El-Sharkawi

SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Electric Energy
An Introduction

An Introduction
Third Edition

Second
EditionMohamed A. El-Sharkawi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20120404

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4665-5829-8 (Paperback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission
to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides
licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment
has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Chapter 1
1.8

l 8 50000
a. Rwire 1.673 *10 1.183
A (0.015) 2

V 400
I 35.77 A
Rload Rwire 10 1.183

Vload I Rload 357.7 V

b. Vline V Vload 400 357.7 42.3 V

c. Ploss I 2 Rwire 35.76 2 *1.183 1.513 kW

d. Pload I 2 Rload 12.795 kW

Pload Pload 12.795

89.4 %
Pinput Pload Ploss 12.795 1.513

1.9:

l 8 100000
a. Rwire 1.673 *10 2.36
A (0.015) 2

Pload 100000
I 250 A
Vload 400

Vline I Rwire 250* 2.36 591.7 V

b. Vsource Vload Vline 400 591.7 991.7 V

Vline 591.7
c. 59.7 %
Vsource 991.7

The voltage drop of the line is very high due to the line’s low voltage

d. Ploss I 2 Rwire 250 2 * 2.36 147.5 kW

e. Psource Vsource I 991.7 * 250 247.93 kW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

2
 Pload 100
f. 40.33 %
Psource 247.93

The system efficiency is very low due to the low voltage of the line.

1.10

l 8 100000
a. Rwire 1.673 *10 2.36
A (0.015) 2

Pload 100
I 10 A
Vload 10

Vline I Rwire 10 * 2.367 23.67 V

b. Vsource Vload Vline 10,000 23.67 10,023.67 V

Vline 23.67
c. 0.24 %
Vsource 10 ,023.67

The voltage drop of the line is very small due to the line’s high voltage

d. Ploss I 2 Rwire 10 2 * 2.36 236 W

e. Psource Vsource I 10,023.67 * 10 100,236.7 W

Pload 100
f. 99.8 %
Psource 100.236

The system efficiency is very high due to the high voltage of the line.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

3
Chapter 2
2.2: Converts thermal or the hydro kinetic energy into rotating mechanical energy that drives the generator
2.3: To convert the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy
2.4: To increase the potential energy of the water behind the dam
2.5: To increase the voltage of the transmission lines, so current can be reduced. Thus the transmission
lines can be made of a small cross section wires.
f 60
2.6: n 120 120 3600 rpm
P 2
f 50
2.7: n 120 120 3000 rpm
P 2
2.8: To prevent the conductors from touching the tower
2.9: To increase the flashover distance between the conductor and the tower
2.10: To reduce the size of the magnetic components
2.11: Competition prevented collaboration and different safety concerns
2.12: Higher voltage
2.13: Wind storm, freezing rain, and earth movements

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

4
Chapter 3
3.1: Using 2010 data

World capacity in without USA = world capacity – USA capacity

= (4,624.77-1,010) =3,614.77 GW

World population without USA = 6.89-0.31 = 6.58 Billion

Per capita capacity = 3,614.77*109 / (6.58*109) = 549.36 W

3.2: Using 2010 data

USA capacity = 1,010 GW

USA population = 310 Million

Per capita capacity in the USA = 1,010*109/310*106 = 3.258.06 kW

Per capita capacity in the USA/ Per capita capacity in the world = 3258.06/549.36 = 5.93 times

3.3: Using 2010 data

The world consumption minus the USA= (17,444 - 4,120) = 13,324 TWh

According to the US Census Bureau, the US population by the end of 2006 was about 3.1*108
people.

World population without USA = 6.89-0.31 = 6.58 Billion

Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide outside the US = Total world consumption
without the USA/world population without the USA = 13,324*1012 / (6.58*109) = 2.025 MWh

Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA = Total consumption in USA/USA
population = 4,120*1012/3.1*108 = 13.29 MWh

Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA/ Annual electric energy consumed per
capita worldwide without the USA = 13.29/2.025 = 6.56

3.4: Using 2010 data

Hours in one year= 8765 hr

USA generation capacity = 1,010*109 *8765= 8.8526 PWh

USA consumption= 4.12 PWh

USA generation/USA demand= 8.8526/4.12 = 2.148

Surplus = (8.8526 – 4.12)/8.8526=53.46%

3.5: Using 2010 data

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

5
 Hours in one year= 8765 hr

World capacity minus USA= (4,624.77-1,010) =3,614.77 GW

World generation capacity minus USA= 3,614.77*109 *8765= 31.683 PWh

The world consumption minus USA= (17,444 - 4,120) = 13,324 TWh

World generation/World demand= 31.683/13.324 = 2.378

Surplus = (31.683 – 13.324)/31.683=57.95%

3.6: Using 2010 data

USA generation capacity = 1,010*109 *8765= 8.8526 PWh

USA consumption= 4.12 PWh

n
4.12 * 1.05 8.8526

8.8526
log
4.12
n 15.68 years
log 1.05

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

6
Chapter 4
4.1: Impoundment, diversion and pumped storage

4.2: Heat sink, W=Q1-Q2

4.3: Fission and fusion

4.4: A process by which the concentration of U235 is increased to 3-5%

4.5: By control rods

4.6: Pressurized reactor has heat exchanger (steam generator) between the radioactive water and the steam
entering the turbine.

4.13:

Compute the power captured by the cup

Pout 50
Pc 56.81 MW
0.88

The velocity of the cups

180
vc 2 * 5 94.25 m/s
60

Pc 2f vi vc vc

56.81 *106 2 *10 *103 vi 94.25 * 94.25

vi 124.28 m/s

Pr 9 *105
4.14: h H 100 * 90 m
Pro 106

4.15:

length of penstock 3
a. Water velocity v 1.5 m/s
travel time 2

The flow rate is

f Av 2 * 0.52 * 1.5 2.36 m3 /s

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

7
 Pp out f g h 2.36 *103 * 9.81 * 40 926 kW

b Pout 926 * 0.95 * 0.9 791.73 kW

c. Energy generated in one year = 791.73 * 24 * 365 6.94 * 106 kWh

Annual income = 6.94 *106 * 0.2 $1.388 *106

Payback period = 10 / 1.388 7.2 years

d. Payback period is short. This is a good investment.

4.16: PEr Vol * * g * H 10 * 109 * 1000 * 9.81 * 100 9.81 * 107 GJoules

4.17: Pp out f g h 50 *103 * 9.81 * 20 9.81 MW

4.18:

Pp out 107
f 3
16.99 m3 /s
gh 10 * 9.81 * 60

f 16.99
v 1.35 m/s
A 4

4.19:

Vol m / t 105
a. f 100 m3/s
t 103

b. Pp out f g h 100 *103 * 9.81 * 80 78.45 MW

c. Pout Pp out h t g 61.73 MW

4.20:

Natural gas has a thermal energy constant of 48,000 BTU/kg

The condenser extracts 28,000 BTU/kg

The mechanical energy of the turbine is

W Q1 Q2 48,000 28,000 20,000 BTU/kg

The ideal efficiency of the thermal turbine ideal is

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

8
 Ouput mechanical Energy W 20,000
ideal 41.6%
Input thermal Energy Q1 48,000

4.21:

Oil has a thermal energy constant of 45,000 BTU/kg

The condenser extracts 28,000 BTU/kg

The mechanical energy of the turbine is

W Q1 Q2 45,000 28,000 17,000 BTU/kg

The ideal efficiency of the thermal turbine ideal is

Ouput mechanical Energy W 17,000

ideal 37.7%
Input thermal Energy Q1 45,000

4.34:

1 kg of uranium-235 has 25.4*1023 fission events

1 J requires 31 109 fission events

The energy per 10 kg =10* 25.4*1023/31*109 = 8.19 1014 J = 227.5 GWh

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

9
Chapter 5
5.1: Fossil, Hydro, Nuclear

5.2: Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides is absorbed by the clouds

5.3: When excessive greenhouse gases are discharged in the atmosphere. They prevent the heat from
escaping back to the outer space

5.4: flooding, silt buildup behind dam, lack of silt down steam, slow flow down steam, oxygen depletion,
nitrogen absorption, fish migration

5.5: Respiratory illness

5.6:

a. sulfur trioxide SO3. 2 SO2 O2 2 SO3

b. sulfuric acid H2SO4. SO3 H 2O H 2 SO4

c. nitric acid HNO3. 3NO2 H 2O 2 HNO3 NO

5.7:

Coal fired power plant produces as much as 7 kg/MWh.

Daily release of SO2 = 7*100*24 = 16.8 Tons

Annual energy = 100*8760 = 8.76* 105 MWh

SO2 released = 7*8.76*105 = 6,132 tons

5.8:

Natural gas power plant produces as much as 5 g/MWh.

Daily release of SO2 = 0.005*100*24 = 12 kg

Annual energy = 100*8760 = 8.76* 105 MWh

SO2 released = 0.005*8.76*105 = 4.38 tons

5.9:

From the previous two problems

Natural gas power plant produces 4.38 tons of sulfur dioxide annually.

Coal fired power plant produces 6,132 tons of sulfur dioxide annually.

Sulfur dioxide reduction due to the conversion = (6132-4.38)/6132 = 99.9%

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

10
5.10

As given in Chapter 3, coal fired power plants produce about 28% of the world’s electric energy

= 16.28*109*0.28= 4.56*109 MWh

The maximum release of sulfur dioxide = 4.56*109 * 7 = 31.92*106 tons

5
5.12: pH log H 5:H 10

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

11
Chapter 6
6.1:

V= 0.5*10=5V

P=2*4*10=80W

I=80/5=16A

6.2: Sweep area (Blade length), air density, and air velocity

6.3: To generate hydrogen from hydrocarbon

6.4:

As given in Chapter 4, 7 kg of SO2 per MWh is released from coal fired power plant.

Sulfur dioxide is reduced by = 7*50*24*365=3066 ton

6.5: ES Pmax 2 200 * 2 * 3 1.5 kWh

6.6:

Since the location is near the equator, the maximum solar power density occurs at noon when the
zenith angle is zero.

max o cos ( dt wa ) p 1.353 * cos(0) * (0.82 0.06) * 0.92 0.946 kW/m2

(11 12 ) 2
890 2 2
0.941 e
max 946

log e (0.941) 1
2
log e e 2

2.867

At 4:00 PM, the solar power density is

( t 12 )2 (16 12 )2
2 2 2 ( 2.867 )2
max e 946 e 357.44 W/m2

6.14:

V
VT
Id Io e 1

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

12
 Where

kT 1.38 *10 23 * (35 273.15) 3

VT 26.54 *10 V
q 1.602 *10 19

The output current of the cell I is

V
VT
I Is Id Is Io e 1

Also the output current is the output voltage divided by the load resistance.

V
I
R
Combining the above two equations yields

V V / VT
I Is Io e 1
R

or

V I s R I o R eV / VT 1

9
V 5.5 5 *10 eV / 0.02654 1

The above equation has the voltage as the only unknown, but it is a nonlinear equation. So it can
be solved iteratively.

V 0.55 V

Hence, the output power of the cell is

V2 0.55 2
P 60 mW
R 5
6.15:

The output power of the PV cell is

P VI

The voltage at maximum power can be obtained by setting the first derivative of the power
equation to zero

P I
V I 0
V V

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

13
 The derivative of the current is

I I o V / VT
e
V VT

Hence,

P V
Is Io 1 I o eV / VT
V VT

Setting the power derivative equation equal to zero yields

Vmp Vmp / VT Is Io
1 e
VT Io

Vmp
17.88
VT

Vmp / VT
I mp Is Io e 1
9
I mp 1.1 10 e17.88 1 1.0417 A

Hence, the maximum output power of the cell is

Pmax Vmp
I mp 17.88 *1.0417 18.63 W/unit of thermal voltage
VT VT

6.16:

The voltage and currents at the maximum output power computed in the above problem are

Vmp 474.547115 mV

I mp 1.0417 A

Hence, the load resistance at the maximum power point Rmp is

Vmp 474.547115
Rmp 0.4556
I mp 1041.7

6.17:

For each cell, the thermal voltages VT is

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

14
 kT 1.38 *10 23 * (25 273.15)
VT 25.7 mV
q 1.602 *10 19

The voltage of each cell is 45/100=0.45V.

The current of any one cell is

V
VT
I Is Io e 1 1.2 10 8 * e 450 / 25.7 1 0.8 A

The power of the module is

P VI 45 * 0.8 36 W

6.18:

The diode current can be computed if we know the thermal voltage, the voltage across the diode
and the saturation current. The thermal voltage at 30oC is

kT 1.38 *10 23 * (30 273.15) 3

VT 26.1*10 V
q 1.602 *10 19

The voltage across the diode is

Vd V IRs 0.5 1* 0.01 0.51 V

The diode current can be computed as

V 0.51
VT
Id Io e 1 10 9 * e 0.0261 1 306 mA

The current in the shunt resistance is

Vd 0.51
Ip 1.02 mA
Rp 500

The solar current is

Is I Id I p 1 0.306 0.00102 1.30702 A

The irradiance efficiency can be calculated by

Vd * I s 0.6 *1.30702
irradiance 0.3268
A 300 * 0.008

6.19:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

15
 The diode voltage is

Vd V IRs 0.5 1.1* 0.02 0.522 V

The current in the shunt resistance is

Vd 0.522
Ip 0.261 mA
Rp 2000

The electrical losses Pe-loss of the PV cell is

3 2
Pe loss I 2 Rs I p2 R p 1.12 * 0.02 0.261*10 * 2000 24.336 mW

The electrical Efficiency e is

out power Pout VI 0.5 *1.1

e 0.958
input power Pout Pe loss VI Pe loss 0.5 *1.1 0.024336

The total efficiency is

irradiance e 22 * 0.958 0.211

6.20:

FL CL F 0.9 *1000 900 N

The torque of one blade is

T FL d

Where d is the distance from the hub to the center of gravity of the blade. For three-blade, the total
torque is

Ttotal 2 FL d 2 * 900 * 20 36 kN m

The power generated by the blade is

nblade 30
Ptotal Ttotal blade 36 2 36 2 113.1 kW
60 60

6.21:

90o 80o
10o 10o 0o

6.22:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

16
 0.5
0
0.45 10
20
0.4
30

0.35

0.3
Cp

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
TSR

From the graph, the ideal TSR is about 6.5 and the maximim Cp is about 0.21

6.23:

Winter time

920
353
e 29.3( 4 273)
1.168 kg/m3
4 273

The power density is

1 1
v3 1.168 *153 1.97 kW/m2
2 2
Summer time

920
353
e 29.3(18 273)
1.089 kg/m3
18 273

1 1
v3 1.089 *153 1.838 kW/m2
2 2
6.24:

Assume the coefficient of performance to be 30%

Summer time

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

17
 Pw A r2

200
r 2 1.838
0 .3

r 10.75 m

6.25:

Speed at the low speed side of the gearbox

910
n 4.55 r/min
200

4.55
vtip r 2 5 2.382 m/s
60

vtip 2.382
TSR 23.82%
v 10

6.30: Pg f gh h t * g 1 *103 * 9.81*10 * 0.8 * 0.8 * 0.92 61.37 kW

6.31:

Because of the penstock frictional loss, the pressure dropped to 95%

Pr 0 1
H h 10 * 10.526 m
Pr 0.95

6.32:

Eg Pg
g
KEm Pm

Pg 1000
Pm 1.042 MW
g 0.96

Compute the blade power

Pm 1.042
Pblade 1.16 MW
t 0.9

Compute the output power of the penstock

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

18
 Pblade 1.16
Pp out 1.29 MW
h 0.9

Pp out
h
f g

1.29 *106
h 26.3 m
5 *1000 * 9.81

Pr 0 h 26.3
H h 29.2 m
Pr p 0.9

Compute the velocity of the water that yield 105.26 kW of power.

Hence, the height of the dam should be at least 30 m

6.33:

10
v 2.5 m / s
4

Pt 500* As * v 3 500* ( * 0.4 2 )* 2.53 3.927 kW

Pg Pt (C p t g ) 3.927 * (0.3 * 0.9 * 0.96) 1.018 kWh

The energy generated in one year

Eg 1.018 * (24 * 365) 8.914 MWh

Income from the plant is

Income 0.06 * 8514 $534.85

6.34:

To convert the nautical speed to metric speed

v 5 *1.852 9.26 km/hr

v 9.26 *1000 / 3600 2.572 m/s

1 1 3
Ptidal A v3 4 *1025 * 2.572 109.58 kW
2 2
The coefficient of performance determines the amount of power captured by the blades.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

19
 Pblade C p * Ptidal 0.3 *109.58 32.87 kW

6.35:

1 2 1
PE A g H *106 *103 * 9.81*10 2 4.905 *1011 J
2 2

For two ebbs and two flows

PEtotal 4 * 4.905 *1011 19.62 *1011 J

The generated energy (Eg) is

Eg PE 19.62 * 0.8 16.677 *1011 J

The average power generated (Pg) is

Eg 16.677 *1011
Pg 19.302 MW
time 60 * 60 * 24
6.36:
water density is approximately 1000kg/m3

g 2 have
2
103 9.82 * 2 2 *10
Pave *l *10 382.1 kW
32 32
6.41:
The core loses 44.2 TJ/s and the natural decay radioactive isotope adds 30 TJ/s
Net geothermal losses
Geothermal losses 44.2 30 14.2 TJ/s
Since the heat energy of the core today is about 1031 J, after 1000 years the core temperature is

1031 14.2 *1012 * 3.16 *1010 9.9999 *1030 J

6.44:

It is cleaner than fossil fuel power plants. Geothermal fields produce only about one-sixth of the
carbon dioxide that a natural-gas-fueled power plant, and very little of nitrous oxide or sulfur-
bearing gases.

Geothermal energy is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Geothermal power plants have
average availabilities of 95% or higher, compared to 60%-70% for coal and nuclear plants

6.46:

Emissions are low. Only excess steam is emitted by geothermal flash plants. No air emissions or
liquids are discharged by binary geothermal plants, which are projected to become the dominant
technology in the near future.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

20
 Salts and dissolved minerals sometimes contained in geothermal fluids. Some geothermal plants
do produce some solid materials, or sludge, that require disposal in approved sites. Some of these
solids are now being extracted for sale (zinc and sulfur, for example), making the resource even
more valuable and environmentally friendly.

6.47:

Hot geothermal fluid with low mineral and gas content, shallow aquifers for producing, proximity to
existing transmission lines or load, and availability of make-up water for evaporative cooling.
Geothermal fluid temperature should be at least 300 F, although plants are operating on fluid
temperatures as low as 210 F.

6.48: Biomass is the organic matter produced by plants.

6.49: Direct combustion is the simplest and most common method of capturing the energy contained
within biomass. Usually these facilities (boilers) produce steam to use either within an industrial
process, or to produce electricity directly. They can also produce heat, which is then captured for
one purpose or another.

6.50: Yes. If biomass is cultivated and harvested in a way that allows re-growth without depleting
nutrient and water resources, it is a renewable resource that can be used to generate energy on
demand, with little or no net contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions.

6.54: PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane), molten carbonate, alkaline, phosphoric acid, and solid oxide.

6.55: phosphoric acid, molten carbonate and solid oxide

6.56: PEM fuel cells are better suited for small-scale power generation, such as in a vehicle.

6.57: Fuel cells running on hydrogen produce no pollution; the only byproduct is pure water. Since there
are no moving parts, fuel cells can be very reliable and make almost no noise.

6.58: Hydrogen can actually be safer than gasoline. It is a light gas and tends to drift upward very
quickly. Hydrogen is also non-toxic.

6.59:

When hydrogen is burned, it produces Nitrous Oxide NO, which is an air pollutant.

Using hydrogen in fuel cells is a clean form of generating electricity; its only output, besides
energy, is water

When hydrogen is burned, it produces tremendous heat that cannot be efficiently harnessed by the
turbines. Thus, the system efficiency is substantially reduced to about 10%. However, when
hydrogen is used in a fuel cell, the overall efficiency is more than 50%.

6.60:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

21
 1.8
1.6 Voltage

Voltage and Power

1.4 Power
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Current

The power equation of the fuel cell is the multiplication of voltage times current.

P VI 0.9 * I 0.128 * I * tan( I 1.2)

To compute the maximum power, we set the derivative of the power equation to zero and compute
the current at maximum power.

P
0.9 0.128 * tan( I 1.2) 0.128 * I * sec 2 ( I 1.2) 0
I
The numerical solution of this equation yield a current of 2.12A at which the power is maximum.

The voltage at maximum power is

V 0.9 0.128 * tan(2.12 1.2) 0.7319 V

6.61:

For the activation region the increase in current from say 0.1 to 0.11A leads to a reduction in
voltage V by

V V1 V2 0.128 * tan(0.1 1.2) tan(0.11 1.2)

0.0053
V1 V1 0.9 0.128 * tan(0.1 1.2)

For the activation region the increase in current from say 1 to 1.1A leads to a reduction in voltage
V by

V V1 V2 0.128 * tan(1 1.2) tan(1.1 1.2)

0.0142
V1 V1 0.9 0.128 * tan(1 1.2)

6.64:

The volume of water in the reservoir at midnight (Vol1) is

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

22
 Vol1 r 2 d1 * 2002 *10 1.257 *106 m 3

The potential energy of the reservoir at midnight (PEr1) is

PEr1 Vol1 g h1 1.257 *106 *103 * 9.81*100 1.233 *1012 J

Stored energy

PEr PEr 2 PEr1 100 MW h 3.6 *1011 J

PEr 2 1.233 *1012 3.6 *1011 1.593 *1012 J

PEr 2 Vol2 g h2 r2 * d d g h1 d

1.593 *1012 200 2 * 10 d 103 * 9.81 100 d

Hence

d 2.595 m

The new volume

Vol2 r 2d2 * 200 2 * (10 2.595) 1.583 *106 m 3

The flow rate is

Vol (1.583 1.257) *106

f 18.1 m 3 /s
t 5 * 3600
6.67:
Pri
E Pri Voli ln
Prf
1
108 1.013 *105 *103 * ln
Prf
Prf 2.72 *105 N/m 2 or 2.68 times the atmospheric pressure

6.68: To be able to increase the pressure and store more energy.

6.69:

m Vol 10 * ( * 20 2 * 20) 251.13 kg

1
E m r2 2

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

23
 1 1 n
103 m r2 2
251.13 * 0.2 2 2
4 4 60
n 3802.5 r/min
6.70: No, the speed would be unrealistically high

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

24
Chapter 7
7.1:

A B 12 j12 6 j10 6 j 22

A B 12 j12 6 j10 18 j2

A 12 j12 16.97 45 o

B 6 j10 11.66 121o

AB 16.97 45 o 11.66 121o 197.87 166 o

16.97 45o
A/B 1.455 76o
11.66 121o

7.2:

v Vmax sin t
i I max cos ( t 300 )
i I max sin ( t 600 )

i lead v by 60o

7.3:

340
a. V 240.41 V
2

b. 2 f 628.318 rad/sec

628.318
f 100 Hz
2

c. Phase shift

0.5236 0.87266 0.3491 rad

180
0.3491 20 o

d. Average voltage is zero (the voltage waveform is sinusoidal)

e. Load impedance

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

25
 V 340 / 2
Z 20o 3.4 20o
I 100 / 2

7.4:

169.7
a. 120 V
2

25
b. 17.68 A
2

377
c. 60 Hz
2

d. 60+30 = 90o Leading

e. zero

f. 120*17.68 = 2.122 kVAr (capacitive)

120 30o
g. 6.787 90o
17.68 60o
7.5:

0.5236 *180
400
a. Z 4 20o
0.87266 *180
100

100
b. VR IR 4 cos 20 o 265.78 V
2

377
c. f 60Hz
2 2

d. pf cos(0.5236 0.87266) 0.939 leading

400 *100
e. P V I cos 0.939 18.78 kW
2

2
2 2 400 *100
f. Q VI P 18780 2 6.88 kVAr
2

7.6:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

26
 180
a. V (rms ) 127.3 V
2
300
b. 2 f 300 : f 47.75 Hz
2
180
c. 3* 171.9 o

7.7:

a. Z 4 j (6 8) 4 j2 4.46 26.56
!

pf cos (26.56) 0.894 leading

120
b. I 26.85 26.56 A
4.47 26.56

c. P I 2 R 26.85 2 * 4 2.883 kW

d. Q I2X 26.85 2 * 2 1.442 kVAr Capacitive

7.8:

Z 252 382 45.5

V 240
I 5.28 A
Z 45.5

R 25
pf cos( ) 0.55
Z 45.5

P V I cos( ) 240 5.28 0.55 696.96 W

XL 38
sin( ) 0.8352
Z 45.5

Q V I sin( ) 240 5.28 0.8352 1.058 kVAr

7.9:

XL 2 f L 2 60 0.0833 31.42

V 120 30o
a. I 3.8 53.65o A
Z 3.5 j 31.42

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

27
 1 31.42
b. pf cos tan cos 83.64o 0.11 lagging
3.5

c. P V I cos 120 3.8 cos 83.64o 50.51 W

d. P V I sin 120 3.8 sin 83.64o 453.19 VAr

7.10:

XL 2 f L 2 50 0.0833 26.17

V 120 30o 120 30o

a. I 4.55 52.38o A
Z 3.5 j 26.17 26.4 82.38o

1 26.17
b. pf cos tan cos 82.38o 0.132 lagging
3.5

c. P V I cos 120 4.55 0.132 72.07 W

d. P V I sin 120 4.55 sin 82.38 o 541.18 VAr

7.11:

120
I1 24 53.13o A
3 j4

P1 I12 R1 242 3 1728 W

Q1 I12 X L 242 4 2304 VAr

P2 Ptotal P1 3000 1728 1272 W

Q2 Qtotal Q1 2000 2304 304 VAr

(1272) 2 (304) 2
I2 10.9 A
120

P2 1272
R2 2
10.7
I 22 10.9

Q2 304
X2 2
2.56
I 22 10.9

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

28
 X2 is a capacitor since its reactive power is negative

7.12:

a. v(t ) 2 110 sin t

i (t ) 2 10 sin ( t )

The instantaneous power is

(t ) v(t ) i (t ) VI cos( ) VI cos(2 t )

For zero average power, cos 0

Since the load is inductive, 90

Hence, real power consumed by the load is 0.

b. Q V I sin 110 *10 * (1) 1100 VAr

c. Power factor

pf cos 0

d. frequency of reactive power is double the frequency of the voltage. i.e. 120 Hz

7.13:

100 2
a. 2 kW
5

100 2 100 2
b. 500 VAr
10 20

c. S 2000 2 500 2 2.062 kVA

2062
I 20.62 A
100

7.14:

a. XL 2 f L 2 * 60 * .001 0.377

pf cos tan 1 0.377 0.936

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

29
 120
b. I 112.3 A
1 0.377 2

QL I2XL 112.3 2 * 0.377 4.754 kVAr

V2
Qc
XC

V2 120 2
XC 3.03
QC 4754

1 1
C 0.875 mF
XC 377 * 3.03

7.15:

t t 24
24 24
E P dt 100 1 e 10
dt 100 t 10 e 10

0 0 0

24
E 100 24 10 * e 10
10 1.49 MWh

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

30
Chapter 8
8.1:

340
a. V ph 240.4 V
2

b. Vll 240.4 3 416.4 V

100
c. I ph 70.7 A
2

d. I l I ph 70.7 A

377
e. 377 2 f : f 60 Hz
2

f. pf cos (0.5236 0.87266) 0.94 Leading

g. P 3 V ph I ph cos 3 * 240.4 * 70.7 * 0.94 47.93 kW

h. Q 3 V ph I ph sin 3 * 240.4 * 70.7 * 0.341 17.387 kVAR

Vll 3 416.4
i. Z 10.2
Il / 3 70.7

Z 10.2 (cos j sin ) 10.2 (0.94 j 0.341) 9.59 j 3.478

8.2:

a. Vab Vca 120o 480 180o V

Vab
Van 30 o 277 150 o V
3

b. Ia I b 120o 20 240o 20 120o A

c. Van Ia 150o 240o 90o

d. P 0 , since the power factor angle is 90o

8.3:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

31
 480 0
a Van 277.1 0
3
Ia 10 90 (Same angle as that of Vbc )
Van
Z 27.71 90
Ia

Z Van
b 27.71 90
3 Ia
Z 83.13 90

8.4:
V ph Vll Vll 0o
Il Il 50 o Il
I ph 30 o 30 o 20 o
3 3 3
The power factor angle is the angle between the load voltage and the load current. Hence,
0
20

8.5:
(173 / 3 )
a. Il 19.97 36.86
4 j3
b.
pf cos(36.86) 0.8 lagging
173
S 3 19.97 5983.9VA
3
P S cos(36.86) 4787.125W
Q S sin(36.86) 3590.3VARS
c.
Vca

Ic

36.87o
Ib Vab
Ia

Vbc

8.6:
a I l 20 arccos(0.9) 30 arccos(0.8) 43.01 12.4 A
b pf cos(12.4) 0.9766 lagging

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

32
 c P 3 400 43.01 0.9766 29100.924W

8.7:
Vbc 340 20 o
a Vbn 30 o 30 o 196.3 10 o V
3 3
Van Vbn 120 o 196.3 10 o 120 o 196.3 110 o V

van vbc
vab
20o
Reference
30 0
n vbn
vcn

vca

Vbn 196.3 10 o
b Ib 19.63 70 o A
Z 10 60 o
c The neutral current is zero for balanced three-phase system

5
8.8: The power per phase is * 0.746 1.243 kW
3
8.9:
a Ia Ic 120 o 10 140 o 120 o 10 20 o A
Vab 200 50 o
Va 30 o 30 o 115.47 20 o V
3 3
Ia Va 0o
b P 3 Vll I l cos 3 200 *10 cos 0 o 3.464 kW

8.10:
Convert Z Y to delta, then Z 2 3 ZY 15 40 0
Add both loads in parallel
Z Z 2
Zt
Z Z 2
10 25o 15 40o
7.0570 + j 0.0294 7.0571 0.24o
10 25o 15 40o
Compute the load current I ab

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

33
 Vab 208 0
I ab 29.47 0.24o A
Zt 7.0571 0.24o
Calculate the line current
Ia 3 I ab 30o 51.04 30.24o A

8.11:

Convert delta into Y

9 30o
ZY 3 30o
3

120 0
Ib 40 30o A
3 30o

Ia I b 120o 40 90o A

P 3 Vl I l cos 3 3 120 40 cos 30o 12.47 kW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

34
Chapter 9

9.1: Rg 1.5 1.5 10 15

9.2:

Conductor I

Surface of earth

r
a Vab
b
Equipotential
surface Va
Vb

1 1
Rab : a r 2 2.5 m , b r 2 10 12.5 m
2 a b

1 1 1000 1 1
Rab 50.1
2 a b 2 2.5 12.5

9.3:

2l r 1000 4 0.03
Rg ln ln 390
2 l r 2 2 0.03
Rg 390
I man I 5 501 mA
Rg Rman 0.5R f 390 2000 0.5 * 3 *1000

9.4:

2 2
k 157
t 98 ms
I man 501

9.6:

I 1 1 10,000 *100 1 1
Vth 231.78 V
2 ra rb 2 20 20.6

Vth 231.78
I man 110.37 mA
Rman 2 Rf 1500 600

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

35
 Vstep I man * Rman 110.37 *1500 165.56 V

9.7:

Compute the Thevenin’s voltage between the club and the feet

I 1 1 20,000 *100 1 1
Vth 50.52 V
2 ra rb 2 50 50.4

Vth 50.52
I man 24 mA
Rman 2 Rf 1500 600

Vstep I man * Rman 24 *1500 36 V

9.8:

Compute the Thevenin’s voltage between the club and the feet

I 1 1 20,000 *100 1 1
Vth 4.715 KV
2 ra rb 2 5 5.4

Vth 4.715
I man 2.24 A
Rman 2 Rf 1500 600

Vstep I man * Rman 2.24 *1500 3.36 V

The closer the person to the hemisphere, the higher is the step potential

9.9:
100
Rg 31.83
2 r 2 * 0.5

Rf 3 300

Rg 10 * 31.83
I man I 269.32 mA
Rg 0.5 R f Rman 31.83 150 1000

9.10:

V 0 120
I man
1 1
Rman j 1000 j 7
C 377 10

I man 4.52 mA

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

36
9.11:

Rn 200 *1.0
I man I 1 98.96 mA
Rn Rman Rg man Rg xfm 0.2 2000 20

The hazard is primary shock

9.12:

The voltage level of the gripped or touched equipment

The amount of current passing through the person’s body
The resistance of the person’s body
The pathway of the current inside the body
The duration of the shock
The frequency of the source

2 2
K 157
9.13: t 2.46 s
I 100

9.14:

The stray current Ig is

Rn 2
Ig I 15 0.64 A
Rn Rg 1 Rg 2 2 15 30

The stray voltage is

Vchassis I g * Rg 2 0.64 * 30 19.2 V

9.15:

The ground current of each load is

Rh2 I1+I2

Vs
Rn1
A

I2 I1+I2 Rg-xfm
Service Panel 1

Service Panel 2

I1 I2
Rg1
CB 2
CB 1

Rg2
EGC

EGC

Internal Internal
Electric Electric
Circuit Circuit

House 1 House 2

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

37
 The chassis voltage of the first load is

Vchassis1 I 1 * Rg 1 2 * 30 60 V

And the chassis voltage at the second load is

Vchassis 2 I 2 * Rg 2 4 * 30 120 V

The ground potential rise at the utility side is

GPR ( I 1 I 2 ) * Rg 6 * 20 120 V

9.21:

If
Rh

Vs
Rn
A

I
Rman Rg-xfm
If
Ig
Iman

Rg-man Rg
Ig

Iman

Rg is in parallel with the person plus his ground resistance.

Rg Rman Rg man 10 * 1000 500

Req1 9.93
Rg Rman Rg man 10 1000 500

Req1 is in series with Rg-xfm.

Req 2 Rg xfm Req1 20 9.93 29.93

The equivalent resistance representing Rn in parallel with Req2 is

Rn Req 2 0.5 * 29.93

Req 0.492
Rn Req 2 0.5 29.93

The fault current is then

Vs 120
If 120.97 A
Rh Req 0.5 0.492

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

38
The current through the man is

Rg 10
I man If 120.97 801 mA
Rg Rman Rg man 10 1000 500

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

39
Chapter 10
10.1:

VCC VCE 40 0.1

a. IC 3.99 A
RL 10

b. PL I C2 RL 159.2 W

c. PCE I C VCE 3.99 * 0.1 0.399 W

IC 3.99
d. PBE I B VBE VBE 0.7 0.56 W
5

e. Total input power

Pin VCC I C PBE 40 * 3.99 0.56 160.16 W

Pout PL 159.2
99.4%
Pin Pin 160.16

10.2:

PL I C2 RL 0.012 * 10 1 mW

Total input power is from VCC only since the base current is zero

Pin VCC I C 40* 0.01 400 mW

Pout PL 1
0.25%
Pin Pin 400

10.3:

IC 50
a. 5 A
IB 10

b. The base-emitter losses

PBE I B * VBE 5 * 0.7 3.5 W

. The collector-emitter losses is

PCE I C * VCE 50 * 0.1 5 W

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

40
 Total losses = 8.5W

10.4:

v 10 t

1
1 100 10
Vrms (10t ) 2 dt 3.33 V
30 3*3 3

10.5:

Vmax 2 120
a. Vave hw 54 V

b. The average voltage of the source is zero since the source waveform is symmetrical
across the x-axis.

Vmax 2 * 120
c. Vrms hw 84.85 V
2 2

Vrms hw 84.85
d. I rms hw 16.97 A
R 5
2
Vrms
e. Phw hw
1.44 kW
R
10.6:

2 2
Vmax 2 * Vs
Phw 2 ) sin 2 2 30 ) sin 60 500
8 R 8 * 10 180

Vs 101.5 V

Vmax 2 * 101.5
Vave hw 1 cos 1 cos 30o 42.63 V
2 2

Vave hw
I ave hw 4.263 A
R
by the resistance of the load. Another simpler method is to use the power formula.

Phw
I rms 7.07 A
R

10.7:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

41
 Vmax
Vave hw ( 1 cos )
2
a.
2 Vave hw 2 45
Vrms 107.14 V
1 cos 1 cos 30

b. Vave fw 2 Vave hw 90V

10.8:

2 2
Vmax 2 * 120
Pfw 2 ) sin 2 2 72 ) sin 144 1.0 kW
4 R 4 * 10 180

Pfw 1000
I rms 10 A
R 10

10.9:

Vb 60
180o min 180o sin 1
180o sin 1
159.3o
Vmax 2 * 120

1
I ave Vmax cos cos Vb
R
1
1.0 2 * 120 cos cos159.3 45 159.3
180

By iteration 152.13o

10.10:

Vmax sin 2
Vrms fw 1 120 0.5 84.85 V
2 2

2
Vrms fw ( 84.85 )2
P 1.44 kW
R 5

10.11:

t on 0.5
vt Vs 1 20 1 40 V
t off 0.5

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

42
 Vt 2 40 2
P 160 W
R 10

10.12:

ton
a. vt Vs 1
toff

ton
40 25 1
toff
ton 0.6 * t off

Since the switching frequency is 1kHz

ton toff 1 ms

Then,

ton 0.6 * t off 0.6 1.0 ton

ton 0.375 ms

ion
Vs L
ton
ion
25 0.03
0.375

ion 312.5 mA

vt 40
b. I ave 0.4 A
R 100
c. P vt * I ave 40* 0.4 16 W
10.13:

1 1
0.2 ms
f 5

t on t on
0.25 : ton 0.05 ms
0.2

t on 0.05
Vt Vs 30 10 V
t off 0.15

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

43
10.14:

For 10V

Vs 40
toff ton 0.1 0.4 ms
vt 10

1
f 2 kHz
ton toff

For 60V

Vs 40
toff ton 0.1 0.05 ms
vt 80

1
f 6.67 kHz
ton toff

The range is 2-6.67 kHz

10.15:

1 1
a. f 1.67 kHz
6 ti 6 * 100

50 * 50
b. Rtotal 50 75
50 50

Vs 150
I 2 A
Rtotal 75

2 ti 4 ti
1 I2 I2 I
a. Ia I 2 dt dt 3ti 1.414 A
6 ti 0 0
4 6 ti 2

c. The rms phase voltage of the load is

Van Ia R 1.414 * 50 70.7 V

The line-to-line voltage

Vab 3 Van 122.46 V

10.16:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

44
 a. 180 60 120o

Vmax 2 * 120
b. Vave fw 1 cos 1 cos 60o 81 V

c. Vave SCR Vave fw 81 V

Vmax sin(2 )
d. Vrms fw 1 107.6 V
2 2

Vave fw
e. I 8.1 A
RL

f. 1.158 kW

10.17:

1
a. f 1 kHz
200 800

ton 200
b. Vave Vs 100 20 V
1000

Vave
c. I ave 2A
RL

ton
d. V Vs 44.72 V

V
e. I 4.472 A
RL

f. P I 2 RL 200 W

10.18:

a. Vload K Vs 0.2 *100 20V

ton 0.1
b. 0.5 ms
K 0.2

1
f 2 kHz

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

45
10.19:

a. Since 2 SCRs are always in series, the average voltage across each SCR is -50/2 =25 V

b. After any SCR is failed, the circuit is half-wave circuit. The average voltage is half of the full-
wave voltage. 50/2 =25V

The power of the load is half of the full-wave power

Phw 0.5 Pfw 0.5* 130 65 W

10.20:

a. The average voltage is zero since the waveform is symmetrical around the time axes

b. The power consumed by the load is the same as the case of full wave.

2 2
Vmax 2 *120
Pfw 2 ) sin 2 2 0.524) sin 60 2.796 kW
4 R 4 *5

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

46
Chapter 11
11.1: Zero! There is no induced voltage in the secondary windings since the flux of the core is direct
current flux.

11.2:

a. P S cos 2 * 0.8 1.6 kW

2000
b. I2 16.67 A
120
11.3:

10 103
a. I1 45.45 A
220

10 103
I2 90.90 A
110

110V
b. I2 55 A
2

55
I1 27.5 A
2
2
N1
c. 2 8
N2

V1 480
11.4: V2 277.13 V
3 3

11.5:

a. P 3* 10 30 kVA

Vab 3 * 400
b. 2.31
VAB 300

11.6:

V nl V fl V1 V2' 120 V2'

VR : 0.05
V fl V2' V2'

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

47
 V2' 114.28 V

N2
V2 V2' 57.14 V
N1

11.7:

N1 120 / 3
a. 5.02
N2 13.8

12 10 6
IL 502 A
3 13.8
502
b. I PHASE A
3
502 1
IL Y 57.73 A
3 5.02

11.8:

a.

b. rated current in 230 V winding

10,000
I2 43.47 A
230

S 43.47 2530 109.97 kVA

11.9:
N1 240
a. V1' V1 110 220 V
N2 120
110V
b. I2 11 36.86 A
10 36.86

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

48
 N2
I1 I2 I2 5.5 36.86 A
N1
c. Use the approximation where the core is in parallel with the source voltage
2
' 240
Req R1 R 2 1 0.5 3
120
2
' 240
X eq X1 X 2 6 2 14
120
V1 V2 I 2 ( Req jX eq ) 220 5.5 36.86 (3 j14) 284.13 10.49V

V1 V2' 284.23 220

d. VR 100 29.2%
V 2
'
220

e. Load _ power V2' I 2' cos 2 968.125W

V2 I 2 cos 2
f. 100 69.4 %
V1 I1 cos 1

11.10:

VL 1 7
a. 1.155
VL 2 3.5 3

200
b. I2 19 A
3 3.5 * 3

200
I1 16.5 A
3 *7
11.11:
N2 5000
a. E 2 E1 120 60 V
N1 10000
N3 1000
E3 E1 120 12 V
N1 10000
600 j 300
b. I 2* 10 j5 A
60 0

I2 10 j5 A
24 j 36
I 3* 2 j3 A
12 0

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

49
 I3 2 j3 A
Primary current – method 1
624 j 264
I1* 5 .2 j 2.2 A
120 0

I1 5.2 j 2.2 A
Primary current – method 2

I1 N1 I2 N2 I3 N3

I1 10000 10 j 5 5000 2 j 3 1000

I1 5.2 j 2.2 A

11.12:

I 1 N1 I2 N2 I3 N3

10 N1 2 * 3000 1* 6000 12000

N1 1200 turns

11.13:

N1 120 / 3
5.02
N2 13.8

12 10 6
IL 502 A
3 13.8

502
I PHASE A
3

502 1
IL Y 57.73 A
3 5.02

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

50
Chapter 12

12.1:

Pout 100 / 1.34

Pin 82.92 kW
a. 0.9

60
n ns 1 s 120 (1 0.02) 1764 rpm
b. 4

n
2 184.73 rad/s
60

pout 100 / 1.34

T *100 404 Nm
184.73
12.2: The motor is 6-pole

At 50 Hz,

50
ns 120 1000 rpm
6
12.3:

100
Pout 74.63 kW
1.34

Pd Pout Protational 74.63 0.9 75.53 kW

Pd 75.53
Pg 77.87 kW
1 S 1 0.03

Pin Pg Piron Pcu1 77.87 4.2 2.7 84.77 kW

Pout 74.63
88%
Pin 84.77

12.4:

50 / 1.34
a. T *100 310 Nm
2 *1150 / 60

1200 1150
b. fr 60 2.5 Hz
1200

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

51
12.5:

R2' 0.5
a. S max 0.05
R 1
2
X 2
eq
1 100
b. The current at maximum torque
V ph 480 / 3
I 2' 18.64 A
2 2
R '
0.5
R1 2
X eq2 1.0 100
S max 0.05

c. The speed at maximum torque

f 60
ns 120 120 600 rpm
p 12
ns
s 2 62.83 rad / s
60
d. The maximum torque
3V 2 480 2
Tmax 166.68 Nm
2 s R1 R12 X eq2 2 * 62.83 1.0 1.0 100
12.6:

480
a. V ph V
3

V ph
I 2' .St 514.6 A
( R1 R2' )2 X eq2

b. Starting torque

120 f
nS 1200rpm
P
n
S 2 S 125.66 rad / sec
60

3V 2 R2
Tst 632.25 Nm
s ( R1 R2 ) 2 X eq2

c. Maximum Torque:

3V 2
Tmax 1503.12 Nm
2 s R1 R12 X eq2

d. To reduce starting current by 50%, we need to add a resistance in the rotor circuit.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

52
 I 2' .St 0.5* 514.6 257.3 A

Hence

V ph
I 2' .St
( R1 R2' Rst )2 X eq2
V phase
( R1 R2' Rst )2 '
X eq2 1.0
I 2.Start

Rst 0.8

e. Starting Torque:

3V 2 ( R2 Rst )
Tst 1320.13 Nm
s ( R1 R2 Rst ) 2 X eq2

f. For Smax=1,

R2 Rst
S max 1
2
R1 X eq2

Rst 0.41

g. For case f,

V ph
I 2' .St 351.36 A
( R1 R2' Rst )2 X eq2
12.7:

2 60
a. s 120 188.5 rad/s
60 4

Since Xeq >> Req

3 V 2 R2' 3 V 2 R2' 480 2 * 0.5

Tst 2 2
24.44 Nm
s R1 R2' X eq2 s X eq 188.5* 25

3 V 2 R2' Radd
'
480 2 * 0.5 Radd
'
b. 4 * 24.44 2
s X eq 188.5* 25

'
Radd 1.5
12.8:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

53
 If n = 570 rpm, the machine is 12-pole, hence

ns = 600 rpm : s= 62.83 rad/s

S = 30/600 = 0.05

3 V 2 R2' 2200 2 0.2

Td 2 2
15.491 kNm
R '
0.2
S s R1 2
X eq2 0.05* 62.83 0.2 1.52
S 0.05

12.9:

a. The full load speed is 1120 rpm, so the machine is 6-pole.

f 60
ns 120 120 1200 rpm
p 6

2 2
s ns 1200 125.66 rad/s
60 60
The angular speed of the motor is

2 2
n 1120 117.29 rad/s
60 60

ns n 1200 1120
S 0.067
ns 1200

b.

2
480
3* * 0.3
3V 2 R2 3
Td 2
344.58 Nm
R2 2 0.3
S s R1 X eq 0.067 *125.66 * 0.3 1
S 0.067

c. Pd Td 344.58 *117.29 40.42 kW

480
V 3
d. I 2' 56.77 A
2 2
R2' 0.3
R1 X eq2 0.3 1
S 0.067

2 2
e. Pcu Pcu1 Pcu 2 3 I 2' Req 3 * 56.77 0.3 0.3 5.8 kW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

54
 f. Input power Pin Pd Pcu Pc Protational 40420 5800 1000 400 47.62
kW

V2 480 2
g. Q 3I 2 X eq 3 * 56.77 2 *1 10.54 kVAr
XC 600

1 Q
h. pf cos tan 0.975
P

12.10:

f 60
a. ns 120 120 600 rpm
p 12

2 2
s ns 600 62.83 rad/s
60 60
The angular speed of the motor is

2 2
n 560 58.64 rad/s
60 60

ns n 600 560
S 0.067
ns 600

2
480
3 0.5
3 V 2 R2' 3
Td 2 2
332.94 Nm
R2' 0.5
S s R1 X 2
eq
0.067 * 62.83 0.1 25
S 0.067

b. At 520rpm

ns n 600 520
S 0.133
ns 600

3 V 2 R2'
Td 2
:
'
R
S s R1 2
X eq2
S
3 V 2 0 .5
332.94 2
0 .5
0.133 * 62.83 0 .1 25
0.133

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

55
 Line to line voltage V = 272.02 V

12.11:

a. vs 2 p f 2 3 15 90 m/s

80
90
vs v 3.6
b. S 0.753
vs 90

c. F friction Fnormal 0.1 500,000* 9.8 490 kN

2
2 80
Fair 0.5 v A Cd 0.5* 1* * 25* 0.9 5.555 kN
3.6

Fd F friction Fair 490 5.555 495.555 kN

80
d. Pd Fd v 495.555* 11.012 MW
3.6
Pd 11012 * 1.34 14756.5 hp

12.12:

a. F friction Fnormal 0.1 500,000* 9.8 cos 5 488.14 kN

2
2 80
Fair 0.5 v A Cd 0.5* 1* * 25* 0.9 5.555 kN
3.6

The force parallel to the track

Fg mg * sin 500,000 * 9.8 * sin 5 427.06 kN

Fd F friction Fair Fg 488.14 5.555 427.06 920.755 kN

80
Pd Fd v 920.755* 20.461 MW or 27418 hp
3.6

12.13:

vs 2 p f 2* 2* 10 40 m/s

100
v 27.78 m/s
3.6

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

56
 40 27.78
S 0.3055
40

3 V 2 R2'
Fd F friction Fair 2
R2'
S vs R1 X eq2
s

3 V 2 * 1 .0
2500 2
1 2
0.3055 * 40 0.5 2 * *10 * 0.02
0.3055

V phase 401.33 V
Vline to line 695.12 V

12.14:

f 60
a. ns 120 120 1200 rpm
p 6

ns n 1200 1250
S 0.04167
ns 1200

b. Pd 1000 * 0.746 1 745 kW

12.15:

Pout 500
a. Pm 603.86 kW
e m 0.9 * 0.92

Pout 500
b. Pm 555.56 kW
e 0.9

c. Pout 3V I1 cos

500,000
I1 597.67 A
3 * 690 * 0.7

12.16:
a.

1 1
Pw Ablade wu3 * 252 153 3.31 MW
2 2
b.

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

57
 f 60
ns 120 120 1200 rev/min
p 6

ns n 1200 1260
S 0.05
ns 1200
c.

Pblade Pw C p 3.31* 0.3 993 kW

Pd Pblade m 993 * 0.85 844.05 kW

Pd 844.05
Pg 803.86 kW
1 S 1 0.05
d.

Pout Pd e 844.05 * 0.9 759.65 kW

e.

S 0.05
Pcu 2 Pd 844.05 40.2 kW
1 S 1.05

Pcu 2 Pd Pg 844.05 803.86 40.19 kW

f.

Ploss1 Pcu1 Pc Pg Pout 803.86 759.65 44.21 kW

g.

total Cp m e 0.3 * 0.85 * 0.9 22.95%

12.17:

for maximum power =90o

3 Vt 480 2
Q E f cos Vt 46.08 kVAR
Xs 5

12.18:

109
a. Ia 5.2486 kA
3 * 110 * 103 * 1

110 o
Vt Vo I a X l 0 5.2486 0o 3 90o 65.431 13.92o kV
3

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

58
 110 o
b. Et Vo I a X l Xs 0 5.2486 0o 12 90o 89.444 44.762o kV
3

110
3* * 89.444
3Vo E f 3
c. P sin sin 44.762 1 GW
Xs Xl 12
d. Q 3Vt I a cos 3* 65.431* 5.2486* sin 13.92 247.84 MVAr

12.19:

3 Vo E f 15 * 14
a. Pmax 42 MW
Xs 5

15 E f
b. 1.2 * 42
5
Ef 16.8 kV

12.20:

108
Ia 2.3094 kA
3 * 25* 103

E f Vo I a 0.5 X l Xs

25
0o 2.3094 37 o 3.5 90o 20.34 18.54o kV
3

After one line is open, the system capacity is

25
3* * 20.34
3Vo E f 3
Pmax 195.72 MW
Xs Xl 4.5
This is higher than the real power generated. So the generator can still deliver its power to the
infinite bus

12.21:

3 V0 E f 15 * 14
a. Pmax 23.33 MW
X 9
3 V0 E f 15 * 14
b. Pmax 30 MW
X new 9 2

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

59
12.22:

3Vt E f
P sin
Xs

For zero real power, =0

3Vt
Q Vt E f cos
Xs

5
3 5 Ef
5

Ef 8 kV (line-to-line value)

Ia
Vt IaXs
Ef

12.23:

a. Phasor Diagram: Current and terminal voltage are in phase since the reactive power is
zero.

Vo
IaXl
Ia Vt

IaXs
Ef

2
b. E 2f Vt 2 Ia X s

2
Vo2 Vt 2 Ia X l

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

60
 Vo2 E 2f I a2 X l2 X s2

2 2
15 16
I a2 4 25
3 3

Ia 701.4 A

2 2
Vt Ef Ia X s 8.546 kV (phase voltage)

c P 3Vo I a cos 17.982 MW

P 17982
T 143 kNm
s
2 120* 60
60 6

12.24:

f 2 ns
a. ns 120 600rpm; s 62.83 rad / s
p 60

480 520
Vt E f 3 3
Pmax 3 3 49.92 kW
Xs 5

Pmax 49.92
Tmax 794.5 Nm
s 62.83

b. At maximum torque, =90o.

Hence,

E 2f Vt 2
Ia 81.71 A
Xs

Since Pmax 3 Vt I a cos ,

49920
cos 0.735 leading
3 480* 81.71

12.25:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

61
 P 160
a. S 200 kVA
cos 0.8

Ql S2 P2 200 2 160 2 120 kVAr

3Vt 4.5 3
b. Qm Vt E f cos 4.5 E f 120 10
Xs 10

Ef 4.767 kV

12.26:

o1 V1
o2 V2

where o 2 and V2 are the new no-load speed and voltage. Since V2 1.2 V1 , then
o2 1.2 o1 . The speed increase is also 20%.

12.27:

01 2
02 1

If 2 0.8 1 , then o2 1.25 o1 . The increase in no load speed is 25%

12.28:

Since the load torque is constant,

Td K 1 I a1 K 2 I a2

I a2 1 I
a1
2

Assume that the flux is linearly proportional to the field current.

I f1 1
I a2 I a1 9 11.25 A
If2 0.8

To calculate the speed, consider the two equations

E a1 K 1 1 V I a1 Ra

Ea 2 K 2 2 V I a 2 Ra

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

62
 Or

1 n1 V I a1 Ra
2 n2 V I a 2 Ra

1 1200 150 9 2
0.8 n2 150 11.25 2

n2 1448.86 rev/min

The value of the resistance that should be inserted in the field circuit can be calculated
using ohm’s law

Vf Vt I f 1R f I f 2 Rf Radd

Radd 37.5

12.29:

The armature current is determined by the load torque and motor excitation.

T 10
Ia 4 A
K 2.5

V Ra 200 2
2
T 2
10 78.8 rad/s
K K 2.5 2.5

12.30:

a. Th KI 3* 20 60 mNm

b. Td K I sin N t
10 60 sin 10
0.96o

12.31:

p
a. Td Th sin
2

20
Th 31.11 mNm
sin 40

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

63
 Th 31.11
b. I 15.56 mA
K 2

c. 20 Th sin 4 * 4
,
Th 72.56 mNm
Th 72.56
I 36.28 mA
K 2
12.32:

720 720
a. p 20 poles
N ph 4.5* 8

Number of teeth is 10

N ph 8
b. sr ; 26.67 ms
300

120 1
c. n 225 rpm
p 26.67 * 20

2
d. P Tf 13* 225 306.27 mW
60
d
e. Tj J 4.4* 20 88 mNm
dt

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

64
Chapter 13
13.1:

a. Without Load2,

Z Z1 Z cable 10 j7

Hence,

Vs 120 0o
V1 Vload 110 8. 4 o V
Z cable j2
1 1
Z 10 j 5

b. With Load2,

Z1 Z 2
Where Z Z cable 1.67 j 2.83
Z1 Z 2

Hence,

Vs 120 0
V2 Vload 77.16 11.47 V
Z cable j2
1 1
Z 1.67 j 2.83

c. The voltage reduction on Load1 due to Load2 is

V V2 V1 77.16 110
29.6 %
V1 V1 110

13.2:

Fully compensated line means a line with capacitor reactance equal to the line inductive reactance.
In this case, the total line impedance is zero and no flicker exists.

Vs Vs
Vload Vs
Z cable 0
1 1
Z Z

13.3:

a. Compare the given equation with Equation (13.4)

vload Vs max 1 V f max cos( f t ) cos( o t)

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

65
 vload 170 1 2 cos(0.2t ) cos(377t )

V f max 2
F 0.012
Vs max 170

b. The voltage fluctuation is

VF 2F 0.024

c. The frequency of fluctuation is 20rad/s or

0.2
f 0.032 Hz
2
d. The frequency of the flicker is 0.032Hz or about 2 flickers per minute. With voltage flicker of
2.4%, the flicker is on the border of irritation.

13.4:

The crest of the inrush current

Vs 8,000 0 o
I1 j800 A
Xm Z cable j 7 j3

The load voltage (voltage across transformer)

Vload I Xm j800 * j 7 5,600 V

The voltage flicker the startup of the motor with capacitor is

V Vload Vs 5600 8000

VF 30%
Vs Vs 8000

13.5:

The steady state voltage Vss at the load side before the fault.

Vs Z load 100 0 (2000 20 )

Vss 98.7 2 kV
Z load X g DX line 2000 20 50 90 20 *1.2 90

During the fault, write the loop equations

Vs Xg ( D d ) X line Z fault 0 I
Vs Xg ( D d ) X line 0 d X line Z load I fault
0 1 1 1 I load

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

66
 1
I 50 90o 10 *1.2 90o 80 75o 0 100 0o
I fault 50 90o 10 *1.2 90o 0 10 *1.2 90 2000 20o
o
100 0o
I load 1 1 1 0

Vload during the fault is

Vload Z load I load 56.25 7.75o kV

The voltage sag at the load side during the fault is

V Vload Vss 56.24 98.7

VS 43 %
Vss Vss 98.7

13.6:

The steady state voltage Vss across the load before the fault is.

Vs Z load 50 0o 3000 20o

Vss 49.94 0.18o kV
Z load X 1 3000 20o 10 90o

During the fault, you can easily compute the load current by writing the loop and nodal equations
of the circuit in the matrix form

Vs X 1 Z load 0 I
Vs X1 0 X2 Z fault I load
0 1 1 1 I fault

The solution of the above equation leads to the load current during the fault

I load 14.87 j 5.6 A

Then, the load voltage during fault is

Vload Z load I load 47.65 0.62o kV

The voltage sag at the load side during the fault is

V Vload Vss 47.65 49.94

VS 4.6%
Vss Vss 49.94

13.7:

377
a. f 60 Hz
2

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

67
 b. f dc 0 Hz

1131
f3 180 Hz
2
1885
f5 300 Hz
2
2639
f7 420 Hz
2

2 2 2 2 2 20 2 10 2 52
c. IH I dc I 3 I 5 I 7 2 16.32 A
2

2 2 2 2 2 2 100 2 20 2 10 2 52
d. I I dc I 1 I 3 I 5 I 7 2 72.57 A
2

I dc 2
e. IHDdc 2.83%
I1 100 / 2

I1
IHD1 100%
I1
I3 20
IHD3 20%
I1 100
I5 10
IHD5 10%
I1 100
I7 5
IHD7 5%
I1 100

IH 16.32
f. THD 23.08%
I1 100 / 2

13.8:

The total impedance on the load side is

5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
Z l Z cap j
Z load
Zl Z cap 5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j

At 60Hz, the load impedance is

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

68
 5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j
Z load 0.23 -j16.08
5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j

The source current of the system is

Vs 340 / 2
I 0.3592 j19.5302 A
Z load Z cable (0.23 j16.08) j 0.01

The voltage across the load is

Vload Z load I 314 0.25o V

The voltage across the cable impedance

Vcable Z cable I 73.64 3.12o V

At 180Hz, the load impedance is

5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j
Z load 0.002 -j 4.51
5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j

The source current of the system is

Vs 100 / 2
I 0.0030 j10.3976
Z load Z cable (0.002 j 4.51) j 0.01

The voltage across the load is

Vload Z load I 46.88 180o V

The voltage across the cable impedance

Vcable Z cable I 117.6 0o V

At 300Hz, the load impedance is

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

69
 5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j
Z load 0.0003 - j 2.6714
5 *103
(5 j 0.2 )
j

The source current of the system is

Vs 30 / 2
I j1.3112
Z load Z cable (0.0003 j 2.6714) j 0.01

The voltage across the load is

Vload Z load I 3 .5 180o V

The voltage across the cable impedance

Vcable Z cable I 24.72 0o V

The load voltage is

vload 314 * 2 sin(377t 0.25 * / 180) 46.88 * 2 sin(1131t )

3.5 * 2 sin(1885t ) V

The voltage across the cable is

vcable 73.64 * 2 sin(377t 3.12 * / 180) 117.6 * 2 sin(1131t ) 24.72 * 2 sin(1885t ) V

13.9:

The load voltage computed in the previous problem is

vload 314 * 2 sin(377t 0.25 * / 180) 46.88 * 2 sin(1131t )

3.5 * 2 sin(1885t ) V

The capacitor current is

icapacitor j C vload

icapacitor j (377) * (2 *10 4 ) * 73.64 * 2 sin(377t 3.12 * / 180)

j (3 * 377) * (2 *10 4 ) *117.6 * 2 sin(1131t )
j (5 * 377) * (2 *10 4 ) * 24.72 * 2 sin(1885t ) V

13.10:

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

70
 Using matlab, you can get the following graph

12000

10000

8000
voltage (%)

6000

4000

2000

0
50 100 150 200 250 300
frequency

The resonance frequency is 167Hz which is close to the third harmonic.

13.11:

Since the voltage is harmonic free, the total power is equal to the power of the fundamental
frequency.

Pdc P1 P2 P3 ... ...

pf
2
V1 I1 1 THD V 1 THDI2
P1 cos( 1 ) 0.8
pf 0.7845
V1 I1 1 THDI2 1 THDI2 1 0.2 2

13.12:

Since the voltage is harmonic free, the total power of the load is equal to the power of the
fundamental frequency.

P P1 V1 I1 cos( 1 ) 277 * 20 * cos(30) 4.8 kW

13.13:

Since the power factor angles are all zero, the real power is equal to the apparent power.

P VI Vdc2 V12 V22 V32 I dc2 I12 I 22 I 32

P V1 I1 1 THDV2 1 THDI2 277 * 30 * 1 0.12 1 0.2 2 8.52 kW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

71
Chapter 14
14.1: Standby power plant ready to generate electricity fairly quickly

14.2: Improved reliability. Economic operation through trading

14.3: Check the introduction of the chapter

14.4: More reliable. If a line is tripped, other lines can reroute the power

14.5: The peak loads occur at their local times which are shifted because of the difference in the time zones.
Hence the utilities can trade energy.

14.8:

1 Y12 Y13 Z11 Y12 Z 22 0 I1 Y13

Y12 Z11 1 Y12 Y23 Z 22 0 I2 Y23 V3
Y13 Z11 Y23 Z 22 1 I3 Y13 Y23

The currents of the system are.

I1 5.675 11.06o
I2 7.122 8.86o kA
I3 12.795 9.836o

P1 I12 R11 1.6 GW

P2 2.029 GW

P3 P1 P2 3.629 GW

Or, in a different way

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y12 Y13 V1 0

Y12 Y12 Y13 Y22 Y13 V2 0
Y13 Y23 Y13 Y23 V3 I3
0 Ya Yb V
I3 Yc Yd V3

0 Ya V YbV3

Ya V YbV3

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

72
 V (Ya ) 1 YbV3 or V (YaT Ya ) 1 YaT YbV3
I1 Y11 0
V
I2 0 Y22

I3 Yc V YdV3

14.09:

I1 5.682 10.2o
I2 7.109 9.93o kA
I3 12.791 10.05o

P1 I12 R11 1.6144 GW

P2 2.0214 GW

P3 P1 P2 3.6358 GW

V1 = 284.65 – j 22.369 kV

V2 = 282.55 – j 35.012 kV

I12 = 0 kA

I13 = 5.6822 kA

I23 = 7.1088 kA

All the currents are lower than the line capacities. The system is secure.

14.10:

a. The peak demnd is 4 GW

b. The time of the peak demand is at t=9:00

24 ( t 9 )2
1 2 * 24 4 2
c. Pave 2 2e 8
dt 2.418 GW
24 0
24

14.11:

24 ( t 9 )2
Etotal 2 2e 8
dt 2 * 24 4 2 58.02 GWh
0

Ecapacity 1.9 * 24 45.6 GWh

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

73
 Imported energy = 58.02-45.6 = 12.42 GWh

14.12:

Ps ( Pl Pexport ) ( Pg Pimport ) 1.3 * (1000 800) (1500 500) 340 MW

Fundamentals of Energy © M. A. El-Sharkawi, 2003

74
 K15514

9 781466 558298