HY113 From Empire to Independence:

The Extra-European World in the Twentieth Century

Course Organiser: Professor Antony Best (A.Best@lse.ac.uk)

Course Description: This course is designed for first year and General Course students. It is
available as an outside option for first- and second-year students where regulations permit.

The course is an introductory survey of events outside Europe in the twentieth century, with
a particular emphasis on the collapse of the Western colonial empires, the development of
relations between the West and new states within Asia, Africa and the Middle East, the
struggle between left and right in Latin America, and the rise of non-Western models of
political development. It begins with the state of the European empires in the first half of
the century; Indian, and Algerian independence; post-independence Africa and the rise and
fall of apartheid; the rise of the non-aligned movement; North-South debates and the debt
crisis of the 1980s; the path from independence to revolution in Cuba; the Japanese
challenge to the West; the Chinese revolution; China under Mao and Deng; the Japanese
developmental state; the development of the modern Middle East; and the Iranian
revolution.

Course Objectives: This course has three main objectives:

(i) To give a basic grounding in the history of the non-European world in the twentieth
century.

(ii) To demonstrate that to come to a proper understanding of the history of the

twentieth century it is important not just to study Great Power politics, but also to
appreciate the significance of the end of colonialism and the appearance of newly
independent states in Asia and Africa.

(iii) To show that there have been, and remain, many competing models of national and
economic development apart from the West’s emphasis on liberal capitalism.

In addition, the course is designed to assist in acquiring the skills outlined in the
department’s ‘Learning History, Learning Skills’ document, which each student receives at
the beginning of the academic year.

Teaching arrangements: The course has two major teaching components:

(i) Lectures: these are held once a week and last approximately one hour. Attendance
is not compulsory and no register is taken, but students are strongly urged to attend
if they wish to gain a good general understanding of the course content.

(ii) Tutorials: these are held once a week and last an hour. The tutorials are designed to
allow for discussion of the most important aspects of the course and attendance is
compulsory. The tutorials are designed around an opening presentation by a

1
 student which should last about ten minutes. Allocation of class topics will be
arranged at the beginning of the course.

Course Assignments:

Each student is required to do three essays (one essay per teaching term and one mock
exam). Your two term-time essays should be 2,000 words in length excluding a bibliography
and your mock exam involves you writing one essay in one hour under exam conditions.

Essays should be submitted on Moodle via Turn It In

Essay 1 end of the eighth week of the first term (Friday 18 November).
Essay 2 end of the eighth week of the second term (Friday 9 March).
A mock exam is to be submitted in the first week of the third term (Friday 5 May).

At the top of the first page, please remember to print your full name and the essay question
you are answering; do not put a title vaguely approximating the question as this only
confuses! Footnotes should be in numerical order and footnote references should be placed
either at the bottom of the page or on a separate sheet at the end of the essay. It is also
essential for a bibliography to be supplied with the essay.

Course Assessment:

LSE undergraduates will be assessed on this course by a written examination in the summer
term. The examination will consist of 19 questions from which three are to be answered.

The essays written during term-time do not form a part of the final assessment for the
course, but as part of the course requirements their completion is a condition for entering
for the examination. Essay marks and an assessment of class performance will be entered
on your end of term reports and form the basis for general evaluation of performance
outside the examination.

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LECTURE LIST

Michaelmas Term

1. Introduction: So you think you know the twentieth century? AB

2. Colonial Nationalism between the Wars DG

3. India in Revolt, 1905-47 DG

4. Partition and Independence in South Asia, 1947-77 DG

5. The Japanese Challenge to the West, 1904-1945 AB

6. Reading week (no lecture)

7. The Resurgence of China, 1911-49 AB

8. Nkrumah, Pan-Africanism and the Independence of Ghana CG

9. The Algerian War of Independence CG

1o. The Cuban Revolution AC

11. The Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement in Global Politics AC

Lent Term

1. Development, Modernization Theory and the Third World AC

2. Revolutionary Development in Latin America AC

3. The NIEO, and the Third World Debt Crisis EI

4. Henry Kissinger and the Third World EI

5. (Mis)Reading the Iranian Revolution KS

6. Reading week (no lecture)

7. The Developmental State in East: Asia: Japan, Korea and Taiwan since 1945 AB

8. Modernising China: The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution

and the Four Modernisations 1949-99 AB

9. The Challenge to the African State: The 1994 Rwandan genocide CG

10. "Long walk to freedom": The rise & fall of apartheid South Africa CG

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11. No lecture

Summer Term

1. General revision session AB

AB Professor Antony Best

AC Dr Anna Cant
CG Dr Caroline Green
DG Dr Diva Gujral
EI Dr Elizabeth Ingleson
KS Dr Kirsten Schulze

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 Hy113 From Empire to Independence:
The Extra-European World in the Twentieth Century

Tutorial Discussion Topics and Essay Titles

In the interests of focusing class discussion, class topics also act as essay titles for this
course. It is intended that each student will do a minimum of one class presentation and
one essay per term. For examination purposes, it is useful for you to cover as many topics as
possible, and it is, therefore, highly recommended that students should not write essays on
topics they have already presented to a class. This will encourage you to do five topics over
the whole year, rather than three.

MICHAELMAS TERM

Week 1:

Introduction to the course.

Week 2: So you think you know the twentieth century?

‘Decolonization is the most appropriate paradigm for understanding the international

history of the twentieth century.’ Discuss.

‘The American century’. Critically assess this interpretation of the period between 1901
and 2000.

‘The twentieth century was defined by a contest between socialist and capitalist views of
modernity.’ Discuss.

Class Reading:

(The titles listed here and in the further reading section below constitute either useful
overviews of the twentieth century as a whole or the more important regional/period
histories. You can draw on these throughout the year.)

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (2015) [D443 I61] ONLINE

John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire (2007) CC

JC330 D22

Robert Holland, European Decolonization, 1918-81: An Introductory Survey (1985) [CC JV151
H73]

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O. A. Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
(2005) [CC D843 W52] ONLINE

Further Reading
General
P. Bell, The World Since 1945: An International History (2001) D843 B43
C.J. Bartlett, The Global Conflict: 1880-1970, (1984) [CC JX1395 B28]
P. Calvocoressi, World Politics since 1945 (1982) [CC D843 C16]
J.B. Dunbabin, The Post Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the Wider World
(1994) [CC D843 D89]
J.A.S. Grenville, A World History of the Twentieth Century (1993) [CC D421 G82]
W. Keylor, The Twentieth Century World: An International History (1984) [CC D443 K41]
G Lundestad, East West, North, South. Major Developments in International Politics, 1945-
1990 (1991) [D843 L96]
S. Marks, The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World, 1914-
1945 (2002) [CC D443 M34]
D. Reynolds, One World Divisible: A Global History since 1945 (2000) [CC D1051 R46]
T. Vadney, The World since 1945 (1987) [CC D840 V12]

Empire and Decolonization

J.M. Brown & W.R. Louis (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth
Century, (1999) [CC DA16 O91]
P. Cain & A. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 (1993)
[CC JV1018 C13]
J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (1988)
[CC JV1018 D22]
C. Dewey & A. Hopkins (eds.), The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of Africa
and India (1978) [HC800 I31]
R. Holland, European Decolonization, 1918-81: An Introductory Survey (1985) [CC JV151 H73]
J. Springhall, Decolonization since 1945: The Collapse of European Overseas Empires, (2001)
[CC JV151 S76]
M. Thomas, B. Moore & L.J. Butler, Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe’s Imperial
States, 1918-1975 (2008)

Cold War
J.B. Dunbabin, The Cold War, the Great Powers and their Allies (1994) [D843 D89]
J. Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking the Cold War, (1997) [CC D840 G12]
M. Hogan (ed), America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations
Since 1941, (1995) [E744 A51]
T. McCormick, America’s Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War (1989)
[CC E744 M13]
J.L. Nogee & R.H. Donaldson Soviet Foreign Policy since World War II (1981) [CC DK282 N77]
T. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War (1992)
[CC E744 P31]
T. Paterson & J. Clifford (eds), America Ascendant: US Foreign Relations since 1939 (1995)
[CC E744 P29]
P. Rodman, More Precious than Peace: The Cold War and the Struggle for the Third World

6
 (1994) [CC D883 R69]
O.A. Westad, The Cold War: A World History (2017)
V. Zubok and C. Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War (1996) [CC DK267 Z91]

Regions
H. Alavi & J. Harris (eds), South Asia (1989) HN670.3 S72
Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia (1998),
M. Goldman & A. Gordon (ed.), Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia (2000)
[DS515 H67]
R.C. Thompson, The Pacific Basin Since 1945 (1994) [CC DU29 T47]
M. Yahuda, The International Politics of the Asia-Pacific, 1945-1995 (1996) [CC DS518.1 Y11]

Week 3: Anti-Imperialism between the Wars

Why did non-European understandings of ‘civilisation’ change so dramatically in the first

four decades of the twentieth century?

In what ways did the imperial capital cities in Europe foment the development of anti-
colonial ideas among Asians and Africans?

Why was the nation-state not always at the centre of the way Africans and Asians
imagined a world without empire between the wars?

Class Reading

Michael Adas, ‘Contested Hegemony: the Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the
Civilizing Mission Ideology’, Journal of World History, 15(1), 2004 ONLINE

Michael Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis, Inter-war Paris and the Seeds of Third-World
Nationalism (Cambridge, 2015), Introduction

Matera, Marc, Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth
Century (2015) (chapter 2) ONLINE

Primary Source:

Prasenjit Duara (ed.) Decolonization: Perspectives from Now and Then (2004), section I,
JV185 D29

Essay Reading:
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism (Revised edn. 2006), Introduction (pp.1-8) CC JC311 A54 – E-PACK
Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic
and Pan-Asian Thought (2007) CC DS35.7 A97

7
A Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, International History of the Twentieth
Century and Beyond (2015), Chapter 4 D443 I61 – ONLINE
Jonathan Derrick, Africa's Agitators: Militant Anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918-
1939 (Oxford, 2009) DT29 D43
Sarah Claire Dunstan, ‘Conflicts of Interest: The 1919 Pan-African Congress and the
Wilsonian Moment’, 39: 1 (2016): 133–50
Robert Gerwarth and Erez Manela, ‘The Great War as a Global War: Imperial Conflict and
the Reconfiguration of World Order. 1911-1923’, Diplomatic History 38: 4 (2014)
Adom Getachew, Worldmaking after Empire: the Rise and Fall of Self-Determination
(Princeton, 2019), chs.1-2. 
Rachel Gillett, ‘Jazz and the Evolution of Black American Cosmopolitanism in Inter-war Paris’,
Journal of World History 21: 3 (2010)
Rachel Gillet, ‘Jazz Women, Gender Politics, and the Francophone Atlantic’, Atlantic Studies
10:1 (2013)
Michael Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis, Inter-war Paris and the Seeds of Third-World
Nationalism (Cambridge, 2015) ONLINE
Erez Manela, ‘Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia: Dreams of East-West Harmony and the
Revolt against Empire in 1919’, American Historical Review (2006)
David Murphy, “Defending the ‘Negro Race’: Lamine Senghor and Black Internationalism in
Interwar France,” French Cultural Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 161–73
Fredrik Petersson,“Hub of the Anti-Imperialist Movement: The League against Imperialism
and Berlin, 1927–1933,” Interventions 16, no. 1 (2014):
Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: a People’s History of the Third World (2008), chs. ‘Paris’
and ‘Brussels’ ONLINE
Ali Raza, Franziska Roy and Benjamin Zachariah (eds), The Internationalist Moment: South
Asia, Worlds, and World Views 1917–39 (2015)
Urs Matthias Zachmann (ed.), Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace
Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919-33 (Edinburgh, 2017) D644 A83

Week 4: India in Revolt, 1905-47

Was Gandhi’s Indian National Congress ever truly a national party?

‘There were very few true adherents to Gandhian philosophy in India.’ Discuss

In what circumstances was violence useful to the national movement in India?

Class Reading

Durba Ghosh, ‘Gandhi and the Terrorists: Revolutionary Challenges from Bengal and
Engagements with Non-Violent Political Protest’, South Asia: The Journal of South Asian
Studies 39: 3 (2016)

William Gould, Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India (2004)
chapter 2 [CC JQ298.I5 G69] ONLINE

8
David Hardiman, Gandhi: in his Time and Ours (Delhi, 2003), chapter 2 – E-PACK

Essay reading

Shahid Amin, 'Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-22', in Ranajit
Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies III: Writings in South Asian History and Society (1984),
pp.1-61. [DS463 S94]
Shahid Amin, Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922-1992 (1995)
Nandini Gooptu, ‘The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar
Pradesh’, Modern Asian Studies 31: 4 (1997)
William Gould, Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia (2012), chs.4-5
William Gould, ‘Hindu Militarism and Partition in 1940s United Provinces: Rethinking the
Politics of Violence and Scale’, South Asia: The Journal of South Asian Studies 42:1
(2019)
Ranajit Guha, 'Discipline and Mobilize', in Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey (eds.),
Subaltern Studies VII: Writings in South Asian History and Society (1992), pp.69-120.
[DS463 S94]
A. Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan
(1985) [CC DS385.J5 J21]
Ania Loomba, Revolutionary Desires: Women, Communism and Feminism in India (2019)
Kama Maclean, ‘The Portrait's Journey: The Image, Social Communication and Martyr-
Making in Colonial India’, Journal of Asian Studies 70:4 (2011)
Kama Maclean, A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text
(2015)
Chris Moffat, India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh
(2019)
Gyanendra Pandey, The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh: Class, Community and
Nation in Northern India, 1920-1940 (2nd edition, 2002). ONLINE
T.C. Sherman, State Violence and Punishment in India (2010), esp. Intro and chs.1-3
ONLINE

Week 5: Partition and Independence in South Asia, 1947-77

To what extent did the partition of British India solve the problems it was designed to
address?

Which state had more success in integrating partition refugees, India or Pakistan?

Account for and evaluate the different historiographical explanations for the causes of
Partition.

Class Reading
Sarah Ansari, ‘Everyday expectations of the state during Pakistan's early years: Letters to the
Editor, Dawn (Karachi), 1950-1953’, Modern Asian Studies 45:1 (2011)

9
TY Tan and G. Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia (2000), chapter 3
[DS480.842 Y51] ONLINE

Asim Roy, 'The High Politics of India's Partition: The Revisionist Perspective', Modern Asian
Studies, 24(1990), pp.385-415.

I. Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (1998), Chapter 3 E-PACK

Essay Reading:

Gary J. Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide (2013)
Joya Chatterji, The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-1967 (2007)
Joya Chatterji, ‘South Asian Histories of Citizenship, 1946-1970’, Historical Journal 55:4
(2012)
A Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia (1995) [CC DS341 J21]
Yasmin Khan, 'The Arrival Impact of Partition Refugees in Uttar Pradesh, 1947-52', South
Asia 12 (2003), pp.511-522.
David Ludden, ‘The Politics of Independence in Bangladesh’, Economic and Political Weekly
46:35 (2011)
Srinath Raghavan, A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh (2013)
Y Samad, A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 (1995)
[CC DS382 S18]
Uditi Sen, Citizen Refugee: Forging the Indian Nation After Partition (2018)
Taylor C Sherman, Muslim Belonging in Secular India (2015), esp. chs.2 and 5.
Ian Talbot, 'A Tale of Two Cities: the Aftermath of Partition for Lahore and Amritsar 1947–
1957', Modern Asian Studies 41(2007), pp.151-185.
TY Tan and G. Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia (2000)
Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar, The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia:
Refugees, Boundaries, Histories (2007)

WEEK 6 – READING WEEK

Week 7: The Japanese Challenge to the West, 1904-1945

‘Insecurity is the key to understanding Japan between 1904 and 1945.’ Discuss.

Critically assess the role of pan-Asianism in Japanese diplomacy and strategy.

Account for Japan’s turn towards expansionist policies from 1931.

Class Reading

W.G. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945 (1987) [CC DS885.48 B36] CH.9 ONLINE

10
A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth
Century (London, 2015), Chapter 3 [D443 I61] ONLINE

W. Miles Fletcher, ‘The Fifteen-Year War’, in W.M. Tsutsui (ed.), A Companion to Japanese
History (2009) ONLINE

A. Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (1987) [CC D742.J3 I61]
CHAPTER ONE E-PACK

Stephen Large, ‘Oligarchy, Democracy and Fascism’, in W.M. Tsutsui (ed.), A Companion to
Japanese History (2009) ONLINE

Essay Reading
M. Barnhart, Japan Prepares For Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919-1941
(1987) [CC HC462.8 B26]
M. Barnhart, Japan and the World since 1868 (1995) [DS881.96 B26]
W.G. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1945 (1987) [CC DS885.48 B36]
J. Benson & T. Matsumura, Japan 1868-1945: From Isolation to Occupation (London,
2001) [DS881.9 B47]
P. Calvocoressi, G. Wint & J. Pritchard, Total War: The Causes and Courses of the Second
World War, Vol.II, The Greater East Asia and Pacific Conflict 1989 [CC D743 C16]
J.B. Crowley, Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938
(1966) [CC DS888.5 C95]
J.W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986) [D767.9 D74]
I. Hata, ‘Continental Expansion, 1905-41’, in P. Duus, The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6
(1988) [DS835 C17]
C Howe, The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia
From 1540 to the Pacific War (1996) [HF3824 H85]
L.A. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s (1995)
[UA847 H92]
A. Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (1987) CC D742.J3 I61
A. Iriye, Japan and the Wider World: From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present, (1997)
[DS881.96 I61]
I.H. Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942 (1977) [CC DS888.5 N72]
Danny Orbach, Curse on This Country: The Rebellious Army of Imperial Japan (2017)
UB789 O61
K. Pyle, Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose (2007)
DS889.5 P99
R.J. Samuels, "Rich Nation: Strong Army": National Security and the Technological
Transformation of Japan (1994) [CC UA845 S19]
R. Sims, A Political History of Modern Japan, 1868-1952, (1991) [CC DS881.9 S62]
R. Sims, Japanese Political History since the Meiji Renovation 1868-2000 (2001)
[CC DS882 S59]
G.R. Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, 1894-1943 (1979) [CC DS518 S88]
W.M. Tsutsui (ed.), A Companion to Japanese History (2009) ONLINE

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Week 8: The Resurgence of China, 1911-49

Why did the Chinese revolution of 1911-12 lead to a decade and a half of instability?

Why did the Guomindang fail to establish a strong state in China between 1928 and 1949?

Why did China not become a Great Power until the Communist era?

Class Reading

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (London, 2015), Chapter 3 [D443 I61] ONLINE

L Eastman, Ch 1: ‘Nationalist China during the Nanking Decade, 1927-1937’ (from L. Eastman
et al., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949) ONLINE

J. Esherick, ‘Introduction’, in Joseph W. Esherick, & C.X. George Wei (eds), China: How the
Empire Fell (London, 2013) DS773.4 C53 ONLINE

E Moise, Ch 4: ‘The Nanjing Decade, 1927-1937’ in E. Moise, Modern China: A History

ONLINE

J. Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions: China From the 1800s to the 1980s (1990)
[CC DS754 G77] CHAPTER NINE E-PACK

J. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1990) [CC DS735 S7] CHAPTER 17 E-PACK

Essay Reading
P. Coble, The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government, 1927-1937 (1980)
[DS775.7 C65]
P.K. Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800, an Interpretive History (2010) DS755
C95
Frank Dikotter, The Age of Openness: China before Mao (2008) ONLINE
E.L. Dreyer, China at War, 1901-1949 (1995) [DS775.4 D77]
L. Eastman, The Abortive Revolution: China Under Nationalist Rule, 1927-1937(1974)
[DS777.47 E11]
L. Eastman, Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949 (1984)
[DS777 E11]
L. Eastman et al., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949 (1991) [CC DS774 N27]
Joseph W. Esherick, & C.X. George Wei (eds), China: How the Empire Fell (London, 2013)
DS773.4 C53
J.K. Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution 1800-1985 (1987) [DS755 F16]
J. Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions: China From the 1800s to the 1980s (1990) [CC DS754
G77]
M. Hunt, The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy (1996) [CC DS775.8 H94]
S. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945-48 (1987)

12
 [DS777.5425 M36 L66]
R. Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (2004) [DS774 M68]
S. Pepper, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945-1949 (1978) [DS777.54 P42]
S. Schram, The Thought of Mao Tse-tung (1989) [CC DS778.M3 S37]
D. Scott, China and the International system, 1840-1949: Power, Presence and Perceptions in
a Century of Humiliation (2008), [DS754.18 S42]
J. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1990) [CC DS735 S7]
J. Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (2009)
[DS777.488.C5 T24]
O.A. Westad, Cold War and Revolution. Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the
Chinese Civil War (1992) [CC DS777.54 W52]
C.M. Wilbur, The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928 (1983) [CC DS777.46 W66]

Week 9: Nkrumah, Pan-Africanism and the Independence of Ghana

‘Nkrumah’s victory was the continuation of imperialism by other means’. Discuss.

What does the Gold Coast’s path to independence in 1957 tell us about the strengths and
weaknesses of African nationalism?

Why did Pan-Africanism fail?

Class reading:

Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonization, 1918-1968 chs1-3
ONLINE

Ali A. Mazrui's, Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar, Transition 26 (1966), pp. 8-17 (with a number of
replies), reprinted in his On Heroes and Uhuru-Worship: Essays on Independent Africa
(1967) ONLINE

Jean Allman, ‘Nuclear Imperialism and the Pan-African Struggle for Peace and Freedom:
Ghana, 1959-1962,’ Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 10,
2 (2008): 83-102. E-PACK

Jeffrey Ahlman, ‘Road to Ghana: Nkrumah, Southern Africa and the Eclipse of a Decolonizing
Africa,’ Kronos 37, 1 (2011): 23-40. ONLINE

Essay reading
Background:
A Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth
Century (2015), Chapter 17 [D443 I61] ONLINE
John Parker and Richard Rathbone, African History: a very short introduction DT20 P54
Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System (CUP: latest edn) Chapter ‘The
creation of an African international order) pp. 28-43 – Moodle
C. O’Sullivan, ‘The UN, Decolonisation and Self-Determination and the Cold War in Sub-

13
 Saharan Africa, 1960-1994’, Third World Studies (2005) - Moodle

Kwame Nkrumah
Basil Davidson, Black Star over Ghana: a view of the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah,
1909-72) DT512.3.N5 D25
K. Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology (1961) [DT511.3.N5 N73]
R. Rathbone, Nkrumah & the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-1960 (2000)
[DT511 R23]

African nationalism and its challenges

Basil Davidson, Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the curse of the nation state (1993) JC319
D25
Bruce J Berman & John M Lonsdale, ‘Nationalism in Colonial and Post-Colonial Africa’ in John
Breuilly (ed) The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism (2013) JC311 O91
Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge & History (2005) ch6
‘States, Empires and Political Imagination’, 153-203 DT30 C77
Richard Rathbone, Sir Nana Ofori Atta I and the Conservative Nationalist Tradition in
Ghana (1992) (only 20 pages).  

British imperial policy

Anne Philips, The Enigma of Colonialism: British Policy in West Africa (1989) Chapter 7 ‘The
Emergence of an African Working Class’, pp 136-55 - Moodle

West Africa, pan Africanism and transnational anti-colonialism

Leslie James, George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: a transnational anti-colonial
strategy, 1939-1959. (2014) chs 7 & 8 DT30 J21
Colin Legum, Pan Africanism: A short political guide (1962) (A journalist’s view at the time)
DT30 L52
Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power (2013) (African-American Diaspora) ONLINE
Meredith Terretta, ‘Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-
African Accra,’ Journal of African History 51, 2 (2010): 189-212.

Documentary sources:
Nancy J Jacobs, African History through sources, Vol 1. Colonial Contexts and Everyday
experiences c1850-1945. (2013) Ch6 The Undoing of Empire; Ch7 Africa’s War for
Freedom. DT352.7 A25
P Obeng, Selected Speeches of Kwame Nkrumah, J741.G6 N73
R. Rathbone, Ghana: British Documents on the End of Empire Part 1, 1941-1952. 372-3; Part
2, 1952-1957 (1992) [DT511 G41] 68-70, 72, 97, 107,291-6

Week 10: The Algerian War of Independence

Why was the path to independence in Algeria so violent?

Why did France refuse to negotiate with the FLN for so long?

14
What effect did the Algerian war of independence have on international politics?

Class Reading
A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth
Century (2015), Chapter 17 [D443 I61] ONLINE

Alastair Horne, A Savage War of Peace (Pan Books) Ch5 ‘All Saints’ Day, 1954’ E-PACK

M Connelly, ‘Rethinking the Cold War and Decolonization: The Grand Strategy of the
Algerian War for Independence’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001 –
ONLINE

M. Connelly, ‘Taking Off the Cold War Lens: Visions of North-South Conflict during
the Algerian War for Independence’ American Historical Review, 2000 - ONLINE

Essay Reading
M. Alexander and J. Keiger (eds), The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62 (2002)
[DT295 A39]
Saliha Belmessous, Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541-
1954 (2013)
Jeffrey James Byrne, The Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonisation and the Third World
Order (OUP, 2016)
M. Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Origins of
the Post-Cold War Era (2002) [DT295 C75]
A Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 (1987) [DT295 H81]
R. Malley, The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (1996)
[DT295. 5 M25]
W.B. Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria’s Transition from Authoritarianism (1998)
[JQ3231 Q1]
J. Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation (1992) [DT294.5 R91]
J. Talbott, The War Without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954-1962 (1980) [DT295 T14]
M. Thomas, The French North African Crisis: Colonial Breakdown and Anglo-French
Relations, 1945-62 (2000) [DC59.8.G7 T45]
I. Wall, France, the United States and the Algerian War (2001) [DT295 W18]
Y. Zoubir, ‘The United States, the Soviet Union and the Decolonization of the Maghreb,
1945-62’ Middle Eastern Studies, 1995

Week 11: Cuban Independence & Revolution

What challenges did Cubans face in achieving their vision of a “Cuba Libre”?

To what extent was Jose Martí the ‘intellectual author’ of the Cuban Revolution?

Assess the claim that Cuba’s 1959 revolution was a “second independence” for the island.

15
Class Reading

Fidel Castro, “The First Declaration of Havana” (1960) online at

http://www.walterlippmann.com/fc-09-02-1960.html

Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898 (1999), chs 6-7

Antoni Kapcia, Cuba in Revolution: A History Since the Fifties, (2008), Chapter 4 F1776 K11 
ONLINE

Louis Pérez Jr. “Approaching Change and Changelessness in the Historiography of Cuba”
Cuban Studies 43 (2015): 130-134

Louis A. Pérez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (2006), Chapters 7 and 10 (and
Political Chronology), [CC F1776 P43] E-PACK

Essay Reading

Castro Speech Data Base: http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro.html#:~:text=

%22Castro%20Speech%22%20is%20a%20database,in%20countries%20throughout%20the
%20world.

Che Guevara Internet Archive

https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/index.htm

Fidel Castro and I Ramonet, Fidel Castro: My Life (2008)

Fidel Castro, Fidel: my early years edited by Deborah Shnookal & Pedro Álvarez Tabío,
[F1788.22.C3.A313 C35]
Michelle Chase, Revolution within the Revolution: Women and Gender politics in Cuba, 1952-
1962 (2015)
A. Chomsky et al. (eds), The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics (2003), [F1776 C96]
L. Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro (2003), [F1788.22.C3 C72]
D. Deutschman (ed.) Che Guevara and the Cuban revolution: writings and speeches of
Ernesto Che Guevara (1987), [F1788.2 G93]
Samuel Farber, The Origins of the Cuban Revolution Reconsidered (2006)
Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution (1980) [F1787.5 F83]
Lillian Guerra, The Myth of José Martí: Conflicting Nationalisms in Early Twentieth Century
Cuba (2005)
Lillian Guerra, Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption and Resistance, 1959- 1971
(2012)
Nicola Miller, “The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro’s Cuba” in Journal of
Contemporary History, 38:1 (2003)
Johanna Moya Fábregas, “The Cuban Woman's Revolutionary Experience: Patriarchal
Culture and the State's Gender Ideology, 1950–1976,” Journal of Women's History
22:1 (Spring 2010)

16
Louis A. Pérez, Cuba under the Platt Amendment, 1902-1934. Pittsburg, Pa.: University of
Pittsburgh Press, 1986.
Louis A. Pérez Jr. “An Ocean of Mischief: Between Meanings and Memories of 1898” Orbis
Fall 1998: 501-516
Louis A. Pérez Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and
Historiography (1998)
Teresa Prados-Torreira, Mambisas: Rebel Women in Nineteenth-Century Cuba (2005)
Julia E. Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground (2002),
F1787.5 S97

LENT TERM

Week 1: The Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement in Global Politics

Why and with what consequences did leaders from Africa and Asia meet in Bandung in
1955?

‘Internal rivalries meant that the non-aligned movement failed to achieve its aims.’
Discuss.

‘There was not one Third World project but many competing ideas about what one should
entail and each one undermined the other.’ Discuss.

Class Reading

A Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (2015), Chapter 13 [D443 I61] ONLINE

Mark Atwood Lawrence, “The Rise and Fall of Non-Alignment” in Robert J. MacMahon (ed.),
The Cold War in the Third World (2013) E-PACK

Ann Garland Mahler, “The Global South in the Belly of the Beast: Viewing African American
Civil Rights through a Tricontinental Lens” Latin American Research Review 50:1
(2015)

V. Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (2007) Chapter 1
[D883 P91]

Svetozar Rajak, “No Bargaining Chips, No Spheres of Interest: The Yugoslav Origins of Cold
War Non-Alignment” Journal of Cold War Studies (2014) 16:1

Robert Vitalis, “The Midnight Ride of Kwame Nkrumah and other Fables of Bandung (Ban-
Doong),” Humanity 4:2 E-PACK

17
Essay Reading:

Non-Aligned and ‘Third World’ perspectives:

Manuel Barcia, “‘Locking Horns with the Northern Empire’: Anti-American Imperialism at the
Tricontinental Conference of 1966 in Havana,” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7:3
(2009) ONLINE
Manu Bhagavan, The Peacemakers: India and the Quest for One World, (2012) DS480.45 B57
Sandra Bott et al. Neutrality and neutralism in the global Cold War: between or within the
blocs? (2016)
Mark Philip Bradley, “Decolonization, the global South, and the Cold War, 1919-1962”
Cambridge History of the Cold War vol.1 – Cambridge Histories online
Jeffrey James Byrne, "Beyond Continents, Colours, and the Cold War: Yugoslavia, Algeria and
the Struggle for Non-Alignment," International History Review 37:5 (2015) 
S. David, Choosing Sides: Alignment and Realignment in the Third World (1991)[JX1393.N54
D24]
Jain Devaki and Shubha Chacko, “Walking together: the journey of the Non-Aligned
Movement and the women’s movement” Development in Practice 19:7 (2009)
Jim G. Hershberg, “High-Spirited Confusion’: Brazil, the 1961 Belgrade Non-Aligned
Conference, and the Limits of an ‘Independent’ Foreign Policy during the High Cold
War”, Cold War History 7:3 (2007)
Devaki Jain and Shubha Chacko, “Walking Together: the Journey of the Non-Aligned
Movement and the Women’s Movement” Development in Practice 19:7 (2009): 895-
905
R. Jaipal, Non-Alignment: Origins, Growth and Potential For World Peace (1987) [JX1393.N54
J21]
S. Kumar, ‘Nonalignment: International Goals and National Interests’, Asian Survey, Vol. 23,
No.4 (1983)
Lorenz M. Lüthi, “The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War, 1961-1973” Journal of Cold
War Studies 18:4 (2016)
R. Malley, The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (1996)
[DT295. 5 M25] – chapter 1
Natasa Miskovic, “The Pre-history of the Non-Aligned Movement: India’s First Contacts with
the Communist Yugoslavia, 1948-1950” India Quarterly 65:2 (2009)
Natasa Miskovic, Harald Fischer-Tine, Nada Boskovska (eds), The Non-Aligned Movement
and the Cold War, Delhi, Bandung, Belgrade (2014) JZ1313.3 N81
R. Mortimer, The Third World Coalition in International Politics (1984) [D843 M88]
D.C. Pande, India’s Foreign Policy as an Exercise in Non-Alignment (1988) [DS840.84 P18]
Vanni Pettina, "Global Horizons: Mexico, the Third World, and the Non-Aligned Movement
at the Time of the 1961 Belgrade Conference," International History Review, 38:4
(2016)
Svetozar Rajak, In search of a life outside the two blocs: Yugoslavia’s road to non-alignment
(2005)
Robert B. Rakove, “The Rise and Fall of Non-Aligned Mediation, 1961-6”, International
History Review 37:5 (2015):991-1013
A.V. Singhan, The Non-Aligned Movement in World Politics (1977) [CC JX1391 N81]

18
See Seng Tan and Amitav Acharya (eds), Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-
African Conference for International Order, (especially chapter by Chen Jian)
DS33.3 B21
P. Willetts, The Non-Aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance (1978) [JX1391
W71]

Superpower perspectives
R. Allinson, The Soviet Union and the Strategy of Non-Alignment in the Third World (1988)
[CC DK289 A43]
K.C. Arora, Imperialism and the Non-Aligned Movement (1998) [JX1393.N54 A76]
S. Bills, Empire and Cold War: The Roots of US-Third World Antagonism, 1945-47 (1990)
[CC DS35 B59]
* H.W. Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third
World, 1947-1960 (1989) [CC D888.U5 B81]
G. Brazinsky, Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry during the Cold War (2017)
E183.8.C5 B82
E. Gettig, ‘“Trouble Ahead in Afro-Asia”: The United States, the Second Bandung
Conference, and the Struggle for the Third World, 1964–1965’, Diplomatic History
(2015)
G Golan, The Soviet Union and National Liberation Movements in the Third World (1988)
[DS888.S65 G61]
M. Jones, ‘A “Segregated” Asia: Race, the Bandung Conference, and Pan-Asianist Fears in
American Thought and Policy, 1954–1955’, Diplomatic History, 2006
B Kaufman, Trade and Aid: Eisenhower’s Foreign Economic Policy, 1953-1961 (1982)
[HF1455 K21]
G. Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980 (1988)
[E744 K81]
Lorenz M. Luthi, ‘The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War’, 1961-1973’, Journal of
Cold War Studies, 2016
Vojtech Mastny, The Soviet Union's Partnership with India’, Journal of Cold War Studies 12,
(2010)
* R. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan (1994)
[E183.8.I4 M16]
D. Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947-
1963 (1990) [HC435.2 M57]
J. Parker, ‘Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference and the
Reperiodization of the Postwar Era’, Diplomatic History, 2006
M.J. Rajan & S. Ganguly (eds.), Great Power Relations, World Order and the Third World
(1981) [D483 G78]
C.R. Saivetz (ed.), The Soviet Union in the Third World (1989) [DS888.S65 S72]
K. Statler & A.L. Johns (eds), The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World and the
Globalization of the Third World (2006) E835 S77

Week 2: Development and Modernization Theory: Latin America and Vietnam

Where did the ideas about development in the 1950s and 1960s come from?

19
What were the driving goals behind modernization theory? Were these goals achieved?

To what extent did the application of modernization theory in Latin America and Vietnam
differ?

Class Reading

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (2015), Chapter 13 [D443 I61] ONLINE

Nick Cullather, “Modernization Theory”, in Explaining American Foreign Relations eds.

Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (2004) ONLINE

Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara, Speech at Punta del Este (1961)

- http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1961/08/08.htm

Michael E. Latham, “Ideology, Social Science, and Destiny: Modernization and the Kennedy-
Era Alliance for Progress,” Diplomatic History 22: 2 (1998) ONLINE

Michael E. Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development and U.S.
Foreign Policy From the Cold War to the Present (2011) – Chapter 5 ONLINE

Essay Reading:
Modernization Theory & Development:
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical
Difference (2000), ch.1 ONLINE
Frederick Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (2005), chapter 5 on
'Modernity' ONLINE
Nick Cullather, “The War on the Peasant: The United States and the Third World” in The Cold
War in the Third World ed. Robert J. MacMahon (2013) D843 C69
David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an
American World Order (2010) HC110.E44 E31
David Engerman and Corinna R. Unger, “Introduction: Towards a Global History of
Modernization” Diplomatic History 33: 3 (2009)
David. Engerman et al (eds), Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global
Cold War (2003) D857 S77
Valeska Huber, ‘Planning Education and Manpower in the Middle East, 1950s-60s,’ Journal
of Contemporary History 2017, 52(1): 95-117
Michael E. Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development and U.S.
Foreign Policy From the Cold War to the Present (2011), chs.1, 2 & 4 E840 L35
Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation-
Building’ in the Kennedy Era (2000) E841 L35
Michael E.Latham, “Modernization” in Cambridge History of Science vol.7 – ONLINE
* John McKay, “Reassessing Development Theory: ‘Modernisation’ and Beyond” in Key

20
 Issues in Development eds. Damien Kingsbury, Joe Remenyi, John McKay and Janet
Hunt (2004) HC59.7 K41
* Joe Remenyi, “What is Development?” in Key Issues in Development eds. Damien
Kingsbury, Joe Remenyi, John McKay and Janet Hunt (2004) HC59.7 K41
Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: from Western Origins to Global Faith (2002)  
HD78 R59
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1962) [CC
HB199 R83]
Simon Toner, ““The Paradise of the Latrine”: American Toilet-Building and the Continuities
of Colonial and Post-Colonial Development” Modern American History 2:3 (2019):
299-320.

Latin America:
Leandro Benmergui, 'Building the alliance for progress: local and transnational encounters in
a low-income housing program in Rio de Janeiro, 1962-67' in Making Cities Global:
the transnational turn in urban history eds. A K. Sandoval-Strausz; Nancy Kwak (2018)
Christopher Darnton, ‘Asymmetry and Agenda-Setting in U.S.-Latin American Relations:
Rethinking the Origins of the Alliance for Progress,’ Journal of Cold War Studies 14:4
(2012): 55-92.
John DeWitt, 'The Alliance for Progress: Economic Warfare in Brazil (1962-1964),’ Journal of
Third World Studies 26:1 (Spring 2009)
Thomas C. Field Jr. “Ideology as Strategy: Military-led Modernization and the Origins of the
Alliance for Progress in Bolivia” Diplomatic History 36:1 (January 2012)
Eduardo Frei Montalva: “The Alliance That Lost Its Way”, Foreign Affairs, 45:3 (1967)
Andrew J. Kirkendall, “Kennedy Men and the Fate of the Alliance for Progress in LBJ Era
Brazil and Chile” Diplomacy and Statecraft 18:4 (2007)
Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance that Lost its Way: A Critical Report on the
Alliance for Progress (1970), [HC125 L66],
Albert L Michaels, “The Alliance for Progress and Chile’s ‘Revolution in Liberty,’ 1964-1970”,
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 18:1 (1976)
Amy C. Offner, Sorting Out the Mixed Economy: The Rise and Fall of Welfare and
Developmental States in the Americas (2019)
Amy C. Offner, 'Homeownership and Social Welfare in the Americas: Ciudad Kennedy as a
Midcentury Crossroads’ in Making Cities Global: the transnational turn in
urban history eds. A K. Sandoval-Strausz; Nancy Kwak (2018)
Stephen Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts
Communist Revolution in Latin America (1999), [CC F1418 R11]
Jeffrey F. Taffet, Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America
(2007) [HC125 T12]
Christy Thornton, ‘“Mexico Has the Theories”” Latin America and the Interwar Origins of
Development’ in The Development Century: A Global History eds Stephen J. Mace
and Erez Manela (2018): 263-282
Kirk Tyvela, ‘“A Slight but Salutary Case of the Jitters””: The Kennedy Administration and the
Alliance for Progress in Paraguay,’ Diplomacy & Statecraft 22:2 (2011): 300-20

21
Vietnam:
Mark Philip Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America: The Making of Postcolonial Vietnam,
1919-1950 (2000) DS556.8 B81
James Carter, Inventing Vietnam: The United States and State Building, 1954-1968 (2008) –
ch.5 ONLINE
Philip E. Catton, ‘Counter-Insurgency and Nation Building: The Strategic Hamlet Programme
in South Vietnam, 1961-1963’, The International History Review 21:4 (1999): 918-
940.
Nick Cullather, “Miracles of Modernization: The Green Revolution and the Apotheosis of
Technology” Diplomatic History 28:4 (2004)
Nick Cullather, The Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia
(Cambridge MA, 2010) HD2056.Z8 C96
David Ekbladh, The Great American Mission: Modernization and the Construction of an
American World Order (2010) – ch.6 HC110.E44 E31
Jessica Elkind, Aid Under Fire: Nation Building and the Vietnam War (2016) ch. 3
Christopher Fisher, “The Illusion of Progress: CORDS and the Crisis of Modernization in
South Vietnam, 1965-1968” Pacific Historical Review 75: 1 (1996)
Hannah Gurman, ‘Vietnam—Uprooting the Revolution: Counterinsurgency in Vietnam’
in Hearts and Minds: A People’s History of Counterinsurgency ed. Hannah
Gurman (2013): 77-103
Michael E. Latham, “Redirecting the Revolution? The USA and the Failure of Nation-Building
in South Vietnam” Third World Quarterly 27:1 (2006)
Edward Miller, Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States and the Fate of South Vietnam
(2013) ONLINE
Joseph Zasloff, ‘Rural Resettlement in South Viet Nam: The Agroville Program,’ Pacific
Affairs 35: 4 (1962-63): 327-340.

Week 3: Revolutionary Development in Latin America

Discussion questions

What was revolutionary about the Velasco government’s approach to development?

How did Chileans envisage revolutionary development during the Unidad Popular years?

Why was land reform such an important part of revolutionary development in Latin
America? Discuss in reference to Chile AND/OR Peru.

What constraints on revolutionary development existed in Chile AND/OR Peru and could
they have been avoided?

Class Reading

22
Albertus, Michael, ‘Explaining Patterns of Redistribution under Autocracy. The Case of Peru’s
Revolution from Above’, Latin American Research Review 50:2 (2015): 107-134.
Wright, Thomas C., Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution (Greenwood, 2000),
chap. 7, pp. 111-127. Ebook.
Frens-String, Joshua, ‘A “popular option” for development? Reconsidering the rise and fall of
Chile’s political economy of socialism’ Radical Americas 6:1 (2021)
Schlotterbeck, Marian, ‘“A new power structure will be built from the grassroots’: The
challenge of radical democracy in Allende’s Chile’ Radical Americas 6:1 (2021)

Primary Sources
Allende, Salvador, “Speech to the United Nations (excerpts)” 4 December 1972. Online at:
https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1972/december/04.htm
[Watch extract at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQfC4lCqGqA]
Starn, Orin, Robin Kirk, Carlos Iván Degregori (eds), The Peru Reader: History, Culture,
Politics 2nd ed. (Duke University Press, 2005), pp. 269-295. Ebook.

Essay Reading

Peru
Aguirre, Carlos and Paulo Drinot, The Peculiar Revolution: Rethinking the Peruvian
Experiment under Military Rule (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017). Ebook.
Barreto Velázquez, Norberto, ‘The United States Congress and the Peruvian Revolution,
1968-1975’, Historia Crítica 67 (2018): 89-109.
Brands, Hal, ‘The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968-1975’, Diplomacy and
Statecraft, 21:3 (2010): 471-90.
Cant, Anna, ‘“Land for Those Who Work It”” A Visual Analysis of Agrarian Reform Posters in
Velasco’s Peru’, Journal of Latin American Studies 44:1 (2012): 1-37.
Cant, Anna, Land Without Masters: Agrarian Reform and Political Change under Peru’s
Military Government (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021), chap. 4 pp. 104-141.
Ebook.
Hobsbawm, Eric, Viva la Revolución: Hobsbawm on Latin America (Little, Brown, 2018),
chap. 26, pp. 334 – 361.
Lowenthal, Abraham F. (ed.), The Peruvian Experiment: Continuity and Change under
Military Rule (Princeton; London: Princeton University Press, 1976).
Mayer, Enrique, Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform (Durham: Duke University
Press, 2009). Ebook.
Masterson, Daniel M., Militarism and Politics in Latin America: Peru from Sánchez Cerro to
Sendero Luminoso (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991).
Philip, George, ‘Nationalism and the Rise of Peru’s General Velasco’, Bulletin of Latin
American Research 32:3 (2013): 279-293.
Philip, George, Oil and Politics in Latin America: Nationalist Movements and State
Companies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Rice, Mark, Making Machu Picchu: the Politics of Tourism in Twentieth-century Peru (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018). Ebook.
Seligmann, Linda., Between Reform and Revolution: Political struggles in the Peruvian Andes,
1969-1991 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).

23
Walter, Richard J., Peru and the United States, 1960-1975: How their ambassadors managed
foreign relations in a turbulent era (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010).

Chile
Angell, Alan, ‘Social Class and Popular Mobilisation in Chile: 1970-1973” A Contracorriente 7
(2010), pp.1-51
Bermeo, Nancy, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of
Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), chap.5 pp.138-176
Debray, Régis, Conversations with Allende: Socialism in Chile (London: 1971)
Figueroa-Clark, Victor, Salvador Allende: Revolutionary Democracy (London: Pluto Press,
2013), chaps.6-7 pp..88-114
Frens-String, Joshua, Hungry for Revolution: The Politics of Food and the Making of Modern
Chile (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2021), chaps. 5-6 pp.121-164
Kedar, Claudia, ‘Salvador Allende and the International Monetary Fund, 1970-1973’ Journal
of Latin American Studies 47:4 (2015) pp. 717-747
Marchesi, Aldo, Latin America’s Radical Left: Rebellion and Cold War in the Global 1960s
(Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), chap.3 pp. 101-146
(especially pp 111-120)
Pairicain, Fernando and Urrutia, Marie Juliette, “The permanent rebellion: An interpretation
of Mapuche uprisings under Chilean colonialism” Radical Americas 6:1 (2021)
Petras, James F., and Hugo Zemelman merino, Peasants in Revolt: A Chilean Case Study,
1965-1971 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972)
Pieper Mooney, Jadwiga E., The Politics of Motherhood: Maternity and Women’s Rights in
Twentieth-Century Chile (Pittsburge, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008), chap. 5
pp.102-133
Robles-Ortiz, Claudio, ‘Revolution from below in Panguipulli: Agrarian reform and political
conflict under the Popular Unity in Chile’ Journal of Agrarian Change 18 (2018), pp. 606-
631
Schlotterbeck, Marian E., Beyond the Vanguard: Everyday Revolutionaries in Allende’s Chile
(Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018)
Tinsman, Heidi, Partners in Conflict: The Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Labor in the
Chilean Agrarian Revolution, 1950-1983 (2002)
Vergara, Angela. Copper Workers, International Business, and Domestic Politics in Cold War
Chile (2008)
Winn, Peter, ‘Living the Chilean Revolution: Industrial Workers in Allende’s Chile’ Radical
History Review 2016:124 (2016)
Wright, Thomas C., Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution (Greenwood, 2000),
chap. 8, pp. 128-148. Ebook

Week 4: The NIEO, the Debt Crisis and Neoliberalism in Latin America

Why and with consequences did the Third World’s ‘New International Economic Order’ fail
to achieve its goals?

Why and with what consequences did Latin America suffer from a debt crisis in the 1980s?

24
Evaluate the impact of neoliberal solutions for development on the global South since the
1980s.

Class Reading

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (2015), Chapter 13 [D443 I61] ONLINE

Rosemary Thorp, Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in

the 20th Century (1998) ch.7 (please note this book is available on open access at
https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/16284/progress-poverty-and-exclusion-economic-
history-latin-america-20th-century

Francisco Panizza, Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy Beyond the

Washington Consensus (2009) ch.6

Nils Gilman, ‘The New International Economic Order: A Reintroduction’, Humanity, 2015
ONLINE

Essay Reading:
Ha-Joon Chang, ‘Kicking Away the Ladder’, FPIF Special Report, August 2003,
http://www.ilocarib.org.tt/trade/documents/economic_policies/SRtrade2003.pdf
S.C. Chew & R.A. Denmark (eds.), The Underdevelopment of Development (1996)
[CC HC59.7 U51]
L. Fawcett & Y. Sayigh (eds) The Third World beyond the Cold War (1999) ONLINE
* D.K. Fieldhouse, The West and the Third World (1999) [CC HF1359 F45]
Philip Golub, ‘From the New International Economic Order to the G20: how the "global
South" is restructuring capitalism from within’, Third World Quarterly Vol 34 (2013),
issue 6.
David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (2005) [HD87 H34 & E-BOOK]
Humanity special edition on NIEO 2015, http://humanityjournal.org/issue-6-1/
D. Kingsbury, J. Remenyi, J. McKay & J. Hunt, Key Issues in Development (2004) HC59.7 K41
D. Kitching, Development and Underdevelopment in Historical Perspective (1982) [CC HD82
K61]
S. Krasner, Structural Conflict: The Third World against Global Liberalism (1985) [HF1413
K81]
* Joseph L Love, ‘Economic ideas and ideologies in Latin America since 1930’ in Cambridge
N. Murphy, “What the Third World Wants: An Interpretation of the Development and
Meaning of the New International Economic Order Ideology”, International Studies
Quarterly, vo.27, no.1 (March 1983) ONLINE
B.D Nossiter, The Global Struggle for More: Third World Conflicts and Rich Nations (1987),
[HC59.7N89], chapter 1 E-PACK
T.C. Patterson, Change and Development in the Twentieth Century (1999) [HM101 P31]
V. Randall & R. Theobald, Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to
Third World Politics (1998) [CC HC59.7 R18]
* Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: from Western Origins to Global Faith (2002) –
ch.9 HD78 R59

25
A Roberts & B. Kingsbury (eds.), United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Role in
International Relations (1993) [CC JX1977 U51]
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1962) [CC
HB199 R83]
Ian Roxborough, Theories of Underdevelopment (1979) [CC HC59.7 R88]
T. Szentes, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment [CC HD82 S99]
R. Solomon, The Transformation of the World Economy (1999) [HC59 S68]
M. Williams, Third World Cooperation: The Group of 77 in UNCTAD (1991) [HA413 W72

Latin America
Lars Anell and Birgitta Nygren, The Developing Countries and the World Economic
Order (2013), especially ch.2
Rosalind Bresnahan, ‘Chile since 1990: The Contradictions of Neoliberal Democratization’,
Latin American Perspectives, 3:3 (2003)
John Brohman, ‘Universalism, Eurocentrism, and Ideological Bias in Development Studies:
From Modernisation to Neoliberalism’, Third World Quarterly 16:1 (1995)
Roland Burke, "Some Rights Are More Equal than Others: The Third World and the
Transformation of Economic and Social Rights," Humanity 3:3 (2012)
Julie Cupples; Irving Larios, ‘A Functional Anarchy: Love, Patriotism and Resistance to Free
Trade in Costa Rica,’ Latin American Perspectives (2010) 37(6): 93-108.
Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence, (2003),
[CC HC123 B93] chapter 11 ONLINE
Russell Crandall, The United States and Latin America after the Cold War (2008) [CC F1418
C89], ch. 5
Robert Devlin, Debt and Crisis in Latin America: The Supply Side of the Story (1989)
A Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third
World (1995) [HD75 E81]
Andre Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (1996) [CC HC125 F82]
Alma Guillermoprieto, In Search of History (2002) - ’The peso’, pp.275-85
* Joseph L Love, “Economic ideas and ideologies in Latin America since 1930”
in Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume VI, Part I, [CC] F1410 C17
Joseph Love, ’The Origins of Dependency Analysis’, Journal of Latin American Studies Vol 22
(1990): 143-168
* Victor McFarland, ’The New International Economic Order, Interdependence, and
Globalization’, Humanity: An International Journal of Human
Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 6(1) (Spring 2015)
Kevin Middlebrook and Carlos Rico (eds), The United States and Latin America in the
1980s (1988), ch.2.
* Jorge Nef, “The Chilean Model: Fact and Fiction”, Latin American Perspectives, vol.3, no.3
(2003)
Joseph Stiglitz and Daniel Heyman, Life after Debt: The Origins and Resolutions of Debt
Crises (2014)
Christy Thornton: “A Mexican International Economic Order? Tracing the Hidden Roots of
the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States” Humanity 9:3 (2018):389-421
Eduardo Wiesner, ‘Domestic and external causes of the Latin American debt crisis’, Finance
and Development 1985, Vol 22 (1)
Edwin Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America (2009) [CC F1410 W73] – ch.16 

26
Week 5: Henry Kissinger and the Third World

Discussion topics

To what extent did the Nixon Doctrine represent US retrenchment from the Third World?

How did the ‘human rights revolution’ of the 1970s impact American foreign policy in the
Third World?

To what extent was the United States ‘in opposition’ to the Third World in the 1970s?

Class Readings

Barbara J. Keys, ‘Congress, Kissinger, and the Origins of Human Rights Diplomacy,’
Diplomatic History, 34/5 (2010), pp. 823-851.

Jeffrey Kimball, ‘The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding,’ Presidential Studies

Quarterly, 36/1 (2006), pp. 59-74.

Daniel J. Sargent, A Superpower Transformed: The Remaking of American Foreign Relations

in the 1970s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), Chapter 6, pp. 165-196.

Essay Readings

Roham Alvandi, Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Gary J. Bass, The Blood Telegram: India’s Secret War in East Pakistan (New York: Random
House, 2013).

Robert K. Brigham, Reckless: Henry Kissinger and the Tragedy of Vietnam (New York:
PublicAffairs, 2018).

Patrick Chung, The “Pictures in Our Heads”: Journalists, Human Rights, and U.S.–South
Korean Relations, 1970–1976, Diplomatic History, 38/5 (2014), pp. 1136–1155,

Christopher R. W. Dietrich, ‘Oil Power and Economic Theologies: The United States and the
Third World in the Wake of the Energy Crisis,’ Diplomatic History, 40/3 (2016), pp. 500-529.

Niall Ferguson, ‘The Meaning of Kissinger: A Realist Reconsidered,’ Foreign Affairs, 94/5
(2015), pp. 134-143.

Jussi M. Hanhimäki, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2004)

27
Tanya Harmer, ‘Brazil's Cold War in the Southern Cone, 1970–1975,’ Cold War History, 12/4
(2012), 659-681,

Tanya Harmer, ‘Fractious Allies: Chile, the United States, and the Cold War, 1973–76,’
Diplomatic History, 37/1 (2013), pp. 109-143.

Patrick William Kelly, Sovereign Emergencies: Latin America and the Making of Global
Human Rights Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).

Barbara J. Keys, ‘Henry Kissinger: The Emotional Statesman,’ Diplomatic History, 35/4
(2011), pp. 587-609.

Barbara J. Keys, Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).

Noam Kochavi, Nixon and Israel: Forging a Conservative Partnership (Albany: SUNY Press,
2009).

Robert S. Litwak, Detente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of
Stability; 1969 - 1976 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Frederick Logevall and Andrew Preston (eds.), Nixon in the World: American Foreign
Relations, 1969-1977 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)

Victor McFarland, Oil Powers: A History of the US-Saudi Alliance (New York: Columbia
University Press, 2021).

Joo-Hong Nam, America’s Commitment to South Korea: The First Decade of the Nixon
Doctrine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)

Victor McFarland, ‘The New International Economic Order, Interdependence, and

Globalization,’ Humanity, 6/1 (2015), pp. 217-233.

Tiago Moreira de Sá, ‘“The World Was Not Turning in Their Direction”: The United States
and the Decolonization of Angola,’ Journal of Cold War Studies, 21/1 (2019), pp. 52-65.

David F. Schmitz, The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Brad Simpson, ‘“Illegally and Beautifully”: The United States, the Indonesian Invasion of East
Timor and the International Community, 1974-76,’ Cold War History, 5:3 (2005), pp. 281-
315.

William Michael Schmidli, ‘Human Rights and the Cold War: The Campaign to Halt the
Argentine ‘Dirty War’,’ Cold War History, 12:2 (2012), pp. 345-365.

28
Thomas A. Schwartz, ‘Henry Kissinger: Realism, Domestic Politics, and the Struggle Against
Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy,’ Diplomacy & Statecraft, 22/1 (2011), pp. 121-
141.

Sarah B. Snyder, ‘“A Call for U.S. Leadership”: Congressional Activism on Human Rights,’
Diplomatic History, 37/2 (2013), pp, 372-397.

Sarah B. Snyder, From Selma to Moscow: How Human Rights Activists Transformed U.S.
Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).

Robert L. Stevenson, ‘U.S. African Policy Under Henry Kissinger,’ in The African Foreign Policy
of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger: A Documentary Analysis, eds. Hans Walton Jr., Robert
L. Stevenson, and James B. Rosser (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007), pp. 83-94.

Jeremi Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 2007).

Umberto Tulli, ‘‘Whose Rights are Human Rights?’ The Ambiguous Emergence of Human
Rights and the Demise of Kissingerism,’ Cold War History, 12/4 (2012), pp. 573-593.

Geoffrey Warner, ‘Nixon, Kissinger, and the Breakup of Pakistan, 1971,’ International Affairs,
81/5 (2005), pp. 1097-1118.

WEEK 6 – READING WEEK

Week 7: (Mis)Reading the Iranian Revolution

Discussion Topics

To what extent was the Iranian Revolution an ‘Islamic’ revolution?

To what extent was the Iranian Revolution an ‘anti-imperial’ revolution?

How did Fred Halliday, Michel Foucault and Edward Said read or misread the Iranian
Revolution?

Class Reading:

Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the
Seductions of Islamism (Chicago: The University Press of Chicago, 2005), Chapter 3, pp. 69-
105.

Michael Axworthy, Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2013), Chapter 3, pp. 133-186.

29
Claudia Castiglioni, ‘“Anti-Imperialism of Fools”? The European Intellectual Left and the
Iranian Revolution,’ in The Age of Aryamehr: Late Pahlavi Iran and its Global Entanglements,
ed. Roham Alvandi (London: Gingko Library, 2018), pp. 220-259.

David Zarnett, ‘Edward Said and the Iranian Revolution,’ Democratiya, 9 (2007), pp. 43-53.

Essay Reading

The Fall of the Shah and the Revolution

Ervand Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions (1982). [cc] DS316.6 A15
Jahangir Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis’ Triumph and
Tragedy (1991). DS316.32 A52
Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi, ‘The state, classes and modes of mobilization in the Iranian
Revolution’, State, Culture and Society, 1/3 (1983), pp. 3-39. ONLINE
N.J. Ashton, & B. Gibson (eds.) The Iran-Iraq War: New International Perspectives (2013)
Houchang E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: the Liberation Movement of
Iran under the Shah and Khomeini (1990). DS318.825 C51
Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (2003). [cc]
BP192.7.I68 F52
Fred Halliday, ‘The Genesis of the Iranian Revolution’, Third World Quarterly, 1/4 (1979),
pp. 1-16. Available electronically on Moodle
Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: despotism and pseudo-modernism,
1926-1979 (1981). [cc] DS318 K11
Farhad Kazemi, ‘Models of Iranian Politics: the road to the Islamic revolution, and the
challenge of civil society’, World Politics, 47/4 (1995), pp. 555-574.
Nikki R. Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Updated Edition (2006).
[cc] DS316.3 K21
Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (2004). DS318.8 K91
Robert Looney, Economic Origins of the Iranian Revolution (1982). HC475 L86
Afshin Matin-Asghari, Iranian Student Opposition to the Shah (2002). LA1353.7 M43
Mansoor Moaddel, Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution (1993).
[cc] DS318.81 M28
Misagh Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (1989). [cc] DS316.6 P26
Marvin Zonis, Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah (1991). DS318 Z81

The Revolutionary State

Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (1989). DS318.825 A15
Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: the Islamic revolution in Iran (1988)
DS316.6 A71
Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (1985)[cc]
DS318.8 B18
Maziar Behrooz, Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran (1999). DS316.6 B41

30
Christopher de Bellaigue, In the Rose Garden of the Martyrs: A Memoir of Iran (2004).
DS259.2 D28
Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism
(1996). DS316.4 B73
Houchang E. Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 years (2006).
DS274.2.L4 C51
Stephanie Cronin (ed.), Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on
the Iranian Left (2004). DS316.3 R33
Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (1982). [cc] BP173.7 E51
Ali Gheissari, Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century (1998). [cc] DS266 G41
Homa Katouzian, The Persians: ancient, mediaeval and modern Iran (2009). [cc] DS272 K11
Farhad Kazemi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran (1980) HB2096.4 K21
Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran, Second
Edition (2003) DS313 M38
Mohsen Milani, The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic,
(1994) [cc] DS318 M63
Baqer Moin, Khomeini: The Life of the Ayatollah (1999). [cc] DS318.84.K48 M65
Roy P. Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (1986). [cc]
DS266 M92
Ali Rahnema, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari`ati (1998). BP80.S R14
Barry M. Rosen (ed.), Iran since the Revolution: Internal Dynamics, Regional Conflict, and the
Superpowers (1985) DS318.8 I61

International Perspectives
James G. Blight et al., Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-
1988 (2012) E183.8.I55 B39
Shahram Chubin and Charles Tripp, Iran and Iraq at War (1988). [cc] DS318.8 C55
Christian Emery, US Foreign Policy and the Iranian Revolution: The Cold War Dynamics of
Engagement and Strategic Alliance (2013). E183.8.I55 E51
John L. Esposito (ed.), The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact (1990). [cc] DS35.74.I7 I61
Shireen T. Hunter, Iran and the World: Continuity in a Revolutionary Decade (1990).
DS318.83 H94
Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski (eds.), Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union
and the United States (1990). JX1391 B52
Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret dealings of Israel, Iran, and the U.S. (2007). [cc]
DS274.2.I75 P26 & available as an e-book
Lawrence G. Potter and Gary Sick (eds.), Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War (2004).
DS318.85 I61

Essay Reading (The Left and the Iranian Revolution):

Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar, ‘Causes of the US Hostage Crisis in Iran: The Untold Account
of the Communist Threat,’ Security Studies, 26/4 (2017), pp. 665-697.

31
Michael Cox, ‘Fred Halliday, Marxism and the Cold War,’ International Affairs, 87/5 (2011),
pp. 1107–1122.

Jeremy Friedman, ‘The Enemy of My Enemy: The Soviet Union, East Germany, and the
Iranian Tudeh Party’s Support for Ayatollah Khomeini,’ Journal of Cold War
Studies, 20/2 (2018), pp. 3-37.

Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi, Foucault in Iran: Islamic Revolution after the Enlightenment

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016).

David Greason, ‘Embracing Death: The Western Left and the Iranian Revolution, 1978-83,’
Economy and Society, 34/1 (2005), pp. 105-140.

Fred Halliday, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, 2nd ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1979).

Fred Halliday, ‘The Iranian Left in International Perspective’ in Reformers and

Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left, ed. Stephanie Cronin
(London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 19–36.

George Lawson, ‘Halliday’s Revenge: Revolutions and International Relations,’ International

Affairs, 87/5 (2011), pp. 1067–1085.

Michiel Leezenberg, ‘Power and Political Spirituality: Michel Foucault on the Islamic
Revolution in Iran,’ in Michel Foucault and Theology: The Politics of Religious Experience
(London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 72-89.

Mohsen Milani, ‘Harvest of Shame: Tudeh and the Bazargan Government’, Middle Eastern
Studies, 29/2 (1993), pp. 307-320.

Val Moghadam, ‘Socialism or Anti-Imperialism? The Left and Revolution in Iran,’ New Left
Review, I/166 (1987), pp. 5-28.

Edward W. Said, Covering Islam: how the media and the experts determine how we see the
rest of the world (New York: Pantheon Book, 1981).

Edward W. Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985)

Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994)

Rosemarie Scullion, ‘Michel Foucault the Orientalist: On Revolutionary Iran and the “Spirit of
Islam”,’ South Central Review, 12/2 (1995), pp. 16-40.

Hammed Shahidian, “The Iranian Left and the ‘Woman Question’ in the Revolution of 1978-
79,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26/2 (1994), pp. 223-247.

32
George L. Simpson,, ‘Seeking Gandhi, Finding Khomeini: How America Failed to Understand
the Nature of the Religious Opposition of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the Iranian
Revolution,’ The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 8/3 (2017), pp. 233-255.

Theda Skocpol, ‘Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution,’ Theory and Society,
11/3 (1982), pp. 265-283.

Week 8: The Developmental State in East: Asia: Japan, Korea and Taiwan since 1945

Account for the rise of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan as economic powerhouses in the
postwar period.

Why did Japan not re-establish itself as a strategic Great Power during the Cold War era?

‘The “developmental state” model of economic development was unique to East Asia.’
Discuss.

Class Reading

Alice Amsden, 'The State and Taiwan's Economic Development', in P. Evans et al (eds),
Bringing the State Back In (CUP, 1985) [H97 B85] ONLINE

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (London, 2015), Chapter 14 [D443 I61] ONLINE

A. Forsberg, America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan’s Postwar
Economic Revival (2000) [HF3127.F67] Chapter 1 ONLINE

Laura Hein, 'Free-Floating Anxieties on the Pacific: Japan and the West Revisited', Diplomatic
History, 1996

Chalmer Johnson, ‘The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept’, in M. Woo-Cumings

(ed.), The Developmental State (1999) [CC HD75 D48] ONLINE

Essay Reading

A Alexander, The Arc of Japan’s Economic Development (2007) HC426.7

A.H. Amsden, Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (1989) [HC467 A52]
A Best, ‘Japan and the Cold War: An Overview’, in R. Immerman & P. Goedde (eds), The
Oxford Handbook of the Cold War (2013) [D843 O91]
W. Borden, The Pacific Alliance: United States Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery,
1947-1955 (1984) [CC HF1456.5 J3 B72]
R. Buckley, US-Japan Alliance Diplomacy, 1945-1990 (1992) [CC E183.8.J3 B92]
K. Cooney, Japan’s Foreign Policy since 1945 (2006)
J. Copper, Taiwan: Nation-State or Province? (1999) [DS799 C78]
B. Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History (1997) [CC DS917 C96]

33
J. Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954
(1979) [CC DS890.Y6 D74]
T. Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (1986) [HC430.5 G61]
L. Hein, ‘In Search of Peace and Democracy: Japanese Economic Debate in Political Context',
Journal of Asian Studies, 1994
C. Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1976
(1982) [CC HC462.9 J61]
C. Johnson, Japan - Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State (1995)
[CC HC462.9 J61]
Nick Kapur, ‘Mending the “Broken Dialogue”: U.S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy in the
Aftermath of the 1960 Security Treaty Crisis’, Diplomatic History, 2017
T. Kataoka, The Price of a Constitution: The Origin of Japan's Postwar Political System (1992)
[CC JQ1611 K11]
D. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (1997) [DS922.2 O11]
K Pyle, The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in a New Era (1992) [DS889 P99]
K. Pyle, Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose (2007)
M. Rubinstein, Taiwan: A New History (1999) [DS799.5 TI3]
H. Sasada, The Evolution of the Japanese Developmental State: Institutions Locked in by
Ideas (2012) HC462.9 S25
M. Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia [CC
E183.8.J3 S29]
D.B. Smith, Japan Since 1945: The Rise of an Economic Superpower (1995) [HC462.9 S64]
J.A. Stockwin, Governing Japan: Divided Politics in a Major Economy (1999) [DS889 S87]
N. Tucker, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States 1945-1992 (1994) [E183.8.T3 T89]
T. Uchino, Japan’s Postwar Economy: An Insider’s View of Its History and Future (1983)
[HC462.9 U11]
A Watanabe (ed.), The Prime Ministers of Postwar Japan, 1945-1995 (2016)
J. Welfield, Empire in Eclipse: Japan in the Postwar American Alliance System (1988) [CC
DS889.5 W44]
M. Woo-Cumings (ed.), The Developmental State (1999) [CC HD75 D48]
K. Yutaka, The Era of High-Speed Growth: Notes on the Postwar Japanese Economy (1986)
[HC462 K81]

Week 9: Modernising China: The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution
and the Four Modernisations 1949-99

Account for Mao’s rejection of the Soviet model of development.

Assess Mao Zedong’s contribution to China’s modernization between 1949 and his death
in 1976.

‘Deng Xiaoping is the founder of modern China, not Mao Zedong.’ Discuss.

Class Reading

34
A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth
Century (London, 2015), Chapter 15 [D443 I61] ONLINE

K. Lieberhal, ‘The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yan’an Leadership, 1958-65’ in
R. MacFarquhar (ed.), The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (1993) [DS777.75 P76]
ONLINE

E.E. Moise, Modern China: A History (1994) [CC DS774 M71] Chapter 9 ONLINE

J. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1990) [CC DS735 S7] Chapter 22

Essay Reading
R. Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (1994)
[CC DS779.26 B34]
G. Chang, Friends and Enemies. The United States, China and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972
(1992) [CC E183.8.C6 C45]
R. Foot, The Practice of Power: American Relations With China Since 1949 (1995)
[CC E183.8.C5 F86]
J. Garver, The Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China (1993) [CC DS777.8 G24]
D.S.G. Goodman, Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution (1994) [DS778.T39 G65]
J. Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions: China From the 1800s to the 1980s (1990)
[CC DS754 G77]
H. Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (1992)
[E183.8.C5 H20]
R.C. Keith, The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai (1989) [CC DS777.8 K21]
D. Lary, China’s Republic (2007) [DS774 L33]
A. Lawrence (ed.), China since 1919 – Revolution and Reform (2003) [DS773 C54]
R. MacFarquhar (ed.), The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (1993) [DS777.75 P76]
R. MacFarquhar & M. Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (2008) [DS778.7 M14]
E.E. Moise, Modern China: A History (1994) [CC DS774 M71]
A.J. Nathan & R.S. Ross, The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China’s Search for Security
(1997) [CC UA835 N27]
M. Schoenhals, China’s Cultural Revolution, 1960-1969: Not a Dinner Party (1996)
S. Schram, The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung (1989) [CC DS778.M3 S37]
G Segal, The Great Power Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Washington (1982) [CC D843 S45]
J. Spence, The Search for Modern China (1990) [CC DS735 S7]
J. Spence, Mao Zedong (1999) [DS778.M3 S74]
R. Thaxton, Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist
Revolution in China (1997) [HX417.5 T36]
A.G. Walder, China under Mao: A Revolution Derailed (Cambridge Mass, 2015)
A Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides: Chinese Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Cultural
Revolution (1987) [CC DS777.8 W39]

Week 10: The Challenge to the African State: The 1994 Rwandan genocide

35
‘The Rwandan genocide in 1994 was an inevitable consequence of racial rule.’ Discuss.

The colonial legacy has been unfairly blamed for the 1994 genocide. What lessons does
Rwanda hold for the challenges facing  post-colonial states in Africa?

Class reading:

A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth

Century (London, 2015), Chapter 17 [D443 I61] ONLINE

Agnes Callamard,‘French policy in Rwanda’ in H Adelman & Astri Suhike (eds) The Path of
Genocide (1999) E-PACK

R. Dallaire & B. Beardsley, B, (2005) "Chapter 13: Accountants of the Slaughter" from
Dallaire, R and Beardsley, B, Shake Hands with the Devil (2005) E-PACK

R.Alder, 'Transforming men into killers: attitudes leading to hands on violence in the 1994
Rwandan genocide', Global Public Health, 22, 3 (2008) ONLINE

Essay Reading
M Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The UN and Rwanda (2003) ONLINE
D Birmingham & P. Martin (eds) History of Central Africa vol 2 (1983) [DT352.5 H67]
[esp ch by Jean Luc Vellut] and History of Central Africa vol 3 (1998)
M. Chossudovsky, The Globalism of Poverty: The Impact of IMF and World Bank
Reforms (1997) ch on Rwanda [HG3881.5.I58 C55]
B. Davidson, The Black Man’s Burden (1992) ch4 [JC319 D25]
L de la Gorgendiere et al (eds), Ethnicity in Africa (1996) [DT15 E81]
J. Fairhead, ‘Demographic issues in the Great Lakes Region’ in Save the Children
(ed) The Crisis of the Great Lakes (1997)
P. Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our
Families (1998) [DT450. 435 G71]
J Iliffe, Africans: History of a Continent (1995) ch 11 ONLINE
R Lemarchand, Rwanda and Burundi (1970) [DT450.28 L54]
R. Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (1994)
M. Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nationalism and
Genocide in Rwanda (2001) DT450.435 P87
L. R. Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide (2000)
[DT450.453 M53]
J. Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda (2002) [DT450.435 P87]
G Prunier, The Rwandan Crisis, 1959-94: The History of a Genocide (1993)
[DT450.433 P97]
G Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis (2nd edn, 1996) [DT450.435 P97]
Tharcisse Seminega, No Greater Love: How My Family Survived Genocide in Rwanda (2019)
A Wallis, Silent Accomplice: the untold story of France's role in Rwanda (2006) ONLINE
C Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (1994) [JV246 Y61]

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Week 11: "Long walk to freedom": The rise & fall of apartheid South Africa

Why was white minority rule able to survive so long?

‘For Apartheid to end, the Cold War had to end first.’ Discuss.

Assess the contribution of the ANC and Nelson Mandela to the end of apartheid.

Class Reading
A. Best, J. Hanhimaki, J. Maiolo & K. Schulze, An International History of the Twentieth
Century (London, 2015), Chapter 17 [D443 I61] ONLINE

J Iliffe, Africans: the history of a continent (CUP: latest edn) ch12. ‘Industrialisation and Race
in South Africa’ - ONLINE

T Mol, ‘Did the Apartheid Economy Fail?’ Journal of Southern African Studies, (1991) –
ONLINE

S. Marks, ‘Southern Africa’ in J. Brown & W.R. Louis (eds), The Oxford History of
the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, (1999) [CC DA16 O91] - ONLINE

P Maylam, ‘The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid’, African Affairs, (1990) - ONLINE

P. Gready, 'Medical complicity in human rights abuses: district surgeons in apartheid South
Africa', Journal of Human Rights, 6, 4 (2007) ONLINE

Essay Reading
J. Barber, South Africa in the Twentieth Century, (1999) [DT1945 B23]
J. Barber & J. Barrett, South Africa’s Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945-
1988 (Cambridge, 1990) [DT779.9 B23]
W. Beinart, Twentieth Century South Africa (2001) [CC DT1924 B542]
Antony Butler, Cyril Ramaphosa: The Road to Presidential Power (Jacana Media, South Africa
latest edn)
J C & P Caldwell, ‘The South African fertility decline’ Population and Development Review 19
` (1993)
K. Campbell, Soviet Policy towards South Africa (1986) [DK9.4.S6 C18]
C Coker, NATO, the Warsaw Pact and Africa (1985) [CC DT31 C68]
T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History (2000) [DT766 D24]
T.R.H. Davenport, The Birth of a New South Africa (1998) [DT1974 D24]
FW De Klerk, The Last Trek: A New Beginning (1998) [DT194.D4 SD32]
S. Dubow, Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid (1989) [DT763 D52]
B. Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa (1988) [CC DT28 F88]
H Giliomee, The Afrikaners (2003) esp chs 13-17 [BLI99185 0657149]
Adrian Guelke, Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid: South Africa and World Politics
(Rethinking the Twentieth Century) (2004)
Ryan Irwin, 'A Wind of Change? White Redoubt and the Postcolonial Moment, 1960-63',

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 Diplomatic History, vol 33, no. 5, (2009) 
Ryan Irwin, Gordian Knot: Apartheid and the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order (2012) 
e-book.
L. Kaempfer, The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid (1998) [CC DT1757 L91]
N Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1995 edn) [DT1949.M35 M27]
Jamie Miller, 'Things Fall Apart: South Africa and the Collapse of the Portuguese Empire,
1973-74', Cold War History, vol. 11, no. 2 (2012)
A Posel, The Making of Apartheid 1948-1961: Conflict and Compromise (1991) [DT1757 P85]
James Saunders, Apartheid's Friends: The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Service (2006)
N. Worden, The Making of Modern South Africa (1994) [CC DT1787 W92]
Mark Mathabane, Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid
South Africa (2006)
Hennie Van Vouren, Apartheid, Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit (2018)

SUMMER TERM

Week 1

Lecture – Revision session

Class – Revision and handing in of mock exam

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