Termodinámica Química Aplicada

Problemas selectos que se deben deben resolver y entregar al final del semestre para
poder aspirar a una calificación aprobatoria

1. The following table lists temperatures and specific volumes of water vapor at two
pressures:
p = 0.1 MPa p = 0.12 MPa
T (°C) v (m3/kg) T (°C) v (m3/kg)

200 2.172 200 1.808

240 2.359 240 1.965

280 2.546 280 2.120

Using the data provided here, estimate:

a. The specific volume, in m3/kg, at T = 200°C, p = 0.113 Mpa
b. The temperature, in °C, at p = 0.12 Mpa, v = 1.85 m3/kg
c. The temperature, in K, at p = 0.11 Mpa, v = 2.20 m3/kg

2. A manometer is attached to a tank of gas in which the pressure is greater than that of
the surroundings. The manometer liquid is mercury, with a density of 13.59 g/cm3.
The difference in mercury levels in the manometer is 2 cm. The acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.81 m/s2. The atmospheric pressure is 93.0 kPa. Calculate in kPa:
a. The gage pressure of the gas.
b. The absolute pressure of the gas.

3. The absolute pressure inside a tank is 0.2 bar, and the surroundings atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa. What reading would a Bourdon gage mounted in the tank will
give, in kPa? Is this a gage or vacuum reading?

4. Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of H2O at the following

conditions and sketch p –v and T – v diagrams showing the location of each state.
a. p = 5 bars, T = 151.9°C.
b. p = 5 bars, T = 200°C.
c. T = 200°C p = 2.5 Mpa.
d. T = 160°C p = 4.8 bars.
e. T = -12°C p = 1 bar.

5. Water undergoes an isothermal process from saturated vapor at 400°F to a final

specific volume of 4.5 ft3/lb. Determine the final pressure, in lbf/in2, and sketch
the process on p –v and T – v diagrams.

1
6. A gas undergoes three processes in series that complete a cycle:
Process 1-2: compression from p1 = 10 lbf/in2, V1 = 4.0 ft3 to p2 = 50 lbf/in2
during which the pressure-volume relationship is pv = constant.
Process 2-3: constant volume to p3 = p1.
Process 3-1: constant pressure.
Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram and determine the net work for the cycle,
in Btu. Wneto = - 5.997 Btu

7. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes:

Process 1 -2: compression with pV = constant, from p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.6 m3 to V2
= 0.2 m3; U2 –U1 = 0
Process 2-3: constant pressure to V3 = V1
Process 3-1: constant volume, U1 –U3 = -3,549 kJ
There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the heat
transfer and work for Process 2-3, in kJ, and calculate the thermal efficiency of
the cycle. W23 = 1120 kJ Q23 = 4669 kJ h = 16.86 %

8. Air is trapped in a piston-cylinder assembly oriented horizontally as shown in figure.

Initiallly, p1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 2 x 10-3 m3, and the face of the piston is at x = 0. The
spring exerts no force on the piston in the initial position. The atmospheric pressure
is 100 kPa, and the area of the piston face is 0.018 m2. The air expands slowly until
its volume is V2 = 3 x 10-3 m3. During the process, the spring exerts a force on the
piston that varies with x according to F = kx, where k = 16.2 x 103 N/m. There is no
friction between the piston and the cylinder wall. Determine the final pressure of
the air, in kPa, and the work done by the air on the piston, in kJ.

A = 0.018 m2

Patm = 100 kPa

air eeeeeeee

x
x=0

P2 = 150 kPa W = 0.125 kJ

2
9. Each line in the following table gives information about a process of a closed
system. Every entry has the same energy units. Fill in the blank spaces in the
table.
Q – W = DE
Process Q W E1 E2 DE

a + 50 - 20 + 50

b + 50 + 20 + 20

c - 40 + 60 + 20

d - 90 + 50 0

e + 50 + 20 - 100

10. Measured data for pressure versus volume during the compresión of a refrigerant
within the cylinder of a refrigeration compressor are given in the table below.
Using data from table, complete the following:

a. Estimate the work done on the refrigerant during the compression, in ft-
lbf, Why is this an estimate?
b. Prepare a plot of pressure versus volume on log-log coordinates, and fit a
straight line to the data. Determine the slope of the line and suggest an
EOS.

Data point p (lbf/in2) V (in3)

1 91 13.0
2 129 11.0
3 193 9.0
4 209 7.0
5 282 5.0
6 376 3.0
W = - 174.4 ft-lbf

11. (Problema de examen anterior) R-290 inicialmente a 120ºF, 40 lb/in2, se enfría en

un recipiente rígido cerrado. Determinar la presión, en lb/in2, y la temperatura, en
ºF, a las cuales el R-290 se vuelve saturado.
¡Justifica tu respuesta!
(muestra todos tus cálculos y un esquema del diagrama T - v).

3
12. Air is contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly by a piston of mass 50 kg and
having a face area of 0.01 m2. The mass of the air is 4 grams, and initially the air occupies
a volume of 5 liters. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 100 kPa on the top of the piston.
Heat transfer of magnitude 1.41 kJ occurs slowly from the air to the surroundings, and the
volume of the air decreases to 0.0025 m3. Neglecting friction between the piston and the
cylinder wall, determine the change in specific internal energy of the air, in kJ/kg.
Du = - 259.3 kJ/kg

13. Determine the quality of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of

a. H2O at 100°C with a specific volume of 0.8 m3/kg. x = 47.8%
b. Refrigerant 134a at 0°C with a specific volume of 0.7721 cm3/g. x = 0%
c. Ammonia at -40°C with a specific volume of 1 m3/kg. x = 64.4%
d. Refrigerant 22 at 1.0 MPa with a specific volume of 0.0054 m3/kg. x = 2.0%

14. Saturated liquid water contained in a closed, rigid tank is cooled to a final state where the
temperature is 50°C and the masses of saturated vapor and liquid present are 0.03 and
1999.97 kg respectively. Determine the initial temperature, in °C, and the volume of
the tank, in m3. Tinic = 220 °C V = 2.385 m3

15. Determine the volume, in ft3, occupied by 2 lb of H2O at a pressure of 1,000 lbf/in2 and
a. a temperature of 600°F.
b. a quality of 80%.
c. a temperature of 200°F.

16. A closed vessel with a volume of 2 ft3 contains 5 lb of refrigerant 134a at 70°F. Determine
the gage pressure, in lbf/in2, within the vessel if the atmospheric pressure is 14.4 lbf/in2.

17. Two pounds mass of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of H2O, initially at 100 lbf/in2 and a
quality of 50%, are confined to one side of a rigid, well-insulated container by a partition.
The other side of the container is initially evacuated. The partition is removed and the
water expands to fill the entire container. The pressure at the final equilibrium state is 40
lbf/in2. Determine the change in volume of the H2O, in ft3. DV = 6.994 ft3

18. Determine the compressibility factor for water at 100 bars and 400 °C, using
a. Data from the compressibility chart. z = 0.86
b. Data from the steam tables. z = 0.851

19. A system consisting of 2 lb of water vapor, initially at 300°F and occupying a volume of 20
ft3, is compressed isothermally to a volume of 9.05 ft3. The system is then heated at
constant volume to a final pressure of 120 lbf/in2. During the isothermal compression there
is energy transfer by work of magnitude 90.8 Btu into the system. Kinetic and potential
energy effects are negligible. Determine the heat transfer, in Btu, for each process.
Q12 = - 600 Btu Q23 = 633.6 Btu

4
20. Determine the values of the specified properties at each of the following conditions.
a. For refrigerant-22 at p = 140 lbf/in2 and v = 0.31 ft3/lb, determine T in °F and u
in Btu/lb.
b. For refrigerant-134a at p = 140 lbf/in2 and h = 100 Btu/lb, determine T in °F and
v in ft3/lb. T = 100.56°F v = 0.2615 ft3/lb
c. For ammonia at T = 0°F and v = 15 ft3/lb, determine p in lbf/in2 and h in Btu/lb.
p = 18.85 lbf/in2 and h = 615.2 Btu/lb.

21. A system consisting of 2 kg of ammonia undergoes a cycle composed of the following

processes:
Process 1-2: constant volume from p1 = 10 bars, x1 = 0.6 to saturated vapor
Process 2-3: constant temperature to p3 = p1, 2Q3 = +228 kJ
Process 3-1: constant pressure
Sketch the cycle on p-v and t-v diagrams. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects,
determine the net work for the cycle and the heat transfer for each process, all in kJ.
Wneto = 35.6 kJ Q12 =844.o kJ Q23 = 160.6 kJ Q31 = -1036.4 kJ

22. Steam at a pressure of 15 bar and a temperature of 320°C is contained in a large vessel.
Connected to the vessel through a valve is a turbine followed by a small initially
evacuated tank with a volume of 0.6 m3. When emergency power is required, the valve is
opened and the tank fills with steam until the pressure is 15 bar. The temperature in the
tank is then 400°C. The filling process takes place adiabatically and kinetic and potential
energy effects are negligible. Determine the amount of work developed by the
turbine, in kJ. Resuelto en el libro Moran & Shapiro

23. Check the applicability (% deviation) of the ideal gas model for refrigerant 134a at a
temperature of 80°C an a pressure of
a. 1.6 Mpa. 25.3%
b. 0.10 Mpa. 1.1%

5
24. A 0.03-m3 tank contains Refrigerant 134a, initiallly at 20°C, 4 bars. A leak develops, and
refrigerant flows out of the tank at a constant mass flow rate of 0.0036 kg/s. The process
occurs slowly enough that heat transfer from the surroundings maintains a constant
temperature in the tank. Determine the time, in sec, at which half of the mass has
leaked out, and the pressure in the tank at that time, in bars. t = 77.2 s P = 2.12 Bar

25. The rigid tank illustrated in next figure, has a volume of 0.06 m3 and initially contains
a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of H2O at a pressure of 15 bars an a quality of 20%. As
the tank contents are heated, a pressure-regulating valve keeps the pressure constant in
the tank by allowing saturated vapor to escape. Heating continues until no liquid remains
in the tank. Neglecting kineting and potential energy effects, determine:
a. The amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Q = 1713 kJ
b. The mass of vapor that escapes, in kg. mexit = 0.8719 kg

Pressure-regulating valve

V = 0.06 m3
P = 15 bars
xinitial = 20%

26. Mass enters a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at a constant rate of 100 kg/hr. At the
exit, the mass flow rate varies with time according to me = 100[1 – exp(-2t)], where me
has units of kg/hr and t is in hr. If the initial mass in the control volume is 50 kg,
determine the amount of mass in the control volume at t = 2 hr. m = 99.08 kg

6
 27. (examen anterior) Un tanque rígido está conectado, por medio de una válvula, a una
tubería grande que lleva vapor a una presión de 150 kPa y a una temperatura de 200ºC. El
tanque contiene incialmente 2 kg de agua líquida y 0.5 kg de vapor a 50ºC. Se abre la
válvula permitiendo que entre agua al tanque hasta que haya 4 kg de agua y la presión
esté en equilibrio con la línea principal. Determinar,
a. (30 puntos) El volúmen del tanque en m3.
b. (30 puntos) La temperatura final, en ºC, del agua dentro del tanque.
c. (40 puntos) La magnitud y la dirección de la transferencia de calor, en kJ,
para el proceso.

(en muchos libros de Termodinámica hay ejemplos resueltos similares)

28. Consider the water vapor at 360°C and a specific volume of 23.31x10-3 m3/kg. Estimate the
pressure at this state, in bar, using the (Recomendación usen EXCEL)
a. Ideal gas equation.
b. Van der Waals equation.
c. Redlich-Kwong equation.
d. Peng-Robinson equation.
e. Soave equation.
f. Compressibility chart

29. Ethylene (C2H4) is compressed at constant pressure from an initial state where p1 = 213 lbf/in2
and T1 = 612°R to a final temperature of T2 = 460°R. Determine the work per mole of
ethylene, in Bu/lbmol (DO NOT USE THE IDEAL GAS MODEL). W = - 400.9 Btu/lbmol

7
30. As shown in next figure, steam enters a de-superheater operating at steady state at 30 bars,
320°C, where it is mixed with liquid water at 25 bars, 200°C to produce saturated vapor at 20
bars. Heat transfer between the device and its surroundings an kinetic and potential energy
effects can be neglected. Determine the mass flow rate of liquid, in kg/hr, for a steam mass
flow rate of 50,000 kg/hr.

3
p3 = 20 bars
Saturated vapor

1 valve De-superheater valve 2

p1 = 30 bars p2 = 25 bars
T1 = 320°C T2 = 200°C
m1 = 50,000 kg/hr
m2 = 6,264 kg/hr

31. (Examen anterior) El agua que fluye en una tubería como vapor saturado a 60 lbf/in2, se saca
al exterior (Patm = 14.7 lbf/in2) mediante una válvula. ¿Cuál será la temperatura del agua
cuando sale de la válvula suponiendo que no hay cambios de energía cinética y la
transferencia de calor es despreciable?

32. La figura a continuación muestra un típico arreglo de cilindro-pistón que contiene 10 kg de

agua, 8 de los cuales están en fase de vapor. Se abre la válvula permitiendo que entre vapor a
0.5 MPa y 360°C hasta que todo el líquido dentro del cilindro se haya evaporado. El sistema
se encuentra aislado y la masa del pistón es tal que mantiene una presión constante de 300 kPa
dentro del cilindro durante todo el proceso. Determinar,
a. La temperatura final en el cilindro en °C
b. La masa de vapor de agua, en kg, que entró al cilindro.

8
33. Un tanque rígido con volumen de 2 m3 contiene una mezcla de 50% líquido y 50%
vapor en volumen de amoníaco a 40°C. Se abre la válvula en la parte superior del
tanque y se extrae vapor de amoníaco (sólo vapor, nada de líquido) hasta que la
temperatura en el tanque es de 10°C. Suponiendo que el proceso es adiabático, calcular
la masa de amoníaco extraído.

34. Air initially occupying a volume of 1 m3 at 1 bar, 20°C, undergoes two internally
reversible processes in series:
Process 1-2: compression to 5 bars during which PV1.2 = constant
Process 2-3: adiabatic expansion to 1 bar
a. Sketch the two processes on P-v and T-s coordinates.
b. Determine the temperatures at states 2 and 3, in °C
c. Determine the net work, in kJ.

35. A closed system undergoes a process in which the work done on the system is 5
Btu and the heat transfer Q occurs only at temperature Tb. For each case, determine
whether the entropy change of the system is positive, negative, zero, or
indeterminate.
a. Internally reversible process, Q = +5 Btu.
b. Internally reversible process, Q = 0.
c. Internally reversible process, Q = -5 Btu.
d. Internal irreversibilities present, Q = +5 Btu.
e. Internal irreversibilities present, Q = 0
f. Internal irreversibilities present, Q = -5 Btu.

9
36. Steam is contained in a large vessel at 100 lbf/in2, 450°F. Connected to the vessel
by a valve is an initially evacuated tank having a volume of 1 ft3. The valve is
opened until the tank is filled with steam at a pressure of 100 lbf/in2. If the filling is
adiabatic, kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible, and the state of the
large vessel remains constant, determine
a. The final temperature of the steam within the tank, in °F.
b. The amount of entropy produced within the tank, in Btu/°R.

37. Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 17°C, 1 bar and exits at a
pressure of 5 bars. Kinetic and potential energy changes can be ignored. If there are
no internal irreversibilities, evaluate the work and heat transfer, each in kJ per kg of
air flowing, for the following cases:
a. Isothermal compression
b. Polytropic compression with n = 1.3.
c. Adiabatic compression
Sketch the processes on P-v and T-s coordinates and associate areas on the
diagrams with the work and heat transfer in each case.

38. Ammonia enters a counterflow heat exchanger at -20°C, with a quality of 35%, and
leaves as saturated vapor at -20°C. Air at 1 atm enters the heat exchanger in a
separate stream with a flow rate of 4 kg/s and is cooled from 300 to 285 K with no
significant change in pressure. The heat exchanger is at steady state, and there is no
appreciable heat transfer from its outer surface. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energy effects, calculate the rate of entropy production within the heat exchanger,
in kW/K.

39. A valve connects two insulated tanks. One tank initially contains 0.5 kg of air at
80°C, 1 bar, and the other contains 1.0 kg of air at 50°C, 2 bars. The valve is
opened and the two quantities of air are allowed to mix until equilibrium is attained.
Employing the ideal gas model, determine
a. The final temperature, in °C
b. The final pressure, in bars
c. The amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K

40. Determine the change in specific entropy between the specified states, in kJ/kg K
a. Water, P1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 400°C, P2 =10 MPa, T2 = 100°C
b. Refrigerant 134a, h1 = 111.44 kJ/kg, T1 = -40°C, saturated vapor at P2 =
5 bars
c. Air as an ideal gas, T1 = 7°C, P1 = 2 bars, T2 = 327°C, P2 = 1 bar
d. Hydrogen (H2) as an ideal gas, T1 = 727°C, P1 = 1 bar, T2 = 25°C, P2 = 3
bars.

10
41. In each of the following cases, determine the indicated property for a process in
which there is no change in specific entropy between state 1 and state 2:
a. Water, P1 = 14.7 lbf/in2, T1 = 500°F, P2 =100 lbf/in2. Find T2 in °F.
b. Water, T1 = 10°C, x1 = 0.75, saturated vapor at state 2. Find P2 in bars.
c. Air as an ideal gas, T1 = 27°C, P1 = 1.5 bars, T2 = 127°C. Find P2 in bars.
d. Air as an ideal gas, T1 = 100°F, P1 = 3 atm, P2 = 2 atm. Find T2 in °F.
e. Refrigerant 134a, T1 = 20°C, P1 = 5 bars, P2 = 1 bar. Find v2 in m3/kg.

42. A quantity of air undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes in

series.
Process 1-2: constant-volume heating from P1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 15°C, V1 =
0.02 m3 to P2 = 0.42 MPa.
Process 2-3: constant-pressure cooling.
Process 3-1: isothermal heating to the initial state.
Employing the ideal gas model with cp = 1 kJ/kg K, evaluate the change in entropy
for each process. Sketch the cycle on P-v coordinates.

43. One pound of air (ideal gas) initially at 100 lbf/in2, 500°F undergoes an
internally reversible process to 45 lbf/in2.
For the following cases, determine the heat transfer and the work, each in Btu,
and show the process on P-v and T-s coordinates.
The process is
a. Isothermal
b. Adiabatic
c. Constant volume

44. Consider 1 lb of steam initially at 200 lbf/in2 and 500°F as the system. Determine
the change in exergy, in Btu, for each of the following processes:
a. The system is heated at constant pressure until its volume is increased by
50%.
b. The system expands isothermally until its volume is increased by 50%.
Let T0 = 60°F, P0 = 1 atm..

45. An insulated vessel is divided into two compartments connected by a valve.

Initially, one compartment contains steam at 1.0 MPa, 500°C, and the other is
evacuated. The valve is opened and the steam is allowed to fill the entire volume,
achieving a final pressure of 0.1 MPa. Determine
1. The final temperature, in °C. (Ans. 495.6°C)
2. The percentage of the vessel volume initially occupied by steam
(Ans. 10%)
3. The amount of entropy produced, in kJ/kg K (Ans. 1.0597 kJ/kg K)

11
46. (Examen anterior) Muchas plantas industriales generan su propio vapor. Las
calderas de estas plantas no pueden operar respondiendo instantáneamente a las
demandas de vapor que fluctúan de acuerdo a las necesidades de la planta; es así
que es conveniente el uso de tanques acumuladores en el sistema de suministro
de vapor. Estos acumuladores son tanques grandes, aislados, en los que el vapor
se almacena para cuando la demanda es baja y permiten el suministro cuando la
demanda de vapor crece. En una planta en particular, el acumulador tiene un
volumen de 10 m3 e inicialmente contiene 2/3, en volumen, de agua líquida a
80°C.
a. (50 puntos) ¿Cuánto vapor saturado a 15 bar podrá almacenarse en el
tanque?
b. (50 puntos) Después de que el acumulador está lleno con el vapor a 15 bar
del inciso anterior [las condiciones finales de (a) son las iniciales de (b)],
¿cuánto vapor saturado a 5 bar se le puede extraer?

47. Water vapor enters a throttling valve at 1 atm. An engineer reports that
thermometers located at the inlet and exit read 600°F and 700°F, respectively.
Can these readings be correct? Explain.

48. A rigid, well-insulated tank is filled initially with 5.0 kg of air at a

pressure of 0.5 MPa and a temperature of 500 K. A leak develops and
air slowly escapes to the surroundings, which are at 22°C, 0.1 MPa,
until the pressure of the air remaining in the tank is 0.1 MPa.
Determine the change in the amount of exergy stored in the tank,
in kJ. Does exergy destruction occur? Where? Explain.
Let T0 = 22°C, P0 = 0.1 MPa and ignore the effects of motion and gravity.

49. Steam at 3 MPa and 700°C is available at one location in an industrial plant. At
another location, steam at 2 MPa and 400°C is required for use in a certain
process. An engineer suggests that steam at this condition can be provided by
allowing the higher-pressure steam to expand through a valve to 2 MPa and then
cool to 400°C through heat transfer to the surroundings, which are at 20°C.
(a) Evaluate this suggestion using exergy principles.
( b) Evaluating exergy at 80 cents per kW×h, estimate the annual cost of
this alternative for a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s.
(c) Suggest one or more alternative methods for obtaining steam at the
desired condition that would be preferable thermodynamically. What
economic considerations might be involved in making the final
decision regarding which alternative to choose?
Let T0 = 20°C, P0 = 0.1 MPa.

12
 50. Un sistema aislado consiste de dos bloques sólidos. El primer bloque tiene una
masa de 5 kg, un calor específico constante de 1 kJ/kgŸK e inicialmente se
encuentra a 300°C. El segundo bloque tiene una masa de 10 kg, un calor
específico constante de 0.4 kJ/kgŸK e inicialmente se encuentra a -50°C. Se
permite entonces que ambos bloques alcancen el equilibrio térmico. Determinar,
a. La temperatura final, en °C.
b. La irreversibilidad, en kJ.
(asumir T0 = 27°C)

51. An industrial process requires a liquid water stream at 180°F, 1 atm. It is proposed
to obtain this condition at steady state by mixing a stream of liquid water at 50°F,
1 atm with steam supplied from a boiler as saturated vapor at 1 atm. If the
irreversibility of the mixing chamber cannot be permitted to exceed 145,000
Btu/h, determine the range of values allowed for the mass flow rate of the liquid
stream. Neglect kinetic and potential energy and heat transfer with the
surroundings. Let T0 = 77°F, P0 = 1 atm.
(Ans. ≤ 2.24 lb/s)

52. La figura a continuación muestra un típico arreglo de cilindro-pistón que contiene

15 kg de agua, 9 de los cuales están en fase de vapor. Se abre la válvula
permitiendo que entre vapor a 1 MPa y 400°C hasta que todo el líquido dentro del
cilindro se haya evaporado. El sistema se encuentra aislado y la masa del pistón es
tal que mantiene una presión constante de 200 kPa dentro del cilindro durante
todo el proceso. Determinar,
c. La masa, en kg, de vapor de agua que entró.
d. La exergía destruida, en kJ, durante el proceso.

(asumir T0 = 25°C, p0 = 100 kPa)

13
53. (Examen anterior) En una boquilla, perfectamente aislada, se expande helio desde 300
kPa y 450 K hasta 180 kPa. La velocidad del helio en la entrada de la boquilla es muy
pequeña comparada con la velocidad de salida.
a. Determina la máxima velocidad de salida que puede tener el helio.
b. Si la temperatura del helio, medida a la salida de la boquilla, es de 373 K,
determina la velocidad real de salida.
c. Calcula el aumento de entropía por unidad de masa del helio.

54. Consider a system with liquid containing 30% n-pentane (1), 30% cyclohexane (2),
20% n-hexane (3), and 20% n-heptane (4) at 1 bar. Determine the temperature, in
K, at which this liquid develops the first bubble of vapor. What is the vapor
composition?

Antoine coefficients

Species n-C5H12 C6H12 n-C6H14 n-C7H16

Ai 9.2131 9.1325 9.2164 9.2535

Bi 2477.07 2766.63 2697.55 2911.32

Ci -39.94 -50.50 -48.78 -56.51

55. Consider now a system with vapor containing 30% n-pentane (1), 30% cyclohexane
(2), 20% n-hexane (3), and 20% n-heptane (4) at 1 bar. Determine the temperature,
in K, at which this vapor develops the first drop of liquid. What is the liquid
composition?

14
56. A compressed liquid feed stream containing an equimolar mixture of n-pentane and n-
hexane flows into a flash unit at flow rate F (see next figure). At steady state, 33.3%
of the feed stream is vaporized and leaves the system as a vapor stream with flow rate
V. The rest leaves as liquid with flow rate L. If the flash temperature is 20°C, what is
the pressure required? What are the compositions of the liquid and vapor streams?

57. Se necesitan 2,000 cm3 a 25°C de una solución anticongelante que consiste en
30% molar de metanol en agua. ¿Qué volumen de metanol puro, en cm3 y a
25°C, deberá mezclarse con agua pura, también a 25°C, para formar los
2,000 cm3 del anticongelante?

A 25°C: Metanol (1) V 1

= 38.632 cm3/mol V 1
= 40.727 cm3/mol

Agua (2) V 2
= 17.765 cm3/mol V 2
= 18.068 cm3/mol

58. Para el problema anterior, ¿qué volumen de agua pura a 25°C deberá usarse
para obtener los 2,000 cm3 del anticongelante indicado?

15
59. La entalpía de un sistema binario líquido de las especies 1 y 2, temperatura y
presión fijas, se puede representar por la ecuación:
H = 400x1 + 600x2 + x1x2(40x1 + 20x2)

Donde H está en J/mol. Determinar las expresiones para H 1 y H 2 como

funciones de x1, los valores numéricos para las entalpías de las especies puras H1
∞
y H2, y los valores numéricos para las entalpías parciales a dilución infinita H 1

∞
y H 2
.

60. El volumen molar, en cm3/mol, de una mezcla binaria líquida a una T y P está
dado por:
V = 90x1 + 50x2 + (6x1 + 9x2)x1x2
Para esa T y P,
a. Encuentra las expresiones para los volúmenes molares parciales de las
especies 1 y 2.
b. Demuestra que cuando esas expresiones se combinan de acuerdo con la
ecuación M = ∑ xi M i la ecuación dada para V se recupera.
i

c. Demuestra que esas expresiones, obtenidas en el inciso (a), satisfacen la

ecuación de Gibbs/Duhem: ∑x dMi i =0
i

16