WATER ADAPTIVE BUILDING SYSTEMS AS A SOLUTION TO

DWELLING IN FLOOD PRONE ZONES

- Amphibious Architecture

DISSERTATION

Submitted by

NIVEDAA N SHAH

in partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
AT

CAAD – CHENNAI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

Approved by Council of Architecture, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.

JUNE 2022
ii
 CAAD – CHENNAI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
Approved by Council of Architecture, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this dissertation titled “WATER ADAPTIVE BUILDING SYSTEMS AS A SOLUTION TO
DWELLING IN FLOOD PRONE” submitted by Ms. NIVEDAA N SHAH, Reg. No. 113718251043 to the
CAAD – Chennai Academy of Architecture and Design for the award of Bachelor Degree in
Architecture, is a bonafide record of work carried by his/her under my supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part
of any other thesis on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier
occasion on this or any other candidate.

External Examiner

Internal Examiner Director

iii
 DECLARATION

I, NIVEDAA N SHAH (Reg. No. 113718251043) hereby declare that the Dissertation Report
entitled “AMPHIBIOUS STRUCTURES” done by me under the guidance of Prof. PALANI PRABHA,
is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture
degree.

DATE SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

(NIVEDAA N SHAH)

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Prof. PALANI PRABHA, my internal guide, whose valuable guidance,

constant encouragement, simulative discussions and keen interest evinced throughout the
course of my project. The help and advice rendered by his/her paved way for the successful
completion of my project.
I am greateful to my Prof. TAMIL EZHIL G and Prof. KRISHNA SUDHA V for the initial
guidance and motivational push towards the project.
I place on record my deepest sense of gratitude to Prof. VINODH VIJAYAKUMAR,
Director of Chennai Academy of Architecture and Design, for providing the necessary facilities
and guidance to carry out the project.
I wish to record my gratitude to my peers for the encouragement and constant support.
I would like to thank my Family and Friends for helping me to complete my Dissertation.

v
 ABSTRACT

Sea levels in coastal areas have risen almost 20 cm over the last few centuries, and
scientists assume that climate change will continue to raise sea levels. India is a peninsula
country covered on three sides with water. Perennial rivers such as the Ganges and
Brahmaputra continue to cause floods in northern India, with cyclones and heavy
monsoons causing floods in southern India.

This report reviews and documents different ways to protect and create a sustainable
living environment for residents living by the sea and rivers. It records expected sea level
rises and increases the frequency of floods as climate change progresses. How this paper
answers the question "How can structures survive on the ground? At high tide? Technology
for providing amphibious housing to residents with less floods Work both on land and
underwater. Amphibious construction is a cost-effective and safe alternative to
permanent static elevation, enabled by buoyant foundations.

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 Table of Contents

BONAFIDE..................................................................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION. ............................................................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLWDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................. iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... vi

Table of Contents .....................................................................................................................................vii

List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................xi

List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 AIM .................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 2

1.5 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 2

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................. 3

1.7 STUDY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 4

1.8 INTENDED CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 5

2.0 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 Flooding regions in india .............................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Major urban floodings .................................................................................................................. 7

.................................................................................................................................................................. 8

2.3 Flood water level ........................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Why amphibious dwelling over flood resistant dwelling? ...................................................... 9

2.5 Major Causes ............................................................................................................................... 10

2.6 Different Agencies for Flood Control in India ......................................................................... 11

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 2.7 Measures to Control or reduce Damages .............................................................................. 11

3. 0 HISTORY.......................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Evolution of architecture in water .............................................................................................. 13

3.2 Floating Cities ................................................................................................................................. 15

4.0 LITERATURE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 16

4.1 Flood resistant construction techniques ................................................................................. 16

i. Terp dwelling ............................................................................................................................. 16

ii. Static elevation ......................................................................................................................... 16

iii. Pile dwelling............................................................................................................................... 17

iv. House boats........................................................................................................................... 17

v. Dry flood proofing .................................................................................................................... 18

vi. Wet flood proofing ............................................................................................................... 18

vii. Permanent Barriers ............................................................................................................... 19

4.2 Amphibious dwellings construction techniques .................................................................... 19

4.3 Principals of floatation ................................................................................................................. 20

4.4 Types of floating foundation ..................................................................................................... 20

i. EPS with concrete filling .......................................................................................................... 20

ii. Concrete hull ............................................................................................................................ 20

iii. Pneumatic stabilizing platforms ............................................................................................. 21

iv. Plastic bottles ........................................................................................................................ 21

v. Inverted cylinder ...................................................................................................................... 21

vi. Breakwaters ........................................................................................................................... 21

4.5 Applications .............................................................................................................................. 23

i. Amphibious Foundation Retrofits to Heritage Structures................................................... 23

4.6 Design Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 24

Parameters of design: ..................................................................................................................... 24

viii
 Key components of amphibious construction include: ............................................................ 25

Floating capability ........................................................................................................................... 25

Principle of buoyancy ..................................................................................................................... 25

Floating calculations ....................................................................................................................... 26

Structural guidelines ........................................................................................................................ 27

Height calculations.......................................................................................................................... 27

Technical analysis of an amphibious house ............................................................................... 28

5.0 CASE STUDY ....................................................................................................................................... 30

5.1 Amphibious homes, Maasbommel, The Netherlands ........................................................... 30

About the project ............................................................................................................................ 31

Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 32

Construction Details ........................................................................................................................ 32

Success & Limiting Factors ............................................................................................................. 33

5.2 LIFT house,Dhaka,Bangladesh ................................................................................................... 34

About the project ............................................................................................................................ 34

Construction Details ........................................................................................................................ 36

................................................................................................................................................................ 36

. ............................................................................................................................................................... 36

................................................................................................................................................................ 36

................................................................................................................................................................ 37

Construction cost ............................................................................................................................. 37

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 37

5.3 The FLOAT House, New Orleans ................................................................................................ 38

About the project ............................................................................................................................ 38

Design ................................................................................................................................................ 38

Structural Details .................................................................................................................................. 39

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 ................................................................................................................................................................ 39

Services .............................................................................................................................................. 39

6.0 CONCLUTION .................................................................................................................................... 41

Sustainable elements .......................................................................................................................... 41

Problems faced ................................................................................................................................... 42

Potentials for Amphibious Technology ............................................................................................ 43

7. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 45

(CHICAGO STYLE CITATION METHOD) .......................................................................................... 45

x
 List of Tables

Study methodology table........................................................................................................................ 4

Water level table ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Strategies for different typologies of construction ............................................................................ 20

List of Figures

Figure 2.1Annual expected population affected by river floods (in millions) ................................ 6
Figure 2.2 Indian states with highest flood levels ................................................................................. 7
Figure 2.3 Annual Number of people died due to floods ................................................................. 7
Figure 2.4 Ganga basin ............................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2.5 Weekly flood data in ganga basin ...................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.6 Flood prone areas in India .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 3.1 Foating houses, Iraq ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 3.2 Floating Piers bridge ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 4.1 Static Elevation ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.2 Pile Dwelling ........................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4.3 House boats ........................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4.4 Dry flood proofing ................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 4.5 wet flood proofing ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 4.6 Permanant Barriers ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 4.7 permanent + floating = Amphibious ................................................................................. 19
Figure 4.8 Exploded axonometric of the Princeville Heritage Museum ........................................ 23
Figure 4.9 floating compartment without shear walls .................................................................... 28
Figure 5.1 section..................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5.2 building elements.................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 5.3ferrocement foundation & waste water bottle foundation ........................................... 36
Figure 5.4 Section during normal condition & section during floods ............................................ 36
Figure 5.5 Vertical guidance posts system ........................................................................................ 37
Figure 5.6 Float house Exploded view ................................................................................................ 39

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xii
 1. 0 INTRODUCTION

Amphibious structures refer to an alternative flood resilient construction strategy that allows
conventional structures to rise to the surface when waters rise rather than giving way to
flooding. This is a cost-effective and a better alternative to the permanent elevated stilt
structures and is achieved by a floating foundation.

Amphibious structures are most required during this period of accelerated global climate
change, as buildings are not restricted to land, but they are adaptive in nature and begin
to float when water levels rise during floods, and when there is water drains, the structure
comes back to its original level.

1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Humans rely on heavy engineering, tide barriers, and embankment and coastline defenses
to protect our built environment from floods. Alternative design options for coastal
residents need to be implemented to protect them from floods and rising seawater.

Up to 90% of the 100 metropolises are near the sea. These residents need to be safe and
flood resistant, eliminate the post-flood reconstruction process, and thereby provide a
healthier and more stable family.

One of solution is amphibious houses. The solution also includes a vertical guide rod
attached to the foundation, waterproof coating that provides water protection for critical
utilities, a buoyant foundation design, and resistance to lateral forces caused by wind and
water. Amphibious buildings adapt to dry and wet conditions without damage during or
after floods. Developing an amphibian community is a long-term strategy that minimizes
the potential risk of coastal floods.

1
1.2 AIM

The overall goal is to analyze the potential associated with floating architectures that are
solutions to sea level rise and food problems.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

o Investigate the main principles of floating architecture

o Investigate and identify problems with people living near water and food vulnerable
areas.
o Study the design parameters of floating buildings
o Light on improving the lives of these people
o How to overcome the difficulties of floods and rising seawater.
o A sustainable and affordable way to achieve amphibious architecture in India.
o Changing the current understanding into a floating structure.

1.4 SCOPE

The scope of this study is to show the problems faced by people suffering from water
disasters, and investigate the different types of floating structures in practice and their
benefits, and how they can help with flood resilience.

1.5 LIMITATIONS

o To discover materials that support in flood inclined areas.

o Flexibility of the structure with respect to change in water level.
o To research is confined to the study of amphibious architecture & its feasibility is
limited to certain regions.

2
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

o What is the need for amphibious architecture?

o What is the scope for new technologies amidst global warming and natural
disasters?
o What are the other solutions to construction as flood mitigation strategies?
o What are the different techniques of amphibious architecture?
o What quality of living conditions can it incorporate?
o What are the fundamentals of a floating system?
o What kind of structures can be included in amphibious architecture?
o How can landscaping and sustainability be incorporated in such structure?
o Is buoyant homes a long term solution to the raising sea levels in the upcoming
future?
o What suitable materials to be used in the design of Amphibious House?
o What are the advantages of these materials in the design of Amphibious House in
terms of stability and reliability?
o How do the services( water, sewage, electricity, gas) adapt to a Floating Home:
Centralized or Decentralized?
o Fire safety, wet proofing and electrical insulation techniques
o Does it suit to Indian context and environment?
o How to create self sufficient homes during times of disaster; till the water level goes
back down?
o How will urban spaces adapt in order to respond to the challenges ahead, such
as large populations, migratory movements or the progression of the economy and
lack of resources?

3
1.7 STUDY METHODOLOGY

The research is divided into six chapters:

Chapter 2 focuses primarily on flooding and the provision of flood vulnerability indicators
in India, and addresses issues such as climate change and its consequent floods, global
warming, sea level rise, and unconditional rainfall.

Chapter 3 describes the historical roots and techniques that have been used in different
parts of the world to combat rising water levels. Technologies include stilt houses,
houseboats, stilt houses, mounds, and new concepts of amphibious housing with a focuses
primarily on building materials and foundations.

Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive description of new concepts for amphibian homes,

4
their building types, areas of application, and design parameters. We provided a variety
of iterators and guidelines for design, including buoyancy, buoyancy foundations,
buoyancy calculations for materials used, support for housing utilities, and height
calculations.

Chapter 5 extends the data by providing Bangladeshi and Dutch people with case studies
adopted for cheap and average housing. This chapter describes the materials and
techniques they use to provide architectural plans and sections.

Chapter 6 contains discussions and conclusions from the survey. We discussed how to
create a new relationship with water and see it as a friend rather than an enemy by giving
space to the water, rather than blocking the waterway by providing amphibious housing
in the body of water.

1.8 INTENDED CONCLUSION

Amphibious buildings improve the resilience of communities to floods and disasters. They
can provide more reliable and comfortable flood protection than permanent static
structures.

The study demonstrates the stability and feasibility of existing amphibian dwellings and their
importance in India. Sustainable and inexpensive amphibious structures can be
constructed in India using regionally available materials such as bamboo used in
Bangladesh.

5
 2. 0 DATA COLLECTION

The total surface area of the planet Earth is expected to increase dramatically over the
next few years as sea levels rise due to global warming. The United Nations (UN) predicts
that sea level will rise 26-82 centimeters worldwide by 2100.

Kiribati, an idyllic archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, will be the first country
to disappear completely as a result of rising sea levels-researchers predict that this will
happen in 10 to 15 years, and its population Plans to relocate are already underway.

The United Nations has supported the study of floating cities to accommodate so-called
climate refugees, as much as there are opposition political trends denying that humanity
can cause planetary changes.

2.1 Flooding regions in india

Floods in India account for more than 40% of deaths from all natural disasters. The cause
can be climate change, cloud breaking, tsunami or poor river management, alluvial
deposition, etc., but the devastation increases both in terms of life and economy.

Figure 2.1Annual expected population affected by river floods (in millions)

6
45.4 million hectares of land in India is at risk of flooding. The states of Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand are the most flooded with about 7 million hectares. Followed by Bihar,
Jharkhand, Punjab, Assam, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.

Figure 2.2 Indian states with highest flood levels

Figure 2.3 Annual Number of people died due to floods

2.2 Major urban floodings

Patna (2019)
Chennai (2015)
Uttarakhand Floods (2013)
Himalayan Flash Floods (2012)
Brahmaputra Floods (2012)
Ladakh Floods
Mumbai (2005)

7
North India experience floods, more particularly, the
regions falling in the sway of Ganga basin are more
prone to severe or worst floods.

State wise examination of flood frequency data for

1986-2003 and 2006 to 2016 showed that in the Ganga
river basin, floods are most common in Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar and Gangetic West Bengal.

Figure 2.4 Ganga basin

Figure 2.5 Weekly flood data in ganga basin

8
2.3 Flood water level

In India, a river is said to be in flood when its water level crosses the danger level (DL) at
that particular site. Major floods are those when water level is 1 m or more above the
DL and if it is 5 m or more above the DL, that flood is said to be catastrophic.

The Ganga water level crossed the highest flood level (HFL) of 43.17 metres in Patna on
August, 2021

2.4 Why amphibious dwelling over flood resistant dwelling?

With such high water levels during a flood, a house with fixed stature will be harmed when
the profundity of flooding water surpasses the height to which it is raised, while amphibious
houses can adjust to the changing flood levels by ascending as the water rises. Dissimilar
to houses raised to a proper level, such houses can undoubtedly oblige shifting degrees
of floodwater.

Rather than creating barriers, amphibious strategies accept the presence of floodwater
but prevent it from causing significant damage to the building. During the onset of the
flood, the residents can either live in there or rehabilitate, their house will be adapted and
will be the same as before when they return.

9
Unlike a floating home which requires a permanent deep body of water, an
amphibious house only needs to float when water levels rise, and reach the sufficient
depth to provide buoyancy, i.e. during a flood. This means that an
amphibious building may be bigger and heavier than a floating one, which may be limited
in size by the depth of water.

2.5 Major Causes

o Inadequate capacity of banks to contain the high flows due to heavy rainfall.
o Encroachment of floodplains
o Synchronization of floods in the tributaries and its main rivers.

o Some parts of the country, mainly coastal areas of Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, and West Bengal, experience cyclones, which are often accompanied by
heavy rainfall leading to flooding.
o Unplanned growth of urban areas
o Flooding is accentuated by erosion and silting of the river beds, resulting in a
reduction of the carrying capacity of river channels
o Lack of proper drainage network in the cities.
o Dying water bodies
o Encroachment of water bodies like lakes, ponds for building infrastructure or waste
disposal.
o Disposal of garbage without proper planning.
o Climate change has resulted in erratic and very heavy rainfalls.

10
2.6 Different Agencies for Flood Control in India

India Meteorological Department (IMD) – provides rainfall or cyclonic event forecast

which is used by all the agencies for preparedness to deal with the floods.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) – The job of relief and rescue is carried
out by the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) with state counterparts. NDMA works
under Prime Minister Office (PMO) – and National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
– works under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

Central Water Commission (CWC) – The main job of CWC is to procure the data of
hydrology at the national level – like river discharge measurement and water level in dams
etc – to alert the states about any imminent or potential flood.

2.7 Measures to Control or reduce Damages

o To prevent coastal flooding due to more powerful and frequent cyclones (result of
climate changes), mangroves will act as a perfect natural bulwark to prevent
flooding in coastal areas. Hence conservation of Mangroves from degradation and
destruction is of paramount importance.
o Use of Intelligent flood warning systems like IFLOWS (integrated flood warning
system).
o Structural measures such as embankments and dykes

11
o Nonstructural measures such as flood forecasting and community participation in
flood risk management
o Strict implementation of building laws, demarcation of flood prone areas.

Figure 2.6 Flood prone areas in India

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 3. 0 HISTORY

Since life evolved with water, humans are rudimentary and inseparable from water. Water
is a very important factor for the life and growth of people. The human body itself is made
up of 75% water. With the heyday of underwater architecture, the world's first living space
that sets a completely new standard of living for has been created. The human
imagination and curiosity of experiencing life on a whole new frontier has made it possible
to create landmarks in the field of architecture.
Buildings such as dwellings, cities, aquariums and recreational facilities will be built
underwater and above to provide a unique environment and a whole new experience
for people to live in. Underwater architecture is the study of underwater and structures that
can be built underwater. Analyzing the construction of forts in water and underwater
tunnels throughout history, we conclude that these ideas always invite people to explore
ideas for living spaces in the current situation.

3.1 Evolution of architecture in water

The concept of architecture in water is not new. It has evolved over time. The new
techniques have made it a better place for living. Humans always search for new frontiers
of living and they search and develop those. Evolution has taken place from time to time
and it is still evolving. Some examples showing the evolution of architecture in water.

From Archigram to the Japanese Metabolists, architects have also spent a lot of time
wondering what water occupation would look like. Proposals from the 60s by architects
ranging from Kenzo Tange to Buckminster Fuller—many of which were centered in Japan—
imagined an urban fabric that unfolded floating on water, combating the lack of space
and the high costs of urban land in the city of Tokyo.

13
o The floating islands of the Ma'dan people in the humid areas
of southern Iraq, for example, date back to more than six
thousand years old.

Figure 3.1 Foating houses, Iraq

o In Peru, there are artificial islands in Lake Titicaca with fixed buildings and residents,
built mainly of totora—a common plant in the region—that is also used to make
boats and other constructions.
o The Netherlands, where much of the territory is below sea level and buildings, dikes,
and windmills on the water are ubiquitous.
o Older floating houses were built on big trunks of floating wood.
o Following this, large plastic vats were placed under the construction platform. This is
how the NLÉ Architects Floating School in Makoko, for example, was built, as a
prototype to improve the architecture and urbanism of coastal cities in Africa by
creating floating houses, community centers, and playgrounds. Unfortunately the
building ended up collapsing after 3 years.
o A speculative proposal, Oceanix City, was developed by Bjarke Ingels Group as a
resilient and sustainable floating community, designed to accommodate 10,000
people to grow, transform and adapt organically over time.
o The Floating Piers, one of Christo's last works, developed for the
Venice Art Biennial in 2016, allowed visitors to Lake Iseo, Italy,
to "walk on water." Built with 100 thousand square meters of
bright yellow fabric, supported by a floating modular system
composed of 200 thousand high density polyethylene cubes,
the installation undulated with the movement of the lake.
Figure 3.2 Floating Piers bridge

14
 o After the flood triggered by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, the architects
of Morphosis Architects developed an Amphibious floating prototype of a residence
that was built to withstand a flood.

3.2 Floating Cities

How will urban spaces adapt in order to respond to the challenges ahead, such as large
populations, migratory movements or the progression of the economy and lack of
resources?

The UN recently held the first ever round table to discuss floating cities on water. This round
table included a group of experts with perfectly studied and specific projects. The round
table included the CEO of the company Oceanix, Marc Collins Chen; the Bjarke Ingels
group or the MIT Center for Ocean Engineering, among others.
The session determined the actual ability of humans to colonize the sea. And if this was
done, the formula for sustainable implementation and the benefits it would provide to us
were investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this type of project must be to redesign a
100% sustainable form of urban infrastructure, except that it takes place in an aquatic
environment.

The architecture community was fascinated with marine utopias between the 1950s and
'70s. The technological optimism of this period led architects to consider whether we could
build settlements in inhospitable places like the polar regions, the deserts and on the sea.

The world’s first floating city is being built in South Korea. The ambitious project — OCEANIX
Busan — is a collaboration between the United Nations Human Settlements Programme
(UN-Habitat), the port city of Busan, and OCEANIX, a tech company focused on floating
architecture.

15
 4. 0 LITERATURE STUDY

4.1 Flood resistant construction techniques

i. Terp dwelling
A Terp is an artificial soil mound created to provide a safe ground in the event of rising
water levels. This idea was developed for low lying areas like the Netherlands, for
communities living along the beach. An artificial hill was built at a certain height to protect
itself from storms and floods.

ii. Static elevation

Static Elevation method raises the house to
the required or desired Base Flood
Elevation (BFE). Raise the building above
the high water level. For new construction,
this can be achieved by designing the
building so that the bottom floor is above
the flood level.
Figure 4.1 Static Elevation

16
 iii. Pile dwelling

Pile dwellings are a type of dwelling built on

concrete, steel, or wooden stakes and can be
found in shallow waters, coastal areas, or lakes
where changes in water level can be predicted.

Figure 4.2 Pile Dwelling

iv. House boats

The houseboats have began with
transformation of ships and fishing
boats into a livable environment.
These types of homes are similar in
design and construction to real
estate on land, but have enough
buoyancy to withstand the forces of
water.
Figure 4.3 House boats

17
 v. Dry flood proofing
Dry flood protection technology basically makes the building watertight by adding
caulking to the walls, shielding the openings, and adding secondary drainage and pumps
to remove the water that seeps into the building. This technique is suitable for concrete or
stone structures with low flood levels. However, it requires considerable maintenance.

Figure 4.4 Dry flood proofing

vi. Wet flood proofing

Wet flood control technology allows water to enter the structure, but uses flood resistant
materials, hydrostatic vents, and protection of critical equipment and contents to limit
damage. Wet flood defense is an effective and inexpensive technique, but post-flood
cleanup work still needs to be done in significant quantities.

Figure 4.5 wet flood proofing

18
 vii. Permanent Barriers
The final flood resistant construction technique is to place a permanent barrier around the
structure to prevent flood water from reaching the structure. This can be done using
concrete or masonry flood walls or by using a levee with compressed soil layer with an
impermeable core. Both flood walls and levee collection require significant maintenance.

Figure 4.6 Permanant Barriers

4.2 Amphibious dwellings construction techniques

Buoyant foundations work like a floating dock. You can manufacture these blocks with
Elastic Polystyrene. Make sure the house is elevated at least 1.5m from the ground.

Figure 4.7 permanent + floating = Amphibious

19
These foundations will only go up and down vertical movements with the help of vertical
guidance posts. These posts are given on 4 edges of houses and prevent the house from
flowing away.

4.3 Principals of floatation

To make any object float it requires buoyancy. As buildings are heavy, water levels need
to be sufficient to provide the buoyancy to enable them to float.
Unlike a floating home which requires a permanent deep body of water, an
amphibious house only needs to float when water levels rise, and reach the sufficient
depth to provide buoyancy, i.e. during a flood. This means that an
amphibious building may be bigger and heavier than a floating one, which may be limited
in size by the depth of water.

4.4 Types of floating foundation

i. EPS with concrete filling

It is based on Polystyrene EPS and concrete shell core. This system offers the possibility of
being able to built on the water, providing less draught and making it possible to be used
in shallower waters. In addition to these benefits, the system cannot sink.

ii. Concrete hull

The hull is made of concrete, is rust-free and has minimal condensation. These are hollow
reinforced concrete boxes with sufficient buoyancy from the internal airspace to support
both concrete and the structure.

20
 iii. Pneumatic stabilizing platforms
The pneumatic stabilization platform consists of several cylinders made of steel, concrete,
or plastic. The air trapped in the cylinders laid under the deck and floating above the
water gives the platform buoyancy.

iv. Plastic bottles

The material used is very common, incredibly cheap, and uses a 2 liter plastic drink bottle
that's resistant to seawater. Each of these bottles can be grouped into a grid of seven
bottles forming hexagons. Next, the grids are stacked and layered to form a buoyant
platform. Then, you need to place some kind of rigid surface on top of the float.

v. Inverted cylinder
Another simple technique is to have an inverted cylinder, open at the bottom, containing
air. A disadvantage with open containers is that as depth increases, the air is compressed
and displacement goes down. This flotation is cheap to manufacture and can be stacked
for easy transport. Again, some sort of rigid platform needs to sit on these cells.

vi. Breakwaters
A simple example of any breakwater is any island or reef, which acts as a natural barrier
for its lee shore. TYPES:
A) NATURAL BREAKWATERS Any landmass that reaches close to or above sea level acts as
a natural breakwater. Rock is tough stuff, and it takes quite a while for the ocean to grind
it into the sand. There are basically two options: we can shelter by a large landmass (which
will almost certainly be inhabited), or a small one. Smaller breakwater includes atolls, reefs,
and seamounts.

21
B) ARTIFICIAL BREAKWATERS Mostly these rely on big pieces of concrete, although they’re
many alternative methods. Most designs are meant to rest on the seafloor. Ocean waves
can be very large; hence a traditional design would need to be

Table 1 Strategies for different typologies of construction

22
 4.5 Applications

i. Amphibious Foundation Retrofits to Heritage Structures

Many older coastal, riverine, and deltaic communities are faced with increasing flood risk,
often combined with a rise in sea levels or land erosion. Using amphibious foundation offers
a resilient option for communities to protect their physical history and cultural identity.

The amphibious retrofit design proposed for the Church includes a buoyancy system
hidden underneath the building, behind the existing brick foundation wall. The guidance
posts are designed to be housed inside the existing building, in sleeves located inside the
four corners in order to retain its unaltered historic appearance.
The Princeville Heritage Museum is also an excellent candidate for amphibious retrofit due
to its historical significance and simple wooden structure with a pier and beam foundation.
Instead of elevating, moving or replacing the building, it could easily be retrofitted with a
buoyant foundation to protect it from flood damage while retaining its original
appearance and location

Figure 4.8 Exploded axonometric of the Princeville Heritage Museum

23
4.6 Design Parameters

Buoyancy is required to levitate an object. Buildings are heavy, so the water level must be
sufficient to provide enough buoyancy for the building to float. Unlike amphibious homes
that require permanent depth, amphibious homes only need to float when the water level
rises and reaches a depth sufficient to provide buoyancy during the flood. This means that
amphibious buildings can be larger and heavier than floating buildings, which can be
sized by depth.

Most amphibious buildings use a concrete pontoon base that closely resembles the hull of
a boat, and the height of the pontoon is determined based on the water level required to
make the structure buoyant. Experience has shown that a one-story concrete base can
support a two-story light building above it.

The steel pontoons are lighter than concrete pontoons and can support larger buildings
than buildings that use concrete pontoons of the same size. However, in addition to
buoyancy, balance issues must also be taken into account. The boat is stabilized by its
keel. The floating structure relies on maintaining a low center of gravity. The heavier the
base, the lower the center of gravity. Therefore, a building supported by steel, plastic, or
wooden pontoons may be less stable than a concrete building.

Parameters of design:
o Capability of floating
o Foundation
o Float line
o Buoyant foundation height
o Structure type
o Road and parking conditions
o Utility access
o Fire safety
o Water maintenance

24
 Key components of amphibious construction include:
o Locating dock, permeable concrete base and structural guide posts
o Water resistant pontoon construction, such as waterproof concrete or steel
o Raised apertures, doors and windows
o Flexible and insulated services
o Pumped foul drainage

Floating capability
For a structure to float, it must follow the principle of buoyancy. In addition, the ability of a
material not absorb water and its density affects 1ts floating capability.
As, Density=Mass
Volume
i.e., If the density of a material is less than water, then it will float and If the densıty of a
material is more than water, then it will not float.

Principle of buoyancy
According to principle of buoyancy or Archimedes principle, if an object displaces a
volume of water weighing greater than the object, then it will float. Simılarly if an object
displace a volume of water weighıng less than the object then the structure will not float.

In our case, if the total weight of the complete house (along with the dead load and live
load) need to be less than the volume of the 1water dısplaced by the buoyant foundation
only then the house will float. Therefore lightweight construction is preferred for the houses
along with watertight foundation, walls and floors.

25
 Floating calculations
For the house to float during tloods the buoyant force must counter the total load of house
(including dead and live load) as per the principle of buoyancy. For example, imagıne a
cube of volume 1m3 is half submerged into water with some loads on top of it. The volume
of water displace by it will be 1/2m3.
Which means the total weight structure will be equal to the volume of water displace by
cube 1.e., 1/2m3 which is equal to 500kg (as density of normal water is 1000kg/m3 and
varies with change in conditions.)

As per Archımedes principle,

weight of displaced water (WDiplaced water) - Weight of the buoyant foundation (Wfoundation) =
Weight of the house (Whouse).
Therefore, the basıc equation for floatıng construction is U=G/(Ax P)
Where,
U is the vertical drop below the water line (m).
G is the total load of the construction (kN)
A Is the area of the floating body (m)
P is the density of water (kN m)

The dead load of the house depends upon the material used for construction and includes
self-weight of the whole structure includıng foundation. The dead load can be estimated
by multiplying the amount of area (m2) of each material comprising the structure with the
material weight per running meter (kg/m2)

The live load is the load of the residents of the buildıng including furniture. The live load of
the house can be calculated as per IS 875-2 (1987), minimum UDL (Uniformly Distributed
Load) for a residential dwelling is 2 kN/m2 Total live load of the building is calculated by
multıplyıng the total area of the house with minimum UDL.

26
 Structural guidelines
For the whole structure to rest on a separate concrete foundation must be used. As the
soil along the riverside and flood area are mostly clayey therefore deep foundations must
be preferred instead of shallow foundation. They transfer the load of the structure into the
deeper solid layer of earth Concrete Cast in Situ piles are preferred for deep foundations
and structural engineers give its size, load, depth etc.
To make the structure float the selected material should be of lightweight material, heavy
construction must be avoided. The material used should be waterproof and should
promote Insulation. The material should also promote passive heating and cooling to
promote sustainability. A further measure to reduce the weight of the buildıng can be
done by using lightweight wood framing doors and windows.

Height calculations
The total height of the floods are need to be analyzed from past records and the future
estimated of water level is then predicted. Based on these analysis the height up to which
up to which the house can float during floods is calculated. This gives us the height of the
vertical guidance poles which are responsible to hold the structure on a fixed position
allowing only vertical up and down movements.

The submerged depth of the buoyant foundation is also needed to be calculated. This is
the depth from the surface of the water to the bottom of the buoyant foundation and
depends on the total load of the structure. This depth increases with increase in load of
the structure.

27
 Technical analysis of an amphibious house
Development of the Model-
The design of the floating house conceptual model is carried out with the selection of
structural materials, type of design, floating mechanism, foundation system, connection
and support, floating stability and degree of withstanding lateral forces.

Structure of Floating House-

The floating house is built as a load bearing structure with reinforced concrete and brick
walls. The use of light weight concrete reduces the dead load of the floating house. Thus,
it is allowing higher live loads and flexible to use as a permanent house structure.

Floating Compartment-
The floating compartment consists of Six of 150 x 150mm size columns
seven 150 x 480 mm size beams (four columns of 3.07m length and
three columns of 4.3m length). Top floor slab dimension is 4.33 x 6.15 x
0.120 m and the bottom slabs on which the column rests also the same
dimension. The sides of the compartment are covered by shear walls
of 3m height and 150mm thickness.
Figure 4.9 floating compartment
. without shear walls

Superstructure-
The superstructure is 4m height. Loads on the slabs are transmitted through the brick wall
to the bottom floating compartment slab. Figure 6 and 7 shows the floating house model.
the structural analysis software is carried out and the maximum bending moment for the
floating compartment slabs and beams and maximum axial force for the columns are
obtained as below. Max Bending moment for slab = 48.74 kNm. Max Bending moment for
beam = 114 kNm. Max axial force = 18 kN.

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Buoyancy Force-
The total load on the structure = 578.27kN Depth of the water is assumed as 6m. Thus, the
weight of water replaced by the submerged part of the model is equal to the
compartment weight submerged in water.Total weight of water being replaced by air, =
[(4 x 5.85 x 2.73)(4 x 0.48 x 0.15 x 3)] x 1000 kg/m3 = 63664 kg x 9.81/1000 = 624.54 kN From
the analysis above, it is noted that the total weight of structure, N of 583.1 kN is lesser than
the weight of water replaced by air in compartment, which is 686.89 kN. Hence, the
buoyant force is: Buoyant Force = (624.54 – 578.27) kN = 46.27 kN

Stability Analysis-
Stability analysis is carried out to determine the stability of the structure. The meta-centric
height is at 1.18m from the bottom slab of the floating compartment. The centre of gravity
of the floating compartment is acting at a distance of 1.53m. As the position of meta-
centre is greater than the centre of gravity of the structure, the floating house is stable.

SERVICES
The house gets all the facilities like other houses. The house is heated by the central heating
system with natural gas. It has connection with water, sewage, electricity and gases
network like all other houses. The only difference is the connection between the house and
the pipeline on the land.
Between each pair of houses there is a connection from the dock to sides of the houses.
The length was this connection is oversized for normal condition but it will remain
connected in the flooding condition. The flexible pipelines are made for both amphibious
and floating houses.

29
 5. 0 CASE STUDY

The chapter deals with the in depth study of different amphibious construction projects that were carried out
in the past to understand nature of the problem faced during construction, the characteristics of the case
methodology, and lays the foundation for the selection of this research technique for the current study.

The Introduction section helps familiarize with the case organization. The following section on Case
Methodology explores the history, and some of the applications of the technique. The section ends with
specific research protocols for researchers.

The body of literature in case study research is "primitive and limited", in comparison to that
of experimental or quasi-experimental research. The requirements and inflexibility of the
latter forms of research make case studies the only viable alternative in some instances. It
is a fact that case studies do not need to have a minimum number of cases, or to randomly
"select" cases.

30
5.1 Amphibious homes, Maasbommel, The Netherlands

Location: Along the banks of Maas river Completion

year: 2005
Architect: Dura Vermeer, Factor Architecten, Boiten
Water type: Freshwater
House type: Amphibious
Area: 2865 sqf

About the project

The Netherlands is a country with a long past of flood damage mitigation and flood risk
adaptation. With 60% of the country below sea level, the development and
implementation of flood-resistant construction has become an important part of surviving
and adapting to the conditions.

31
 Objective
The main idea behind creating this project in Maasbommel was to demonstrate the idea
of a house which can rise up to a certain level during floods and can stay there until it
recedes.

Construction Details
Floating and semi-floating houses are built in a similar way. A concrete barge with a
relatively light wooden frame structure at the top.
The low center of gravity improves stability. Concrete barges are made of ordinary
concrete with aggregate added to make it waterproof. The joints are reinforced with
additional water repellent sealing tape.

The caissons weigh about 82 tons

while the others made from timber
or bamboo weigh less. These are
supported by guideposts which are
driven into the ground during
flooding events and they move
accordingly.

32
The forecast assumes that water levels will rise by more than 70 cm every five years and
hence causing the houses to rise accordingly. The house can accommodate fluctuations
of up to 5.5 meters.

The amphibious house is mounted on a flexible anchored mooring post and is laid on a
concrete foundation. When the river level rises, they can move up and float. Attachments
to anchor posts limit the movement caused by water.

Success & Limiting Factors

The first genuine test of the concept came in 2011, when the water of the river Maas
increased to a level that caused the amphibious houses to float for the first time. Also, in
floating condition there were no problems detected.

Limitation is that amphibious houses are considered expensive. They were the first realized
amphibious houses in the Netherlands and therefore all the pre-fab construction elements
needed to be specifically made for the project.

Figure 5.1 section

33
5.2 LIFT house,Dhaka,Bangladesh

Water Type: Salt water

House Type: Amphibious
Buoyancy Material: Hollow Ferro cement and Bamboo frame work filled with plastic
water bottle
Size: 570 sq.f
Architect: Prithula Prosun
Intended number of occupants: 10 occupants
Duration of construction: 70 days
Footprint area (m²): 107.2 m²
Number of storeys: 2 storeys

About the project

LIFT House is a low-income, flood damage control technology project as a sustainable
housing solution for low-income communities in flood-prone zones. The house was
designed by Bangladeshi-Canadian architect Prithula Prosun in 2011 while working on her
master's thesis in architecture from the University of Waterloo.

34
This is a housing concept that uses local materials and techniques to provide residents with
all the basic services without connecting to the city's utility system. The LIFT house provides
an amphibious, cost-effective, flood-resistant enclosure that works both on land and in
water.

Figure 5.0.1 building elements

The two amphibious units of the LIFT House float when the high tide rises and return to the
ground when the high tide falls. Amphibious construction is a cost-effective and safe
alternative to permanent static elevation and is achieved by designing buoyant
foundations.
The Elevator House utilizes passive resources such as solar power, natural ventilation,
rainwater harvesting, and bio-toilets, rather than relying on the city's struggling service
system, without relying on the city's infrastructure. It is self-sufficient to provide basic
services.

35
 Construction Details
Two types of amphibious foundation were used in this house.
o a hollow Ferro cement structure
o bamboo frame filled with empty used water bottles

. Figure 5.0.2 ferrocement foundation & waste water bottle foundation

The two blocks of residence are built using bamboo and

provide a structural framework of columns and beams
supported by a buoyant structure that allows the residential
blocks to float in the event of a flood.

Each block used a different buoyancy system. The first used

the foundation of an ferrocement tank and the second used
a bamboo platform filled with an empty plastic water bottles.

Figure 5.0.3 Section during normal condition & section during floods

36
The blocks of the apartment are attached to the spine with vertical guides to control the
height of the structure. The service spinel was constructed with a reinforced concrete
skeleton structure and masonry walls. The walls acted as formwork for concrete columns,
reducing the use of concrete moulds.

Figure 5..0.4 Vertical guidance posts system

Construction cost
The construction cost of the pilot project was about Rs 7,25,000. However, a preliminary
cost estimate for the implementation of a residential cluster of 8-12 units by the designer
showed that the cost of one unit is about Rs 2,78,000.

Conclusion
A typical foundation made of a bamboo frame filled with empty plastic bottles and a
second bamboo skeleton covered with wire mesh and plaster of Paris shows different types
of structural failures, hence It was not used.
The third type of floating foundation created using the ferro-cement system corresponded
to the floating structure in which one of the blocks of the apartment blocks was built.

37
5.3 The FLOAT House, New Orleans

Location: New Orleans

Completion year: 2006
Architect: Elizabeth English
Water type: Salt water
House type: Amphibious
Area: 700 sqft
About the project
An eco friendly amphibious housing in the new orleans which can sustain its own water
and power needs. This project was initiated after the drastic Hurricane Katrina and acts
like the best example for cheap low cost dwellings.

Design
Like a typical shotgun house, the FLOAT House sits atop a raised base. This innovative base,
or chassis, integrates all mechanical, electrical, plumbing and sustainable systems, and
securely floats in case of flooding.

38
Structural Details

A self-sealing "separation" connection that separates the gas and sewer lines when the
house begins to rise due to the flood.

A long, winding line that can stretch along with the buoyant structure. The EPS blocks are
laidout connecting to the subframe, then the frame is connected to the base floor. The
house is then brought down to a lower level, placed 3-4 feet off the ground.
Most materials are lightweight materials. It can be assembled by two people without a
machine.

Services

Figure 5.0.1 Float house Exploded view

o Solar Power Generation: The roof accommodates the solar panels that generate all
the electricity in the house, so the annual energy consumption will be Net-zero. The

39
 chassis contains an electrical system to store and convert solar energy for daily use
and return the power to the grid in the warm autumn and spring months.

o Rainwater Harvesting: A sloping concave roof collects rainwater and directs it to a

water tank inside the chassis. There, the stormwater is filtered and stored for daily
use.

o High quality, energy efficient kitchen appliances and fixtures increase durability and
reduce the need for replacement.

o Geothermal Heating and Cooling: The geothermal mechanical system heats and
cools the air through a geothermal heat pump that naturally regulates the air,
cooling the house in the harsh summer months and the energy required to warm
the house in the winter.

o The Buoyant Foundation project will remodel existing homes in New Orleans after
Katrina to allow the building to be lifted from the ground in an emergency in
anticipation of future storms and floods.

o Buoyancy blocks are installed under the subframe of the house, and four corner
posts meant to guide the vertical lifting of the house and hold the building in place
as it rises with the water.

40
 6. 0 CONCLUTION

India is a country with vast coastal areas and large floodplains. Floods and the loss of lives
and property of 4,444 people are facing difficulties for the people. In this case, you need
to adopt the concept of building a floating house. In this case, the structure rises during
flood and sinks when it is hot and dry. This reduces the loss of life and property. Therefore,
it is necessary to carry out research and the development of new design and construction
techniques. Structures in flood-prone areas can be constructed using such techniques.
These structures function even in the absence of high water, and these structures need to
be self-sufficient. You need to use sustainable design methods. In coastal areas and
islands, sooner or later these structures will become popular. Floating structures can also
be built to increase tourism in India. It can generate a large amount of income for the
country.

Sustainable elements

o Self-supporting services such as desalination plant, sewage & waste treatment

system.
o Power plant with at almost noiseless levels.
o Use of local raw materials.
o Geothermal use of sea water.
o Habitat creation of marine life by leftover stone.
o Daylight influx through transparent roof and columns
o Water cooling system by circulating the sea water through the floor, wall & roof.
o Use of solar energy.
o Bioclimatic building with an independent life-support system.
o Installation of solar cell/collector & wind turbine.
o Prefabricated frame for fast construction.
o Plastic composite material with characteristics of lighter, stronger, and economical
to maintain.

41
Problems faced

o INDOOR CLIMATE
There is no problem in improving the heat insulation during the cold season
even during strong winter climate, e.g. by an increased intensity of the wind.
But during the summer season, innovative solutions are essential, in order to
assure a moderate indoor climate.
o THERMOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS
Water causes reflection of sun rays and heats up the surroundings.
Uncomforting glare and heat are generated. The figures below show the
water temperature due to sun rays and house temperature.
o CORROSION
Corrosion is caused by the extra impacts of chemical components of salts,
ph-values, ions etc. The components of the local outdoor climate cause an
intense corrosion of materials.
o STEEL PONTOON
Steel pontoons must be overcoated with an additional surfacing of high
quality to avoid corrosion.
o ALGAE DEPOSITION
The microbiological growth on surfaces to improve the thermal insulation of
covering parts of the buildings; the external surfaces tend to have a natural
growth of algae.
o DISTURBANCES IN AQUATIC LIFE
If proper planning of the structures on water is not done then, it harms and
disturbs the aquatic life to a great extent.

42
Potentials for Amphibious Technology

Strong strategies are probably the most beneficial to better adapt the area to future flood
events. Annual Local Flood Events, Extreme Events, and Unexpected Rare Events (Still)
Experience of depth, duration and frequency as a result of long-term changes (climate
change, physical change in river basins, expansion of adjacent blockage areas, etc.). This
strategy needs to be built in sufficient surplus capacity (headspace) to cope with high
levels of floods that have occurred and should occur in the past Flexible enough to adjust
in time if higher flood levels are expected. In particular this means that the strategy:
1. Immediate response is required in areas with frequent floods (probability of less than
5 years). Floods of considerable depth (over 0.6 m).
2. The entire area needs to be phased in to minimize monsoon interference (and
damage). Annual flood;
3. Areas need to be adjusted to limit flood damage from the 100-year event (similar
to the 2011 flood). Mid-term (50 years);
4. You need to be flexible enough to handle high levels of floods due to unexpected
changes.
5. Buildings, roads, public spaces, No major conversion work, etc.

Amphibious buildings are a proven, low-impact flood control strategy that improves flood
resilience and disaster recovery capabilities for communities. During floods, aquatic
habitats rise vertically with water level, remain safe and floating, and settle back when the
water recedes. Successful amphibious foundation systems in the Netherlands, New
Orleans, Sausalito and Bangladesh can provide more reliable and convenient flood
protection than permanent static surveys.

43
Bangladesh lifthouses have proven to be low cost and sustainable buildings using locally
available materials and are government independent and therefore provide a service
system. This paper demonstrates the stability and feasibility of existing amphibian dwellings.
You can build sustainable and cost-effective amphibious structures with reference to
various case studies and detailed description of construction materials for amphibious
structure construction techniques. Waterfront development can be developed by
developing these amphibious dwellings. The quality of these structures is maintained as
well as the buildings on the premises.

44
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(CHICAGO STYLE CITATION METHOD)

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