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Quality of Water - 2

This document summarizes key water quality parameters including pH, total solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, fluorides, nitrogen compounds, and iron and manganese. It describes methods for measuring each parameter and provides drinking water standards. Key points covered include the pH scale and factors affecting acidity/alkalinity, methods for measuring total, suspended and dissolved solids, units and effects of hardness, and permissible limits for various substances to meet drinking water standards.

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33 views38 pages

Quality of Water - 2

This document summarizes key water quality parameters including pH, total solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, fluorides, nitrogen compounds, and iron and manganese. It describes methods for measuring each parameter and provides drinking water standards. Key points covered include the pH scale and factors affecting acidity/alkalinity, methods for measuring total, suspended and dissolved solids, units and effects of hardness, and permissible limits for various substances to meet drinking water standards.

Uploaded by

Anupa Alex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4.

QUALITY OF WATER
part 2
Sreevidya Sreekumar

Kerala PSC Expert


Chemical characteristics
1. pH Value of water 7. Fluorides

2. Total solids 8. Nitrogen compounds in water

3. Hardness 9. Iron and manganese

4. Chlorides 10. Toxic substances(heavy metals)

5. Sulphates

6. Dissolved oxygen
pH value
● pH indicate the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present

in water

● It is an indicator of acidity or the alkalinity of water

● Higher value of pH : lower hydrogen concentration and thus alkaline

● Lower value of pH : Higher hydrogen concentration and thus acidic


● pH of pure water = 7
● pH > 7 : Alkaline
● pH < 7 : Acidic
Alkalinity is caused
● by presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium(bicarbonate
alkalinity)
● by carbonates sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium(carbonate
alkalinity)
● By hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium (caustic
alkalinity)
Acidity caused by

● presence of mineral acids, free carbon dioxide, sulphates of iron and


aluminium etc.
● Alkalinity effect: incrustation and sediment deposit in pipelines and difficult in
chlorination

● Acidity effect: Tuberculation and corrosion


● H2O = H+ + OH-
● For pure water

[H+ ][OH- ] = 10-14 mol/litre --------------------(1)


Applying logarithm on either of equation (1)
Que : Find the apH of water when [OH- ] = 10-3.8 mol/litre
Ans: ApOH = log(1/[OH-])
= log (1/ 10-3.8)
= log 103.8
= 3.8
pH + pOH = 14
ApH = 14-3.8
= 10.2
OR [H+ ] = 10-10.2 mol/litre
Measurement of apH

1. pH paper (strip) - approximate


2. Titrometry - outdated
3. Potentiometer (pH meter) – digital electronic device – accurate

Drinking water standard : pH 6.5 - 8.5


2.Total solids
● Solids is a residue left over after evaporation

● Solids in any medium estimated by gravimetry (measurement by weight)

Following types of solids are estimated from water

1. Total solids

2. Suspended solids

3. Dissolved solids
1. Total solids
● Initial weight of empty container : w1

● ‘V’ ml of water is added

● Final weight of container ,after oven drying : w2

● Total solids in mg/l or ppm : (w2 - w1)/ V


2. Suspended solids
● Intial weight of empty dry filter paper : W1 mg
● ‘‘V’ ml of water is filtered.

After oven dry at 1030C ,For 4 to 5 hours

● Final weight of empty dry filter paper : W2 mg

● Suspended solids in mg/l or ppm : (w2 - w1)/ V


3.Dissolved solids

● NB : Colloids are included under dissolved solids

● Total dissolved solids = Total solids – total suspended solids.

Drinking water standard : 500mg/l-2000mg/l


3. Hardness
● Hardness is caused due to the divalent metallic cations, such as Ca2+ , Mg2+
, Fe2+ ..
● Prevents the formation of foam/lather

Ca2+ CO32- Temporary hardness


Mg2+ HCO3- (carbonate hardness)

Cl- Permanent hardness


(non-carbonate hardness)
SO42-
● Total hardness = Carbonate hardness + Non carbonate hardness

TH = CH + NCH

If, TH > TA If, TH< TA

CH = TA CH = TH

NCH= TH-TA NCH=0


● Hardness is measured by : versnate method / EDTA method

○ Titrant : EDTA(ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)

○ Indicator: Erichrome black T

○ End point : wine red to blue colour


● Hardness causes

1. Great soap consumption

2. Scaling of boilers

3. Tasteless food
Hardness(in mg/l as CaCO3)
<75 Soft water
75-150 Moderately hard water
150-300 Hard water
>300 Very hard water

● Breweries & distilleries preferably require hardwater


Representation of hardness
1 clark/english/british degree of harness = 14.25 ppm of CaCO3
1 french degree of hardness = 10ppm of CaCO3
1 american degree of hardness = 17.15ppm of CaCO3

● Drinking water standard < 200 mg/l


4. Chloride content
● Present in the water in the form of sodium chloride(common salt)

● Presence indicates leaching of marine sedimentary deposits, pollution from


sea water Brine/industrial waste

● Concentration > 250mg/l noticeable salty taste objectionable


● Chloride content is measured by : Mohr’s method/ argentometric method

○ Titrant : silver nitrate AgNO3

○ Indicator: Potassium chromate K2CrO4

○ End point : formation of reddish precipitate.

Drinking water standard < 250mg/l


5. Sulphates
● Excess : laxative problem

● Drinking water standard < 250 mg/l


6. Dissolved oxygen
● Absence of dissolved oxygen makes water septic

● Excess : corrosion

● For aquatic life ,DO content > 4mg/l

● DO is 20 % more in river water compared to sea water.


● Dissolved oxygen content is measured by : Winkler’s method

○ Titrant : sodium thiosulphate.

○ Indicator: starch

○ End point : blue to colourless

Drinking water standard : 4 mg/l


7. Fluoride
● Fluoride content : < 1 mg/l Dental cavities

● Fluoride content : > 1.5 mg/l discolouration of teeth (mottling of teeth)

● Fluoride content : > 5mg/l skeletal deformation/fluorosis

Drinking water standard :1-1.5 mg/l


8. Nitrogen compounds
● Presence of nitrogen compounds in water indicates the presence of organic
matter
● Nitrogen occurs in the following forms:

a) Free ammonia or ammonium nitrogen

b) Albuminoid or organic nitrogen

c) Nitrites

d) Nitrates
Free ammonia:

● indicate first stage of decomposition of organic matter and release free

ammonia and indicate recent pollution.

● Permissible limit for potable water should not exceed 0.15 mg/l.

● Measured by simple boiling the water and measuring the liberated ammonia

gas by distillation process


Albuminoid Nitrogen:

● indicate the quantity of nitrogen in the form of un-decomposed organic

matter.

● For potable water it should not exceed 0.3 mg/l.

● It is determined by boiling again the boiled water with potassium

permanganate and measuring the ammonia gas liberated.


Nitrites:
● Indicate the presence of partly decomposed (not fully oxidised) organic
matter.
● It is highly dangerous and its permissible limit is Nil.
● Measured by colour matching method and the colour is developed by adding
sulphonic acid and napthamine
Nitrates:
● indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic matter. Indicate old pollution
● Permissible limit is 45 mg/l.
● Excess Nitrates causes Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease).
● Measured by colour matching method and the colour is developed by adding
phenol –disulphonic acid and potassium hydroxide
Kjedhal Nitrogen: Ammonia nitrogen + organic Nitrogen
9. Iron and manganese:
Permissible limit :

● iron < 0.3 ppm

● Manganese < 0.05 ppm

● Excess iron and manganese cause discolouration of clothes and incrustation


of pipes
From is code
THANK YOU

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