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Edcp - 2

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Raja Adnan
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Electronic Devices

Half-Wave Rectifier

+ –

The diode conducts Vin + I


Vout

during the positive 0


t0 t1 t2

RL 0
t0 t1 t2

half cycle.

It does not conduct


– +

I = 0A

during the negative Vin Vout
0 RL 0
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
half cycle. +

What is the output if the diode is reversed?

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Half-Wave Rectifier

The diode conducts


during the positive – +

half cycle. Vin – I

RL
Vout
0 0
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
+

It does not conduct


during the negative
half cycle.

What is the output if the diode is reversed? See drawing

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Half-Wave Rectifier

PIV at tp
The peak inverse
voltage (PIV) is – +
equal to the peak tp –
I=0
V 0
input voltage and is +
RL

the maximum
voltage across the −Vp(in)
diode when it is not
conducting.
Notice that the PIV can be found by applying Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law. The load voltage is 0 V, so the input voltage is across the
diode at tp.
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Electronic Devices
Full-Wave Rectifier

F D1
+ –

+
I

A center-tapped 0
Vin

Vout

transformer is used
+ +
RL
– –

with two diodes –


D2
+

that conduct on During the positive half-cycle, the upper diode is


forward-biased and the lower diode is reverse-biased.
alternating half- F

D1
+

cycles. –
Vin Vout
+
0 0
– +
RL
I –
+
+ –
D2

During the negative half-cycle, the lower diode is


forward-biased and the upper diode is reverse-biased.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Full-Wave Rectifier

The PIV can be F


+
D1

shown by applying Vin


+

KVL around the 0



+
loop shown for the Vp(sec) +
2 RL

reverse-biased –
– +
Apply
diode. D2
KVL
Notice that one-half of the peak
secondary voltage will be across
the reverse-biased diode.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

The Bridge Full- F

Wave rectifier uses


I
D3 D1
+ +

four diodes connected Vin


– –
+

across the entire D2 RL Vout 0


D4 –

secondary as shown. Conduction path for the positive half-cycle.


F

I
D3 D1
– –

Ideally, what is the Vin


+
+ +
PIV equal to? D2 D4
RL Vout 0

PIV = Vp(out) Conduction path for the negative half-cycle.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier - Example

Determine the peak output voltage and current in the 3.3 kΩ load
resistor if Vsec = 24 Vrms. Use the practical diode model.

The peak output voltage is: F

V p ( sec ) 1.41
= = Vrms 33.9 V
D3 D1

V=
p ( out ) V p ( sec ) − 1.4 V 120 V V(sec) =
24 Vrms
+
= 32.5 V D2 D4
RL
3.3 k Ω
Vp(out )

Applying Ohm’s law,


Ip(out) = 9.8 mA

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Electronic Devices
Power Supply Filters

Filtering is the process of smoothing the ripple from the rectifier.

Vin VOUT
Full-wave
0V Filter 0
rectif ier
(Ripple is exaggerated.)

The capacitor input filter is widely used. A half-wave rectifier and


capacitor-input filter are shown:

+
+
Vin VC RL

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Electronic Devices
Power Supply Filters

How is the ripple affected by the RC time constant?

+
+
Vin VC RL

A longer time constant will have less ripple for the same input
voltage and frequency.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Power Supply Regulators

A voltage regulator can furnish nearly constant output with excellent


ripple rejection. Three-terminal regulators are require only external
capacitors to complete the regulation portion of the circuit.

F1
T1
D3 D1
Voltage
SW1
regulator
D2 D4
+ +
C1 C2

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Power Supply Regulators

Regulation performance is specified in two ways. Line regulation


specifies how much the dc output changes for a given change in
regulator’s input voltage. The text formula is based on a dc input
voltage change to the regulator due to a change in the ac line voltage.
 ∆V 
Line regulation =  OUT 100%
 ∆VIN 

Assume the dc input to a regulator changes by 1.0 V due to a


change in the ac line voltage. If the output changes by 1.5 mV due
to the change, what is the line regulation?

 ∆VOUT   1.5 mV 
Line regulation = =
  100% = 100% 0.15%
 ∆ VIN   1.0 V 

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Power Supply Regulators

Load regulation specifies how much change occurs in the output


voltage for a given range of load current values, usually from no load
(NL) to full load (FL).
 V −V 
Load regulation =  NL FL 100%
 VFL 

Assume the dc output of a regulator changes from 5.00 V to 4.96 V


when the output is varies from no load to full load. What is the load
regulation?

 V −V   5.00 V − 4.96 V 
Load regulation
= =  NL FL 100% = 100% 0.8 %
 VFL   4.96 V 

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Limiting Circuits

A diode limiter is a circuit that limits (or clips) either the positive or
negative part of the input voltage. A biased limiter is one that has a
bias voltage in series with the diode, so that a specific voltage level
can be selected for limiting.
A positive limiter is shown. RL is normally >> R1 to avoid loading
effects. The output will be clipped when the input voltage
overcomes the bias voltage and the forward voltage of the diode.
R1

Vin
V BIAS + 0.7 V
0 RL 0
+
V BIAS

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Limiting Circuits - Example

What is the output of positive limiter shown?


R1

10 V 1.0 kΩ
Vin 0 VBIAS =
RL 3.0 V
0
2.3 V + 100 kΩ

The diode is forward-biased when the output tries to go above +3.0 V.


This causes the output to be limited to voltages less than +3.0 V.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Limiting Circuits - Example

As a check, you can simulate the circuit with Multisim. The scope shows
the input and output voltage for the positive limiter circuit in Example-1.

Vin

Vout

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Limiting Circuits - Example

What happens in the previous circuit if the diode is reversed?


R1

10 V 1.0 kΩ
RL +1.6 V 0
Vin 0 V BIAS =
2.3 V + 100 kΩ

The diode is forward-biased when the output tries to go below +1.6 V.


This causes the output to be limited to voltages greater than +1.6 V.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Clamping Circuits

A clamper (dc restorer) is a circuit that adds a dc level to an ac signal.


A capacitor is in series with the load. A positive clamper is shown. The
capacitor is charged to a voltage that is one diode drop less than the
peak voltage of the signal.

Vp(in) – 0.7 V
Vp(in) – 0.7 V
Vp(in) – +
Vout
0 RL
0
– 0.7 V

What happens if the diode and capacitor are reversed?

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Clamping Circuits

Reversing the diode and capacitor forms a negative clamper.

+0.7 V
Vp (in) + – 0
Vp(in)

0 RL Vout –Vp (in) + 0.7 V

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Voltage Multipiers

Voltage multipliers use clamping action to increase peak rectified


voltages. The full-wave voltage doubler works by charging a
capacitor to the positive peak voltage on one cycle of the sine wave
and a second capacitor on the negative peak voltage. The output is
(ideally) doubled by taking it across both capacitors in series.
D1 D1
+ +
+ Vp – –
I Reverse-biased
+ +
C1 Vp 0 C1 Vp
0 – –Vp –
– + +
– 2Vp
I
+
C2 C2 Vp

D2 D2

Reverse-biased

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Diode Data Sheet

Diode data sheets include maximum ratings for current, voltage and
temperature as well as other electrical parameters. Some voltage and
current specifications are abbreviated as follows:
VRRM The maximum peak reverse voltage that can be applied repetitively
across the diode. This is the same as the PIV rating.
VR The maximum reverse dc voltage that can be applied across the diode.

VRSM The maximum peak value of nonrepetitive reverse voltage that can be
applied across the diode.

IO The maximum value of a 60 Hz rectified current.

IFSM The maximum value of a nonrepetitive (one cycle) forward surge


current.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Troubleshooting

Analysis: Identify the symptoms of a faulted circuit and


eliminate as many causes as possible. Analysis also
includes finding out as much as possible about how
the failure occurred.
Planning: Decide on logical steps to narrow the possible
causes. Frequently you will start with visual
checks, looking for obvious defects before
proceeding to measuring specific points.
Measurement: Having thought about possible causes, you are
ready to make measurements such as voltage and
resistance readings. These results will usually
isolate the problem to one or two components.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms-1

Rectifier An electronic circuit that converts ac into


pulsating dc; one part of a power supply.
Filter In a power supply, the capacitor used to reduce
the variation of the output voltage from a rectifier.
Regulator An electronic device or circuit that maintains
an essentially constant output voltage for a
range of input voltage or load values; one part
of a power supply.
Ripple Voltage The small variation in dc output voltage of
a filtered rectifier caused by charging and
discharging of the filter capacitor.
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms-2

Line The change in output voltage of a regulator for


Regulation a given change in input voltage, normally
expressed as a percentage.

Load The change in output voltage of a regulator for a


Regulation given range of load currents, normally expressed
as a percentage.

Limiter A diode circuit that clips off or removes part of a


waveform above and/or below a specified level.

Clamper A circuit that adds a dc level to an ac voltage


using a diode and a capacitor.
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Electronic Devices
Quiz Q1

1. For the circuit shown, the PIV will occur when the input
waveform is at point
a. A B
C
b. B
Vin
RL
c. C
A D
d. D

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q2

2. The circuit shown is a


D1
a. half-wave rectifier F
– +


b. full-wave rectifier +

c. bridge rectifier +
RL

+
d. none of the above +
D2

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q3

3. The PIV for the circuit shown is equal to


D1
a. Vp(sec)/2 F
– +


b. Vp(sec) +

c. 2Vp(sec) +
RL

+
d. none of the above +
D2

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q4

4. During the positive input cycle shown, the conduction


path is through diodes
a. D1 and D2
F

b. D3 and D4 D3 D1
+ +
c. D1 and D4 Vin
– –
d. D2 and D3 D2 D4

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q5

5. The formula to calculate the load regulation is,


 ∆VNL 
a. Load regulation =  100%
 ∆VFL 
 ∆VOUT 
b. Load regulation =  100%
 ∆VIN 
 VOUT 
c. Load regulation =  100%
 VOUT − VIN 
 VNL − VFL 
d. Load regulation =  100%
 VFL 

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q6

6. The bias voltage is set to +4.3 V. The output of the


biased limiter shown will be clipped
a. above +3.6 V R1

10 V 1.0 kΩ
b. below +3.6 V Vin 0 VBIAS =
RL

4.3 V + 100 kΩ

c. above +5.0 V –

d. below +5.0 V

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q7

7. The bias voltage is set to +4.3 V. The output of the


biased limiter shown will be clipped
a. above +3.6 V R1

10 V 1.0 kΩ
b. below +3.6 V Vin 0 VBIAS =
RL
100 kΩ
4.3 V +
c. above +5.0 V –

d. below +5.0 V

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q8

8. The circuit shown is a


a. negative clipping circuit
+ –
b. positive clipping circuit
RL

c. negative clamping circuit


d. positive clamping circuit

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q9

9. The circuit shown is a


a. full-wave rectifier D1

b. full-wave voltage doubler C1

c. positive clamping circuit


C2

d. negative clamping circuit D2

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Quiz Q10

10. A diode abbreviation that means the same thing as the


PIV is the
a. VRRM
b. VRSM
c. IO
d. IFSM

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved


Electronic Devices
Answers

Answers:
1. d 6. c
2. b 7. b
3. a 8. c
4. a 9. b
5. d 10. a

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