Kantipur City College: Purbanchal University
Kantipur City College: Purbanchal University
A
FIELD REPORT
ON
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
MAHESH KC; MANISHA BIST Er. KUSUM DEO
MD SHAHID; NIKESH KUMAR SINGH DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
MD IRPHAN HAQUE; MONIKA BAJAGAIN ENGINEERING
NIRANJAN KUMAR MANDAL
This report present the result gathered from one day field visit of engineering hydrology
organized by Department of Civil Engineering, Kantipur City College for the student of 019-
BCE Batches as per the Syllabus. The field visit was at Malekhu (halfway
between Kathmandu and Narayangadh) on 5th April 2022.
This Academic report has been prepared as per the work carried out under guidance by Er.
Kusum Deo and Dr. Deepak Bikram Thapa Chhetri. During field visit, we got oppurtinity to
learn to measure the discharge of a particular stream by using two different methods through
measuring the velocity of stream at distinct sections by Current Meter and Float Measurement
method
Estimation of discharge of a river is very important in different fields likes in hydropower for
estimating capacity of electricity that can be produced, in irrigation for distributing, in Drinking
water supply for a village\town, and many more places. So, discharge measurement plays a very
important role in different sectors.
The report has definitely been a great deal of hard work and perseverance which has resulted in a
fruitful journey and a wonderful experience as a whole. We have gained a lot not only in the
field of knowledge on the subject matter but also in relation to leadership, sense of responsibility
and many more such virtue.
a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards the Department of Civil Engineering,
Kantipur City College for organizing the Hydrology field visit to Malekhu. We put our sincere
thanks to our teachers Er. Kusum Deo and Dr. Deepak Bikram Thapa Chhetri for guiding us
throughout the field visit and for providing us with an opportunity to prepare this report.
The trip was really fruitful to us and certainly we got a lot of knowledge about the measurement
of discharge of river by different techniques. We are also indebted to the college administration
for providing us with the facility of transportation, for providing instrument and giving this
opportunity to us.
Lastly, we would like to thank every character that shows the contribution as assistance directly
or indirectly in the duration of field visit. Their efforts and sincerity on the field are always
memorable to us.
b
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Abstract ……………………………………………………………………...a
2) Keywords ……………………………………………………………………a
3) Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………..b
4) Introduction ………………………………………………………………....1
a) Hydrology and its scope ………………………………………………....1
b) Background ………………………………………………………………1
c) Location and Topography …………………………………………….....1
d) Objective …………………………………………………………………1
5) Literature Review and theory ……………………………………………….2
a) Stream flow measurement ……………………………………………….2
b) Importance of stream flow measurement ……………………………….2
c) Site selection for stream flow measurement …………………………….2
d) Current meter method …………………………………………………...3
e) Float method …………………………………………………………….4
6) Methodology ………………………………………………………………..5
7) Observation and calculation ………………………………………………..6
8) Result and Discussion ……………………………………………………...7
9) Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….8
10) References …………………………………………………………………9
c
INTRODUCTION
1
Literature Review and theory
The most commonly used instrument in hydrology to measure the velocity at a point in
flow cross section is the current meter. It consists of essentially of a rotating element
which rotates due to reaction of the stream current with an angular velocity proportional
to the stream velocity. (K.Subramanya, 2011)
2
Vertical-axis current meter:
3
2.3 Float method
This involves the measurement of velocity at the gauging site and the corresponding discharge
to obtain river discharge. The velocity is zero at the periphery and changes rapidly as we move
from the bank. So a single area-velocity measurement for the entire cross-section will give
highly erroneous results. Therefore, the cross-section of a river is divided into a three subsections
by imaginary verticals. Then, orange is floated in each section over known distance to obtain the
total time of travel by orange in certain distance which gives velocity of the river sections.
(K.Subramanya, 2011) Measurement procedure :
4
METHODOLOGY
The geological field study of the ascertained area was carried out in the following ways
5
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The most common approach to determining discharge is the so called conventional current-meter
method. The method is based on determining the mean stream flow velocity and flow cross
sectional area; the product of these variables determines the stream discharge. The hydrographer
measures stream depth and velocity at selected intervals across a stream's cross section. The
hydrographer may be wading, or supported by a cableway, bridge, ice cover, or a boat. Depth
and position measurements are made with simple surveying or sounding equipment. A device
known as a current meter measures the stream velocity. In this method the data is record at the
interval of 2m.
We measured different value of discharge by different methods of river which may be due to
various factors during the measurement by flow of White Foam and Quarterly filled bottle
between two sections, length between the sections and time travelled as well as cross-sectional
area affected on velocity and then the discharge. The test was done near the bank of the river.
Generally, the test is to be done at center and but the section of the river was difficult and pattern
was not uniform so, it may have brought inconsiderable error. Due the asymmetricity of the
stream cross-section, we performed the experiment in three parts of the section i.e. right, center
and left bank of the river and the average result was calculated in order to minimize the errors.
The discharge by this method was found to be 1.547m3/s.
Similarly, by using current meter we determined the discharge by dividing section into small
segment. So, result obtained by this method is more accurate than previous one. we placed the
current meter at the depth of about 0.6 times the real depth assuming that it resembles the
average velocity in the Profile. This method calculates the discharge by dividing the stream into
small segments and number of revolutions made by the propeller was measured. The discharge
by this method was found to be 1.6m3/s.
7
CONCLUSION
Finally, in such a way we completed our Hydrology tour at Delegate meeting all our objectives
in a fruitful way. We learned various method of measuring the discharge of the river along with
the knowledge of using the instrument like current meter.
With rare exception, stream discharge is not measured directly, but is computed indirectly from
velocity and water depth (stage) measurements. Determining the mean stream velocity is a labor-
intensive activity, and usually only performed to establish or refine a relationship between stage
and discharge. Discharge measurements are made at each gaging station to determine the
discharge rating for that site.
This lesson reviewed the techniques and instruments used to measure stream velocity and to
calculate stream discharge. The lesson emphasized discharge measurement via current meters
and tracer dilution. The lesson also presented the methods used for determining the vertically
averaged velocity at a point and the factors affecting the accuracy of discharge measurement.
8
References
1. www.google.com
2. Engineering Hydrology [Book] / auth. Dr. K.N. Dulal Er. Sanjeeb Baral. - Nepal: Apex Educational
Academy, 2012.
3. K.Subramanya. (2011). Engineering Hydrology (Vol. Third Edition.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill
Ducation P.Limited.
4. Google photoes