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Physics Lab Report 3

This experiment verified the law of conservation of energy by measuring the acceleration due to gravity. A keychain was dropped from increasing heights and its falling time was recorded using a smartphone app. The acceleration due to gravity was calculated to be (10.48 ± 3.08) m/s^2 by plotting v^2 against height h, which agrees with the accepted value within the uncertainty. The percentage difference of 6.83% indicates the law of conservation of energy was verified.

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254 views8 pages

Physics Lab Report 3

This experiment verified the law of conservation of energy by measuring the acceleration due to gravity. A keychain was dropped from increasing heights and its falling time was recorded using a smartphone app. The acceleration due to gravity was calculated to be (10.48 ± 3.08) m/s^2 by plotting v^2 against height h, which agrees with the accepted value within the uncertainty. The percentage difference of 6.83% indicates the law of conservation of energy was verified.

Uploaded by

Vinn GT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 3 : ENERGY

Objective
To verify the law of conservation of energy

THEORY
1. Consider a steel ball of mass m, at height h, vertically above a velocity detector.
2. The gravitional potential energy is then
E1 = mgh 3.1
3. Releasing the steel ball, it will fall freely with acceleration g. At the instance it
reaches the velocity detector, the gravitional potential energy is zero and its kinetic
1
energy is 2 mv2. Hence, the total final energy E2 of the steel ball is given by
1
E2 = 2
mv2 3.2

4. Then, by energy conservation law


1
2
mv2 = mgh

And we obtain
V2 = 2gh 3.3
5. Consequently, a linear graph with gradient 2g is obtains when the graph v2 against
h is plotted.

APPARATUS
A pen
A metre rule
Smart phone
Measuring tape
Phyphox Application
A keychain
Cellophane tape
PROCEDURE
1. Phyphox Physical Phone Experiments by RWTH Aachen University
application was installed from App Store (requires iOS 9.0 or later)
https://apps/apple.com/us/app/phyphox/id1127319693 or Google Play store
(Android)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.rwth_aachen.phyphox
2. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.1.
3. The Phyphox application was launched and scrolled to Timers section in the
main menu and ‘Acoustic Stopwatch’ was chosen.
4. The threshold value was set as 0.04 a.u. and Minimum Delay was set as 0.2s
under the SIMPLE tab.
5. The falling distance h is set up at 45.0 cm.
6. The keychain is released from the pen and the time t, is recorded. The
process is repeated to obtain the average time.
7. Step 5 to 6 is repeated for h= 55.0cm, 65.0cm, 75.0cm, 85.0cm and 95.0 cm.
2ℎ
8. Tabulate the data. For each value of h, calculate the velocity v using v = 𝑡𝑡 .
9. Graph of v2 against h was plotted.
10. The graph is used to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity g and
the value of g was compared with the standard value.
11. The uncertainty is determined for the value of g obtained in step (10).
12. A comment is written about the result of experiment to verify the law of
conservation of energy.
OBSERVATION

No of Falling ℎ (m) Falling time, 𝑡𝑡 V= 2h/t V2


readings distance, ℎ
(±0.001 s) taverage (m/s) (m2/s2)
(± 0.1 cm)
(s)
𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡2 𝑡𝑡3

1 45.0 0.450 0.262 0.261 0.263 0.262 3.435 11.799


2 55.0 0.550 0.295 0.293 0.291 0.293 3.754 14.093
3 65.0 0.650 0.323 0.327 0.325 0.325 4.000 16.000
4 75.0 0.750 0.356 0.354 0.355 0.354 4.238 17.961
5 85.0 0.850 0.392 0.394 0.391 0.392 4.337 19.395
6 95.0 0.950 0.406 0.408 0.410 0.408 4.657 21.688

Data Analysis
11.799 + 14.093 + 16.000 + 17.961 + 19.395 + 21.688
𝑣𝑣2 = = 16.822𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠−2
6
0.45 + 0.55 + 0.65 + 0.75 + 0.85 + 0.95
ℎ= = 0.70 𝑚𝑚
6
∴ Centroid (0.70 𝑚𝑚, 16.822 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 )
Decimal place
0.10
X-axis : 20
= 0.005 m ( 3 decimal places )
2.000
Y-axis : 20
= 0.1 m2/s2 ( 1 decimal places )
𝑦𝑦2 −𝑦𝑦1 22.1−2.2
Gradient, 𝑚𝑚 = = = 20.95𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 −2
𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥1 0.95−0.00

y = m x + c

𝑣𝑣 2 = 2g h + 0

Referring to the equation; v2 = 2gh


y = mx + c
m = 2g
20.95
g= 2

= 10.475 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 −2
Using least square method, uncertainty of gradient, ∆𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 −2
1 1
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈, ∆𝑔𝑔 = 2 ∆𝑚𝑚 = 2 ( 6.167 ) = 3.084 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 −2

Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔𝑔 = (10.48 ± 3.08)𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2


�𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 −𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
Percentage of difference = × 100%
𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
|10.48−9.81|
= × 100%
9.81
= 6.83%
Discussion

The objective of this experiment is to verify the law of conservation of


energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it
can only be converted from one form of energy to another. Energy is defined
as a system’s ability to do work, W. The theoretical value of acceleration due to
gravity, 𝑔𝑔 is 9.81𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 . The percentage of difference of this experiment is 6.83%
which indicates that this experiment is successful.

Errors Suggestion to overcome

parallax error when reading was taken This error can be prevented by making
from measuring tape sure our eyes are perpendicular to the
reading while taking it

noise interruption when taking reading This can be prevented by performing


for falling time using the Phyphox this experiment in a quiet place with
application in a smart phone minimal noise because the smart phone
is very sensitive to sound and may
cause inaccurate reading.
air resistance caused by a fan may This can be overcame by switching off
affect the falling time of the keychain. fans or any windows in the vicinity
during the experiment.

Conclusion
The acceleration due to gravity is 𝑔𝑔 = (10.48 ± 3.08)𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 with percentage of
difference = 6.83%.
The law of conservation of energy is verified to be correct.

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