ORAL

COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXT

REVIEWER / NOTES / REPORTING

SCRIPTS

SHELAMIEL PAULINE ANN M. SANCHEZ

11 - BEILSTEIN
History of Communication
- Prehistoric - Humans from the prehistoric era use symbols and gestures to
communicate and it was believed that a human's first word were onomatopoetic ( oh,
wow, ah , iii )

- Talking era (180,000 - 3500 BCE) - In this period, gestures and speaking were the only
ways of communication humans had.

- Manuscript Era (3500 BCE) - In this era, humans have shifted from oral to the written
way of communication. They needed to form a better way to keep track of their
expenses so from using other items, they might have used dots and other symbols.
Humans had also developed class systems and social statuses.

- Print Era (1450-1850) - In these years, the printing press was invented that gave
people the ability to mass-produce written texts. It gave them the privilege to have
multiple copies of important texts that can be used in
the future.

- Audio-Visual Era (1850-1990) - Radio, telegraph, telephone and television sets were
invented.

- Internet Era (1990-present) - This period had an immense amount of development.

There was a rapid dispersion of new methods of
communication and the expansion of the internet and digital media lead to the beginning
of the digital age.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Elements:
● Sender - generates idea and encodes it into messages
● Message - an idea expressed in signs and symbols
● Medium - a form of communication
● Noise - causes communication breakdowns
● Receiver - decodes the message and gives feedback
● Feedback - response to the message, it may be verbal or non-verbal
● Context - the setting of communication

Rundown:
- Communication starts with the sender. Certain stimuli power their cognitive process to
generate ideas or thoughts.
- After coming up with an idea, the sender then undergoes a decision-making process
that would concern whether they wish to share the idea with others or keep it to
themselves.
- Choosing to keep the idea to oneself is an example of intrapersonal communication as
one still conveys a message and it was received by their own consciousness.
- If they chose to share it with others, the idea would now go under the encoding process
to form the message. The sender chooses signs and symbols they associate with the
idea and a series of these form the message.
- Take note that as the sender may use signs or symbols that they personally associate
with the idea, receivers or other people may interpret it differently (affected by own
experiences, knowledge, values).
- After forming the message, a medium is selected. Medium has two types, verbal and
non-verbal, written or spoken.
- Contrary yet similar to medium, a channel is the mode of transmission- more specific.
Instruments that the sender uses to send the message to the receiver.
- The receiver, after getting the message, has their own roles and responsibilities. They
undergo a decoding process where they decipher or interpret the idea conveyed by the
message and give their own feedback to the sender after analyzing it.
- Feedback serves as an affirmation of whether the message was clearly delivered or
obstructed by certain causes (noise).
- Noise causes communication breakdowns. It has 4 types: physical(external),
psychological(bias), physiological(disability), and semantic(interpretation).
 - Context refers to the environment, circumstance, and setting of the communication. It
should contain the following: place/time, where/when, weather/temperature, the attitude
of characters, etc.

*Communication is cyclic when feedback occurs and is expressed back to the sender, both
verbal and non-verbal (e.g. replying)
*Communication is linear when feedback isn’t expressed directly back to the sender (e.g. news
forecasts)

GROUP REPORTING: 11/05/2021 “Models of Communication - Shannon-Weaver Model”

Before proceeding in analyzing the images we have provided, let’s first understand the diagram
of a model communication given to us.

The model seen on screen is called the Shannon-Weaver model of communication and is
considered the Mother of Communication models and the reason will be discussed later on. It
rooted from the names of its developers Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver and initially
served to improve or enable engineers from the Bell Telephone Company to transmit
mechanical messages more effectively. Though it has its purpose, the model was later on seen
to capture even the very essence of communication itself in general. It features communication
elements such as the information source, the transmitter, receiver, destination, and especially
the noise source.

● In it, we consider the information source as the one who generates the idea or
message and the one who chooses a channel through which that message should be
sent.
 ● The transmitter encodes these messages into certain signals, or what we used to note
of as the symbols or signs.
● The message transmitted is then received by a decoder, which is the receiver. It could
be a machine or medium that decodes the message from the transmitted signals.
● Finally, we have the destination which refers to the person or place the message should
reach.
● In the model, it is first to introduce noise to the communication process. It is identified as
physical disturbances that inhibit the transmission of the message from the transmitter to
a receiver which is denoted by the diagram in the jamboard slide.

A possible unique feature of the model is how it distinctively separates the information source
from the one that encodes the message. In our previous lesson, we discussed that the one who
has the idea has the ability to encode their message into signs and symbols but whereas here,
the use of machines or other mediums of encoding and decoding come into the picture,
therefore, dividing and limiting the responsibilities of the information source.

Sources:
● https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/
● https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-weaver-model-communicati
on

First Image: *DISCUSS HOW Second Image: *DISCUSS HOW

COMMUNICATION HAPPENS IN THE PIC COMMUNICATION HAPPENS IN THE PIC
BEFORE IDENTIFYING THE ELEMENTS* BEFORE IDENTIFYING THE ELEMENTS*

Information source - the newscaster / reporter Information source - the one who called for
the meeting (possibly a teacher)
Transmitter - tv channel / news station
antenna used to transmit signals Transmitter - the laptop as its the one who
sends the audio and video signals of the
Receiver - televisions, radios teacher to the students

Destination - homes of the people / the mass Receiver - gadgets or devices used by the
in general participants

Noise source - (focus on mechanical noises Destination - the students

since it is emphasized that the model is
initially used for telephone communicatons - Noise source - (focus on mechanical noises -
tv signal interruptions, lack of signal, lack data or wifi connections, current state of
of devices like televisions or radios to the gadget, availability of gadgets)
receive signals)

Now that we’ve discussed it, it is no doubt why the Shannon-Weaver Model is coined the mother
of communication models. It has embodied crucial elements in communication such as
information source, transmitter, receiver, destination, noise, encoding and decoding of
messages and signals, which all became a starting point in the development of future more
complex models.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

#1 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

Elements:
● Speaker - conducts the speech
● Speech - message or idea
● Occasion
● Audience - the one who received the message or idea
● Effect - emotions, faces, ideas, thoughts (dismay, pleasure, satisfaction, etc.)

Characteristics:
● Focuses on the speaker and their message while the audience takes on a more
passive role in the communication model.
● The effect is shown by the emotions or ideas of the audience after hearing the speech.
This is the impact of the message on the audience. (Their responses)
● More on public speaking context and the art of rhetoric. This involves persuasive
speaking.
 ● Aristotle founded rhetoric so his model focuses on the persuasive aspect of
communication his model of communication focuses on.

#2 SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (Aka. Telephone Model)

Elements:
● information source - (person) generates the idea or message
● Transmitter - machine or device that encodes messages into certain signals.
● Receiver - machine or device that decodes the signals sent by the transmitter.
● Destination - refers to the person or place the message should reach.
● Noise - Mechanical (physical) disturbances

Characteristics:
- Developed by mathematician and scientists respectively Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver.
- “Mother of Communication Models”
- They view communication mathematically using analogs.
- They are the first to identity noise in the communication process. The model enhances
telephone communication by eliminating noise. (noise eliminated = successful
communication)
 - Transmitters and receivers are identified as machines since the model is used to
enhance machine-to-machine communication.
- Noise is more mechanical, meaning it revolves around faults or errors in the machines/
devices used as transmitters and receivers. (e.g. Computers: weak data signal; Radios:
problems in radio signals)

*Receivers can be identified as telephones since the model was developed approx. in the
AudioVisual era where telephones were called receivers.

#3 SCHRAMM’S MODEL (Interactive Model)

Elements:
● Encoder
● Interpreter
● Decoder
● Message
● Field of Common Experience
● Field of Experience - everything and anything a person has experienced or has yet to
experience

Characteristics:
- It is cyclical, unlike Aristotle and Shannon-Weaver’s examples. Senders generate
messages, receivers interpret them and send their own message through feedback and
the whole set-up becomes a cycle of turns.
 - Turn-taking, where one speaks the other, listens, and vice-versa. Be a sender first before
being a receiver. No feedback, no turn-taking.
- Features Venn diagrams to show fields of expertise and field of common experience.
- Semantic Noise is most prominent noise.
- Successful communication happens when there is a field of common experience. It
signifies that there is communication able between the two interlocutors.
- The bigger the overlaps in FOEs, the more likely successful communication to
happen.
- There is a chance of successful communication even when two people do not have an
overlap of experience. Communication is always possible.

#4 TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

Elements:
● Communicator - the sender and receiver alike
● Message
● A’s Environment
● B’s Environment
● Noise

Characteristics:
- Simultaneous because there is no need for one to send their message first. No
encoding and decoding of messages happen because as one communicator receives
messages, they also send a message through non-verbal cues at the same time.
- It is non-sequential, unlike other models. No sender, no receiver, and no sequence.
- There should be a collaboration among communicators for successful
communication to happen. Communicators should send and receive messages
coherently.
- The most dynamic model of communication.
- Communication is a transactional process.

Does communication happen sequentially or non-sequentially?

#5 HELICAL MODEL

Element:
● Time - affects communication

Characteristics:
- by Frank Dance
- Shows how people can grow in communication.
- Accumulative
- As time progresses, you understand more and communication evolves. This can be
applied to intrapersonal and interpersonal communication.
- Abstract
- Use the time to improve and progress especially in communications. There is hope for
improvement in relationships etc.

Exam pointers 1st Quarter

* History of Communication
* Nature and Elements of Communication
* Models of Communication
* Types of Noise
* Nonverbal Communication (reading material is to be provided)
* All handouts/reading materials (that have been and will be uploaded)
 SECOND QUARTER
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
https://jamboard.google.com/d/1lI5cvuoDksy8K0HmtKBdu-C7g3hEKbu0l6mXxVvwE4k/viewer

● Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a

receiver.
● Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome
these problems in order to convey their intended meaning.
● We use communicative strategies to prevent or overcome noises. They
may repair or avoid miscommunications.
● Only applied in interpersonal communication.
● Nomination and Restriction are two peas in a pod. When you nominate,
you also restrict.
● Turn-taking - keep turn, release turn, take turn. Feedback is important as
communication becomes a cycle.
● Topic control aims to maintain and develop the topic at hand.
● Before shifting topics, make sure previous topics are pre-developed

Nomination
➔ It is a communication strategy that refers to the act of the speaker inviting a
participant to join the conversation or discussion.
➔ It commences a conversation by suggesting,introducing, or proposing a topic to
be discussed for the conversation.
➔ This strategy is typically used at the start of the interaction to establish the
purpose of the conversation. It is useful to help set the tone of the conversation to
ensure that the information gained from the conversation is relevant.
Importance:
➔ Without it, it will be difficult to start a conversation as there wouldn’t be any
specific topic.

Guidelines
➔ Call participants in a conversation by their names to properly nominate them.
➔ As the primary speaker, you may also use nonverbal cues, such as gesturing at
the person to indicate that he or she may already share their ideas.
➔ Participants who wish to contribute to the discussion can do so by using verbal or
nonverbal cues.

Restriction
➔ Restriction is a communicative strategy opposite to that of Nomination. It focuses
on limiting the ability of the participants to contribute to the discussion. Here, the
participants are forced to act within a set of categories or limitations established
by the facilitator or main speaker through verbal or non-verbal cues.
➔ But aside from that, restriction doesn’t only involve restricting a person’s
involvement in the discussion as it may also be used in limiting their responses to
specific questions or topics, or even the way they speak. This communicative
strategy generally encompasses any limitation to the speakers in a discussion.
➔ When used in limiting answers, restrictions are mostly noticeable in dichotomous
questions with only two specific answers.
Importance:
➔ As a communicative strategy, Restriction is essential in keeping the order within
the discussion. Nominated participants are allowed to speak without interruption
and contribute their ideas to the group as other participants are limited to
certain restrictions such as timing and situation on when they can share their own
thoughts, ideas, and opinions on the topic and to what the current speaker is
delivering. This strategy grants each participant with respect as they are able to
share their thoughts first without any other interruptions and dismissals while
keeping other essential inputs or concerns from co-participants scheduled after.

Guidelines:
➔ The main speaker or facilitator should state the topic that will be discussed
clearly, directly, or indirectly by asking related questions to the topic in mind. The
possibilities of them talking about a subject other than or unrelated to the topic
are minimized.
➔ You may restrict participants when they contribute to the discussion without
nomination through verbal or non-verbal cues.
➔ Participants should be called by their names to properly invite them to suggest
when the time comes that they may share ideas.
➔ You may also use gestures but make sure they’re directed explicitly at the
intended person.
➔ Lastly, When restricting participants, utmost politeness should be observed.

Turn-Taking
➔ It is a process in which a participant stops speaking and yields the floor to
another participant so he or she can speak.
 Three acts of Turn-Taking
- Keep-turn suggests that a speaker must not stop until he fulfills his purpose
in a conversation.
- Release-turn suggests that a speaker is finished talking and is ready to
yield the floor to another participant to take his or her turn.
- Take-turn suggests that another participant can take the role of the
speaker.

Importance:
- When children learn to communicate, taking turns help in learning the rhythm of
a conversation, it makes the conversation more interactive and engaging.
- It gives all communicators a chance to speak and share their thoughts and ideas
freely.
- When speaking one at a time, it helps to clearly understand what the speaker is
trying to convey.
- It aids effective social communication because interruption wouldn’t likely
occur.

Guidelines
- Keep your statements relevant
- In expressing your personal views, make it short but reasonable.
- Be polite in giving and taking your turn from another speaker.
- To give the floor to others, use appropriate non-verbal or verbal cues.
- Never speak when it’s not your turn, ask permission if needed.
- Use proper intonation.

Topic Control
 ➔ It determines the communicators’ capability to maintain and develop a certain
topic may it be in formal or informal conversations. Also, topic control highlights
how communication controls the behavior of members in several ways.

Importance
It keeps the participants on the same topic throughout the entire conversation
and ensures that everyone has the same understanding of the topic at the end
of the discussion.

Guidelines
All participants in a conversation should cooperate and interact through verbal
or non-verbal responses.
Topic of discussion should be collectively developed and moved forward.
Avoid making unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.

Topic Shifting
 ➔ Involves intentionally or unintentionally moving from one topic to another in a
conversation. THere are two types: Speaking Topically and Speaking on the
Topic.

Importance
➔ It helps avoid silence in a conversation as the speakers use it to introduce a new
topic as a continuation. It is also a way for the other speakers to express
disagreement, unfamiliarity, and disinterest which in turn makes the conversation
more interesting and effective.

Guidelines
➔ Use conversational transitions alongside verbal and nonverbal clues to clearly
indicate that you are trying to shift the topic.
➔ Make sure that the previous topic has been fully discussed before shifting the
topic or introducing a new one.
➔ Be intuitive and try to identify when the preceding topic ends to effectively
introduce a new one.

SPEECH CONTEXTS
https://jamboard.google.com/d/1jlQhjMyGIN3QKt9KBZU9FdnYroqius_5UoqKDmkTiGM/viewer
Intrapersonal
➔ Sender
- The sender is oneself as it happens within us.
➔ Receiver
- One receiver and it is oneself.
➔ Channel
- Intrapersonal communication revolves around our thoughts, feelings,
emotions, and pain in which the channel that can be used is our brain. On
the other hand, we may use the diary or journal to write down our
thoughts instead of being verbally vocal about them. Talking in front of
the mirror and vlogging can be used as a channel as well.
➔ Message
- Rants, Reflection, Realizations, Imagination, Reminiscing Memories
➔ Feedback
- Internal: Inside our brain ; External: Outside our body using the 5 senses.
➔ Noise
- Physiological Noise, Psychological Noise

Dyad
➔ Sender
- Interaction between two people - meaning up to 2 senders.
➔ Receiver
- Interaction between two people - meaning both of them are receivers
where the conversation flow is two-way.
➔ Channel
- Face-to-face conversations ( i.e. interviews, discussion, sales talk, etc.),
Telephone/Smartphone conversations, Letter/ Email exchanges.
➔ Message
- Relational message properties are attributes of dyadic messages that
define and signal the progress of relational development. Relational
 messages indicate how 2 or more people regard each other, their
relationship and themselves within the context of their relationship.
➔ Feedback
- Both sender and receiver take turns in giving feedback.
➔ Noise
- How we choose our words (jargons & intricate ones), language, tone and
construct our ideas may give the other person a different interpretation.

Small Group
Sender
- Requires a minimum of three people (maximum 15) where everyone can
be the sender. There might be someone who is a well informed and highly
motivated person within the group that may become the leader and
main sender in a small group.
Receiver
- Everyone in the conversation
Channel
- Face-to-face conversations ( i.e. group discussions, brainstorming etc.),
Telephone/Smartphone conversations ( social media, zoom meetings etc.
), Letter/ Email exchanges.
Message
- Ideas and opinions about the topic being discussed.
Feedback
- Simultaneous in a somewhat turn-taking way and it might be a positive,
negative or constructive reply/comment.
Noise
- Jargons, Physical Noise, Physiological Noise.

Public
Sender
- THere would only be one sender which would be the speaker.
Receiver
- The audience listening to the speaker.
Channel
 - Face-to-face Public Speaking (microphones, megaphones, speakers),
Online Speeches ( social media, zoom meetings, livestream apps etc. ).
Message
- Transmitted for informative and persuasive purposes. Should make a lot of
sense as it is transmitted to a lot of people.
Feedback
- Audience may respond verbally(positive or negative comments, ask
questions) or nonverbally(physical body language, internal thoughts).
THere level of attentiveness can attest the efficacy of the speech.
Noise
- Physical (sound system error, weather, laggy internet), Physiological (
speech might contain prejudice) and Semantic Noise(Grammatical or
Technical Error) is present.

Mass Communication
Sender
- One or more, mostly high-ranking individuals from the government,
institutions and companies.
Receiver
- Large group of people ( community )
Channel
- Broadcast Media (Face-to-face Public Speaking, microphones,
megaphones, speakers), Print Media(newspaper), Digital Media
Message
- Anything. Could be news, advertisement, entertainment, informative.
Feedback
- Mass media (blog posts, emails, letters, phone calls) ; Digital Media (likes ,
comments, shares, engagement)
Noise
- Physical (newspaper printing errors), and Semantic Noise(Grammatical or
Technical Error) is present.

SPEECH STYLES
 ➔ When a person interacts with others, he or she uses a particular style of speaking
or speech style​. A speech style also indicates the level of formality with which a
person speaks.
➔ According to Ronald Wardhaugh in his book An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
(1986)​, “No one speaks the same way all the time.” For him, “language will
exhibit considerable internal variation​, and single-style speakers will not be
found.”
➔ When you interact with others, it is important to choose an appropriate speech
style to use. In doing so, you should consider several factors, which include the
following:
A. Audience​– Who are you speaking with? What is your relationship with him,
her, or them?
B. Topic – What is the subject of the conversation or the communication
situation? Is it a serious topic or a lighthearted one?
C. Purpose – What is the objective of the communication? What do you and
the other participants in the conversation aim to achieve?
D. Location​– Where is the communication being held? What is the
environment like?

Intimate
➔ According to Martin Joos, it is characterized by a complete absence of social
inhibitions​. This style is used by participants who share a very close relationship​,
such as between very close friends, siblings, husband and wife, parents and
children, and boyfriend and girlfriend.
➔ In this style, the participants share a completely private vocabulary​, making it
difficult for others who are outside of the group to understand.
A. Conversations are usually done ​in private​.
B. Participants usually use ​short, incomplete utterances​.
C. Grammar and proper word choice are not given importance.
D. Nonverbal cues​are often used to convey messages.
E. Participants share inside jokes.
F. Words that signal intimacy, such as terms of endearment (e.g.,
​sweetheart, dear, honey​) are used.

Casual
 ➔ The casual speech style is a relaxed or informal dialogue between friends, peers,
colleagues, or family. Thus, the participants may use group language so only
members of the group can understand it.
➔ This speech style is used in informal situations. You may also use this when you
would like to make someone feel at ease or when you want to know that
individual on a more personal level.

A. The tone is conversational​. Slang (or nonstandard words or expressions),

colloquial words​, elliptical sentences (some words are omitted), and
informal contractions (e.g., ain’t, dunno, gonna​) are used.
B. ​General words​rather than technical ones are used.
C. Interruptions are common.
D. Nicknames are used in addressing one another.

Consultative
➔ The consultative speech style is considered to be the most operational style
among the other styles. It is used in semi formal situations in which a speaker
needs to provide background information because the listener (or addressee)
may not be able to understand without it.
➔ This speech style is also the one used when meeting or being introduced to
someone for the first time, or when conversing with a stranger.
A. It is used in ​ordinary or routine transactions​that lead to an outcome or
result.
B. This is often used in business or in other professional situations​, such as in
conversations between a doctor and a patient, a teacher and a student,
or a lawyer and his client.
C. Interruptions are allowed​. The listener gives short responses like I see,
Uh-huh​, and Ah to signal that he or she is paying attention to the speaker
or has understood what was said.
D. Titles such as Mr., Ms., or Doctor are likely to be used when using this
speech style.
E. More formal than intimate and casual styles, this style requires a speaker
to choose words with some care​, but the flow of conversation is still
instantaneous.

Formal
 ➔ A formal speech style is the lack of listener participation​. Little to no feedback
➔ A formal style is often used in formal situations, such as in a graduation
ceremony, an official meeting, a television newscast, and a conference, where
there is only one-way communication​.
➔ This speech style is also used in sermons, speeches, and announcements​. This is
also the style that is used for ​academic ​and​business writing​.
A. Interruptions are not allowed. Only the speaker is the source of
information.
B. Pronunciation is very clear.
C. Words are carefully chosen, and grammar rules are followed.
D. Sentence structures are more complex and varied.
E. Extensive and technical vocabulary is required.
F. Ideas are ​cohesive​and organized.
G. All background or necessary information is clearly given.

Frozen
➔ Also called the oratorical style​, is the most formal style and is reserved for very
formal situations such as in religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings.
- It uses ​“frozen” language​, where statements are learned by rote.
Examples are the Lord’s Prayer, ​the ​Pledge of Allegiance, ​and the
national anthem.
- It has a​symbolic or historical nature​.
- It is typically ​prescribed by law, custom, or ritual​.
- It involves ​certain fixed or stock expressions ​that are rarely or never
altered or changed.

TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

 ➔ The effectiveness of a speech is affected not just by its content but also by the
manner in which it is delivered.
➔

Reading from a Manuscript

➔ also known as a manuscript speech, is done when a speaker reads a prepared
text or manuscript to the audience. The manuscript may be prepared by
someone else or by the speaker himself or herself. This is usually given when the
manuscript will be part of an official record wherein extremely careful wording is
required. Most of the time, a manuscript speech is delivered over a podium or a
lectern.
➔ Advantages :
- No single and essential word is left out.
- All significant points are covered and conveyed.\
➔ Disadvantages:
- The speech may sound mechanical or forced and unnatural.
- The audience may quickly get bored or uninterested.
- The speaker is limited in his or her use of nonverbal cues.
- The speaker is unable to react to the audience's nonverbal cues.
➔ Mostly Public Figures, Media Personalities, Spokespersons and Leaders do this.
A. Outline and write your speech well. Choose your words carefully to make
your message clear.
B. Format your speech properly. It would be easier for you to read
C. Practice your speech.
D. Vary your voice. Vary your volume, pitch, and intonation to emphasize
important points and to express your feelings and attitudes.
E. Look at the audience from time to time. Do not read the manuscript word
for word.

Memorized Speech
➔ A memorized speech requires you to commit your speech to memory.
 ➔ Speaking from memory is usually appropriate for relatively short speeches such
as when presenting or accepting an award, making an announcement, giving
opening or closing remarks, or introducing a speaker.
➔ Keep your memorized speech short and work harder on your facial expressions
and the tone of your voice.
➔ Memorizing a speech can help you achieve a smooth and effortless delivery.
➔ Advantages:
- It may improve the speaker's memory.
- It allows the speaker to plan his or her nonverbal cues.
- It allows the speaker to concentrate on visual aids and props.
- It develops a sense of confidence in the speaker.
➔ Disadvantages:
- It takes a long time to memorize unless the speaker has a very keen
memory.
- It requires more effort to speak from memory than to read from a
manuscript.
- It can sound mechanical and unnatural since the speaker may tend to
concentrate on remembering words that come next rather than on
communicating their ideas to the audience.
- It can break a speaker's train of thought and may cause embarrassment
to the speaker when he or she forgets certain words or lines in the speech.
A. Keep it short. Make sure that it is brief and concise.
B. Practice. Read your speech repeatedly so you can memorize the words and
internalize the message. Practice your delivery as well.
C. Visualize.
D. Project your voice. Good voice projection can be achieved through proper
posture and breathing.
E. Use pauses Properly. A pause may create a dramatic effect or build suspense.

Impromptu Speech
➔ is delivered with very little or no preparation. It is generally brief and unrehearsed
since the speaker does not have time to practice the speech.
 ➔ Impromptu speaking is challenging since the speech is delivered spontaneously.
The speaker does not have time to organize his or her ideas or to research
information regarding the topic.
A. Opening-Rule of Three-Clincher
B. Past-Present-Future
C. Point-Reason-Example/ExplanationPoint

Extemporaneous Speech
➔ delivered with the speaker preparing a speech outline or notes beforehand.
➔ It sounds natural. The speaker uses a conversational tone.
➔ Its exact wording is chosen while the speech is being given.
➔ It gives the speaker the chance to practice the flow of the speech using the
outline or notes.
➔ It lets the speaker freely engage and interact with the audience.
➔ It is flexible.
A. Prepare the outline or notes.
B. Rehearse your speech using your outline or notes​.
C. Speak in a natural manner.
D. Pay attention to the audience’s nonverbal cues.

TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Expository / Informative Speech
➔ To inform the audience
➔ Types of expository speeches
- Description Speech - It provides an image of the subject in the audience’s
minds through sensory details such as sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste.
- Explanation Speech - explains or defines a concept, term, or an abstract
topic (e.g., idea, principle, philosophy).
- Demonstration Speech - gives the audience detailed information of a
certain process in order to achieve a particular task
- Reportorial Speech - serves to describe or explain an event or an issue
that is interesting, significant, or unusual. (reports/newcast)
Persuasive Speech
➔ To persuade or influence the audience
➔ Rhetorical Appeals
- Ethos - credibility or authority
- Pathos - emotion.
- Logos - logic or reason.
➔ TYPES
- Convincing - convince the audience to adopt his or her way of thinking
- Actuation - urge the audience to take a particular action.

Entertainment Speech
➔ To entertain the audience (ergo; entertaining talk at various social occasions.
These include casual dinners, parties, graduations, and weddings)

SPEECH ACTS
Entertainment Speech
➔ The speech act theory regards language as a sort of action instead of as a
medium for conveying and expressing ideas.
➔ Constative utterances​describe a situation or insinuate assertions.
➔ Performative utterances​are words that incite action.

January 13,2022

Context Shifting -
Language form- It is the language that we use when communicating with
someone. Our language choice in communication will depend on the situation we
are in. To communicate effectively, the speaker should bear in mind that language
plays a big role in comprehending a message. When the speaker engages with the
live audience, he/she needs to use simple words because the audience or the
receiver does not have the opportunity to look for the meanings of difficult words.

Duration of interaction- This has something to do with how long and how
short the conversation will take place.
For example, you are engaging with the intimate conversation. You will observe
that you do not pay much attention to time because you are talking to the one
that you love. On the other hand, the duration of talking to a doctor will take
place between 10-15 minutes.