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Lecture 04 Layering Architecture

This document discusses the key concepts of network software including protocol hierarchies, layers, protocols and interfaces. Each layer offers services to the layer above it, hiding the details of implementation. Layers communicate with corresponding layers on other machines using agreed layer protocols. Issues addressed across layers include addressing, error control, flow control, multiplexing, routing, and connection-oriented versus connectionless services.

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Anshul
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55 views23 pages

Lecture 04 Layering Architecture

This document discusses the key concepts of network software including protocol hierarchies, layers, protocols and interfaces. Each layer offers services to the layer above it, hiding the details of implementation. Layers communicate with corresponding layers on other machines using agreed layer protocols. Issues addressed across layers include addressing, error control, flow control, multiplexing, routing, and connection-oriented versus connectionless services.

Uploaded by

Anshul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Network Software

 Protocol Hierarchies
 Layers, protocols, and interfaces
 Design Issues for the Layers
 Addressing
 Error Control
 Multiplexing
 Routing
 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services
• Protocol Hierarchies
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols
• In order to reduce the design complexities most
networks are organized as a stack of layers or levels
• The number of layers, the name of each layer, the
contents of each layer, and the function of each layer
differ from network to network.
• The purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to
the higher layers hiding the details how the offered
services are actually implemented.
• In a sense, each layer is a kind of virtual machine,
offering certain services to the layer above it.
• Layer n on one machine carries a
conversation with layer n on another machine

• Rules and conventions used during this


conversation are known as Layer n protocol

• Protocol is an agreement between the


communicating parties on how
communication is to be proceed
Layers, protocols, and interfaces
• No data is directly transferred from layer n on
one machine to layer n on another machine.

• Each layer passes data and control


information to the layer immediately below
it, until the lowest layer is reached.

• Below --- layer 1 is the physical medium


through which actual communication
occurs
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
• Two philosophers (layer 3), one of whom speaks Urdu and English and one of whom speaks Chinese and French.

• Since they have no common language, they each engage a translator (layer 2)

• Translators in turn contacts a secretary (layer 1).

• Philosopher 1 passes a message (in English) across the 2/3 interface to his translator, saying ‘‘Ilike rabbits,’’

• The translators have agreed on a neutral language known to both of them, Dutch, so the message is converted to ‘‘Ik vind
konijnen leuk.’’ The choice of language is the layer 2 protocol and is up to the layer 2 peer processes.

• The translator then gives the message to a secretary for transmission, by, for example, fax (the layer 1 protocol).

• When the message arrives, it is translated into French and passed across the 2/3 interface to philosopher 2.

• Each protocol is completely independent of the other ones

• The translators can switch from Dutch to say, HINDI, provided that they both agree, and neither changes his interface with
either layer 1 or layer 3.

• Similarly, the secretaries can switch from fax to e-mail or telephone without disturbing (or even informing) the other layers.

• Each process may add some information intended only for its peer. This information is not passed upward to the layer above.
The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.
M Layer4 Protocol M
4 4

Layer3 Protocol
3 H M H M 3

Layer2 Protocol
2 H1 M1 H2
H MM1 H1H M1
M HH2 M M1 2

1 1

Source Machine Destination Machine


• Addressing
• Error Control
• Flow Control
• Multiplexing
• Routing
• A Network has many computers
• Some means is needed to specify with whom sender wants to talk.
• Since multiple destinations are there, -----some form of addressing
is needed in order to specify a specific destination.

• Rules for data transfer


• In some systems, data only travel in one direction; in others,
data can go both ways
• The protocol must also determine how many channels the
connection corresponds to and what their priorities are.
• Many networks provide at least two channels per connection,
one for normal data and one for urgent data.
• Error control is an important issue because
physical communication circuits are not
perfect.
• Many error-correcting codes are known, but
both ends of the connection must agree on
which one is being used.
• Also the receiver must have some way of
telling the sender which messages have been
correctly received and which have not.
• Not all communication channels preserve the
order of messages sent on them.
• To deal with a possible loss of sequencing,
the protocol must make explicit provision for
the receiver to allow the pieces to be
reassembled properly.
• An obvious solution is to number the pieces
• Fast Sender and Slow receiver

• Solns like acknowledgement


• Other solutions -------
• limit the sender to an agreed-on transmission
rate. This subject is called flow control.
• Inability to accept long messages.
• This property leads to mechanisms for
disassembling, transmitting, and then
reassembling messages
• To set up a separate connection for each pair
of communicating processes is inconvenient
or expensive
• the underlying layer may use the same
connection for multiple, unrelated
conversations
• Multiplexing is needed in the physical layer
• When there are multiple paths between Source &
Destination– A Route must be chosen.
• Sometimes this decision must split over two or
more Layers.
• High Level Decision Vs. Low Level Decision
based on current traffic load, Known as Routing.
• Following a proper route to come to conclusion.
 Layers can offer two types of service to the
layers above them
• Modeled after Telephone System
• You pick up phone---dial num---talk—n hang up
• Similarly connection oriented service first
establish the connection---uses the connection
and then releases it
• In most cases bits arrive in the same order as
released.
• In some cases sender and receiver negotiate
about parameters like maximum message size,
quality of service etc
 Modeled after a postal service
 Each message carries full destination address
 Each one is routed through the system
independent of all the others
 Order may not be necessarily followed

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