MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2

NAME: ____________________________________ YR & SEC: _____________________

Competency :
The learner describes a Mathematical System (M8GE-IIIa-1) and illustrates the need for axiomatic
structure of the said system in general, and in Geometry in particular such as: (a) clarify the significance of the
defined terms; (b) undefined terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems. (M8GE-IIIa-c-1)

To The Learners :
Before starting this module, set aside other tasks that will distract you while having the lessons. Read the
simple instructions below to successfully achieve the objectives of this kit. Enjoy!
1. Follow carefully all the instructions indicated in this module.
2. Jot down in your notebook the important concepts about the lessons for writing enhances learning.
3. Answer all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using key card and whenever there are queries, ask
your subject teacher to help you out.
5. Have Fun!

Expectations

This module was designed to help you master how to describe and illustrate the need for an axiomatic
structure of a Mathematical system in general and Geometry in particular such as Defined Terms, Undefined
Terms, Postulates and Theorems.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe a mathematical system;
2. illustrate the undefined terms;
3. state the importance of defined terms; and
4. differentiate postulate and theorem, then give their significance.

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 1 | 10

 Pre-test

Read each item carefully, encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an undefined term?

A. Point C. Line
B. Angle D. Plane

2. When buying essential goods, the people practice social

distancing (refer to the figure at the right). Which of the following
best illustrates collinear points?
A. Pt. A, B and C C. Pt. A, C and D
B. Pt. B, C and D D. Pt. A, B and D

3. Which of the following is a good definition?

A. line segment is a geometric figure.
B. square is something not round.
C. Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at a right angle.
D. A triangle is isosceles when a triangle has two sides with the same length.

4. What do you call a statement that is accepted as true without proof?

A. Undefined terms C. Postulate
B. Theorem D. Defined terms

5. Which of the following statements is an example of a theorem?

A. Two right angles are congruent.
B. Two points determine a line.
C. Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
D. If two lines intersect, then they intersect at exactly one point.

Looking Back to your Lesson

These are postulates and theorems introduced and discussed during your previous lessons in
Mathematics. They will be used extensively in the succeeding lessons in Geometry.

Postulates
1. At least two points determine a line.
2. Three collinear points are contained in a minimum of one plane and three non-collinear points are
contained in precisely one plane.
3. If two definite planes intersect then their intersection formed a line.
4. If two points of a line are included in a plane then the line is located in the plane.
5. There is one-to-one correspondence between the points of a line and the set of real numbers such
that the gap between any two points of the line is the definite quantity of the difference between the
corresponding numbers.
6. Given two points C and D on a line, a number line can be chosen in such a way that the coordinate of
C is at 0 and the coordinate of D is a positive number.
7. Angle Measurement Postulate. In every angle, there corresponds a distinct real number where
0 < r < 180.

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 8. In half-plane H, through the endpoint of BC lying within the bound of the half-plane, there’s exactly one
other ray BA, with A in H, such that the two rays include a given measure between 0o and 180o.
9. If W is inside ∠XYZ, then
m ∠XYZ = m ∠XYW + m ∠ZYW
10. If two angles formed a linear pair, then the angles formed are supplementary.

Theorems
1. If two definite lines intersect, then they intersect at exactly one point.
2. If a non-included line in a plane intersects a plane, then the intersection contains only one point.
3. Precisely one plane contains a given line and a point not included on the line.
4. If two lines intersect, then precisely one plane includes both line.
5. On ray AB, there is exactly one point P that lies at a distance X from A.
6. Every segment has exactly one midpoint.
7. If two angles are complements of two identical angles, then the angles are congruent.
8. If two angles are supplements of two identical angles, then the two angles are congruent.
9. If two angles are identical and supplementary, then each is a right angle.
10. Vertical Angle Theorem. Vertical angles are congruent.
11. Right Angle Congruence Theorem. Any two right angles are congruent.
12. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, any pair of alternate exterior angles are identical.
13. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the corresponding angles are congruent.
14. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the interior angles on the same side of a transversal are
supplementary.
15. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the exterior angles on the same side of the transversal
are supplementary.
16. In a plane, a line perpendicular to one of the two parallel lines is perpendicular to the other.

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson 1: Geometry as a Mathematical System

Did you know?

A book made by Euclid from which it has a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions,
and mathematical proofs of the propositions.

You have given four pictures, all of which share a word in common. Arrange the jumbled
letters to figure out the answer to the trivia.

M E N E T S E L

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 3 | 10

 Euclid is known as the “Father of Geometry”. He composed five
postulates that are used as the foundation for the wide-spread proofs in
Geometry. They are as follows:
1. A straight line may be drawn at any two points.
2. A straight line may be extended indefinitely.
3. A circle may be described with any given point as its center and any
distance as its radius.
4. All right angles are equal.
5. If you have two straight lines, and a third line crossing them and the
sum of the interior angle of the two line is less than 90 degrees, then
if you extend the lines, they will eventually meet on that side.
These five postulates are the foundation of Euclidean Geometry. They are all about points, lines and
planes. Euclid is credited with developing a system of basic truths, or axioms, from which all other Greek
Geometry springs.

Lesson 2: Undefined Terms, Definition, Postulate and Theorem

A Mathematical system is a set of structures designed to provide order and procedural operation in a
certain discipline. It is composed of undefined terms, definition, postulate and theorem.

Undefined Terms
Undefined terms are terms in geometry that are not formally defined. These terms are point, line and
plane. They are essentials to formally define other terms.

A point in geometry refers to a location or position. It has no size, no width, no length and no depth. It is
represented by a dot and named using capital letters.
Examples: Point A, Point B, Point C or Pt. A, Pt. B and Pt. C as shown below.
•A •C
•B
A line is a one-dimensional figure composed of infinite number of points, it has unspecified length but
without width nor thickness. In geometry, a line extends indefinitely in two opposite directions.
A line is named by its two points and is written with an arrowhead. The line in the figure is named line RS
and in symbols 𝑅𝑆⃡ . It can also be called as line t.

A plane has infinite length, infinite width, but without thickness. It is usually represented by a flat surface.
It is named by three distinct points using capital letter or an upper Greek letter is used. The plane below is plane
ABC or plane β.

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 Based on definitions shown above, which of the following illustrations represent a point? a
line? a plane? Write your answer at the space provided.

______________ _____________ _____________

Definition
Definitions are based on the undefined terms. Some defined terms are given below:

A space is set of all points in three dimensions

A Line Segment is a part of a line containing two endpoints and all the points between them.
Line Segment RS or Line Segment SR in symbols 𝑅𝑆⃡ or 𝑆⃡𝑅.

A Ray is a part of a line with one endpoint and continuing infinitely in one
direction. A ray is named starting from its endpoint and following the point from which it is moving. The
figure below is named as Ray ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
EF or written in symbols 𝐸𝐹

An Angle is formed by two rays with common vertex. To name an angle you may use the letter
of the vertex or the three letters where the letter of the vertex is in the middle. In symbols, ∠I, ∠HIJ,
∠JIH.

Based on the given definitions above, which of the following illustrations represent a
space, line segment, ray and angle? Write your answer on the space provided.

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 5 | 10

Postulate and Theorem

Axiom or Postulate is a statement accepted as true without proof. A proof could be a series of true
statements resulting in the acceptance of truth of a more complex statement.

Examples:
1. Fathers are men.
(It is obvious that fathers are men.)
2. At least two points determine a line.
(see page 2 for more examples)

Theorem could be a statement that may be proven true using postulates, definitions, and other theorems
that have already been proven.
Examples:
1. If Kevin is a father, then he is a man.
(It is a theorem because you have to justify that Kevin is really a father by using postulate to
prove that the statement is true.)
2. If two definite lines intersect, then they intersect at exactly one point.
(see page 3 for more examples)

Activities

Activity 1 May I Know Your Name? ☺

Use the diagram shown below to name the following:

a. Name five points.

b. Name two lines

c. Cite three names for plane

Activity 2 My Geometry Artwork

Name and use the picture shown below to identify the key words shown. Name one example and write
your answer in the space provided.

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 6 | 10

 1. point _________________________________________________________
2. line _________________________________________________________
3. plane _________________________________________________________
4. space _________________________________________________________
5. ray _________________________________________________________
6. line segment _________________________________________________________
7. angle _________________________________________________________

Activity 3 You Complete Me ♥

Complete the table.

Definition What does it look like? How is it written? A real life example

Example: ∠ABC or ∠CBA A man looking at the

plane and looking at
Angle has two rays with or ∠B
common vertex.

the dog.

1. A point has no
_________________

__________________

2. A line extends in
__________________

_________________

3. A plane has
__________________

but ______________

4. A ray has _______

endpoint.

5. A line segment has ________

endpoints

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 7 | 10

Activity 4 Choose Wisely!
Write P on the space provided if you think the statement is a postulate and write T if it is a theorem.
_____ 1. All right angles are congruent.
_____ 2. Vertical angles are equal in measure.
_____ 3. Two points determined a line.
_____ 4. If two lines intersect then they intersect at exactly one point.
_____ 5. Two planes intersect a line.
_____ 6. If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing those points lies in the plane.
_____ 7. Through any three non-collinear points there is exactly one plane containing them.
_____ 8. If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it is a parallelogram.
_____ 9. If two congruent angles are supplementary, then each is a right angle.
_____ 10. The sum of the measure of the angles of a triangle is 180⁰.

Remember

Supply the missing terms.

✔ A __________________ is a structure formed from sets of undefined or defined objects and

axioms relating these concepts.
✔ The three undefined terms in geometry are _________, _________ and ___________.
✔ ______________ are terms defined base from the undefined terms in geometry. Examples are
space, line segment, angles, ray, etc.
✔ A ____________ is a statement which accepted as true without proof.
✔ A ____________ is a statement that can be proven.

Check your Understanding

A. Change the underlined word to make the statement correct.

1. A point extends indefinitely in two opposite directions.
2. A ray described as the set of all points in three dimensions.
3. A postulate is a statement that can be proven.
4. A line is represented by a small dot.
5. A rectangle is an example of a line segment.
6. A plane is a figure formed by two rays with common endpoint.
7. A theorem is a statement which accepted as true without proof.
8. An angle is a part of a line with one endpoint.
9. A space is a part of a line with two endpoints.
10. Definitions are terms that are not totally defined in geometry.

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 8 | 10

 B. Complete the crossword by filling in a word that fits each clue.

Across:
1. In geometry, it refers to the location or
position.
3. Statement that is accepted as true without
proof.
5. It is formed by two rays with common vertex.
6. A statement that may be proven true.
7. It is composed of the infinite number of points,
it has unspecified length but without width nor
thickness.

Down
2. It has infinite length, infinite width but without
thickness
4. Containing two endpoints and all the points
between them.

Post-test

Read each item carefully, choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What do you call a statement that is accepted as true without proof?
A. Undefined terms C. Postulate
B. Theorem D. Defined terms

2. Which of the following is NOT an undefined term?

A. Point C. Line
B. Angle D. Plane

3. When buying essential goods, the people practice social

distancing (refer to the figure at the right). Which of the following
best illustrates collinear points?
A. Pt. A, B and C C. Pt. A, C and D
B. Pt. B, C and D D. Pt. A, B and D

4. Which of the following statements is an example of a theorem?

A. Two right angles are congruent.
B. Two points determine a line.
C. Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
D. If two lines intersect, then they intersect at exactly one point.

5. Which of the following is a good definition?

A. Line segment is a geometric figure.
B. Square is something not round.
C. Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at a right angle.
D. A triangle is isosceles when a triangle has two sides with the same length.

MATH 8 QUARTER 3 WEEK 1 & 2 Page 9 | 10

 Additional Activities

To understand further the topic you may answer exercises to the following link:
https://wordwall.net/resource/3246669
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-
1vRtssN0hZi84XlHKoYEcK05erIDn0EyZsrkmcW1Zl6y0v9_VAbiz99eBKqJmaAbdpcZ4q6OiPiLHwNG/pub
?start=false&loop=true&delayms=3000

Reflection
You are almost done. Before leaving this module, please complete the statements below:

321 EXIT TICKET

Things I learned today…

3
Things I found interesting…

2
Question I still have…

1
Rate your understanding of this lesson. Circle One.

I Understand I Understand a Little I Do Not Understand

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