Engg.

Chemistry

MODULE-5
Water Chemistry, Methods of chemical analysis
and Instrumental methods of analysis
Water Chemistry:
Introduction, sources and impurities in water, Potable water; meaning and specifications (as per WHO
standards), Hardness of water, types, determination of hardness using EDTA titration, numerical problems
on hardness of water. Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Definition and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Definition, determination of COD of waste water sample and Numerical problems on COD.

Methods of Chemical Analysis:

Volumetric Analysis: Introduction, principles of titrimetric analysis, requirement of titrimetric analysis,

primary and secondary standards. Requirement of a primary standard solution, units of standard solutions
(normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction, ppm).

Instrumental methods of analysis:

Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation and applications of Colorimetry, Flame Photometry, Potentiometry,
Conductometry (Strong acid with strong base, weak acid with a strong base, mixture of strong acid and a
weak acid with a strong base)

Water Chemistry:
Introduction: -
Water is the one of the most basic and essential component to all life. It covers ¾th of the
earth’s surface. Water is the second most important substance required to sustain human, animal
and plant lives. Water is used for both domestic and industrial purposes such as drinking and
washing in the manufacture of paper, textiles, sugar and in steam power plants.

Source of water: -
The source of water is classified as Surface water & underground water.

1. Surface Water
a. Rain water: - Is supposed to be the purest from water. However, it dissolves
considerable amount of gases and suspended solid particles from the atmosphere during
its downward journey.
b. River water: - It contains dissolved minerals of the soils such as Chlorides, Sulphates,
and bicarbonates of sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron. It also contains organic
matter, derived from the decomposition of plants & small particles of sand & soil in
suspension.
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c. Lake water: - It contains less dissolved minerals, but a quite high quantity of organic
matter.
d. Sea water: - Is the most impure from of natural water. It contains 3.5% dissolved salts
out of which 2.6% is NaCl. Other salts are sulphates, bicarbonates, bromides of
potassium, magnesium & calcium.

2. Underground water
Spring & Well water is forming the underground water sources. In general, clearer
in appearance due to the filtering action of the soil, but contains more of the dissolved salts.

Impurities of water: -
Impurities in natural water broadly classified in to four categories.

1. Dissolved Impurities.
2. Suspended Impurities.
3. Dissolved Gases.
4. Organic matter.

1. Dissolved Impurities: -
A dissolved impurity mainly consists of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of
calcium, magnesium and sodium. In addition, small amounts of nitrates, nitrites, silicates,
ammonium and ferrous salts are also present.

2. Suspended Matter: -
The Suspended matter may be inorganic (or) organic in nature. The inorganic
materials include small particles of sand, Clay, silica, hydroxides of Iron. Some of these
have large particle size and therefore settle down readily. Others are fine particles and
colloidal in nature. These do not settle down easily.

The organic suspensions are decaying vegetable matter are due to micro-
organisms. These consists mainly bacteria and other micro-organisms like algae and
fungi etc.

3. Dissolved gases: -
Most waters contain dissolved gases such as oxygen, carbon-di-oxide, sulphur-di-
oxide, ammonia and oxides of nitrogen all of which are derived from atmosphere.

4. Organic matter: -
Organic compounds are derived from the decay of vegetable and animal matter
including bacteria. Water also gets contaminated with sewage and human excreta.

Ex: - Pathogenic bacteria such as Typhoid Bacillus.

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Potable water:
The water free from harmful chemical, which is transparent and odorless, safe for
consumption by human beings is called Portable water.

Specifications (as per WHO standards): -

Parameters Standard limits as per WHO

Arsenic 0.01 mg/L

chlorine 5 mg/L

Fluoride 1.5 mg/L

Lead 0.01 mg/L

Nitrate 50 mg/L

Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 200 to 600 mg/L

Alkalinity 200 to 600 mg/L

BOD 6 mg/L

COD 10 mg/L

Hardness of water:

Water, which does not produced lather with soap readily, is called Hard water.

Hardness of water is caused due to presence of cations like Ca2+, Mg2+ and anions like
(HCO3)2, Cl-, SO4 etc…

There are two types of hardness.

1. Temporary Hardness: It is due to presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.

It can be removed by using boiling process.
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
2. Permanent Hardness: It is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and
magnesium. It can be removed by using chemical treatment process such as Reverse
osmosis, Electro dialysis, Zeolite process etc,..
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaCl

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Total Hardness: The sum of temprory and permanent hardness is called Total hardness. It ca be
expressed in terms of ppm of CaCO3.

Determination of Hardness of Water: -

Principle:

Hardness of water is estimated by complexometric titration using EDTA as a standard

solution using EBT (Erichrome Black – T ) as indicator.

In which the reaction between metal ions and EDTA takes place at pH 10. Initially metal
ions react with EBT indicator gives metal – indicator complex, which is in wine red color.

Mn+ + EBT M – indicator (wine red color)

Later on titrating against EDTA solution, metal ions form the complex with EDTA and
release the free indicator, which is in blue color.

M – indicator + EDTA M – EDTA + EBT (Blue color)

Therefore, by knowning volume of EDTA consumed, determine the Hardness of water.

Procedure: -
Total Hardness:
 Take known volume of water sample in a 250ml conical flask.
 Add 5ml of NH3 – NH4Cl buffer solution. 
 Add 2 to 3 drops of Erichrome black – T inndicator.
 Titrate against ETDA solution untill color changes from wine red to clear blue.
 Note down volume of EDTA consumed as V1 Cm3.
Permanent Hardness:-
 Take known volume of water sample in a 250ml beaker.
 Boil the water sample for 30 mineuties, cool, then filter the precipitate.
 To the filtrate, add 5ml of NH3 – NH4Cl buffer solution.
 Add 2 to 3 drops of Erichrome black – T inndicator.
 Titrate against ETDA solution untill color changes from wine red to clear blue.
 Note down volume of EDTA consumed as V2 Cm3.

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Calculation:
Total Hardness:
1000Cm3 of 1M EDTA = 100g of CaCO3
100 𝑋 𝑉1 𝑋 𝑀1
V1 Cm3 of M1 M EDTA = g of CaCO3
1000
100 𝑋 𝑉1 𝑋 𝑀1
V Cm3 of water sample = g of CaCO3
1000 𝑋 𝑉
𝟔
Total Hardness = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝑽𝟏 𝑿 𝑴𝟏 𝑿𝟏𝟎 ppm of CaCO3
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝑽

Permanent Hardness:
1000Cm3 of 1M EDTA = 100g of CaCO3
100 𝑋 𝑉2 𝑋 𝑀1
V2 Cm3 of M1 M EDTA = g of CaCO3
1000
100 𝑋 𝑉2 𝑋 𝑀1
V Cm3 of water sample = g of CaCO3
1000 𝑋 𝑉
𝟔
Permanent Hardness = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝑽𝟐 𝑿 𝑴𝟏 𝑿𝟏𝟎 ppm of CacO 3
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝑽

Temprory Hardness:
Temprory Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness

Biological Oxygen Demand: -

BOD is defined as “The amount of oxygen required for the oxidation of biologically
oxidizable impurities present in 1dm3 of waste water under aerobic conditions for a period of
5 days at 20°c”.

It is expressed in mg/dm3 of oxygen.

Chemical Oxygen Demand [COD]:-

COD is defined as “The amount of oxygen required for the oxidation impurities present in
1dm of waste water using strong oxidizing agents like acidified K2Cr2O7”.
3

It is expressed in mg of O2 per liter.

Ex: - 3CH2O + 16H+ + 2Cr6+ 4Cr3+ + 3Co2 + 11H2O

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Determination of COD of a waste water sample:-

Principle: -

The principle involved in the method is to treat the given water sample with K2Cr2O7
solution for the oxidation of impurities in acidic medium using Ag2So4 as catalyst & HgSo 4. The
unreacted K2Cr2O7 was estimated by titrating against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate [FAS]
using Ferroin indicator.

To find out this a blank titration without waste water sample is carried out.

Procedure: -

 Pipette out known volume of waste water sample and add 25cm3 of K2Cr2O7 solution into
a 250cm3 conical flask.
 Add one test tube full of 1:1 sulphuric acid containing silver sulphate (AgSO 4) and
mercuric sulphate (HgSO4).
 Reflux the mixture for half-an-hour and cool. Add 2drops of Ferroin indicator.
 Titrate the above mixture against FAS solution till color changes from blue green to
reddish brown.
Let the volume of FAS consumed be ‘V1 ’cm3.
 Carry out blank titration by taking 25ml of distilled water and repeat the procedure
without sample in the same way, the volume of FAS consumed be ‘V2 ’cm3.

Calculation: -
(𝑽𝟐−𝑽𝟏) 𝑿 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
COD of Waste Water Sample = 𝑵 𝑿 mg of O2/dm3.
𝑽

Where N = Normality of FAS solution.

V1 = Volume of FAS consumed for sample titration.

V2 = Volume of FAS consumed for Blank titration.

V = Volume of water sample taken for titration.

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Methods of Chemical Analysis:

Volumetric Analysis:
Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method.

It involves the measurement of volume of a solution of known concentration which is used

to determine the concentration of the analyte solutions.

Ex: 1. The acid-base titration between HCl and NaOH.

2. The titration between Oxalic acid and KMnO4.

Importance:

1. High precision is obtained.

2. Simple apparatus is required.

3. Easy process and fast result.

4. Different methods for different types of substance.

Principles of Volumetric Analysis:

1. The solution to be analyzed contains an unknown amount of chemicals.
2. The reagent of unknown concentration reacts with a chemical of a known amount in the
presence of an indicator to show the end-point.
3. End point indicating the completion of the reaction.
4. The volumes are measured by titration which completes the reaction between the solution
and reagent.
5. The volume and concentration of reagent which are used in the titration show the amount
of reagent and solution.
6. The amount of unknown chemical in the specific volume of solution is determined by the
mole fraction of the equation.
7. The endpoint of the reaction is reached, the volume of reactant consumed is measured and
applied to carry volumetric analysis calculations of the analyte by the following formula,

𝑪𝒕𝑽𝒕𝑴
𝑪𝒂 = 𝑽
𝒂

Where, Ca is the analyte concentration, typically in molarity.

Ct is the titrant concentration, typically in molarity.

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Vt is the volume of the titrant which is used, typically in liters.

M is the mole ratio of the analyte and reactant from the balanced equation.
Va is the volume of the analyte.

Requirement of titrimetric analysis:

1. Burette.
2. white tile (used to see a colour change in the solution)
3. Pipette.
4. Indicator (the type depends on the reactants).
5. Erlenmeyer or Conical flask.
6. Titrant (a standard solution of known concentration)
7. Analyte, or test solution (the solution of unknown concentration).

Primary and Secondary standards

Primary standards:
Primary standard is a compound of sufficient purity in which total amount of impurities
does not exceed 0.01 to 0.02%.
• It is a reagent that is very pure, stable, not hygroscopic, and has high molecular weight.
Ex: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Tetraborate, Potassium hydrogenphthalate etc…
• Primary standards are typically used in titration to determine an unknown concentration
and in other analytical techniques.

Secondary Standards:
It is a chemical that has been standardized against a primary standard for use in a specific
analysis.
Ex: NaOH, KmNO4, KOH, HCl
• Secondary standards are commonly used to calibrate analytical methods.
Properties:
1. Less purity.
2. Less stable.
3. Somewhat hygroscopic.
4. More reactive than primary standard but its solution remains stable for a long time.

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Requirement of a primary standard solution: -

i. It must be easily available in pure and dry form.
ii. It should not undergo change in air. ie, not hygroscopic.
iii. It should be easy to detect the impurities present in it.
iv. It should have high relative molecular mass.
v. Its reaction with another substance should be instantaneous and stoichiometric.
vi. The substance should be readily soluble in water.
vii. It must be a low reactive. (high stability).
viii. It should be nontoxic.

Units of standard solutions: -

1. Normality:
It is the number of gram equivalent of the solute dissolved per liter of the solution.
No. of gram equivalent of solute
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
Volume of solution in liters
Ex: 36.5gm of HCl is a 1N solution of HCL.
It is used in measuring the gram equivalent in relation to the total volume of the solution.
The units of normality are N or eq L-1

2. Molarity:
It is the number of molesof the solute dissolved per liter of the solution.
No. of moles of solute
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
Volume of solution in liters
Ex: 0.25 mol/L NaOH solution contains o.25 mol of NaOH in every liter of solution.
It is used in measuring the ration between the number of moles in the to the total volume
of the solution.
The units of normality are M or Moles L-1.

3. Molality:
It is a measure of number of moles of solute in a solution corresponding to 1kg of a solvent.
No. of moles of solute
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
Mass of solvent in Kgs
Ex: 1.0 mol of NaCl dissolved into 1.0Kg of water is referred to as a 1 molal solution of
NaCl.
It is used in measuring the solute concentration in a solution.

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The units of normality are m or Moles Kg-1.

4. Mole fraction:
It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles
of all components.
or
It is the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles of solute
and solvent.
moles of component
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 =
Total moles of solution
5. ppm (Parts per million):
It is the ration of number of parts of the component to the total number of parts of all
components of the solution multiplied by 106.
Number of parts of the component
ppm = X 106
Total number of parts of all components of the solution
It is used to express concentration of a solution where solute is present in trace.
Ex: 0.0005gm of NaCl will be dissolved in 100ml of water then ppm is 5 ppm.

Instrumental methods of analysis:

Instrumental methods use a simple [or] advanced instrument to measure physical
quantities of the analyte by relating the concentration with light absorption, fluorescence,
conductivity [or] potential.

Instrumental method of analysis canbe classified into two types.

1. Electrical Method: - it involves the measurement of current, voltage [or] resistance

in relation to the concentration of a certain species in solution.
Ex: - Potentiometric, Conductometric methods, etc…
2. Optical Method: - the optical methods are based on how the sample acts towards the
electromagnetic radiation. Ex: - Colorimetry

Advantages: -
 The method is much faster than the chemical methods.
 It requires small quantities of the analyte.
 The analysis can be conducted in a very short time.
 They give accurate results.

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Disadvantages: -
 The instruments are expensive.
 The concentration range is limited.
 Specialized training is needed for the operation.

Conductometry:-
Conductometry is an electrochemical method of analysis based on measuring the resistance
of an electrolytic solution.

Definition of conductance: Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance i.e. C=I/R

It is expressed in oh-m-1 or siemens

Specific Conductance:-

It is defined as “the conductance of the solution present b/w two parallel electrodes of cm2
area of cross section & 1cm apart”.

Theory:
 Conductance measurements are used to determine the equivalence point in acid-base
titrations.
 In which there is a sudden change in conductance of the solution after the equivalence
point.
 The equivalence point is determined graphically by plotting conductance against the titre
values.
 In conductometric titrations ions of a particular conductance are replaced by ions of
different conductance.

Instrumentation:-
 It consists of two Pt-electrodes each of unit area of cross section placed unit distance apart.
 The electrodes are dipped in the electrolyte solution taken in a beaker.
 It is connected to a conductance-measuring device.
 The titrant is added from a burette & the solution is stirred.
 The conductance is measured after the addition of the titrant at intervals of 0.5ml [or] 1ml.

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Applications:

1. Strong acid with Strong base:

 Consider the titration of HCl against NaOH.
 The conductance initially decreases till the equivalence point. This is due to the
replacement of highly mobile H+ ions by less mobile Na+ ions.
 After the equivalence point, the conductance rapidly rises with further additions of strong
base, due to increase in the concentration of the OH- ions.
 A plot of conductance against the volume of NaOH gives a Graph as shown in fig.
 The point of intersection of the curves gives the end point.
HCl(H+ + Cl-) + NaOH (Na+ + OH-) NaCl (Na+ + Cl-) + H2O
Conductance

Equivalence Point

Volume of NaOH

2. Weak acid with Strong base

 Consider the titration of Acetic acid against NaOH.
 In this titration on adding NaOH, the conductance of the weak acid increases until the acid
is completely neutralized; this is due to formation of conducting salt. [Sodium acetate].
 After the equivalence point conductance increases rapidly due to increasing high mobile
OH- ions.
 A plot of conductance against the volume of NaOH gives a Graph as shown in fig.
 The point of intersection of the curves gives the end point.

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

Conductance

Equivalence Point

Volume of NaOH

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3. Mixture of Strong acid and Weak acid with Strong base

 Consider the titration of Mixture of HCl & CH3COOH against NaOH.
 The conductance initially decreases due to the replacement of highly mobile H+ ions by less
mobile Na+ ions, untill first neutralization point.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
 After first neutralization point moderate/ slightly increases in conductance due to formation
of Salt. [Sodium acetate] until the second neutralization.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
 Further addition of NaOH, increases number of highly mobile OH- ions. Hence conductance
increases rapidly. Conductance

Volume of NaOH

Potentiometry
Potentiometry is an electrochemical technique in which the amount of a substance in
solution is determined by measuring change in potential. [emf].

Theory: -
 It involves the measurement of the emf between two electrodes that are dipped into the
solution.
 The relation beween electrode potential and metal ion concentration is given by the Nernst
equation
 Emf can be measured by combining the electrode with reference electrode.
 The emf of the cell changes gradually till the end point & changes rapidly at very close to the
end point.
 The equivalence point can be determined graphically by plotting change in potential against
volume of titrant added.
 From the equivalence point calculate concentration & amount of substance in solution.

Instrumentation: -
 Potentiometer consists of a reference electrode, an indicator electrode & a device for
measuring the potential.
 A known volume of the analyte is taken in a beaker & its potential is determined by
connecting the assembly to a potentiometer.

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 The titrant as added in increments of 0.5ml & the potential is measured each time.

Applications: -
Estimation of amount FAS in FAS solution

Procedure: -
 The FAS solution is taken in the beaker and K2Cr2 O7 is taken in the micro burette.
 Immerse the electrodes in the beaker along with stirrer
 The electrodes are connected to the potentiometer which gives the emf values
 Go on adding the titrating reagent with an in travel of 0.5 ml
 There will be sudden jump in the emf value after adding some amount of reagent, take
five more readings
 plot the graph ΔE/ ΔV against volume of reagent added
 The volume correspond to the maximum peak in the graph is called equivalence point
[or] end point of the reaction
 Using formula normality and amount can be calculated.

∆𝐸
∆𝑉 Equivalence Point

Volume of K2Cr2O7

Colorimetry
Colorimetry is an analytical technique used for determination of concentration of
compounds in a solution.

It is used for solutions which are themselves colored [or] which give a color when mixed
with a suitable reagent.

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Theory: -
 In colorimetric analysis, light from a suitable source is passed through a filter to
produce monochromatic light.
 In which a part of light is absorbed by the solution.
 The extent of absorption depends on the concentration of the solution & path length of
the light through the solution.
 These generalizations are stated from the Beer-Lambert’s law.

Beer’s law: -

The intensity of a beam of monochromatic light decreases exponentially as the

concentration of the absorbing species increase arithmetically.

Lambert’s law: -

The intensity of the transmitted light decreases exponentially as the absorption

medium increases arithmetically.

Beer-Lambert’s law:-

“The amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution
& path length.

A= €Cl where A = Absorbance

C = Concentration of the solution.
L = Path length
€ = Molar extension co-efficient.
Instrumentation:-
The instrumentation used to measure the absorbance of a solution is called Photoelectric
colorimeter.

The Photoelectric colorimeter consists of

 Tungsten lamp as the light source.

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 A filter, which provides the desired wavelength range, where the solution gives the
maximum absorbance.
 A sample cell, to take sample.
 Photocell to convert transmitted light into electrical signal.
 Recorder, to record the absorbance.

Applications: -

Colorimetry is a versatile method of determining the concentration of metals & non-metals

present in small quantities in ores, soil samples & alloys.

Ex: - Colorimetric estimation of copper in Steel:

-Procedure: -

 Prepare 100ml of 0.1M solution of CuSO4.

 Transfer 2, 4, 6, 8, & 10ml of prepared CuSO4 solution into different volumetric flasks
from the burette.
 Add 5ml of ammonia solution to all flaks & make-up to the mark using distilled water.
 Transfer a known volume of steel solution into a 50ml volumetric flask & add 5ml
ammonia, make-up to the mark using distilled water.
 Measure absorbance of all the solutions against blank solution at 620nm using
photoelectric colorimeter.
 Draw a calibration curve by plotting concentration of copper against absorbance.
 Using the calibration curve determine the concentration of copper in the steel solution.
Absorbance

Concentration of Cu
in Steel Solution

Concentration of CuSo4

Flame photometry
Emission of characteristic radiation by element and the correlation of the emission intensity
with the concentration of the element is the basis of flame photometry.

Theory:-
When a solution containing the sample element or the ion is aspirated into the flame, a series
of changes take place at the flame.

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1. First, the solvent gets evaporated leaving behind the salt in the flame [mist].
2. The salt then gets evaporated into vapors of the salt.
3. which further undergo disassociation gives the constituent atoms.
4. Metal atoms formed in the flame absorb heat energy from the flame and get electronically
excited into their higher energy level
5. Excited metal atoms fall back to their ground state by emitting the energy in the form of
light radiations.
6. The intensity of the light radiation emitted is proportional to the number of atoms in the
excited state which in turn is proportional to the number of atoms in the flame [or] the
concentration of the solution fed into the flame.
7. Thus the concentration of the solution is related to the intensity of emitted radiation
8. By measuring the intensity of the emitted radiation by a flame photometer concentration
can be determined.

Evaporation Vaporization Dissociation

M + X- M+ X-
Mist MX MX M(gas) + X (gas)
[Solution]
[Solid] [gas]
Absorption of
heat

Flame emission
(gas)M M*(gas)

Instrumentation

 A flame photometer is consists of the pressure regulator, flow meter, burner optical system
photo sensitive detector and output recorder.
 A filter of the element whose concentration is to be determined is inserted between the
flame and the detector.
 Propane gas is used as fuel and air is used as oxidant.
 The whole analysis depends on the flow rate of the fuel, oxidant, and the rate of
introduction of the sample and droplet size.

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Application:-

Estimation of sodium content in the given sample of water

1. Prepare 1PPM of NaCl solution.

2. Transfer 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm3 of standard sodium solution into different 50 cm3 volumetric
flasks, make up all the solutions using distilled water
3. Make up the volumetric flask containing unknown concentration up to the mark using
distilled water.
4. Place the sodium filter (589 nm) in position.
5. Dip the capillary tube in a cell containing distilled water, adjust the flame photometer to
zero.
6. Now feed the 100 ppm sodium ion solution and adjust the reading to 100.
7. Feed the various sodium ion solutions through the flame one by one including the unknown
solution and note down the flame photometer readings.
8. plot a graph of flame photometer reading against concentration to get calibration curve
9. Using calibration curve concentration of unknown solution can be determined.

Flame photometer
reading

Concentration of Na ion in
Water sample

Concentration of Na ion solution

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Important Questions on Module-5: -

Water Chemistry:
1. Explain determination of Hardness of water.
2. Describe estimation of COD.
3. Numerical on Hardness and COD.

Methods of Chemical Analysis:

1. Explain the principle and requirements of titrimetric analysis.
2. Describe the units of standard solution (all Units).

Instrumental Methods of Analysis: -

1. Explain the theory and instrumentation of Conductometry.
2. Explain the theory, instrumentation and applications of Potentiometry.
3. Explain the theory, instrumentation and applications of Colorimetry.
4. Explain the theory, instrumentation and applications of Flame Photometry.
5. Explain the following applications of Conductometry
1. Strong acid with Strong base.
2. Weak acid with Strong base.
Mixture of strong acid & weak acid with Strong base

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