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UTS - Chapter 1, Lesson 3

The self can be defined in various ways in psychology. It includes concepts like identity, which is composed of personal traits, social roles, and responsibilities that define a person. Self-concept refers to what comes to mind when thinking about who someone is. The self and identity are mental constructs that are created and recreated through social interaction and memory over time. Freud saw the self as emerging from the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. Social factors also influence identity formation through providing foundations for who we are, reinforcing our sense of self, and shaping what we view as important. Self-awareness involves being conscious of our private self and public image as well as our actual, ideal, and ought sel

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65 views2 pages

UTS - Chapter 1, Lesson 3

The self can be defined in various ways in psychology. It includes concepts like identity, which is composed of personal traits, social roles, and responsibilities that define a person. Self-concept refers to what comes to mind when thinking about who someone is. The self and identity are mental constructs that are created and recreated through social interaction and memory over time. Freud saw the self as emerging from the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. Social factors also influence identity formation through providing foundations for who we are, reinforcing our sense of self, and shaping what we view as important. Self-awareness involves being conscious of our private self and public image as well as our actual, ideal, and ought sel

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CHAPTER 1

DEFINING THE SELF:


PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY

LESSON 3: The Self as Cognitive Construct

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:


1. Identify the different ideas in psychology about the “self”;
2. Create your own definition of the “self” based on the definitions from psychology; and
3. Analyze the effects of various factors identified in psychology in the formation of the
“self.”

There are various definitions of the “self” and other similar or interchangeable concepts
in psychology. Other concepts similar to self are identity and self-concept:

 Identity is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well


as affiliations that define who one is.
 Self-concept is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you
are.

Self, identity, and self-concept are not fixed in one time frame.

Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of self-schema or our organized system or
collection of knowledge about who we are.

Theories generally see the self and identity as mental constructs, created and recreated in
memory. Freud saw the self, its mental processes, and one’s behavior as the results of the
interaction between the Id, the Ego, and the Superego.
There are three reasons why self and identity are social products:
1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society helped in creating the foundations
of who we are.
2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we actually need others to affirm and reinforce
who we think we are.
3. What we think is important to us may also have been influenced by what is important
in our social or historical context.

Social interaction and group affiliation are vital factors in creating our self-concept
especially in the aspect of providing us with our social identity.

There are times when we are aware of our self-concepts; this is also called self-
awareness; Carver and Scheier identified two types of self that we can be aware of:
1) the private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings; and
2) the public self or your public image commonly geared toward having a good
presentation of yourself to others.

Self-awareness also presents us with at least three other self-schema:


• The “actual” self is who you are at the moment
• The “ideal” self is who you like to be
• The “ought” self is who you think you should be

Self-awareness may be positive or negative depending on


the circumstances and our next course of action. Our group identity
and self-awareness also has a great impact on our self-esteem,
defined as our own positive or negative perception or evaluation of
ourselves.

One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through social
comparison:
• The downward social comparison is the more common type of comparing ourselves
with others, by comparing ourselves with those who are worse off than us.
• The upward social comparison which is comparing ourselves with those who are
better off than us.

Social comparison also entails what is called self-evaluation maintenance theory,


which states that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that
person is close to us.

In the attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some people become narcissistic, a


“trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.”

Reference:

Book:
Alata, E.J., Caslib, B.N.,Jr., Serafica, J.P., Pawilen, R.A.(2018).Understanding the Self(First Edition).Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc

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