EARTH SCIENCE

What’s in a rock?

- A rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together into
a solid lump.

DIFFERENCE OF ROCKS AND MINERALS

ROCK - naturally occuring aggregate of minerals and certain nonmineral materials such as fossils and glass.

MINERALS - building blocks of rocks.

TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK

- is formed from molten rock that has cooled and

hardened.

- form as a result of volcanic activity, hot spots, and melting that occurs in

the mantle.

- are common along plate boundaries or mantle hot spots

Igneous rocks are classified using their texture in the following ways:

–Glassy

–Aphanitic (no visible crystals)

–Phaneritic (visible crystals)

–Porphyritic (Some visible and some not visible

crystals)

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

- is formed from material that has settled into layers and hardened.
- formed by weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation of other rocks.
- Sedimentary rocks form in areas where water, wind, or gravity deposit sediments.

Sedimentary rocks are likely to form in areas such as: Some of the most common types of sedimentary
rocks include:
–Deltas
– Conglomerate
–Beaches

–Rivers –Sandstone

–Glaciers –Shale

–Sand dunes –Limestone

–Shallow seas –Gypsum

–Deep oceans –Oolites

–Chert (including black flint and red jasper)

 METAMORPHIC ROCK

- is a rock that has changed by heat and

pressure.

- form near lava intrusions, at plate subduction zones, and in deep mountain roots.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 2 MAJOR GROUPS:

– Foliated
• Foliated rocks form when differential pressure causes minerals to form in layers.
• These rocks will have stripes or planes that they will break easily along.
• These “stripes” don’t usually line up with the original bedding planes in sedimentary rocks.

- Nonfoliated
• Nonfoliated cmetamorphic rocks formed in areas where the pressure from all sides was
equal, so there is no “linear” quality to the rocks

Some common types of metamorphic rock

include:

–Slate

–Schist

–Gneiss

–Amphibolite

–Marble

–Quartzite

–Metaconglomerate–Chert (including black flint

and red jasper)

ROCK CYCLE
MINERAL & ROCK RESOURCES
MINERALS

- Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with crystalline structure and chemical composition which
may be fixed or vary within certain limits.
- Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.

NONMETALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES

- do not have the properties of metallic minerals and thus can be easily disintegrated or broken into pieces.

METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES

- are hard, ductile, malleable pure substances that are melted to obtain new products. These minerals possess a
metallic luster, contain metals. On their composition, and are a potential source of the ( metal that can be
obtained through mining.
A. Ferrous minerals - minerals that contain iron.
b. Nonferrous minerals - minerals that do not contain

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

1. Color is the most evident characteristic and is usually the first property used to identify minerals. It is a result of the
way minerals absorb light.

2. Streak is the color of the mineral in powder form.

3. Hardness refers to the measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching.

4. Cleavage and fracture are used to describe how minerals break into pieces.

5. Crystalline structure, also known as crystal lattice, is the periodic array of the atoms. This is a unique arrangement
of atoms in crystals.

6. Transparency or diaphaneity indicates the extent of light that can pass through the mineral.

7. Magnetism indicates the ability of the mineral to attract or repel other minerals.

8. Tenacity is the mineral’s ability to hold particles together or the mineral’s level of resistance to stress such as
bending

9. Luster shows how much light is reflected in a mineral., breaking, crushing, or tearing.

10. Odor is a distinct smell of a mineral that is usually released from a chemical reaction manifested when the mineral
is subjected to water, heat, air or friction.

11. Specific Gravity is a measure of the density of a mineral. It determines how heavy the mineral is by its relative
weight to water.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Chemical Properties of minerals show the presence and arrangement of atoms in minerals.

1. Silicate class - is the largest group containing silicon and oxygen with some aluminum, magnesium, iron, and
calcium.
2. Carbonate class - is mostly found deposited in marine environments. Minerals in this class have been formed
from a shell of dead plankton ad other marine organisms.
3. Sulphate class - minerals are found in areas with high evaporation rate and where salty waters slowly evaporate.
4. Halide class - contains natural salts and includes fluorite, halite, sylvite and ammoniac components.
5. Oxide class - the most important class at least to human civilization, as this contains the metals considered to be
valuable.
6. Sulphide class - minerals include metals, such as copper, lead, and silver, which are considered economically
significant in modern civilization.
7. Phosphate class - contains minerals with phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, or vanadium.
8. Element class - contains pure native element.
KOMPAN
KASAYSAYAN NG WIKA

ANO ANG KAHULUGAN NG WIKA?

- Ayon kay Henry Gleason, ang wika ay sistematikong balangkas ng mga binibigkas na tunog na pinipili at
isinasaayos sa paraang arbitaryo upang magamit ng mga taong may iisang Kultura.

ANG WIKA SA IBA’T IBANG YUGTO NG KASAYSAYAN

PANAHON NG KATUTUBO

- Tagalog ang itinuturing pinakamaunlad at pinakamayamang panitikan (San Juan, 1974)

- Sistematikong pagsulat na tinatawag na baybayin.
- Binubuo ng 17 letra, tatlong patinig at 14 ang katinig.

PANAHON NG MGA ESPANYOL

- Panibagong Sistema ng pagsulat: Alpabetong Romano o Abecedario

- Doctrina Christiana: Unang Aklat na inilimbag sa Pilipinas
- Acquin, cquinuha, cquinabit, at cquinain
- 1860 – Juan de Noceda at Padre De Sanlucar, manunulat ng Vocabolario de la Lengua Tagala
- Inalis ang C sa CQ
- Inihambing ni Totanes ang tunog ng Q sa Espanyol sa tunog ng K sa Tagalog.
- 1896, Panahon ng rebolusyon. Ginamit na ang K sa halip na C, CQ, o Q at si Rizal ang nagpasimula nito.

PANAHON NG REBOLUSYONG PILIPINO

- Nagsimulang mamulat ang mga Pilipino sa pang-aabuso at pagpapahirap ng mga Espanyol.

- La Solaridad – nakalathala sa mga artikulo gamit ang wikang Espanyol upang maipabatid sa mga opisyal sa
Espanya ang sitwasyon sa Pilipinas.
- Tagalog ang opisyal na wika alinsunod sa Konstitusyong Probisyonal ng Biak na Bato noong 1897 ngunit….

PANAHON NG AMERIKANO

- Ingles ang itinanghal na wikang opisyal sa pamahalaan, edukasyon, kalakalan, at komunikasyon.

- Batas Watawat
- Hindi mapapalitan ng anumang wika ng mga mananakop, puspusan man nila itong ituro, ang unang wika ng mga
katutubo. Hindi basta mabubura ang kaakuhan at etnisidad ng isang tao ng anumang dayuhang impluwensiya.

PANAHON NG MGA HAPONES

- Purista – grupo na nagnanais na gawing Tagalog ang wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas sa halip na maging batayan
lamang.
- Tagalog at Nippongo ang naging opisyal na wika ng Pilipinas.
- Gintong Panahon ng Tagalog at Gintong Panahon ng Panitikan.

PANAHON NG PAGSASARILI

- Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP)

- Pag-aaral sa pangkalahatang wika ng Pilipinas
- Mapag-unlad at mapagtibay ng isang wikang panlahat batay sa isa sa mga umiiral na katutubong wika
- Bigyang-halaga ang wikang pinakamaunlad ayon sa balangkas, mekanismo, at panitikang tinatanggap.
SA KASALUKUYANG PANAHON

- Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 6 ng Konstitusyon ng 1987 na:

- Ang wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas ay wikang Filipino.
- Ito ay dapat payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa mga umiiral na mga wika ng Pilipinas at iba pang wika at;
- Dapat magsagawa ng mgahakbang ang pamahalaan upang maitaguyod ang paggamit ng wikang Filipino bilang
opisyal na wika at wikang panturo kasama ng wikang Ingles.

NOBYEMBRE 7, DISYEMBRE 30, 1959 1970 1978 MARSO 12, 1987

1937 1937

Inilabas ng SWP Kautusang Kautusang Resolusyon Blg. Kautusang Order

ang resolusyon Tagapagpaganap Pangkagawaran 70 – Wikang Pangministri ng Pangkagawaran
na Tagalog ang Blg. 134 bilang Blg. 7 na panturo ang Kagawaran ng Blg. 22 s. 1987 -
gawing batayan pagtugon sa nagtatakdang Pilipino sa antas Edukasyon - Filipino ang
ng wikang Batas Komonwelt tatawaging elementarya. Anim na yunit ng gagamitin sa
Pambansa. Blg. 184. Pilipino. – Filipino sa lahat pagtukoy ng
Kalihim Jose F. Resolusyon Blg. ng kurso sa wikang
Romero 73-7 – Isinama kolehiyo Pambansa –
ang Ingles at
Pilipino sa
kurikulum mula
elementarya
hanggang
kolehiyo, publiko
man o pribado.

EPEKTO NG KASAYSAYAN NG WIKANG PAMBANSA SA IBA’T IBANG ASPEKTO NG BUHAY

POLITIKA AT LIPUNAN

- Nagsilbing kasangkapan ang wikang Tagalog upang makipag-ugnayan ang mga Pilipino sa bawat isa at makamit
ng Pilipinas ang sariling pagkakakilanlan at Kalayaan.
- Nagsilbi rin itong midyum upang maiparating ng mga Pilipino ang kanilang mga saloobin sa pamahalaan tulad ng
pagsusulat ng mga akdang Makabayan laban sa pamumuno ng mga Amerikano.
- Ang pagtataguyod ng Wikang Pambansa ay nakatulong sa pamahalaan upang mailahad ang kanilang mga plano
at programa sa kanilang pinamamahalaan.
- Nagsilbi ring Lingua Franca ang wikang Pambansa upang mapanatili ang katahimikan at kaayusan sa lipunan.

EDUKASYON

- Hindi pa rin naitaguyod nang husto ang wikang Pambansa/wikang Filipino bilang wikang panturo.
- Executive Order No. 210 s. 2003 o Gullas Bill; mas pinalakas ang pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral sa wikang Ingles.
- CHED Memorandum Order No. 20 s. 2013; tinanggal ang asignaturang Filipino at Panitikan sa kolehiyo.
- Mabagal na pagkamit ng wikang Filipino sa intelektuwalisasyon.
KABUHAYAN AT EKONOMIYA

- Kabuhayan at Ekonomiya
- Hindi rin naitaguyod nang husto ang wikang Pambansa sa larangang ito; Wikang Ingles pa rin ang nagsisilbing
opisyal na wika na ginagamit sa ekonomiya hanggang sa kasalukuyan.
- Kautusang Tagapagpalaganap Blg. 96; lahat ng gusali, edipisyo, at tanggapan ng pamahalaan ay dapat nakasulat
sa Filipino.
- Memorandum Circular Blg. 96; nag-aatas na lahat ng letterhead ng mga tanggapan, kagawaran, at sangay ng
pamahalaan ay dapat nakasulat sa Filipino at may katumbas na Ingles sa Ilalim nito.
- Hindi pa rin naging sapat ang mga programa ng pamahalaan at nagbunga ito ng mababang pagpapahalaga ng
maraming Pilipino sa wikang Filipino.

ANG PAGLINGON SA KASAYSAYAN NG PAGKAKATATAG NG KOMISYON SA WIKANG FILIPINO O KWF

- Ang KWF ay ang ahensiyang makapagmumungkahi ng mga hakbang, plano, patakaran at Gawain hinggil sa
mga wika, lalo na sa paggamit ng Filipino bilang pambansang wika.

SWP LWP KWF

- Surian ng Wikang Pambansa - Linangan ng mga Wika sa - Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Pilipinas

MGA NAITULONG NG MGA DATING PANGULO NG PILIPINAS SA PAGTATAGUYOD NG WIKANG PAMBANSA

Manuel L. Quezon Ramon F. Magsaysay Ferdinand E. Marcos Corazon C. Aquino Fidel V. Ramos
(1935-1944) (1953-1957) (1965-1986) (1986-1992) (1992-1998)
Nagtatag ng SWP. Proklamasyon Blg. Kautusangm Bagong Saligang Executive Order No.
Kautusang 12; Taon-taon na Tagapagpalaganap Batas, 1987; 1041; Buwan ng
Tagapagpalaganap pagdiriwang ng Blg. 96; Lahat ng Palaganapin at Agosto bilang
Blg. 134; Tagalog Linggo ng Wikang gusali, edipisyo, at paunlarin ang “Buwan ng Wika at
bilang batayan ng Pambansa mula tanggapan ng Wikang Filipino Nasyonalismo”
pambansang wika ng Marso 29 hanggang pamahalaan ay dapat hanggang sa ito ay
Pilipinas. Abril. nakasulat sa Filipino. maging Wikang
Pambansa.
Proklamasyon Blg. Memorandum
186; Agosto 13 Circular Blg. 96 Atas
hanggang 19 bilang Resolusyon Blg. 70; Tagapagpaganap Blg.
paggunita sa Wikang Pambansa 335; paggamit sa
kaarawan ni ang ginamit na wikang Pambansa sa
Pangulong Manuel panturo sa antas mga opisyal na
Quezon elementarya transaksiyon,
komunikasyon, at
Resolusyon Blg. 73-7 pakikipagtalastasan.
Pambansang Lupon;
Isinama ang Ingles at
Filipino sa kurikulum.
 MGA KONSEPTONG PANGWIKA

- Ang WIKA ang pwersang nagbibigkis sa mamamayan ng isang bansa.

- Executive Order No. 1041; Buwan ng Agosto bilang “Buwan ng Wika at Nasyonalismo”

WIKANG PAMBANSA

- Ito ay ang wikang panlahat na ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan ng mga mamamayan ng isang bansa.

WIKANG OPISYAL

- Ito ay tumutukoy sa wikang itinakda ng Saligang Batas ng isang bansa na magiging opisyal na wika na gagamitin
sa pamahalaan.

WIKANG PANTURO

- Ito ay tumutukoy sa wikang gagamitin sa edukasyon – sa pagtuturo, pag-aarala, at sa lahat ng aspekto na may
kaugnayan sa akademya.
- Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 31, S. 2012; Paggamit ng unang wika o mother tongue sa mga asignaturang
Matematika, Araling Panlipunan, MAPEH at, Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao.

UNANG WIKA AT IKALAWANG WIKA

- Unang Wika
- Katutubong wika o mother tongue at kinakatawan nito ang L1 o First Language.

- Ikalawang Wika

- Tawag sa wikang natutuhan sunod sa unang wika o L2.

BILINGGUWALISMO AT MULTILINGGUWALISMO

- BILINGGUWALISMO
- paggamit ng dalawang wika sa pakikipagtalastasan.
- MULTILINGGUWALISMO
- pagkakaroon ng higit pa sa dalawang wika na ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan.

1935 1937 1940 1946 1959 1987

Artikulo XIII, Kautusang Wikang Panturo Batas Kautusang Artikulo XIV,
Seksiyon 3 S. Tagapagpaganap Komonwelt Blg. Pangkagawaran Seksiyon 6 S.
1935 Blg. 134 570 Blg. 7 1987
 BARYASYON NG WIKA
DAYALEKTO IDYOLEK SOSYOLEK
Nangyayari dahil sa pagkakaiba ng Natatanging paraan ng pagsasalita o Nabuo dahil sa pagkakaiba ng tao
Tono o Punto, pagbigkas, pagsulat ng tao na nagsisilbi niyang batay sa estado, pangkat at antas
paglalagay o posisyon ng diin at pagkakakilanlan; masasabing personal na kinabibilangan, at iba pa.
impit, at pagkakagamit sa o eksklusibo sa bawat tao.
pangungusap o sa pangungusap. Halimbawa:
Halimbawa: Gay Lingo – Itech, sinetch, lafang,
Halimbawa: “Ang buhay ay weather-weather lang.” Tom Jones
“Ikaw ba ga ay kumain na?” – Kuya Kim Atienza Conyo – Can I call you na ba?
Jargon – Takdang-Aralin, Blueprint,
Marketing

REHISTRO/REGISTER ETNOLEK PIDGIN

Pag-aangkop ng nagsasalita ng mga Nagmula sa mga salita ng pangkat Ito ay mula sa nobody’s native
salitang gagamitin depende kung etniko. Tinataglay ng barayti na ito language o katutubong wikang hindi
sino ang kaniyang kausap, paksa ng ang wikang bahagi na ng pag-aari ninuman.
pinag-uusapan, at ano ang sitwasyon pagkakakilanlan ng mga pangkat
o kalagayan ng etniko sa bansa. Ginagamit ito ng dalawang taong
pakikipagkomunikasyon; Pormal at walang wikang magkatulad.
Di-Pormal Halimbawa:
Tohan – tawag sa Diyos ng mga Halimbawa:
Halimbawa: Maranao “Ikaw bili akin dami, ako payag, iyo
“Hoy! Ang sarap ng handa nyo! Ang Kapiil sa Munsala – tawag sa isa sa tawad.”
sarap nyo talagang magluto ng mga sayaw ng Maranao
lumpia. Kakain pa ulit ako ha!”

ANG GAMIT NG WIKA SA LIPUNAN

Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday

- Isang kilalang iskolar mula sa England. Nagkaroon siya ng malaking ambag sa lingguwistika sa buong mundo,
higit lalo ang kanyang modelo ng wika na tinatawag na systematic functional linguistics.

ANG GAMIT NG WIKA SA LIPUNAN

Instrumental REGULATORI HEURISTIKO

“Gusto ko.” “Gawin mo ang sinabi ko sayo.” “Sabihin mo sa akin kung bakit.”
Layunin nitong makipagtalastasan Ito ay may kakayahang Ginagamit ang wika sa pag-aaral,
upang tumugon sa pangangailangan ng makaimpluwensiya at makakontrol sa pagkuha, paghahanap, at
tagapagsalita. pag-uugali o asal ng iba. pagtuklas ng impormasyong
may kinalaman sa paksang
Halimbawa: Halimbawa: pinag-aaralan.
Para sa kinauukulan, PAALALA: Hindi maaaring lumabas sa
Magandang Araw! pagitan ng curfew hours (12:00 ng gabi Halimbawa:
hanggang 5:00 ng umaga. Ano ang mabisang
komunikasyon?
 IMPORMATIBO INTERAKSIYONAL PERSONAL IMAHINATIBO
“May sasabihin ako sayo.” “Ako at ikaw” “Narito na ako.” “Kunwari……”
May kinalaman sa Kapag nagbubukas ito ng Ginagamit upang ipahayag Naipapahayag nito ang
pagbibigay ng ugnayan sa kaniyang ang kaniyang personal na malikhaing imahinasyon at
impormasyon sa paraang kapwa. Maaaring paiba-iba opinyon, saloobon sa haraya, ang pagiging
pasulat at pasalita. ang ekspresyon, tono, at paksang pinag-uusapan, at mapaglaro sa gamit ng mga
intonasyon na kaniyang pagkakakilanlan. salita, at ang paglikha ng
Halimbawa: nagpapahiwatig ng interes bagong kapaligiran o
Panonood ng video lecture sa pakikipag-usap. Halimbawa: bagong daigdig.
ukol sa paksang sitwasyong Paumanhin po, hindi ko po
pangwika sa asignaturang Halimbawa: sinasadya ang pagpapasa Halimbawa:
Filipino. Uy, friend! Kumusta ka na? nang huli sa itinakdang Pagsulat ng tula, awit, o
tara nga at magkwentuhan oras. maikling kwento.
muna tayo rito.

COHESIVE DEVICE
- Mga salita o pariralang ginagamit upang pagkonektahin ang mag ideya sa gitna ng magkaibang bahagi ng
pangungusap o teksto.

PAGPAPAHAYAG NG PAGPAPAHAYAG NG PAGPAPAKITA NG PAGBIBIGAY NG PAGTALIWAS O

PAGDARAGDAG KABAWASAN SA DAHILAN O RESULTA KONDISYON SALUNGAT
KABUOAN NG KAGANAPAN O
PANGYAYARI
- Ganoon din - Maliban sa/sa - Kaya/Kaya - Sana - Pero
- Gayundin mga/ naman, - Kung - Ngunit
- Saka - kay/kina - dahil/dahil - Kapag, - Sa Halip
- Bilang - Bukod sa/sa sa/sa mga - Sa Sandaling, - Kahit/na
karagdagan mga - kay/kina, Basta
- Dagdag pa - kay/kina - sapagkat/dito,
rito - bunga nito

PAGSANG-AYON O PAGPAPAHAYAG PAGPAPAKITA PAGBABAGO NG PAKSA O PAGLILINAW SA

PAGTUTOL NG PANANAW NG SAPANTAHA TAGPUAN ISANG IDEYA
O
PANININDIGAN
- Kung Gayon - Ayon - Maaari - Gayunman/Gayunpaman - Sa madaling
- Kung sa/sa mga - Pwede - Sa kabilang dako sabi/salita
Ganoon - kay/kina - Marahil - Banda/sa isang banda - Bilang
- Dahil Dito - Batay sa - Siguro - Samantala paglilinaw
Samakatwid - Para - Sigurado - habang - Kung gayon
- Kung Kaya sa/sa mga - Samakatuwid
ORAL COMMUNICATION
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

- refers to the transmission of message from sender to receiver

STAGES INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. CONCEPTUALIZING
- Forming an idea of something in your mind.

2. ENCODING

- Using certain words or non-verbal methods to translate ideas into message.

Message- the information or the content that the sender wants to convey.

3. TRANSMITTING

- Transferring or forwarding the message using channels

Channel- a type of media that is used to transfer a message.

4. RECEIVING

- The message is reached by the receiver

5. DECODING

- The receiver interprets the message

6. RESPONDING

- Giving an answer to the message of the sender.

7. VERIFYING

- Clarifications

COMMUNICATION MODELS

MODEL

- Using certain words or non-verbal methods to translate ideas into message.

- Message- the information or the content that the sender wants to convey.

SCHRAMM’S MODEL (1948)

- Asserts that communication takes place if and only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the
Speaker and the Field of Experience of the Listener.
- Message requires interpretation

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE

- Incorporate what is mutually understood between the sender and receiver.

- Refers to the things that influences the understanding and interpretation of messages like culture, social
background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules.
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS

LINEAR MODEL KEY INTERACTIVE MODEL OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

FEATURES COMMUNICATION
- Communication is considered - It is a two-way - Sender and receiver both are
as linear or one way process communication process communicators

- Sender sends the message - Used for new media like - Communication is
internet simultaneous
- Receiver receives only

- No feedback - There is a feedback - Non-verbal gesture is part of

feedback
- Interactive but not
PROS simultaneous PROS
- Good at audience persuasion - Simultaneous and instant
- There are intentional results PROS feedback
- Used in mass communication - There is feedback even in - Sender and receiver play the
mass communication same role
CONS - New communication CONS
- Communication is not channels - Encourages non-verbal
continuous communication
- No feedback CONS - More noise due to
- Not interactive - Feedback is delayed communicators talking at the
- Difficult to understand if - The sender and receiver same time
communication was effective might not know who the
other person is EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES - Talking or listening to friends
- Sending e-mails EXAMPLES
- Receiving a text message - Instant messaging
- Listening to a radio - Q and A (you can ask
- Watching TV questions but need to wait
for a reply)
 COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS

- Refer to how people use language for different purposes

- Refers to how language is affected by different time, place and situation used to control the behavior of the
people

FIVE FUNCTIONS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. REGULATION/CONTROL 2. SOCIAL INTERACTION 3. MOTIVATION

Functions to control one’s behavior - Used to produce social • Using language to express
relationships desires, needs, wants, likes,
Ex. dislikes, inclinations,
Doctor’s prescriptions, parent’s - Used to develop bonds, choices and aspirations.
instructions to their children, intimacy, relations
friends giving advice, scolding, Ex.
employer’s order, customers - Used to express Expressing one’s ambitions/need,
making orders preferences, desires, needs, talking about preferences, ordering
wants, decisions, goals and in, asking something,
Form of command (imperative) strengths communicating desires and
Rhetorical questions aspirations
Declarative Ex.
‘you can do it.’ (encouragement) LANGUAGE FORMS EXAMPLES IN
LANGUAGE FORMS EXAMPLES IN MOTIVATION
REGULATION/CONTROL ‘will you marry me?’ (marriage • I need…
proposal) • I want…
Imperative • Give me…
please come in. LANGUAGE FORMS EXAMPLES IN • I dream of…
get a chair. SOCIAL INTERACTION • I like…
Run. • We pray for…
• Let’s be friends • Do you have..?
• Rhetorical questions • Will you marry me? • Can i..?
Why don’t we go to the dining • Be my group partner.
room? • I like you.
Do you have a pen? • I love.
Can you pass the salt? • You mean so much to me.
• Hello!
• Declarative
I want to be alone.
You need to hurry.
That’s not the right thing to do.
 4. INFORMATION 5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
Giving and getting information Facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and
emotions
Language forms examples
giving information Ex.
Appreciation (“I’m so glad that you came into my
• Using statements life”, “I like you so much”)
-I have three brothers.
-Philippine normal university was Expressing one’s ambition (“I want to finish my
established in 1901. studies with good grades”)
-For every action, there is a reaction.
Expressing need (“I need you in my life”)
• Using rhetorical question
-did you know that some earphones can be used as Expressing prayers (“we pray for those who suffered
microphones? a broken heart from their crush”)

• Using questions Language forms examples in emotional expression

-where is mount halcon?
-did it rain last night? • I feel that….
• My heart tells me…
• Using imperatives • Deep inside, i…
-tell me how much a can of corned beef • I’d love to…
costs. • It makes me (sad, happy, etc.) to…
-show me how to tie a knot.

• Using declaratives
-I don’t know where to find the city hall..
 PHILOSOPHY

The term Philosophy came from two Greek words philo and sophia which means "to love" and "wisdom".
respectively. Simply put, Philosophy means the love of reasoning making wisdom as its primary goal.
Technically, Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the
highest principles of things.

HOLISTIC THINKING PARTIAL THINKING

• Holism comes from the Greek word "holos." • A partial point of view, on the other hand,
meaning everything, whole. focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

• A holistic perspective refers to a perspective • The partial point of view is an important

that considers large-scale patterns in systems. component of analytical thinking, as an
This is often described as looking at the "big individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of
picture" when describing and analyzing a a problem to understand it.
situation or problem.
• Looks at only a limited number of aspects of
• A holistic perspective requires an individual to the given problem or situation.
have an open mindset and an ability to get the
general sense or impression regarding a • Conclusions are made based on considering
situation some, but not all, sides of the problem or
situation
• Looks at all aspects of the given problem or
situation. EXAMPLE:
A teacher scolds Student A after Student B accused him
• All aspects are given importance when making of stealing her pencilcase, However, the teacher only
conclusions. listened to the story of Student B, and not Student A,
before deciding to scold the student
• All aspects are tied in together to form a
general overview of the problem or situation.

EXAMPLE:
A teacher listens first to both stories of her two arguing
students before making any conclusion about the issue

Socrates, a great ancient philosopher, tells us that "the unexamined life is not worth
living. "Hence, to reflect philosophically means examining one's life

We are reflecting in a philosophical way using the concept of self-image by contrasting accidents and essence.
The process of reflecting in a philosophical way is also about drawing insights into our life experiences.

APPROACHES TO ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE

- The first one is about controlling what we know. It refers to the appropriate way of dealing with the relative
truth. It is what science does, that is, it controls things by apprehending natural principles to predict what will
happen next.

- The other one is about opening one's self to the mystery of life, reality, and existence. It refers to the
appropriate way to deal with the ultimate truth. In doing so, you ask questions such as "Who am I?" "Where
did we come from?" and "Why are we here?" Such inquiries would lead to philosophic-spiritual pursuits.
 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

- Philosophizing is a way of doing philosophy to theorizing about important concerns.

- We mean theorizing here as a systematic presentation of ideas liberating and transforming.
- Truth means a statement of reality based on facts.
- An opinion is a statement of reality based on perception, observation, and expertise. A reliable and
meaningful opinion is an idea that is derived from keen observation, expertise, experience, and insights about
something.

DEVELOPMENTAL LOGIC EMPIRICISM PHENOMENOLOGY

STRUCTURALISM
The term development Logic means the rules of Empiricism means Edmund Hussert explained
refers to the inherent drive correct thinking. It means experiential knowledge. In that phenomenology is a
in the universe toward that what you are thinking other words, knowledge process by which you
greater and greater should correspond to pertains to what you inquire into what one
wholeness as reality. know, and what you know thinks of something or
expressed in perennial is based on your how something becomes a
philosophy’s great chain of Logic is concerned with experience. phenomenon as it shows
beings and developmental finding and establishing up in one’s consciousness.
and evolutionary theories the truth. Then, one way to EXAMPLE: For a person to have
verify a statement is to test How do you know that a consciousness, he or she
While the term structure the accuracy of a cell has a nucleus? must have a direct
refers to an organized proposition. So, experience of something.
system in a particular propositional truth is a - Empiricism will ask
stage of development for statement of reality. you to study EXAMPLE:
example, from self biology and learn if you want to ride a
centeredness- caring only EXAMPLE: how to use a bicycle, it is not enough
for one’s self to becoming “The sun rises in the microscope to look that you know what is a
other-centered- caring morning” is false because at a cell and bicycle or you watch
mostly for one’s significantthe sun does not recognize the someone use a bicycle, you
others move relative to the earth. nucleus in it. must experience how to
Instead, the Hence, empiricism balance and maneuver a
Method of philosophizing is statement, “The earth requires that you real bicycle by your own.
about recognizing the rotates on its axis” is experiment with
inherent drive of the true. yourself to gather
universe toward further data, that is, to
and further development experience
wherein there is a stage something by
that emerges with an yourself
organized structure