Discard the mixture by
flushing it down the drain while the tap /faucet is open. Write your observations in Table 1.
B. Classifying the Known Solutions as Acidic, Basic or Neutral Solutions
Repeat the procedure with each of the following solutions:
0.5 M HCl hydrochloric acid 0.5 M KNO3 potassium nitrate
0.5 M H3PO4 Phosphoric acid 0.5 M NH3 ammonia
0.5 M CH3COOH acetic acid 0.5 M NaOH sodium hydroxide
0.5 M NaCl sodium chloride
Summarize your observations in Table 2.

C. Classifying Commercial Products

Test each 4-mL sample of the commercial products with 1 mL of the extract. Observe
the color of the resulting mixture and record your observations in Table 3. Classify the
commercial products as ACIDIC, NEUTRAL or BASIC according to its pH level.

Page 2
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Group No: SCORE:

Name:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1:
Advance Study Assignment: Noting Details
The colors exhibited by an alcoholic leaf extract were noted and summarized in the table below:
Classification of Solution
Test tube Reported pH of Buffer Used Color of Extract
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
A 1.0 Red Acidic
B 3.0 Pink Acidic
C 5.0 Purple Acidic
D 7.0 Lavender Neutral
E 9.0 Blue Basic
F 11.0 Blue-green Basic
G 13.0 Yellow green Basic

1. A 1.0 mL portion of a popular commercial brand of vinegar was transferred to a 6-inch test tube and
diluted with 4 mL of distilled water. The alcoholic leaf extract was added to the test tube and it
exhibited a pink color.

a. The approximate pH of the vinegar is .

b. The vinegar is considered as a/an solution.

2. Liquid Zosa, a common drain cleaner, is a concentrated solution of a strong base, sodium hydroxide
(NaOH). A 1.0 mL portion of this product was transferred to a 6-inch test tube and diluted with 4 mL of
distilled water. After adding the alcoholic leaf extract to the diluted portion of Liquid Zosa, the
observed color of the mixture is .

3. Read the labels of the following household products and list down the one major component/chemical
substancepresent.

Household Product Brand Major Component Predict the Color of the Extract
Antacid

Window Cleaner

Bathroom Cleaner

Page 3
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 1:
Data and Calculations: Noting Details

A. Reference Solutions: Buffers

Table 1. Colors Exhibited by the Extract Using the Buffers as Reference Solutions
Color of Extract with Distilled Water (H2O):

Classification of Solution
Test tube Reported pH of Buffer Used Color of Extract
(Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

B. Classifying Aqueous Solutions as Acidic, Basic and Neutral

Table 2. Color Exhibited by the Extract Using Aqueous Solutions of Known Composition
Color of Estimated Classification of Solution
Known Solutions
Extract pH (Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
0.5 M HCl (hydrochloric acid)
0.5 M H3PO4 (Phosphoric acid)
0.5 M CH3COOH (acetic acid)
0.5 M NaCl (sodium chloride)
0.5 M KNO3 (potassium nitrate)
0.5 M NH3 (ammonia)
0.5 M NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

C. Measurement of the pH Household Commercial Products

Table 3. Color Exhibited by the Extract Using the Commercial Products

Group Classification of Solution

Commercial Product Color of Extract Estimated pH
No. (Acidic, Basic, or Neutral)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Page 4
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2: Laboratory Techniques and Operations

PART A. The Bunsen Burner

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity the student must be able to
1. identify the basic parts of the Bunsen burner and their functions
2. light and properly adjust the Bunsen burner properly
3. locate the different regions of a nonluminous flame
MATERIALS Bunsen Burner, 4” x 4” Cardboard, marking pen or pencil
WEBSITES http://ch185.semo.edu/labsafe/bunsen9.html.
EXPERIMENTAL Lighting the Burner (Be familiar with the parts of the Bunsen burner and visit the website before performing
PROCEDURE the experiment.)
1. Attach the rubber tubing connected to the Bunsen burner to the gas valve on the working bench.
2. Close the gas control valve (or regulator) on the burner. Close the air holes the burner, as well.
3. Fully open the main gas valve from the gas pipeline.
4. Bring a lighted match near the mouth of the burner until a flame is obtained.
Luminosity of Flame
1. Describe the color of the flame.
2. Allow some air to enter and observe how this affects the type of flame that is produced.
3. Adjust the amount of gas that enters the barrel through the gas regulator. Note how these changes
affect the appearance of the flame.
Regions of the Nonluminous Flame
1. Moisten the cardboard with tap water. Do not soak the board with too much water.
2. With the use of a pair of crucible tongs or test tube holder, hold the cardboard parallel to the lighted
burner about 1 cm above the mouth of the barrel. Do this until the zones of the flame is seen on the
face of the cardboard but do not allow the cardboard to be burned.
3. Note the different regions and sketch a diagram on the Activity Sheet.
PART B. Separation of Mixtures:
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity the student must be able to
1. differentiate pure substances from mixtures
2. separate the mixture using the separation techniques filtration, sublimation and adsorption
MATERIALS 125 mL Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL Beaker, evaporating dish, pure samples of NaCl, Naphthalene, Congo
Red, Activated Carbon, and NaCl-Naphthalene-Congo Red Mixture
WEBSITES http://www.sfu.ca/chemistry/students/courses/chem110-111/techniques/gravity_filtration.htm
http://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Class/che133/techniques/gravfilt/
http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/filt/filtration.html
EXPERIMENTAL 1. Measure about 0.4 g of the sodium chloride –naphthalene- congo red mixture and transfer into a clean
PROCEDURE 250 mL beaker. Describe the appearance of the mixture.
2. Heat the beaker slightly with the use of the Bunsen burner. Put the Erlenmeyer flask over the
mouth of the beaker. Add a few chunks of ice and observe the appearance of white crystals at the
bottom of the flask.
3. Turn off the flame of the Bunsen burner and allow the beaker to cool. Add about 20 mL of
distilled water, stir and observe the color of the solution. Add a pinch of activated carbon and stir the
mixture again. Take note of the change in the appearance of the mixture.
4. Cover the beaker with a watch glass and boil the mixture for 3 to 5 minutes. With the use of a pair of
LAB SAFETY crucible tongs, remove the watch glass and allow the mixture to cool. Be careful! Remember, hot
objects appear the same as cold ones. Prepare the set-up for filtration.
5. Filter the mixture. Describe the solid material that is left on the filter paper and the appearance of the
filtrate (liquid portion)
6. Transfer about 2 mL of the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Heat the solution until it is dry and a solid
residue is obtained. Describe the residue obtained and compare it with the pure substances provided
for the class. Can you identify the solid residue?

Page 5
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2:
Advance Study Assignment: Laboratory Techniques and Operations

1. What is a Bunsen burner?

2. How does the amount of gas and air affect the type of flame?

3. Define the following terms:

a. FILTRATION -

b. ADSORPTION -

c. ABSORPTION -

d. SUBLIMATION -

e. EVAPORATION -

Page 6
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 2
Data and Calculations: Laboratory Techniques and Operations

Match each part of the Bunsen burner (Column I) with the function it performs (Column II).
Answer Column I Column II
1. gas inlet A. portion where the gas and air mix
2. barrel B. it controls the amount of air that enters the barrel
3. air regulator C. the gas enters the burner through this portion
4. air holes D. part where the air enters
5. gas regulator E. part where the gas and air burns
6. mouth of barrel F. controls or regulates the amount of gas that enter the barrel

1. Draw a Bunsen burner and identify 2. Draw a nonluminous flame. Identify the different
the basic parts. regions of the flame from the list below.
Hottest Part of Flame
Blue Flame
Inner Cone

3. What is the color of a luminous flame?

4. The luminosity of a flame is due to the particles dispersed in the flame.

5. What is the color of a nonluminous flame?

6. A luminous flame can be obtained by reducing the amount of that enters the barrel.

Page 7
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Part B. . Separation of Mixtures: Filtration

Details Observations
Before Filtration
1. Sodium chloride-naphthalene-congo red
Mixture

2. Solid Crystals obtained After Heating

3. Sodium chloride- Congo red Mixure

after heating

4. Sodium chloride- Congo red Mixure

after dissolving in distilled water

5. Dissolved Sodium chloride-congo red

mixure after adding activated carbon
After Filtration
4. Solid Material on the filter paper after
Filtration

5. Filtrate (Liquid Portion)

6. Residue after evaporating the filtrate to

dryness

Page 8
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Draw a gravity filtration set-up and label the important parts.

Draw a schematic diagram illustrating the process involved in the separation of the sodium chloride –
naphthalene-congo red mixture. Indicate the materials that were added and the physical process that accompany
the separation.

Page 9
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Measurements and Evaluation of Data
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity the student must
1. be able to properly use the platform balance
2. develop the correct technique in reading volumes of clear liquids
3.be able to apply the rules significant figures to mathematical operations
4. be aware of the precision limitations of each measuring instrument
5. collect data that is reproducible and within an acceptable margin of error

PART A. The Use of the Platform Balance

MATERIALS Three 5-peso coins or three 10-peso coins
EXPERIMENTAL 1. With the use of a marking pen, label each one of the three 5-peso coins with the numbers 1 to 3.
PROCEDURE 2. Be sure to set the platform balance to zero point before every measurement.
3. Put the 3 coins into a dry watch glass and record the total mass.
4. Remove coin 1 and measure the total mass of the watch glass and the 2 remaining coins. Record
the data.
5. Remove coin 2 and record the total mass of the watch glass and coin 3.
6. Remove the last coin (i.e. coin 3) and weigh the empty watch glass. Record the data.
WEBSITES http://genchem.rutgers.edu/balance3b.html
http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspExpGuide&ResourceID=385

PART B. Measurement of Volumes of Liquids

MATERIALS Beaker, graduated cylinder
EXPERIMENTAL Proper Technique in Reading The Volume of Clear Liquids
PROCEDURE 1. Fill a 100-mL graduated cylinder with tap water between 60 to 70 mL.
2. Raise the graduated cylinder until the lower meniscus (curved lower portion of the liquid level) is in
the same level as your line of sight. Record the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL. This is the
proper way to read the volume of clear liquids, at eye level.
3. Raise the graduated cylinder until the lower meniscus is higher than your line of sight. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.
4. Raise the graduated cylinder until the lower meniscus lower than your line of sight. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.

Precision: The Beaker, 100-mL and 10-mL Graduated Cylinder

1. Obtain a 250-mL beaker and fill it with about 20 mL of water. Record the volume reading.
2. Carefully transfer the water into a 100-mL graduated cylinder. Record the volume reading.
3. Pour the contents of the 100-mL graduated cylinder into a 10-mL graduated cylinder. Record each
volume reading until all of the water has been measured.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Advance Study Assignment: Measurements and Evaluation of Data
1. Define accuracy.

2. Define precision.

3. A 5-peso coin was placed on top of a watch glass and their mass was recorded as 45.68 g. The mass of the
empty watch glass was found to be 39.86 g.

The mass (g) of the 5-peso coin is

SOLUTION:

4. The results of the analysis of a metal alloy were reported in terms of percent Cu (%Cu). The values
obtained are 17.34%, 17.33%, 17.28%, 17.29%, 17.36%.
The expression of the central value significant to chemists is the arithmetic mean (or average) is the sum of
the measured values, xi, divided by the n, number of replicate measurements.
 x  x2  x3  ... xn   xi
x 1 
 n  n
a. The mean or the average %Cu is .
SOLUTION:

b. The deviation from the mean, di, is the difference (regardless of sign) between the experimental
value and the arithmetic mean. The deviation is always the absolute value of the difference between
the experimental data and the mean.
d  x x
i i

The deviation of the experimental data 17.29% from the mean is .

SOLUTION:

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

c. The relative deviation (dr) of a measurement or experimental data is the deviation divided by the
mean. The relative deviation may be expressed in percent.
di
d  100  xi  x 100
r
x x
The relative deviation may also be expressed in parts per thousand or ppt (by changing the factor
100 to 1000) or in terms of parts per million or ppm (by changing the factor 100 to 1,000,000). The
choice of factor to use depends on the magnitude of the ratio.

The relative deviation (ppt) of 17.29%Cu is .

SOLUTION:

d. The standard deviation, s, measures how closely the data are clustered about the mean. The smaller
the standard deviation, the more closely the data are clustered about the mean, the more precise is
the measurement. For a finite number of measurements, the standard deviation, s is

 x
n
i x  2
n
d 2
i

s i
 i

(n  1) (n  1)

IMPORTANT: The average and the standard deviation should end at the same decimal place.
The standard deviation, s, of the results of the %Cu present in the metal alloy is .
SOLUTION:

5. The error (sometimes referred to as absolute error) of a measurement is the difference between the
measured value and the true value, . The sign of the error indicates whether the experimental value is
higher or lower than the true value (or accepted true value).
If the accepted true value is 17.27%Cu, then the error of the measurement, 17.36%Cu, is
SOLUTION:

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 3:
Data and Calculations: The Measurements and Evaluation of Data

PART A. The Use of the Platform Balance

Table 1. Measurement of Mass With the Use of a Platform Balance

Details Trial 1 Details Trial 2 Details Trial 3
Mass (g) of Watch Mass (g) of Watch Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 3 Coins Glass plus 2 Coins Glass plus 1 Coin
Mass (g) of Watch Mass (g) of Watch Mass (g) of Watch
Glass plus 2 Coins Glass plus 1 Coin Glass
Mass (g) of Coin Mass (g) of Coin Mass (g) of Coin
Removed Removed Removed
Average Mass
Deviation Deviation Deviation
Relative Deviation Relative Deviation Relative Deviation
Standard Deviation

PART B. Measurement of Volumes of Liquids

Table 2. Proper Technique of Measuring Clear Liquids (Effect of the Position of the Lower Miniscus on
the Reported Volume of Liquids)
Position of Lower Miniscus Volume (mL) of H2O
At Eye Level
Higher than Eye Level
Lower than Eye Level

Table 3. Precision: The Beaker, 100-mL and 10-mL Graduated Cylinder

Glassware Used Volume (mL) of H2O

250-mL Beaker
100-mL Graduated Cylinder
10-mL Graduated Cylinder Measurement 1
Measurement 2
Measurement 3
Total Volume (mL)

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Of the three glassware used, which one has the highest precision? Support your answer.

When will it be more advantageous to use a 100-mL graduated cylinder over a 10 mL graduated cylinder?

When will it be more advantageous to use a 10-mL graduated cylinder over a 100 mL graduated cylinder?

REMEMBER: The last digit that must be reported (or written) represents 1/10th of the smallest known division.
For a 100 mL graduated cylinder, there are 10 lines that divide each 10 mL volume. Each line represents the
smallest known division and this is equivalent to 1 mL.
The volume of a liquid measured with the use of a 100-mL graduated cylinder must be reported until 0.1
mL or until digit(s) after the decimal point.

For a 10 mL graduated cylinder, there are 10 lines that divide each 1 mL volume. Each line represents the
smallest known division and this is equivalent to 0.1 mL.
The volume of a liquid measured with the use of a 10-mL graduated cylinder must be reported until 0.01
mL or until digits after the decimal point.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Experiment 9
Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)

Introduction
The volume of the gaseous product obtained from some chemical reactions can be measured by using the water
displacement method. The gas generated by the reaction pushes the water downward and the space above the
water level is the volume of the gas that is saturated with water vapor. The term molar volume refers to the
volume occupied by one mole of the gas at a given temperature and pressure.

Materials and Equipment

Ignition tube, graduated cylinder, 2 iron stands, 2 clamps, small test tube, medicine dropper, thermometer
Small pack of CaCO3,

Experimental Procedure
Part A. Setup of CO2 Generator
1. Prepare a one-holed rubber stopper fitted with a short piece of bent glass tubing and insert it into a
20 cm ignition tube. Note: The ignition tube must be dry inside.
2. Clamp the ignition tube into an iron stand at an angle of 45o from the horizontal plane of the table.
3. Connect the CO2 generator to the CO2 collection apparatus with rubber tubing. Attach a small piece of
bent glass tubing on the other end of the rubber tubing that is immersed in the water.
4. Obtain your instructor’s approval before proceeding with the experiment.

Part B. CO2 Collection Apparatus

1. Set up the apparatus for the water displacement method as shown in the website:
http://dwb.unl.edu/Chemistry/MicroScale/MScale16.html
2. Choose a beaker that is large enough to accommodate a hand holding the inverted graduated
cylinder. Fill the large beaker with water and put it over a basin or sink.
3. Fill the graduated cylinder to overflowing and cover the top with your hand to keep all of the water in
the cylinder. Be sure that no air gap will be formed. Insert the glass tubing (fitted to the rubber tubing)
into the graduated cylinder.
4. Invert the graduated cylinder and immerse it into the beaker. Secure the graduated cylinder with a
clamp attached to an iron stand.
5. Measure the temperature of the water in the beaker and the atmospheric pressure (mm Hg).

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Part C. Generation and Collection of CO2
1. Each group will be provided approximately 100 –200 mg CaCO3 wrapped in a foil. Record the mass of
the CaCO3 and the foil. Transfer the solid into the ignition tube, Weigh the empty foil and record its
mass.
2. Measure approximately 8-10 mL of 6 M HCl into a small test tube. Do not allow the acid to fill the
small test tube. Carefully slide the small test tube into the ignition tube. Be sure that the HCl will not
mix with the CaCO3!
3. Connect the ignition tube to the with the CO2 collection apparatus by fitting the rubber tubing into the
mouth of the ignition tube.
4. Initiate the reaction by agitating the CO2 generator. This will allow the HCl to mix with the CaCO3.
Continue agitating the ignition tube until no more CO2 gas is generated.

Part D. Determination of the Temperature, Pressure and Volume of the CO2 gas
1. When the evolution of the gas ceases, pinch the rubber tubing with your fingers and detach the ignition
tube. Remove the rubber tubing inside the inverted graduated cylinder.
2. Equalize the pressure of gas inside the graduated cylinder to the atmospheric pressure by raising or lowering
it until the water levels inside and out of the graduated cylinder are equal.
3. Record the volume of the space above the water as the volume of the CO2 gas collected.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

Experiment 9
Advance Study Assignment: Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)
A foil pack containing pure zinc was transferred into a dry ignition tube. A vial containing 8 mL of 6M HCl was
carefully introduced into the tube. The ignition tube was fitted with a rubber stopper that was connected to the gas
collector. The ignition tube was agitated slowly to allow the acid to flow out of the vial and react with the Zn metal.
When evidence of reaction ceases, the height of the water level inside the inverted graduated cylinder was adjusted so
that it will be equal to the height of the water level outside of the graduated cylinder.
The data is summarized in the table below:
Details
Mass of Zn metal (g) 0.2073
Molar Mass of Zinc 65.39
Temperature of Water (C) 31.0
Vapor Pressure of Water (mm Hg) 33.7
Barometric Pressure (mm Hg) 758.4
Volume of Gas Collected (mL) 82.2

1. Write the balanced chemical reaction that will represent the chemical reaction between zinc metal and
the aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and an aqueous solution of zinc
chloride. ANSWER:

2. Calculate the number of moles of zinc present in 0.2073g Zn. ANSWER: moles Zn
SOLUTION:

3. Based on the balanced chemical equation given in number 1, how many moles of H 2 that will be produced when
0.2073 g Zn reacts with an excess of HCl (aq)? ANSWER: moles H2

4. The heights of the water level inside the inverted graduated cylinder is equalized with the water level outside of
the graduated cylinder to that the atmospheric pressure (or barometric pressure) is equal to the total pressure of
the gas collected over water.
Patm = PTOTAL
The total pressure of the gas collected over water is mmHg.

5. The gas collected over water is referred to as a wet gas because it also contains water vapor.
Therefore,
PTOTAL  GAS  PH O ) OR PTOTAL  GAS
VP 2
)
2 H

The vapor pressure of water at 31.0C is mm Hg.

The partial pressure of the hydrogen gas generated is equal to mm Hg.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

6. List down the physical properties of the H2 gas that was collected.
Details Initial State
Number of Moles of H2 gas collected, n
Volume of H2 gas collected, liters
Temperature at which the gas was collected, C
Pressure of dry H2 gas collected, atm

7. If the hydrogen gas was collected at STP conditions, what is the volume of the H2 gas?
SOLUTION: ANSWER: liters

8. At STP conditions, one mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

The molar volume (Vm, , volume /mole) of an ideal gas at STP is .

9. Calculate the experimental value of the molar volume of the H2 gas at STP. Refer to number 3 to determine
moles H2 gas.
SOLUTION: ANSWER: liters/mole

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

Experiment 9
Data and Calculations: Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide (Adaptation)

Data
Details Trial 1 Trial 2
A. Instructor’s Approval of Experimental Set-Up
B. Mass (g) of empty foil pack
C. Mass (g) of foil pack plus CaCO3
D. Mass (g) of CaCO3
E. Amount (moles) of CaCO3
F. Barometric Pressure (mm Hg)
G. Water Temperature (◦C)
H. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) of H2O at ◦C
I. Volume (mL) of CO2 Gas Collected

Reaction: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Molar Volume of CO2

Details Trial 1 Trial 2
K. Total Pressure = Barometric Pressure (mm Hg)
L. Pressure (mm Hg) of Wet CO2 Gas =
PC  VP
2
2
H
M. Pressure (mm Hg) of Dry CO2 Gas O

N. Pressure (atm) of Dry CO2 Gas

O. Volume (L) of Gas at STP
P. Amount (moles) of CaCO3 (Refer to the value in Letter E)
Q. Amount (mole) of CO2 Gas Generated
R. Molar Volume of CO2 Gas at STP (L/mole)
S. Average Molar Volume of CO2 Gas at STP (L/mole)

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Guide Questions

1. Why is it necessary to balance the water levels inside and out of the graduated cylinder?

2. Explain briefly how the following poor laboratory techniques will affect the results of the experiment.

(a) A small crack in the rubber stopper is present. How will this affect the measured volume of the CO2
gas, too high, too low or unaffected?

(b) The water level in the graduated cylinder is higher than the water level outside. Will the pressure of the
wet CO2 gas be greater than, less than or will be unaffected the atmospheric pressure?

(c) After the water levels were equalized, water entered into the graduated cylinder as it was returned to its
upright position. How will this poor lab technique affect the volume of the CO2 gas collected?

(d) How will the poor lab technique described in letter (c) affect the reported moles of CO2 gas collected?

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Experiment 19:
Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the Freezing Point (Handout)

Introduction
Colligative properties of solutions depend upon the concentration of solute particles. The freezing points of water
solutions are always lower than that of pure water. The change in freezing point caused by the presence of a solute
dissolved in water can be calculated from the equation,

T = (Kf)(m)(i),

where Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant (1.86°C/m for water), m is the molality of the solution, and i is
the number of particles produced per formula unit.

Molality = moles of solute/kg solvent

Since colligative properties depend upon the number of particles in solution, a one molal solution of an electrolyte (NaCl),
which dissociates in water, lowers the freezing point more than a one molal solution of a non-electrolyte (sucrose). The
freezing point of a one molal solution of NaCl is actually -3.37°C, only 1.81 times that of a non-electrolyte, not the -
3.62°C that would be expected if NaCl were completely dissociated. This difference is believed to be due to the interionic
attractions that prevent the ions from behaving as totally independent particles. The activity or effective concentration of
the ions is less than would be indicated by the actual concentration. Some of the ions may exist as solvated units called an
ion pairs. The more dilute the solution of an electrolyte, the more widely separated the ions, the less the interionic
attractions, and the closer the effective concentration of the ions approaches the actual concentration.

Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the effect of solutes on the freezing point of water.

Materials and Equipment

Chemicals: Ice, sucrose (C12H22O11, M.M. = 342.34), sodium chloride (NaCl, M.M. = 58.44)
Equipment: test tubes, thermometer (until -10C or lower), 400-mL beaker, three (3) 100-mL beakers, 100-mL
graduated cylinder, stirring rod

Experimental Procedure
Preparation of Ice Bath
1. Fill the large beaker 3/4 full with ice.
2. Cover the ice with 1/4 to 1/2 inches of table salt.
3. Stir this ice-salt mixture with a stirring rod and make sure the temperature drops to at least -10°C.

Determination of Freezing Points of Pure Water: Solutions:

1. Place a test tube that is 1/2 full of water in the ice bath.
2. Stir the water in the test tube gently with a thermometer while keeping track of the temperature.
3. When the first ice crystals appear on the inside wall of the test tube, record the temperature. This should be
the freezing point of the liquid. (In this step water is the pure solvent).

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Determination of Freezing Points of Solutions:
1. In another 100-mL beaker, prepare a solution of sucrose by adding 6.8 grams of sugar to 20 m L of water.
Mix until all crystals dissolve. Set aside and label the container.
2. In a 100-mL beaker, prepare a solution of NaCl by adding 1.16 grams of NaCl to 20 mL of water. Mix until
all crystals dissolve. Set aside and label the container.
3. Place a test tube that is 1/2 full of the prepared sucrose solution in the ice bath.
4. Stir the water in the test tube gently with a thermometer while keeping track of the temperature.
5. When the first ice crystals appear on the inside wall of the test tube, record the temperature. This should be
the freezing point of the solution.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 with the prepared NaCl solutions.
7. Calculate the molality of the NaCl and sucrose solutions.
8. Using the equation, T = (Kf)(m)(i), determine the value of i, where i is the number of particles produced per
formula unit and Kf for water = 1.86°C/m.

Molecular Mass Determination From Freezing Point Depression

1. Each group will be provided a packet containing table sugar.
2. Weigh the foil packet and its contents and then transfer the sample into a dry 100-mL beaker. Weigh the empty
foil again to determine the mass of the table sugar that was transferred into the beaker.
3. Dissolve the unknown in 50 mL of water.
4. Freeze this solution in the same manner as in the previous experiment. Be sure to record the freezing point
temperature.
5. Calculate the molecular mass of this solute based on the freezing point depression.

Molecular mass of solute = [(Kf) (grams of solute)] ÷ [( T) (kg of solvent)]

Chemical Waste Disposal

All solutions may be flushed down the drain with plenty of water.

Reference:
http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1986/exp9.html

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

Experiment 19
Advance Study Assignment: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the
Freezing Point (Handout)

1. An aqueous solution of sucrose was prepared by dissolving 34.58 g of C12H22O11 (M.M. = 342.34) in 100.0
mL of distilled water.
a. How many moles of sucrose were dissolved in water? ANSWER:
SOLUTION:

b. What is the solvent used to prepare the solution? ANSWER:

c. What is the mass (kg) of the solvent?

SOLUTION:

d. Calculate the molality of the sucrose solution. ANSWER:

SOLUTION:

2. The freezing point of the solution prepared in number 1 was found to be  1.9C.
a. If the freezing point of pure water is 0.0C, what is the freezing depression for this solution?
SOLUTION: ANSWER:

b. Using the freezing point depression constant, Kf, for water as 1.86C/molal and the molality of the
solution calculated in number 1 letter d, what is the van’t Hoff factor, i, for sucrose?
SOLUTION: ANSWER:

c. Based on the observed value of the van’t Hoff factor, i, for sucrose, what does this tell us about the
number of particles produced when sucrose is dissolved in water compared to the number of
particles when sucrose is in the pure state?

d. Is sucrose an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte?

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

Experiment 19
Data and Calculations Sheet: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the
Freezing Point (Handout)

Details Trial 1 Trial 2

Physical Properties of Pure Solvent

Freezing Point of Pure Water, Tf
Molal Freezing Point Depression Constant of H2O (Kf, C/molal) 1.86
Physical Properties of Solutions
A. Sucrose Aqueous Solution
Mass of empty container (g)
Mass (g) of container and sucrose, C12H22O11
Mass (g) of sucrose, C12H22O11
Amount (moles) C12H22O11 (M.M. = 342.34)
Volume (mL) of Distilled Water
Mass (g) of Water (density of H2O = 0.9970 g/cm3)
Mass (kg) of Water
Molal concentration of the Sucrose Solution, moles C12H22O11 per kg solvent
Freezing Point of Solution, Tf
Freezing Point Depression, Tf
Experimental value of van’t Hoff Factor, i
Theoretical value of van’t Hoff Factor, i

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Details Trial 1 Trial 2
B. Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution
Mass (g) of empty container
Mass (g) of container and NaCl
Mass (g) of NaCl
Amount (moles) NaCl M.M. = 58.44)
Volume (mL) of Distilled Water
Mass (g) of Water (density of H2O = 0.9970 g/cm3)
Mass (kg) of Water
Molal concentration of the NaCl Solution, moles NaCl per kg solvent
Freezing Point of Solution, Tf
Freezing Point Depression, Tf
Experimental value of van’t Hoff Factor, i
Theoretical value of van’t Hoff Factor, i

C. Determination of the Molar Mass of Table Sugar

Mass (g) of empty container
Mass (g) of container and unknown sample
Mass (g) of unknown sample
Volume (mL) of Distilled Water
Mass (g) of Water (density of H2O = 0.9970 g/cm3)
Mass (kg) of Water
Freezing Point of Solution, Tf
Freezing Point Depression, Tf
Molal concentration of the Unknown Solution, moles solute per kg solvent
Amount (moles) of Unknown Solute
Experimental value of Molar Mass (g/mole) of Table Sugar
Theoretical value of the Molar Mass (g/mole) of Sucrose

Guide Questions:
1. How does ionization affect the colligative properties of solutions?

2. How does the existence of ion pairs cause the experimental value of the van’t Hoff factor to differ from the calculated
value?

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

DEMONSTRATION SHEET: Solutions - Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

Procedure:
The Laboratory Instructor will perform a demonstration based on this activity.
1. Bring any one of the following commercial products.
Solid Liquid Liquid
Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid Rubbing Alcohol Household Bleaching Agent
Antacid Vinegar Facial or Feminine Wash
2. Obtain 50 mL of each of the following solutions 0.1 M KNO3, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M CaCl2, 0.1 M sugar
(C12H22O11), 0.1 M Na2CO3 and 0.1 M C2H5OH.
3. For commercial products that are solid or those liquid samples that viscous (thick):
Using a small beaker, dissolve the sample in 50 mL of distilled water. Label the beaker and set aside.
4. Test each known solution and commercial product if it will conduct electricity or not. Classify the solutions
based on their ability to illuminate the bulb.

Conductivity of Known Solutions:

Yes Ability to Illuminate Bulb No

Known Solutions
Distilled H2O
KNO3 Solution
NaOH, Solution
CaCl2 Solution
Sugar (C12H22O11), Solution
Na2CO3 Solution
C2H5OH Solution

Conductivity of Some Common Commercial Products:

Ability to Illuminate Bulb
Group No. Commercial Product
Yes No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
ChemNotes 1: Chemical Formula Writing and Naming of Compounds
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
All pure substances are assigned chemical formulas to describe its definite composition. From the chemical formulas, the kinds of
elements present in the compound, as well as the number of atoms of each element are known. Chemical equations are written using
chemical formulas and read using the names. Hence, one must know how to read and write the names of chemical substances using
chemical formulas.

1. Elements
To date, there are over a hundred known elements, 91 of which are found in nature. An ordered tabulation of these elements
according to rows and columns is called the Periodic Table. The elements are classified into 4 large groups namely, Metals,
Nonmetals, Metalloids and Nobles Gases.
A dark solid line separates the Periodic Table into 2 parts. The metals are found on the left side of the Periodic Table while the
nonmetals occupy the right side. The Noble gases are found on the last column to the right of the Periodic Table. The Metalloids
lie close to the solid line and consist of the elements boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te),
polonium (Po) and astatine (At).
The Periodic Table (Only the Main Group Elements are Shown) with the elements classified according to metals (M), nonmetals
(NM) and the eight metalloids (shown with their chemical symbols) are given. Take note of the systematic arrangement and grouping
of the three groups of elements.
H N
M
MSi
B NM NM NM NM
o
M M
Ge As
NM NM NM
b
T R A
M M Sb Te Po
N S I T I O N M NM NM
l
M M
Metals M M NM
e
M M M M M At Gas

M M

The oxidation state is the charge that an atom would carry if the compound were composed of ions. Elements are considered
free or uncombined with respect to another element. The oxidation state of all elements is zero.
Elements occur in nature in any of the following forms:
a. monatomic form - All metals and noble gases exist in the monatomic form or simply as atoms.
b. diatomic molecules - Elements that exist as diatomic molecules are H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2.
c. polyatomic molecules - Some elements exist as discrete units of molecules containing more than two atoms.
Examples of these elements are phosphorus (P4) and sulfur (S8).
At ordinary room conditions (25C and 1 atmospheric pressure) the elements that exist in the gaseous state are H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2 and
the Noble gases. The only elements that exist in the liquid state are mercury, Hg and the bromine molecule, Br2. All the other
elements exist in the solid state including P4, S8 and I2.
H2
N
B N2 O2 F2 O
Si P4 S8 Cl2 B
Ge As L
Br2
E
Sb Te I2
gas

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
2. Compounds
Compounds are formed when atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combine in ratios of whole numbers. When an
element chemically combines with atoms of other elements, its oxidation state changes from zero to a certain value (which may either
be positive or negative). The rules to following in writing the formulas for ionic compounds are:
a. Write the positive ion first followed by the negative ion. (Note: The same sequence is followed when the
formula is read. The formula is read from left to right, i.e., the positive ion is read first followed by the anion.)
b. Adjust the subscript to produce an electrically neutral formula unit. (Note: The algebraic sum of the
oxidation states of all elements in a compound is always equal to zero.)
c. Use the smallest set of whole numbers.
The types of compounds that are easiest to name and write are the inorganic compounds because they follow a systematic method of
nomenclature. Most inorganic compounds are made up of ions (metals and nonmetals) and are referred to as ionic compounds while
there are a few covalent compounds (hydrogen and nonmetals or 2 different nonmetals) as well. At this point, the systematic
nomenclature of compounds will be discussed based on the general formula of the compound and the location of the elements on the
Periodic Table.

N
+ 4- 3- 2- -
Li B C N O F O
3+
Al Si P3- S2- Cl B
+ 2+ -
Na Mg
L
+
K Ca2+ Transi tion Metals 2+ Ge As Se2- Br-
Zn E
+ -
Rb Sr2+ (Variable Oxidation States) Cd2+ Sb Te I gas
+
Cs Ba2+

2.1. BINARY COMPOUNDS contain 2 elements only. However their ratio varies depending on the composition of the
compound.
A. Metal (cation) + Nonmetal (anion)
Cations are ions with positive charge and are formed when metals give up or lose electrons. Anions are ions with
negative charge and are formed when nonmetals gain electrons.

a. Cations with fixed oxidation state + Anions derived from nonmetals

The cation takes or retains the name of the parent element. The list of the elements that form cations with fixed or
definite oxidation states is given below:
Elements Symbol of Cations Oxidation State
Alkali Metals (Group IA) Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+ 1+
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA) Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ 2+
Ag (most stable) Ag+ 1+
Zn, Cd and Pb (most stable) Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ 2+
Al Al3+ 3+

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
The name of the anion is obtained by modifying the element from which it is derived by adding the suffix - ide to the root word of the
element. The common anions, their names, formulas and oxidation states are:
Element Name of Anion Formula of Anion Oxidation State of Anion
Fluorine fluoride F - 1-
Chlorine chloride Cl- 1-
Bromine bromide Br- 1-
Iodine iodide I- 1-
Oxygen oxide O 2- 2-
Sulfur sulfide S 2- 2-
Nitrogen nitride N 3- 3-
Phosphorus phosphide P 3- 3-
Note: These oxidation states are limited to binary compounds where the nonmetal is the only anion in the formula.

Rules in Formula Writing Example

Rule 1. The formula of the positive ion (the 1. For the formula, NaCl, the element Na belongs to
cation) is written on the left side while the Group 1A while the element Cl belongs to Group
negative ion (the anion) is written on the right 7A. The cation is Na+ while the anion is Cl-
side.
Rule 2. When reading the name of the
compound, the cation is read first followed by The formula is read as sodium chloride.
the name of the anion.

b. Cations with variable oxidation states + Anions derived from nonmetals

Transition metals form cations that exhibit more than one oxidation state. For these chemical species, the charge is
indicated together with the name and is written inside the parenthesis (using Roman numerals) after the name of
the cation.

Rules Examples:
Rule 1. For binary compounds that contain a Copper forms two cations. The symbol for copper(I)
cation that is derived from a transition metal is Cu+ while the symbol for copper(II) is Cu2+.
What is the formula of the ionic compound
The compound formed is CuCl.
formed between Cu+ and Cl-?
What is the formula of the ionic compound The compound formed is CuCl2.
formed between Cu2+ and Cl- ? name of the compound CuCl2 is as copper(II)
chloride (read as copper-two-chloride)
Rule 2. Indicate the oxidation state of the cation For the compound CuCl, the name of the
using its equivalent in Roman numeral. Enclose compound is copper(I) chloride (read as copper-
the Roman numeral in parenthesis. one--chloride)
The name of the compound CuCl2 is copper(II)
FORMAT: cation (oxidation state) + anion. chloride (read as copper-two-chloride)

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
B. Hydrogen (cation) + Nonmetal (anion)
Hydrogen halides or hydrohalic acids are some of the important substances encountered in the laboratory. However,
most of the time it is commercially available as an aqueous mixture (or with water).
Formula Chemical Name (Pure Substance) Chemical Name (In Aqueous Solutions)
HX hydrogen + -ide hydro + ic acid
HF hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid
HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid
HI hydrogen iodide hydroiodic acid
H2S hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid

C. Nonmetal + Nonmetal
Molecular compounds have a different nomenclature system compared to ionic compounds. Binary molecular compounds (with the
exception of the hydrogen containing covalent compounds) that contain 2 different nonmetals follow the convention illustrated below:
Rules Example
Rule 1. The name of the element on the left is written Example1. CO carbon oxide
first followed by the name of the element on the right.
FORMAT: ( Prefix + first element) + (Prefix + root of Example 2. N2O4 nitrogen
second element + ide)
oxide

Rule 2. A prefix is added to the name of the first The formula CO indicates that the subscript of C is one.
element to indicate the subscript. If the subscript is The prefix for carbon is omitted and should not be read as
one (1) then the prefix mono is omitted. monocarbon monoxide.
Subscript Prefix Subscript Prefix
1 mono 5 penta
2 di 6 hexa The formula N2O4 indicates that the subscript of N is 2.
3 tri 7 hepta The prefix for nitrogen is di and is read as dinitrogen
4 tetra 8 octa
Rule 3. A prefix is written before the name of the
second element to identify its subscript. This time,
the prefix mono must be written to refer to the The prefix for the second element, O, is mono
subscript one (1). Aside from this, the same list of
prefix - subscript equivalence as the first element is
used. Refer to Rule 2 for the list.
The prefix for the second element, O, is tetra

Rule 4. The second element read like an anion in 1. The formula CO is read as carbon monoxide.
a binary compound. The suffix ide is added to the
root of the element. 2. The formula N2O4 is read as dinitrogen tetroxide
Rule 5. If the second element is oxygen and the last monoxide and not monooxide
letter of the prefix is a letter a or a letter o, these tetroxide and not tetraoxide
letters are omitted. pentoxide and not pentaoxide

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Chemical Formula Chemical Name Chemical Formula Chemical Name
CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride CO Carbon monoxide
CBr4 Dinitrogen monoxide
NO2 Phosphorus pentachloride

II. TERNARY COMPOUNDS contain 3 elements only. Most inorganic compounds that fall under this classification contain
polyatomic ions. Polyatomic ions behave as a group with the net charge distributed evenly. The ammonium ion is the only positive
polyatomic ion. The rest of the polyatomic ions contain oxygen and are referred to as oxyanions.
List of common polyatomic ions: (Note: This list can be expanded to include the polyatomic ions formed from the H-oxyanions.)
Name of Polyatomic Ion Formula of Polyatomic Ion Charge of Polyatomic Ion
ammonium NH4+ 1+
carbonate CO3 - 2- 2-
chlorate ClO3 1-
hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate) HCO3- 1-
Hydrogen sulfate (or bisulfate) HSO4- 1-
Hydroxide OH- 1-
nitrate NO3- 1-
phosphate PO4 3- 3-
sulfate SO4 2- 2-
sulfite SO3 2- 2-

Group A. Ternary Compounds that contain Metal (cation) + Polyatomic ion (anion)
Polyatomic ion (cation) + Monoatomic Anion
Polyatomic ion (cation) + Polyatomic Anion
Formula Chemical Name Formula Chemical Name
NaNO3 Sodium nitrate FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate
KOH Potassium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Magnesium hydroxide
Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium phosphate NH4Br Ammonium bromide
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate

Group B. Oxoacids (Ternary Compounds that contain H + O + Another Nonmetal)

Apart from the hydrohalic acids, another significant group of acids are the oxoacids ( those that contain hydrogen and
oxygen and another nonmetal).

Formula of Naming of Oxoacids Formula of Oxoanion Name of Oxoanion

Oxoacids (In Aqueous Solutions) (Polyatomic Anion) (Polyatomic Anion)
HClO4 Perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate
HClO3 Chloric acid ClO3- chlorate
HClO2 Chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite
HClO Hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite
HNO3 Nitric acid NO3- nitrate
HNO2 Nitrous acid NO2- nitrite

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
SUMMARY OF RULES: FORMULA WRITING AND NAMING OF COMPOUNDS
Writing chemical formulas becomes easier once we become familiar with the symbols of the elements and ions. For all
compounds the sum of the oxidation states of the elements in the compound must be equal to zero.
For ionic compounds, there must be a balance between the oppositely charged ions.
sum of the positive charge (cations) = sum of the negative charge (anions)
Rules Example
Group 1. If the magnitude of the charge of the The charge of potassium ion (K+) is 1+ and the charge of
cation and anion are equal to each other. bromide ion (Br-) is 1-.
Rule 1. In order to balance the opposite charges
The formula for potassium bromide is KBr.
of the ions, the ratio of the cation to the anion is
The formula for calcium oxide is CaO
1:1. There is no need to write a subscript one (1).
Group 2. If the magnitude of the charge of the Consider the compound, magnesium nitride. The charge
cation and anion are not equal to each other. of the magnesium ion (Mg2+) is 2+ and the charge of
nitride ion (N3-) is 3-.
Rule 2. In order to balance the opposite charges
of the ions, use the absolute value of the charge of To balance the charge between Mg2+ and N3-
the cation as the subscript of the anion. Ion Oxidation No. Absolute Value
Similarly, use the absolute value of the charge of Mg2+ 2+ 2
the anion as the subscript of the cation. N3- 3- 3

This is called the criss-cross method. The subscript for Mg is 3 while the subscript for N is
2.
The formula is
Mg3N2
Rule 3. For ionic compounds that contain polyatomic ions, consider the polyatomic ion as one unit or entity. If
more than one unit of the polyatomic ion is present, enclose the polyatomic ion in parenthesis and write the
subscript outside of the parenthesis.
For example, calcium phosphate is Ca3(PO4)2

Schematic Diagram for Naming Compounds:

Ionic Compounds Hydrogen-Nonmetal Nonmetal – Nonmetal Hydrogen-+ Oxoanion
FORMAT: A. With water (OXOACID)
A1. Cation has fixed Pure Substance (Prefix + first element ) + FORMAT:
oxidation state FORMAT: (Prefix + root of second
element) + ide Per ic acid
The prefix mono is used ic acid
A2. One of the ions is
for the subscript one.
a polyatomic ion hydrogen + (root of ous acid
If the subscript of the first
FORMAT: nonmetal) + ide
element is one, omit hypo ous acid
cation + anion the
prefix mono.
Other Common prefixes B. Salt formed from the
Aqueous Solutions (with
C Cation with variable Subscript of Oxoacid
water) Prefix
oxidation state Nonmetal FORMAT:
FORMAT:
Di Two Cation + per ate
FORMAT: Tri Three Cation + ate
hydro + (root of nonmetal) Tetra Four Cation + ite
cation (Roman
+ ic acid Penta Five Cation + hypo ite
numeral) + anion

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 1: Chemical Formula Writing

Write the Chemical Formula of the Following Binary Compounds:

Formula of Formula of
Chemical Formula of Compound
Cation Anion
Ca2+ Cl-

Al3+ Cl-

Mg2+ Br -
LiBr
K2O
Mg2+ N3-
Li3N
Na +
Na2S
O2- SrO

Formula of Formula of
Chemical Formula of Compound
Cation Anion
Cu2+ Cl-
CuCl
Fe3+ Br-
FeBr2
Ni2+ Br -

CoCl2
Cr2O3
PbO

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 2: Naming of Chemical Compounds I

Complete the tables below by writing the missing information

Formula of Anion Name of Anion Oxidation State of Anion

I- iodide 1-

O2- 2-

S2- sulfide
nitride 3-

Binary Compounds:
Formula of Formula of Chemical Formula
Name of Compound
Cation Anion of Compound
K+ Cl-

Mg2+ Cl-

Ca2+ Br-

Aluminum bromide
Na2S
Li3N
Calcium fluoride

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 3: Naming of Chemical Compounds II

Complete the tables below by writing the missing information

Formula of Cation Name of Cation Oxidation State of Cation

Iron(III) 3+
Fe2+2+ 2+
Hg2 Mercury(I) 1+
Hg 2+ Mecury(II)
Cobalt(II) 2+
Ni2+
Vanadium(III)

Formula of Formula of Chemical Formula of

Name of Compound
Cation Anion Binary Compound
Cu2+ Cl-
Cu+ Cl-
Fe3+ Br- Iron (III) bromide

Nickel (II) chloride

Fe2O3

CrO3
Fe2+ Cl -
Iron (II) chloride
PbO2 Lead (IV) oxide

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 4: Naming of Chemical Compounds III Molecular Binary Compounds

Molecular Binary Compounds

Formula Name

Dinitrogen monoxide

Sulfur trioxide

N2O4

NO2

NO

PCl5

PCl3

Sulfur dioxide

CBr4

Carbon tetrachloride

OF2

XeF4

Cl2O7

Diphosphorus pentoxide

Tetraphosphorus decaoxide

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 5: Chemical Stoichiometry I

Balance the following Chemical Equations:

1. Mg + O2  MgO
2. KClO3  KCl + _ O2
3. Fe + O2  Fe2O3
4. Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2
5. Na + _ _ H2 O  NaOH + H2
6. N2O5 + _ H2O  HNO3
7. PCl5 + H2O  H3PO4 + HCl

8. CH4 + _ Br2  CBr4 + HBr

9. C5H10O2 + O2  CO2 + _ H2O

(NH4)2Cr2O7  Cr2O3 + _N2 + H2O
10.

Write the Balanced Chemical Equation for the following reactions. Use the space below each number.

1. sulfur + oxygen  Sulfur dioxide

Answer: 

2. carbon + oxygen  Carbon dioxide

Answer: 

3. aluminum + hydrochloric acid  Aluminum chloride + hydrogen

Answer: 

4. nitrogen + hydrogen  ammonia

Answer: 

5. aluminum + oxygen  Aluminum oxide

Answer: 

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 6: Chemical Stoichiometry II

Complete and balance the following equations and classify each one according to the choices given
below. Print the letter that corresponds to your choice of the type of reaction on the rightmost column.
A. Combination C. Single Displacement
B. Decomposition D. Double Displacement

Type of
Chemical Equations Reaction
1. K + Cl2 
2. Zn + _O2 
3. Ni + _ HCl  + _
4. Cu + AgNO3  + Ag
5. _ + CuSO4  ZnSO4 +
6. Cl2 + _ NaBr 
7. Al2O3  O2 + _ Al
8. VCl3  Cl2 + V
9. NH4NO3  N2O + H2O
10. Na2C2O4 + _ CaCl2  + 2NaCl

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 7: Naming of Chemical Compounds IV (Oxoacids and Oxoanions)

Common Acids
Formula Name
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
HNO2
HClO4
HClO3
Chlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
HBrO3
HIO3

Common Polyatomic Anions (Formed when the acidic hydrogen is removed from the oxoacids)
Formula of Oxoacid Formula of Polyatomic Anions Name of Polyatomic Anion

HNO3 NO3 nitrate
2
H2SO4 SO4
3
H3PO4 PO4
HNO2 nitrite
HClO4 perchlorate

HClO3 ClO3

ClO2 chlorite
HClO hypochlorite

HBrO3 BrO3
HIO3 iodate

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
List of common Polyatomic Ions
Formula of Polyatomic Ion Name of Polyatomic Ion Oxidation State of Anion
3-
PO4 2-
sulfate 2-
hydroxide 1-
-
NO3 1-
2-
CO3 2-
+
NH4 1+

Formula of Formula of Chemical Formula of

Name of Compound
Cation Anion Binary Compound
-
Cu2+ NO3 Copper(II) nitrate
-
Fe2+ NO3 Iron(II) nitrate
OH- Fe(OH)3
OH -
Lead(II) hydroxide
Mg2+ OH- Mg(OH)2
3-
Ca2+ PO4 Calcium phosphate
3-
Na+ PO4 Sodium phosphate
CaSO4 Calcium sulfate
2-
Li+ CO3 Li2CO3
+ 2-
NH4 SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Ammonium chloride

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
ChemNotes 2: Quantitative Measurements and Significant Figures
Chemistry is a field of science that involves a lot of measurements. Data gathering includes both qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the subject of interest. Sometimes it is sufficient to describe a system simply as hot or cold.
However, there might be a need to measure the temperature of a hot water bath esp. if it is a factor that will affect some
property of the reaction.

The measurement determines the amount, dimension, or extent of something in comparison to a unit. A unit is
a definite quantity adopted as a standard of measurement. A measurement consists of 2 parts:
Numerical quantity + unit
The numerical quantity contains a part that is known (certain) and a part that is estimated (uncertainty). The
degree of accuracy of a measurement reflects the degree of accuracy of the instrument used.

Instruments designed to measure the desired information have built-in errors referred to as systematic errors.
The numerical quantity of the measurement depends on the unit of the measuring device and the calibration.
The number of significant figures of the measurement must be consistent with the precision of the measuring
device. This includes all digits that are known plus the first uncertain one. The last digit is always uncertain.
The last digit is estimated and represents one-tenth (1/10) of the smallest known subdivision.

Let us consider the graduated cylinder, the device used to measure volumes of liquids in milliliters (mL) The
number of divisions between two units will also affect the numerical quantity of the volume of the liquid (mL).
Consider two graduated cylinders illustrated below:

90 99

80 88

Cylinder A Cylinder B

For cylinder A, the volume must be reported to a precision of  0.1 mL while the volume measured
using cylinder B must be reported to a precision of  0.01 mL.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Significant Figures
Significant figures are meaningful or important digits in a measured quantity. Not all numbers or digits
are significant or important. Some digits merely indicate the decimal point. The rules listed below summarize
which digits are significant and which are not.

RULES MORE EXAMPLES

E1. How many significant figures are in
Rule 1. All nonzero digits (1-9) are significant.
these numbers?

Example: There are 3 significant figures in 328 and 6 A. 74536 Five

significant figures in 24.7883. B. 14.87362 Seven
ZEROS MAY OR MAY NOT BE SIGNIFICANT.
E2. How many significant figures are in
Rule 2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
these numbers?

Example: There are 5 significant figures in 10123, A. 7.0034 Five

10.254 and 18.004. B. 18.24096 Seven
Rule 3. For numbers that are less than one (1), all zeros
to the right of the decimal point are significant. E3. How many significant figures are
All zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are there in the following numbers?
not significant.
Example: There are 3 significant figures in 0.147,
0.00978 and 0.00000542. A. 0.0034574 Five
Example: There are 4 significant figures in 0.2047,
0.004608 and 0.000009402. B. 0.0250678 Six
Example: There are 5 significant figures in 0.0054060,
C. 0.00834400 Six
0.20040 and 0.082010.
Rule 4. For numbers greater than one (1), all zeros to the E4. How many significant figures are in
right of the decimal point are significant. these numbers?

Example: There are 5 significant figures in 4.5046, A. 105.6302 Seven

19.040 and 123.00. B. 15.2500 Six
Rule 5. For large numbers that do not contain digits after E5. What is the maximum number of
the decimal point, the terminal zeros may or may significant figures in the following
not be significant. numbers?
Example: For the number 4000, there may be one, two, A. 965000 Six
three or four significant figures. B. 8100 Four

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Scientific Notation
The scientific notation or numbers in powers of ten is a shorthand method of writing very large or very small
numbers.

Rule: To write a number in scientific notation, the

decimal point is moved either to the left of to the Express the following numbers in
right until only one digit remains to the left of the scientific notation.
decimal point.
Example: For large numbers (greater than 10), the
A. 54320.03 5.432003 x 104
decimal point is moved to the left until only one (1) digit to
the left of the decimal point. The exponent is positive 7.656843 x 104
12354 becomes 1.2354 x 104 B. 76568.43

Example: For small numbers (less than 1), the decimal

C. 0.000056892 5.6892 x 10-5
point is moved to the right until only one (1) digit to the left
of the decimal point. The exponent is negative.
0.0000076584 becomes 7.6584 x 10-6 D. 0.0001456 1.456 x 10-4

Rounding Off Numbers

When a number is rounded off, the numbers that are affected are the last digit to be retained and the first
digit to be dropped. For example, to round off the number 15.784739 to the thousandths place, the number 4
is the last digit to be retained and the number 7 is the first digit to be dropped.

First Digit to be DROPPED is (7)

15.784739

Last Digit to be RETAINED is (4)

Rule 1. If the first digit to be dropped is less than 5 (0-4),

then the last digit to be retained remains the Round off the number 456.43456 to the
same.
A. tenths place 456.4
Example: When the number 123.456 is rounded off to the
ones place, it becomes 123 B. hundredths
456.43
place
Rule 2. If the first digit to be dropped is greater than 4 (5-
9), then the last digit to be retained increased by a Round off the number 18.98765 to the
value of one.
Example: When the number 17.45689 is rounded off to A. tenths place 19.0
the hundredths place, it becomes 17.46. B. thousandths place 18.988

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Mathematical Operations
In quantitative analysis, the experiment does not end with the measurement. The measured value is
substituted into a mathematical equation, the mathematical operation is performed and then the final numerical
answer is then reported. The result of the calculation must contain the appropriate number of significant
figures that reflects the accuracy and precision of the measurement. At present, calculators and computers
are used to aid in the processing of the data. These computing devices do not recognize the number of
significant figures or the precision of a value and assume that all numbers that are entered are exact.

Exact numbers have infinite (very large number) number of significant figures. Exact numbers are
obtained from

Counting numbers 10 marbles 5 dozens of eggs

Number of data or experimental Average = (3.25 + 3.20 + 3.22) Mean = (0.1044 + 0.1058)
measurements 3 2
1.025 g/mL is written as
Result of conversions 1.025 g = 1 mL 44.01 g = 1 mole
Parts per million – involves
Definition of calculated values Percent –ratio is multiplied by 100
the factor of 106

The number of digits to be retained depends on the limiting number and on the mathematical
operation involved.

1. Addition and Subtraction

The limiting or key number is the

measurement with the least number of decimal Identify the limiting or key number.
places (or least number of digits specified after
the decimal point). This indicates the
measurement obtained with the least degree of 123.1 + 1.00078 + (-145.98) + 1245.678
precision.
After performing the indicated mathematical
operation, the final answer must be rounded off 91.25480 + 11.28 = Final answer is 102.53
to contain the same number of digits after the 102.53480
decimal point as the key number.
Note: For addition and subtraction, there may be 11.297 - 9.47249 =
an increase, decrease or no change in the Final answer is 1.825
1.82451
number of significant figures of the key number.
*The final answer must have the same number of
digits after the decimal point as the quantity with
the least number of decimal places

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

2. Multiplication and Division

Identify the limiting number in the following

The limiting number is the measurement with 123.11.00078
the least number of significant figures
mathematical operation:
145.981245.672
42.67 x 0.0697 =
Final answer is 2.97
2.974099
After performing the indicated mathematical
10.0 x 14.125 = Final answer is
operation, the final answer must be rounded off
141.25 1.41 x 102
to contain the same number of significant
The final answer must have the same number of
figures as the limiting number.
significant figures as the quantity with the least
number of significant figures

3. Logarithms:
Let log a = b
Note: The number of significant figures in a must be the same as the number of figures (or Final
digits) that appear in the mantissa in b. Answer
log a = log 24.7 = (log 2.47) + (log 101) = 1.392696953
There are 3 significant figures
In the value 1.392696953, 1 is the characteristic and the 1.393
in a = 24.7
numbers that appear to the right of the decimal point are the
mantissa.
For b = 1.457, it has 3 digits after the decimal point
What is the value of a (or the (mantissa) 28.6
antilog of b) if b is 1.457?
Antilog of b = a = 28.6417797

4. pH other Related p-Values (Note: The symbol p refers to the mathematical operation –log)
pH = -log [H3O+]
pOH = - log [OH-]

log (AxB) = log 3.45 x 10 4 =

log N x 10 n = log N + log 10 n
log A + log B log 3.45 + log 10 4
The term 10 n was obtained by counting
the number of movements of the decimal log 3.45 x 10 4 =
point (either to the left of to the right) in 0.537819095 + 4
order to obtain the scientific notation.
This term (10 n ) is considered exact
(contains an infinite number of significant 4.538
figures).
The log of numbers less 0.8359441 + (-4) =
log 6.854 x 10 - 4 =
than one (1) has a -3.1640559
negative value. log 6.854 + log 10 -4 Final answer is -3.1641

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

EXERCISE 8: Significant Figures

1. How many significant figures are there in each of the

following? a. 6.24 e. 0.1750
b. 0.074 f. 26.70
c. 2.8 g. 42, 000
d. 3.40 h. 10.0380

2. Express the following in proper scientific notation.

a. 874 d. 14, 200
b. 0.00185 e. 0.176
c. 21, 000, 000 f. 172.50

3. Perform the mathematical operation and round off the final answer to the correct number
of significant figures.

a. 17.25 + 0.0718 c. 12.8 x 0.11874

b. 57.826 - 49.3 d. 16.2  28.875

4. Express the final answer in proper scientific

notation. a. 2.71 x 102 x 12.463
b. 13.42 - 0. 0128
c. 4.82 x 103 + 1.264 x 105
d. 3.143 x 105  1.243 x 108
e. 4.7132 x 107  172.456

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
CHEMNOTES 3: Aqueous Solutions
Among the various forms of matter, the ones that we encounter in our everyday activities are the solutions, esp. aqueous
solutions. The expression of the relative amounts of the solute and solvent present in the solution is very important esp.
for products that have commercial value. For example, the amount of the isopropyl alcohol, the active ingredient in
rubbing alcohols, is expressed in terms of percent weight by volume. A brand of commercial alcohol with the label 70%
(w/v) refers to 70 g isopropyl alcohol in 100 mL of alcohol. This brand obviously contains more isopropyl alcohol than
one that contains 40%(w/v) isopropyl alcohol.

Solutions, or homogeneous mixtures are prepared by dissolving a soluble solute in a solvent. The most common examples of
solutions that we encounter are aqueous solutions, i.e., solutions made from the solvent water. The concentration of the solution is
often expressed in terms of the solute. The concentration units significant to the colligative properties of solutions are molarity and
molality.

Concentration Units:
Molarity refers to the ratio of the number of moles of the solute dissolved per liter of the solution. Its symbol is
M and is read as molar. The significant equations are listed below:

Amount (moles) solute

Molarity Equation 1.1
 Volume (L) solution

No. Moles Solute  Molarity  Volume (L) Equation 1.2.

of

No. of Moles Solute  weight

of solute (g) 1 mole of Equation 1.3.
 solute
MM of solute (g)

weight solute (g)  No. MM of solute ( g ) Equation 1.4

of of Moles Solute 
1 mole of solute

Molarity weight of solute (g) 1 mole of solute Equation 1.5

 
Volume (L) MM of solute (g)

MM of solute (g)
weight solute (g)  Molarity  Volume (L) Equation 1.6
of
1 mole of solute

A flask contains an aqueous solution that bears the label 0.252 M Na2CO3.
The label is read as zero point two five two molar sodium carbonate. It can also be read as 0.252 mole of Na2CO3 per liter of solution.
In 1 L of the solution, there are 0.252 mole of Na2CO3.
In 1000 mL of the solution, there are 0.252 mole of Na2CO3.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
In 1000 mL of the solution, there are 252 millimoles Na2CO3.
In 1 mL of the solution, there are 0.252 millimoles
Na2CO3.

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
The concentration of aqueous solution can be reduced by
a. Decreasing the amount of solute dissolved per unit volume of the solution or by dilution. Instead of preparing a
solution that contains 1.01 g KNO3 in 100 mL of solution the concentration is reduced by 1/2 fold if 0.505 g KNO 3 is
used.
b. Measuring a portion of the original solution and adding distilled H2O until the desired concentration is reached. This
is referred to as dilution. The concentration of the dilute solution is calculated using the formula:
MDILUTEVDILUTE = MSTOCKVSTOCK
Where MDILUTE is the molarity of the resulting (final) dilute solution and the
VDILUTE is the final volume of the dilute solution
MSTOCK is the concentration of the initial (starting) solution
VSTOCK is the volume of the initial solution that is obtained at the start of the dilution process

Molality refers to the number of moles of solute per kg of the solvent. The symbol is m and is read as molal. An aqueous
solution of glucose, C6H12O6 with a concentration of 0.25 m C6H12O6 is read as 0.25 molal glucose or 0.25 mole glucose per kg of
water.

Amount (moles) of solute

Molality  (2.1)
Mass(kg) of solvent

Molality  Mass(kg)solvent  weight of

solute (g) 1 mole of (2.2)
 solute
MM of solute (g)

weight (g) solute = Molality x Mass (kg) solvent x M .M .

(2.3)
g
1mole

Molar Mass (g/mole) solute

= weight (g) solute (2.3)
Molality x Mass (kg) solvent

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

Exercise 9: Colligative Properties of Solutions

Determination of Molar Masses of Nonelectrolytes
Solutions have different physical properties compared to the properties of the pure solvent. These properties,
called colligative properties, depend largely on the concentration of the solute particles and not on the nature
of the solute. These colligative properties can be used to determine the experimental value of the molar mass of
a wide range of nonvolatile, nonelectrolytes.

Nonelectrolytes are substances that do not undergo dissociation when dissolved in the solvent. Electrolytes
undergo either complete or partial dissociation when dissolved in the solvent.

Solutions, or homogeneous mixtures are prepared by dissolving a soluble solute in a solvent. The most
common examples of solutions that we encounter are aqueous solutions, i.e., solutions made from the solvent
water. The concentration of the solution is often expressed in terms of the solute. The concentration units
significant to the colligative properties of solutions are molarity and molality.

Colligative Properties
1. Freezing Point Depression

A 1.50 g sample of a newly synthesized compound was dissolved in 75.0 g of cyclohexane. The freezing
point of the solution is 2.70C while that of pure cyclohexane is 6.50C. The Kf of cyclohexane is
20.2C/molal. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
Tf = Kfm
Step 1. Calculate Tf. (Remember this must have a positive value)

Step 2. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Step 3. Use equation 2.2 to solve for the molar mass of the compound.
1 mole of solute
Molality  Mass(kg)solvent  weight of solute (g) (2.2)
 MM of solute (g)

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
2. Boiling Point Elevation
Lauryl Alcohol is obtained from the coconut and is an ingredient in many shampoos. Its empirical formula
is C12H26O. A solution of 5.00 g of lauryl alcohol in 100.0 g of benzene boils at 80.78C while that of pure
benzene 80.10C. The Kb of benzene is 2.53C/molal. Determine the molecular formula of lauryl alchohol.
Tb = Kbm

Step 1. Calculate Tb. (Remember this must have a positive value)

Step 2. Calculate the molality, m, of the solution.

Step 3. Use equation 2.2 to solve for the molar mass of the compound.
1 mole of solute
Molality  Mass(kg)solvent  weight of solute (g) (2.2)
 MM of solute (g)

Step 4. Determine the molecular formula of the compound by comparing the empirical formula mass with the
molar mass.

3. Osmotic Pressure
A solution contains 1.0 g of hemoglobin dissolved in enough water to form 0.100 L solution. The osmotic
pressure at 20C is found to be 2.75 mm Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the hemoglobin.
 = MRT
where M is the molarity of the solution, R is 0.0821 L-atm/(K-mol) and T is the Absolute Temperature in
Kelvin.

Step 1. Convert the osmotic pressure to atm using the conversion factor 1 atm = 760 mm Hg.

Step 2. Calculate the molarity of the hemoglobin solution, using  = MRT

Step 3. Calculate the molar mass of the hemoglobin by substituting the values into equation 1.2.
Molarity  Volume (L)  weight 1 mole of
of solute (g) (1.2)
 solute
MM of solute (g)

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

ASSIGNMENT 1: Chemical Nomenclature I: Binary Inorganic Compounds

Give the names of the following compounds:

Chemical Formula Name of Compound

1. NaBr
2. K2O
3. BaCl2
4. Al2O3
5. ZnBr2
6. CdCl2
7. Li3N
8. Li2S
9. SrO
10. CaCl2
11. ZnI2
12. KI
13. LiF
14. CaF2
15. BaO

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Give the chemical formula of the following compounds:

Name of Compound Chemical Formula

1. sodium iodide
2. calcium oxide
3. sodium fluoride
4. strontium bromide
5. Zinc sulfide
6. potassium sulfide
7. lithium oxide
8. magnesium nitride
9. calcium bromide
10. cadmium oxide
11. strontium sulfide
12. sodium oxide
13. zinc chloride
14. strontium oxide
15. magnesium bromide

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name:
Group No: SCORE:
PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

ASSIGNMENT 2: Chemical Nomenclature II: Binary Inorganic Compounds

Give the names of the following compounds:

Chemical Formula Name of Compound

1. CuCl
2. CuCl2
3. FeO
4. Fe2O3
5. NiO
6. Cr2O3
7. PbO
8. VCl3
9. V2O3
10. TiO2
11. CoCl2
12. FeCl3
13. FeCl2
14. CrBr3
15. MnCl2

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Give the chemical formula of the following compounds:

Name of Compound Chemical Formula

1. iron(II) bromide
2. iron (III) bromide
3. cobalt(II) bromide
4. copper (I) iodide
5. copper (II) iodide
6. copper (II) sulfide
7. lead(II) sulfide
8. iron(III) sulfide
9. manganese (II) sulfide
10. manganese (IV) oxide
11. nickel(II) bromide
12. titanium (IV) chloride
13. mercury (I) bromide
14. mercury (II) chloride
15. copper (I) oxide

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

ASSIGNMENT 3: Chemical Nomenclature III: Binary Molecular Compounds

Give the names of the following compounds:

Chemical Formula Name of Compound

1. CO2
2. CO
3. NO2
4. N2O
5. NO
6. N2O4
7. P2O5
8. PCl5
9. IF7
10. CCl4

Give the chemical formula of the following compounds:

Name of Compound Chemical Formula

1. hydrogen sulfide
2. dichlorine heptoxide
3. bromine trichloride
4. sulfur dioxide
5. sulfur trioxide
6. boron trifluoride
7. xenon trifluoride
8. diselenium dichloride
9. bromine pentafluoride
10. phosphorus trichloride

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

ASSIGNMENT 4: Chemical Nomenclature IV: Ternary Compounds

Give the names of the following compounds:

Chemical Formula Name of Compound

1. HClO4
2. HNO3
3. H2SO4
4. H3PO4
5. H3PO3
6. H2CO3
7. HClO2
8. HClO3
9. HClO
10. H2SO3

Give the chemical formula of the following compounds:

Name of Compound Chemical Formula

1. sodium perchlorate
2. copper(II) nitrate
3. barium carbonate
4. calcium hypochlorite
5. sodium dihydrogen phosphate
6. potassium phosphate
7. barium sulfate
8. strontium nitrate
9. silver carbonate
10. sodium carbonate

Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Name: Group No: SCORE:

PRINT: FAMILY NAME GIVEN NAME M.I.

ASSIGNMENT 5: Significant Figures and Dimensional Analysis

Perform the following mathematical operations and round off the final answer to the correct number of
significant figures
1. 237.48 m + 0.9114 m = m
2. 375.4 mL x 1.25
= g
g
1 mL
3. 12.43 g x 1 mL
= mL
1.25 g
4. 14.842 cm – 9.4 cm = cm
Given Measurement Unit 1 x  Unit2
Conversion Factor = Required Measurement Unit 2
 
 Unit1 

Round off the final answer to the correct number of significant figures and identify the unit of the final answer after
performing the indicated mathematical operations.
12 in  2.54 cm 
5. 7.25 ft  1 in  =
x
1 ft
  
1000 mL 1cm 3 1 m  3 10 dm 

6. 15.3 L x  1 L    =
1 mL 
   100 cm  1 m 


x7. 0.74 m
100 cm  1in =

  
 1 m  2.54 cm 

Perform the following mathematical operations and expressed your final answer in terms of the specified unit.

8. 1000 g + 125.4 g + 0.743 g =
 grams
1.25143 kg x 
 1 kg 

 1 kg   1 kg 
9. 0.725 kg + 154.3 g  x 
Page
DE LA SALLE CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT GEN CHEM LAB1
1000 g  + 2 g x SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
=
10.743  1000 g 

10. (6.815 in x 4.25 in x 10.4 in) x  2.54 cm  1 mL   1 L = liters

 3
  x 3 x 
 3 1 in 
 1000 mL 
 1
 2.54 cm cm
11. (4.25 in)2(10.0 in)  1 mL = milliliters.
x
   
 1   1 cm 
3

in

Page