SOIL MECHANICS =o reposted by Method for Determination of water content ‘Alluvial Soi River %aW, ‘Marine Soil Sea water Oven drying Method: |W = yy, "109 Lacustrine Soil Still water like as lakes Aeolian Soil Wind Glacial Soil Ice Pycnometer Method: Note: Loess is an aeolian soil. Sa Phase at Pass (Paria Stee) tf Void Rati Porosity: Degree of Saturatio Air Content:|% =! % Air Voids = Bulk Unit Weight: Dry Unit Weight: Saturated Unit Weight: Specific Gravity: Vow Appearent or Mass Specific Gra iw Gxt W) Be=wa (se) | S3¢ Bn pa[Sep] feof ‘N Oo py Defisity/Density Index: Determination of Unit Weight: 1, Core Cutter method Field method suitable for, fine grained and clayey soil. Not suitable for stoney, gravelly soil and dry soi 2. Water displacement method Suitable for ohesive soils only ‘3.°Sand_replacement method 1d method & used for gravelly, sandy and dry soil fen ‘method ‘hen lum OF'the pit is measured by covering the pit with plastics en filling it with water, ‘Wt. of Watdethtis calculated is equal to volume of soil excavated Sensitivit (@,) Remoulded Plasticity Index Activity of Clay: A= |> py weight fine than 2p Deo = De (C,> 4 Gravel, C, > 6 Sand) (Dw J . 1£C, £3 for well Graded soil classification based on e (mm) © DiyxDeo Coarse grained soi grain Coane gained so mel oslderobe Fi Grea si 1425.0075007S-0.000 2,002 2100 30080-8020 20-4,754.75.2024. Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 1Vertical Flow: L ‘Plasticity Index Valine = (03.08) Note: K,> K, ah Actime T= (0.73 (W,-20)) ote: Ky> Ky always. 7 Determination of coefficient of consolidation (C,) tion aa TaD Li it SF ing ening) ote Hydrometer correction: C: = Cy— C+ G, "use| MS es | “Compaction Consolidation ae z foie ats phen wae conea “yar fam wits “PC, isinversely proportional to liquid limit (v,) whereas C, Partially saturated soil Completely saturated soil is directly proportional to liquid limit. tantancous phenomenon Time dependent phenomenon Value of C, decreases with increases in plasticity Specific compaction Technique By sate load paced on sit y (se dynamic load) (| Quick sand condition: In case of upward seepage flow. if lo, - 4} the upward seepage force becomes equal to the buoyant ‘en Equations: |°* nz? o() ‘weight of soil, the effective stress in soil becomes 26Fo, Critical hydraulic gradient: owt (G-)0-n), FOSe HG 7 tm Le Quick sand condition occurs in sand BY, inélay becuase i in clay cohesion exists. Darey’s Law: [g=KiA] 8 Measrement of Permeability: SJ Cc IV Constant Head Pemeamae BGO Ss IM, Falling Head Permeameter a) for one- dimension consolidation: Confined Flow Pumping Test: ime-Factor Unconfined Flow Pumping Test: |K Few, w £.60% 1,781 — 0.933 log (100 — u); u > 60% 2 \Ke ee. Kozeny-Carman Equation: |K “7S. Te [aH __de Allen Hazen’s Equation: [K =CDj| Dea gaa H Te, Calculation of Settlement: Coefficient of Consolidation Equation: Fy jog) 5485 : =o tinny S22) V, =~, R= s000dvK-S,+S.=7 Trek 3 [aH = m,H,.26] [C. = 0.009, 10) Permeability of Stratified Soils iit Tas foes E) ce K, NR 4 AFH +. > Vane Shear test: Horizontal Flow: S.SOROUT 9255624029 2[when both top & bottom ‘end shear the soil] Pore Pressure Parameter (Given by Skemptor BIDs,+ A(Ds,-Ds,)] B= 2 (For saturated soil, B= I, for dry soil, B= 0) 1108. « = yroospsinfs Surface of sliding is assumed as "are of circle" ae Lee Face/slope failure Toe failure most Base failure soil close tothe commonmode soil below the toe is toc is quite strong of failure soft and slope is flat depth factor < 1 a factor =1 depth factor > 1 Stability Number = ee saltmoses ay fom] watt doc af srs ‘ck ‘moves aa Active earth pressure Pastive ea Failure plane is inclined at Faire as-t3) as-is with th orzo a ‘ery litl movement is equted Mach Hghe gaye is eqied to tonobilg the ative pressure as Dit 02% ott Dente sands _DI1~ 28411 Dee sts DH=05% rH loose sands | DH= (S-10% ving Active Earth Pressure For Cohesive: P, = K,y2-2C Jk, Z = 0 when P, = -2C JK, 2 Earth Pressure at Rest: Su! C, always. 100 Area ratio: A, __ Recovery length of the Sample *~ Penetration length of the Sample Field Compaction Control. e oil Types Uses, Recovery Ratio: L, Ran Coniaed conanaaion Smmoth nile Roller Sin, Grvels Roa Embark roomate Tyred Roller > Siy Sand ‘ce, Subbase frm Vibeors Su, all ype Sol Ebene Sol Most prefer S.SOROUT NAL ip eration which ora neral properties have ‘Nol REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE Sec Modulus E. 5700yf, N/mm? |, Min. grade =M15 (IS 456:1978) . Min. grade =M20 (IS 456:2000) [E,= 3000 ff, Na i o7Yif, =0.668, = 22 ferée| e dies BS. Pps -sptine > Das Tene sen O hear eee Teae | ws Seetion Balanced Section’ — 1, =m is given a, +my 90m, ar(-§) Manat =Ap.(@-4) wind) Sh 100 Doubly Reinforce Rectangular Setction bx” J+ (mn! Da, (xd) =m As(d—x) FLexure (LSM)- Balanced Section 9255624029 4rx) 700 2 ag,” O87, +1100 Tie spacing S,£ }!°%msint ne 300 mm ity Design of S.R Rectangular Section = fe Jae | For non~restngular cousin as -ng Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Section [te +O me CG 4C, = T= 030, xb TALE, -0A5h 0mm Slenderness Limits to Ensure Lateral Stability THEA, Ath, “OAT ‘Slnemeslimis ensue era sebiiy [r=0a7F, A], sae - Canieverbeam ‘Simply suport beam Nominal Shear Stress ominous Beam 25b ‘ob | leapt = Ax «100. ; : bd. Clear span < min, | 100b' Clear span < min, | 250b’ d d Control of Deflection: snl 7 Simply. pe am 20 same as Continudus 26 = ron ‘Type of slab, (ila steel Type of reinforcement ak oe ¢ Fe 415 ‘supported| 2B A a = Concentrically Loaded Column (e=0) if Oo Oo Ss FP Re e=.] O87, As,dcosaFsino) Axially Loaded Golump. (e <0.05h) oS OTT, AS, ax, | Menta Prestressed Concrete: Maximm Spacing: 0.75d or 450mm Loss | ath effect = Pk x to curvature effec ‘NOt Anchoring tage= Sho Development Length: Longitudinal Reinforcement: (d/o) | [Aa _ 085] Mi=M+M,]/Me="T7 | [bd E, _=Young’s Modulus for tension Slabs wires, L= length of tendon 7 Loss of stress due to shrinkage of conerete = e,x E, 4.) <2, two way stb] [+ >2 one way slb| Loss of stress due to creep of concrete = fmf. fe ok Losss of stress = strain lost in steel x E, Short Column: Short if salenderness. ratio of both axes are less than 12, Lateral ties: Diameter of lateral ties is given by criteria of stiffness not by strength, Hence, it is independent of grade of steel. Sonata me Tie diameter f, “yf 6mm Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 5es a a BUILDING MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION see seer || eee eee Chemical Composition of Raw materials Fryasict | wine | Mati | nmi sad] come Oxide Composition Punedion trams | | tage” | yt] wae Lime, CaO 60-65 It control strength and Teme | om | Saat | singe | Hen soundness (Gea ‘Moit] sen sah Silica, SiO, 17-25 Excess of it causes slow = | sor] oe scting fawaven | wars | some | prey cmos | ma coe Alumina,Al,O, 3-8 Responsible for quick sim ease setting, exeess of it lowers want [wi [seat | tint ns Fa strength (eum Boe | Spesity meat | seek Iron oxide Fe,0, 0.5-6 Gives colour and helps in Sar nec fusion of — different ingredients Stress Grade of Concrete Magnesia, MgO 0.14 Give colour and hardness May Mas Myo Mis Soda and Potash 05-13 Ifin excess causes efflore- DirectTensio 12 13 15 16 seence BendingTension 1.7 18 20 22 Na,0 and K,O & cracking Sulphur trioxide SO. Makes cement sound Total of Loss Pretensioned Post tensioned: (1) Elastic shorting 3% 1% VJ 1 456 /oPlaiitand reinforced concrete apes \ Ls ification of OPC 33 grade Qs ofconcrete 7% ‘8112. Specification of OPC 43 grade ()Relaxation of steel 2% 3% 12269. Spa ofOPC 53 grade 1h Ja 3 8041 Rapid Portland cement S.No Type of Construdtigity Min. Grade 8042 White Portia ecment I Lean Conerete bis = MS. M7. Cc I \ PEL oeekcori cement 2 Plain Concrete Get MIS figh alumina cement RCC (general consiyetion) 4 5, 6 7 Water tanks, dome In sea water Post tensioned Pst WHY Pre - tensioned PSC, M20 © WR M30 Mao Ascot Sg cet ka eg ‘et kp an i ete sorte ds te Sie Lanes pon Deeg Lar acs Ta a FS ne tise S.SOROUT 18:1489 Part-I Portland|PozZolana cement (fly ash based) SrERTCT” ‘cement (Calcined clay 383 Coarse & finjageregates from natural sources 516 Strengthyo tests 650 SpecificatfofforStandard sand for testing 2386 Test rogate (1-8 Parts) 2430 3h oP aggregate for concrete ting tensile strength of conerete i N o1s of terms related to cement conerete (Part 1-12) 7320 Specification of concrete slum test apparatus 10262 Guidelines for concrete mixed design 13311 Pat=1 Ultrasonic pulse velocity ts] Non-Destructive Part—2 Rebound hammer testing of concrete 875 Design loads (other than earthquakes) for building & structures Part I: Dead load, Part Il: Live load Part IIT: Wind load, Part IV : Snow load Part V : Special loads & load combinations 1893 Earthquake resistant design for structures Note: The new code for all OPC 33, 43 & 53 grade is IS 269:2015 Water Requirement for hydration Bound water = 23% by weight of cement. Gel water = 15% by weight of cement 9255624029 6Total minimum = 38% “Property Dry -Process Wet Process ———~ Temperature range 1400-1500°C _ 1500-1600°C Gypsumamount 2.3% 3% Economically (in fuel) Less More Material Unit weight (kNim’) Brick Masonry 19-20 Plain cement concrete 22-24 Reinforced cement concrete 24 20-21 78-80 4 ‘Cement fe. = S700 N/mm = 5000 fe Nm «Min, grade = MIS (IS 456:1978) Min, grade = M20 (IS 456:2000) ‘Types of Cement 1. Portland cement: Classified on hey Basis_of ‘manufacturing as 33 grade, 43 gradeand 5¥ grade: orc (i) OPC-33 (IS : 269-2015) Gi) OPC-43 (IS : 8112-1989) (ii) OPC-53 (IS : 12269-1987) Initial Setting Time (IST) ~ 30 niiaite & final Setting/Time (FST) - 600 minute 2. Rapid hardening cement (IS:8041); More C,Sandless €,S as compared to OPC Not-used in mass concrete it produce Large Shrinkage RHC attains same strength in bday Which an OPC attains in 3 days with same w/e, Itis suitable for repair of roads, bridegSete. 3. Extra Rapid hardening cement: Rapid hardewing cement + 2% CaCl, (also called calcium chloride éement), Especially used in cold weather but also give Excessive. Shrinkages igh alumina cement (1S:6452): IST — Min, 3 hour 30 minute & FST— Max. 5 hour. Itisused for refiactory conerete, industries & used widely in Pre-casting Particularly suitable to sea and under-water work Widely used in Pre-Casting, Expansion £ 5 mm. 5. Portland Stag cement: The mixture of portland cement, granulated blast furnace slag & Gypsum High Sulphate resistance & it is Used in mass conereting work, 6. Super Sulphated Portland cement : 80- Granulated slag + 10- 15% calcium sulphate + 5% Portland cement clinker Itis resistant to chemical attacks particularly to sulphate & highly resistant to sea water It should not be used with any admixture 7. Low heat Portland cement: Low C,$ and C,A and more contents of C,S It is use in mass conerete work Rate of development of strength is low but ultimate strength is same 8. Portland Pozzolana cement (IS:1489 Part-I) : OPC + 10- 30% of fly ash by mass of PPC it is use in marine work Free lime is removed, hence, resistant to chemical attack increases Note: Puzzolana has no cementing property in itself but ‘when it combines with lime, itproduces stable lime pozzolana compound which has cementious property The addition of pozzolanas to connerete results in. (a) Improvement in durability by reducing permeability (b) Reduction in shrinkage (©) Increase in workability of concrete. (@"-Deduction in the rate of hardening of concrete (e)Reduction in segregation and bleeding of concrete. (8) ImegBased résistance against sulphate attack (reduction ‘nchemical'action with sulphates) 9. Quick" setlingcement: Fine grounded OPC with reduced Gypstift content & small amount of aluminium, sulphate, IST = 5 minytes@@ FST = 30 minutes ‘Used in under water concreting. 10.White and Coloured Portland cement (IS: 8042) : FromPurewwhite chalk and china clay Nildvoa Oxicle These arg ufStpfor making Terrazzo flooring, ‘omamental yorks & casting stones Hunter scale 18 yse for checking the whiteness of omiengs Shi? Goloufing pigment before grinding 11. Air Entraining cement: OPC + Vinsol resin or vegetable fits of olls or fatty acids Small amount of (0.1%) by weight of an air entraining agent, 12.Water Repellent or Hydrophobic cement: OPC + fractions of olic acid, Stearic acid or pentachlorophenol. Suitable for basement and making water tight structures, Minimum Specified Strength ia Nim? Type/days Iday days 7days 28 days OPC G3 grade) - 160 220 33.0 Portland Pozzolana 160 220 33.0 Low heat Portland 10.0160 35.0 Test of Cement Sieve Method “Airpemeability Method ‘Sedimentationmehtod FINENESS TEST Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 7CONSISTENCY TEST Vieat’s Apparatus SETTING TIME Vieat’s Apparatus SOUNDNESS TEST —~ Le-chatelierMethod Auto clave test TENSILE STRENGTH _~ Briquettetest HEAT OF HYDRATION ~ Calorimetertest ‘SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST: _Le-chatelier’s Flask. Consistency Test: Itis the amount of water used to make paste of generally consistency. It is the percentage of water reqired for the cement paste, the viscosity of which will be such that Vicat’s plunger penetrates upto 5 to 7 mm from bottom of the Vicat's mould. (a) Vertical formwork to columns, walls, beams 1624 (b) Sofft formwork to slabs (props to be refed jut 3 days after removal of formwork) (© Soffit formwork to beams (Props to be tefixed just 7days after removal of formwork) (a) Props to slabs @ Spanning up to 4.5m. T days Gi) Spanning over 4.5m 14 days (©) Props to beams and arches ) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days SI gover 6 Above specifications are valid for OPC and where amblent temperature do not fall below 15°C and adequate curing is done: For other cements and lower temperature, the stripping time recommended above may be sutiably modified. Concite aniton aed pon) Gemening] Bak —— | Gradeot | Perspectve | Paw tahment se material | demity | coment | speteation | acting 1. Plunger, 10 mm dia, 50 mm long Consistency test time [fmm Pum, feercns 2. 1mm « Imm square needle Initial setting time — coven SSNiot | |) oe 3. 5mm dia Annular collar Final setting L be Taide | sistas I.) 8-590 5 ; Gi| Datvene | SBP rsi2—aes Initial and Final Setting ti [a Nima ° igh Initial Setting Time Final S Time cee Sten | UeCML AGO Renney Tsp w en seme ace ananolarp qe ste Ey _— ued beeen ees ‘he pase compo {or High Alana Coes ~ (2. hue wh Comet ~ (3) Ho os _ Types of text Diametel sm ize =o Ss = 5 2, inal sting ime 1 nit Siam annwalae ring 3. Consistency ‘Soundness Test: To detect change in volume after setting Strength determination TiS" 0 1sp0ot compres sng Sevcssammwott's |"cacaty wedarniie > wiser CF + Comet sind= 1:3 > carsanetrncing | Yaeen G23 + Raw of kading 35 Nien "Rattle 0.7 Nu Note: “Type of formworkMinimum period before stricking formwork S.SOROUT fest on Concrete Fie] verre consistometer od (Cylinder Spliting Test hme AT Soap a “om coxeraity eer T= BIW CONGR ao OR a = DYNAMIC MOI EL seh STEEL Pull ont Tes Rebound ham Resonant Frequency Test a Tet igof Concrete: Batching ® Mixing ® Placing ® Compacting ® Finishing ® Curing, = of Curing: (a) Shading (6) Covering surface with wet hes (c) Sprinkling (@) Ponding (e) Steam curing (For precast members) @_ Applying curing compounds [Marty of Concrete = Time = Temperate ="C Hours or°C dys cloth or gunny bags Compressive strength test: Size of coarse aggregate upto 38 mm Size of eube ~ 150 « 150 «150mm Size of cylinder — 150 mm dia, 300 mm height Cube mould filled in 3 layers, tempered 35 times per layer with tampering rod of 16 mm dia & 600 mm length Stored at temp of 27 + 3°C at 90% humidity for 24 1/2 9255624029 8hour, ‘Then immersed in water for 7 days or 28 days. Rate of loading in compression testing machine = 14 N/ ‘mm ?/ minute. (Cube strength = 1.25 » Cylinder strength] Workability Test: Slump test, compacting factortest, flow test, Vee-Bee consistometer Defects in Concrete: Cracks, Crazing, Efflorescence, Segregation, Bleeding ‘moulding. 3. Bloating: Spongy swollen mass over bricks surface due to excess of carbonaceous and sulphur matter. 4. Efflorescence: Due to alkalies 5. Chuffs: Deformation of shape of the bricks caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks. 6. Under burning:Higher water absorption and less compressive strength 7. Laminations: It is due to entrapped air in the Voids of Admixtures: Plasticizers, Superplasticizers, Airentrainers, day, Acceleraters, Retarders NDT Test on Hardened Concrete: Maturity test, Pull- ee > ‘out test, Penetration test, Ultrasonic pulse velocity test Fineness Modulus: It isan index number which is roughly (ogee Qt © Quenclser proportional to the average size of the particles in the ‘loser Galo —_ aggregate Itis the sum of cumulative percentage retained on the sieves of the standare sieves: 150 mm, 300 mm, 600 mm, L1® iL 2.36 mm, 4.75 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, 63 mand.80 Higher Fineness modulus aggregate results (ofall OMive mixes and lower Fineness modulus results i (sibb com concrete mixes Order of Aggregates: Strength @ubfeal/> Crushed> Rounded > flaky, Workability ~ Rounded’ Cubical > Crushed aoa =G iV Gare | sei ger Bey = = Bonding = = : = TANT Lap should be minirmtm (1/4) bricks along the length of odes : oO Seen ste thcknes ofthe wall be Pete ent BO oints i fernate courses should be along vo sea in soe the same perper Defects of Bricks: Bloating, Efflot Chuffs, Blisters, 3. It is preferablgitg provide every 6th course as a header Laminations course Asean cenypeens warns are © CURSES © AVeSHiee Soi Defects of bricks 1, Over burning: Bricks loose their shape 2. Blisters: Formed due to air imprisioned during their 4. Facing bond ‘Types of, O' nee bond: All the bricks are laid as Stretchers on faces‘6f the wall 2e-Header bond: All the bricks are laid as headers on the faces of the wall It is using three-quarter brick bats in each altemate Ses as quoins, bond: Alternate courses of headers and stretchers, English Bond is stronger than flemish Bond. uH{ufuflulul a uH{ufuflulul a ricks of different thickness are to be used in the facing or backing of the wall. 5. Flemish bond: Each course has altemate header and stretcher, Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 9Flemish Bond give better appearance than English Bond. Construction with flemish Bond requirs greater skill in comparison to English Bond H} s |u| s |H Sle [isi 8 Slenderness ratio of brick masonry:It is the effective height of the wall divided by effective thickness or effective length divided by effective thickness, whicheveris less, Maximum slenderness ratio for load bearing walls No. of storeysUsing Portland cementUsing Time mortar ‘or pozzolana cement Notexoveding 2 a » exoveding 2 a R Note: Permissible tensile stress of brick masonry is 0.1 N/ mm? where as, Permissible shear stress of brick masomlary i, 0.15 Nimm? 1 ‘Bamboo, Cane, Pal Conifers (ol wood) "Needle shape lentes Evergreen tee Pine, Chir Dood Growth Faster Slower 7 Heart-wood Can not be distinguished Can be distinguish Strength Strong along grains Strong along and across. grins Conversion Easy Difficult RResinous Exist in pores Does not exist Material Examples Chit, Fi, Deodar, Kali, Pine Teak, Sal, Shishum, Poplar and Maple S.SOROUT is. OSTER!: 4. Defects due to Natur: 9255624029 Sawing of Timber Ordinary® Flat/slab sawing: Itis very quick & Econon cal method. Tangential Sawing® Cutting is tangential to the Annual rings & at right angles to the meduallary rays. Radial Sawing® Sawing is done Parallel to the rays & perpendicular to the rings: It give strongest timber Quarter/Rift Sawing® Quarter sawn wood wears better & shrink more evenly Note: Radial sawing will produce thestrongest ‘timber piece as in redial sawing medulary rays are not out as the sawing is done parallel to the rays. Properties of Timber: 1 Specific gravity of wood = 1.54 2, Weight of timber should be noted at 12% moisture content 3.Timber is Anisotropic & Elastic material, shrinks least along length and maximum along cireuferance 4,Fibre saturation point is % moisture content at which cell ‘walls.are saturated and cell cavity contains no water. Kp —s roulette =e “ore 1. CamversMghiettets fers [at] ea |) a a a aca | al ( Chip mark? These are the marks or signs placed by a = chips on finiShicdsurface of timber. Tes ots (i) WanesIt is thé presence of original rounded surface on Endogenous wee Trozchequagres C IVJ 1e manufactureetimber. These grove wad (i) Diagonal grain; Improper sawing, Indicated by diago- nal mark or straightgrained surface of timber. small depression on the finished of tool 2. Defects due fo, () Blue stain: ‘wood is stained to bluish colour (i) Sap Stain; Funwi feeds on cell contents of sap wood, 2Byvood looses its colour ity Dr Kocsis due to lack of ventilation/absence of ¥ 1 (ivbasements, rooms or in damp situations like 1 ARtcasey (wv) White rot: The fungi attacks on lignin of wood & wood assumes the appearance of white mass consisting of cellulose compounds, (v) Brown rot: Fungi of certain type remove cellulose com- pounds from wood & it attains brown colour. (v) Heart rot: In it, heart wood is exposed to atmosphere & attacked by atmospheric agents. (off) Wet rot: Itis the chemical decompositons of wood due to alternate dry & wet conditions forces: (0 Burls, (i) Callus, (ii), Dead wood, (iv) Knots (v) Foxiness, (vi) Druxiness, (vi/) Rind galls (viii) Shakes: Longitudinal separations in the wood between the annual rings (a) Heart Shake: Occurs in overmatured trees. These 10are wider at centre & diminish outward, Prevsevation of Timber (IS : 401) Types of Preservatives: Methods of Treatment (IS: 401) - Surface Application: (a) Ascu Treatment: It was developed by forest Research Institute, Dehradun. This solution is odourless Solution is made by 6 parts of posder in 100 parts of water by weight, Preservtive gives protection against white ants. AS,0.2H,0 + CuSO,5H,O + K,Cr,0/Na,Cr,0,2H,0 1 Part 3 Pants 4 Pants lignum. Mixed in potsdered form (b) Chemical Salts, (c) Oil pointst( paints: (©) Coal tar: Surface is coated yith hhoBeoal far with the help of brush. This process/is alléd tarring. Itis fire resistant (Creosote oil: The application BFCrgosote oil is called creosoting, It is highly toxic in INE obtained by distillations It is one of the best antiseptic. Itis black or brown liqui by water, neither volatile’ nar Bier should norbe usd fone aries oF dwelling co Hot and cold process: Soaking: £ |. Charring: The surface to be charred is keptavet fi half an hour and then burt to a depth of 15"mnm.over ‘wood fire. Due to buming a layer of coal is formed on the surface. This layer is neither effected by moisture nor by fungi. Major disadvantages of charring is that, there is loss of strength of timber and it can notbe used for exterior surface due to black surface. Diffusion process: Its use for treatment of poles, planks & plant material Boucherie process: Pressure or pneumatic process: orbetel process process uty Ritoine cess oes. Visit Fire Resistance of timber: Timber can not be made fire proof, but it can be only made fire resistant by the following ways - Sir Abel’s process- Init, surface of wood is painted by weak solution of sodium silicate Seasoning of Timber (IS: 1141) : It is the process of reducing the moisture content of timber in order to prevent, the timber. Nit Tie Conic Natural Seasoning: Itis carried out by natural air, hence ‘even called air seasoning & Moisture content can be brought '5=20%. The duration of a timber usually requires easohing is 6 months (minimum). Ss Ley “Artificial ing: Kiln Seasoning, (c) Electrical (@ Chemical, (Salf seasoning), (c) Water Seasoning: 1d: Ithas injform tensile strength both along as across the grains) It has odd no of layers. Fe ‘00d is obtaind byegluing wooden sheets at a pressure of (100-150 N/cm). This variation is due to the different ater ses Babul ‘Agricultural Instruments Bamboo: Scaffolding Benteak’ Boat Construction Deotlar 9g Railway sleeper thers Sports goods Ship Building ications of Mortar on various factors - {a) Type of material - Surkhi, Gauged, Cement, Gypsum, ‘Lime mortar ( Fat lime, Hydraulic lime and Poor lime ) (b) Bulk density based ~ Light density (y, < 15 KN/m Heavy density (7, > 15 KNim' ) (©) Special types of mortar - Fire resistants, Sound absorb- ing, Light weightete. CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page iTools for Quarrying stones Jumper. Dipper, Crow bar, Tamping bar “Test ——~—SPurrpose—SSCSS ‘Smith test for presence of soluble matter Brad’s test for frost resistance (durability) Acid test, To check weather resistance Hardness test Mohr scale Some Important Topi + Distemper are white paints made with base as white chalk and thinner as water. + Distemper is chepaer than paints. + They are most suitable for plastered surfaces as well as ite washed surface of interior walls. tempers are workable and easy in application but less durable + Varnish is a nearly homogenous solution of resin in oil, al- cohol or turpentine + The type of solvent depends upon the type of resin - + The oil dries with time and other solvents evapo Tat L ing behind a solid transparent resin filmot AS (a) Spirit Varnish, (b) Oi rhe varnish, (€)Flat varnish, (e) Asphalt vagy ()Spar varnish + Acement paint is a water Venting water penetrating rel prevent fungal and algal gr exterior walls + Enamel paint is apain tha Gt lossy, finish, used for hi 4 me doors + Cellulose paint is aoa timer or trade professionals whe: required + Distempers are the chepacr vanity fi chalk is used as base and water as cartier, an ‘emulsifying agent, Available in powder or paste. A Various constituents of an oil paint are: (a) Base: Itmakes the paint film opaque and possesses binding prop- erties which reduces the shrinkage cracks in the film on drying (©) Pigments: It is used to hide the surface imperfections and to impart the desired colour. (b) Vehicle: Its also known as binder or carrier. + Ibis an il to which base is mixed. + It imparts durability, toughness and water profess and resistance to weathering, + Ttholds the constituents of paints in suspension and helps spread it over the surface to be painted + Linseed oil, poppy oil, tungooil, animal oils are examples of vehicle (d) Solvents: These are oils used to thin the paints, increase S.SOROUT ‘Types of varnish on interior as well as suflaces that are out- wy enthusiast, first a imal finish is the spread "Name of pigment Colour Zine oxide White Copper sulphate Green Indigo Blue Ivory black Black Burntsiena Brown Red lead Red wall Tie beam (tension beam) Strut beam (compressive beam) Cross seetion of a truss roof ‘Tread (11 inch minimum) cpfatis sey Bahanine spiral &Mtrease, ideal material is cast iron ion of drt ota € building 90 cm &in public Building, (1.5-1.8)m, 0 OSTER Poy than 12 & not less than 3 in a teh) — (25° - 40°). irs in residential building ~ 85 cm & ing is | m. she maximum riser is limited to 15 em and railing above the tread should be gener= io 75 em to 80 em in stairs EE Rule: (VER + T) = 60, (b) (R + T) = (40-45), (€) Rx T= (400 ~ 450). where, R ~ Rise in om, T- Tread in om. For residential building, common size of steps is (16 * 26) com, In Hospital ete. ~ (10 * 30) em In case of straight staircase, No. of Trade = (No. of Riser ~ 1) Total height between floor & roof Height of one riser In public pas No. of Riser ‘Types of Stairs: (1) Straight stairs, (2) Turing Stairs. (a) Quarter Tum, (b) Half Turn Stair (Dog-legged & Open well stairs) (c) Three-Quarter, (d) Bifurcated stairs. ‘Mud/Muram flooring: Itis cheap, Hard, fairly Impervi us, easy to maintain & Construct. It has good thermal Insu- 9255624029 12lation property due to which it remains cool in summer & fairly warm in winter. Commonly use in villages. This floor is washed with dilute oxalic acid. ‘Terazzo flooring: It is laid in thin layer over concrete topping. Itis very decorative & has good wearing properties, It is mostly used in residential buildings, Hospitals, offices, schools & other public buildings Init, marble chips size is 3 to 6 mm. The flooring in which base concrete of lime, cement & conerete of mix 1:5:10 is laid over well compacted sub base is called terrazao flooring Cork flooring: It is perfectly Noiscless & is used in braries, Theatres, Art Galleries, Broadcasting stations ete. where noiscless floor covering is desired. Itis available in the form of coloured tiles/sheets, Glass flooring: It is used for entrance of light at base~ ment from the upper floors Mosaic flooring: Init, we use chips of marble in colette cement. Its thickness is 4 em generally For cleaning mosaic floors, we use murat salts) diluted with water. Some Special Varieties of Glass Bullet proof glass: It is made up of plate glass & vinyl resin plasti layers is small as compared to inne! ralaltemate layers thickness of outer 18 Ic is made of thick glass steel Ja Shawiched Geel J L high strength plastic Float glass: eis extensively Mine mercial buildings. Itis superior to o@@inary ‘energy consumption, cost effectiveness: strength, Fibre glass : fibre glass consi¢f§ of\minute glass roads(fibres) made up of the parent: woe Itis soft & flexible. It is used for Thermal Insulati Safety glass : It is also called shatter F gliss. TiS extensively used in automobile glass. the glass does bee) t ally breaks but cracks therefore preventing damaige.from fl} ing splinters, pieces of glass. Ultra violet ray glass : This glass effectively transmits almost all of the ultra-violent rays incident on the glass irre- spective of the angle of incidence Other types of glasses made for specific purposes are Heat excluding glass, Shielding glass, Perforated glass, Structural glass. ‘The common house hold glass is soda lime glass Foam glass is recommended while making a building: -conditioned ‘The glass used for display windows of jewelry shop is laminated glass Glass used in railways coaches is wire glass + Wired Glass: Used in outside window to resist fire & Breakage. Ground Glass: Used where light is to be admitted, but vision is to be obscured. r Physical properties of steel aye CREE) Sh Ry-Girlm Various physical properties of structural steel are given below: Unit mass of steel, r= 7850 kg/m? Modulus of elasticity E=2 » 10°Nimm? ‘modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 « 10°N/mm? Poisson ratiom = 0.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, = 12 106RC Materi Percentage carbon Wrought iron (purest <0.1 from of Iron) Steel 0.10-0, 25%. High carbon steel 0.55-0.95% Cast Iron 2.00-4.00% SUBJECT OF MIN Ky * Normal & io Sy & tare given 0 sn fangential Stress: \sin20 ++, 0820 Major & Minor, LoS fos), Points: ciple Stress: aye me Radius of Mohr’s Cin Ve (ta)? Normal stress at Location of (t,,.) Volumetric Strain of Rectangulai lav [eee Vv E Je Volumetric Strain of Cylindri Volumetric Strain of Spherical: +265 Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 13Between Elastic Constant E E 3k-2G] |, __OKG = E= 30-390] |" cxzac] |! “HG ‘Number of independent Elastic Constant: Homogenous & Isotropic = 2, Anisotropic = 21, Orthotropic = 9 ETE) Shear Stress: Cross-section Shear stress PL. Axial Elongation of the Prismatic Bar: (for Instantaneous loading) Deflection In Non-Prismtic Bars. Jar=Pi , Plo, | E, (a) Rectangle be tele 3 2 at distance from neutral axis = a 1. Stepped Bar [4U" aE ta = 1st, ,at h/2) : 4Bt, PL fa 2. Circular Tapering Bar |4\“5 5p, nN. = 133k, Ps a Distance betwen : ji 7 FE VE NA. & _ at =aL,.a=——Pe _] ha Defection of Composit Bar: RE+AE, location “1/6 Deflection due to Self Weight of Bar: LL pre -4 wi NV 2 ve 1. Prismatic Bar: |= = (A) Ki; = 33 t,,, (at R/2 — im distance from 2. Conical Bar: [4 =e ]= = neutral axis) ‘Thermal Expansion: s = EaDT. bir (@) Diamond tan Bo Coefficient of Thermal expansion (AI > Copper > Steel) In case Of Pure Bending: M_22M Z| vT N (na = ‘Masimumn Principle Stress of Gist & Treseca Suitable for Dusile Haigh & Beltrami Ductile Ductile “CIVIES BOOSTERIC oe NEO Le section Pressure Vessels: Pure Torsion Equation For Circular Shaft: | Combined Bending & Torsion: BR imaieer | Wat] MeWM +7? Equivalent Moment: S.SOROUT 8 Hoop Shress Longitudinal stress. Bey Hoop Strai TE Longitudinal Strain: ‘Thin Spherical Pressure Vessels: 9255624029 14PDI 4 po| i Euler’s Buckling Load: |P End Condition of column, So, Strain energy density P=Txo] HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Roman Roads ® Tresaguct Construction ® Metcalf Construction ® Telford Construction ® Macadam End Joncendsived | sothenet | wot end | One cnt fred Construction cendtion Joncend fice. | Hingd | Finca [onecnd Hinged fagpur Plan ombay Plan Lucknow Plan ee ae ¥ we ® 1943-1963 1961-1981 1981-2001 ® Road density Road density Road density 16 km/100 km? 32.km/100 km? —_-82.km/100 km? ® Recommended ® Construction of Rectangular & star & grid 1600kmof block pattem paitem. Expressway carl an [2 | o}caN Lode, Chandigs angular and block pattern Shaft In seriess: 9 New Delhi aid circular pattem at connaught place. ‘Nagpur road pl: lated star and grid pattern Tia, Fats i an = Os + Oae + 8c] 9 = Gd Ea 2 0.278.1+——— __| 250F£0.01m)| Shaft In parallel: MTs STOTT Spring Strain Energy: Stiffness: 4K, +Ky +..Ky (In Spring) Note: It a spring is cut down by K times, then its strain 1 ‘energy decreased by 7 times, its stiftness is increased by K times, and its flexibity deereased by } time, 1, Shear centre (Channel Section) a lar = 2. ineular ©= 2 Torsional strain energy 2. Semi * Volume of shaft T wl should have a minimum of 3.0m width 0. 1 ir .¢ of parallel parking. 2 imtim width of cycle Track is 2m. 3. Right of way/land width is the width of land required for the road along its alignment. + Maximum No, of vehicles can be parked with 90° Angle parking, + In Highway construction, Rolling start from sides and proceed to centre Sight Distance: The distance from which any types of obstruction on the road length could be visible to the driver from some distance ahead is called Sight Distance. = oe Se ae 5 , ONE VE + Super Elevation Design: |¢-R- "span + Ruling minimum radius of Horizontal curve: Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 15¥ Note: Rows = THE aT)|* VK) + Traffic capacity represents the capability/maximum rate of flow on a road way provided with some level of service characteristics while Traffic volume indicates the actual rate flow and responds to variation in Traffic Demand, 2R 950K Basic Ca + Extra Widening of Pavement: ity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours | TO00V) 3600 + Capacity: 3 speed kmph, T(See/km) =~ + Length of Transition Curve: vik, vi __80 laces =e scp] be=misee] "75 +0) 2 By Rate of introduction of super elevation: Where [E, 300 m, no extra wideni city (+2) (6) Onsingle lane road, itis uth ST : widening only. ¢/ Signs (©) For multi-lane roads, the ps ae maybe + TERE during fogis yellow calculated by adding half the w ‘twolaneroads ~—« The length/of of waming sign board of roads is to each line + Length of Summit Curve: 6: + Roath delifeatbrs used to provide visual Assistance to driv~ 7 i ‘No. jgnment ofthe road ahead, especially at Night 1-28-44) (ssp), {tS} cL > ssp) Bide Sf the sop sign according to IRC : 67-2001 is ‘Octoyénal ro + As per IRC : 67-2001, a Traffic sign indicating the speed + Length of Valley Curve: |bs=2\75) |(Comforori- * 73 ‘ona road shouldbe of eiteularshape wth white Back= teria) sground and red border. + Indian High ways have coloured milestones: 45 em, bP L>ssp Yellow and white milestones ~ National highway Green and white mildstones ~ State highway PD Less; |L=2s ens Blue/Black and White mildstones —— City/Main ‘Traffic Capacity: Maximum no. of vehicles in a lane ora cameo Miestonce - ‘Wages rood that can pass a given point in unit ime. Expressed in Trip js defined as the one way movement having single iaaeeaed purpose and mode of Travel by a point of origin and a point pst ai capac of destination ai agacy [Pou capac | rasa cay Webster Method icons cpeciy er |;Unerprvaing [isle Ong ancy i a ETT Ostmumecletine= S.SOROUT 9255624029 162 109 Aggregate crushing value: |. r Loss of wi.in gm] “Type of Bitumen Use 3 Penetration grade 30/40 Areas where temperature difference range is less than 25°C. Penetration grade 60/70 Superiortype of roads with high traffic innormal summer temperature ECEINOO=RY Cutbackbitumen Cold weather eondition. Emulsion speed limit | Wet conditions (Rainy season) mainte- nance work, soil stabilisation in desert. Elastic Modulus Naa pred Dis maximum vertical deflection of the flexible plate. Coefficient of Hardness: |= 20~ ~_ Contact Pressure ‘Tyre Pressure Rigidity factor: California Resistance Value: a =1 18a et tencod E, Rigid circular plate is used instead of flexible. smieieta ign -incip a Spal NV Ik Method Empirical Method using soil Classi- Ey o* a fication Test Cer Empirical Method using Soil strength radius of plate p= pressure at deflection OD E, = young’s modulus of pavertient material “Test US Navy MaiefO i-Theoretical Asphalt Institute Metfed Quasi-rational IV I l Veins in coment concrete Expansion joer ERP in Consucion joint oes Bankelman Beam(Deflection Method Overlay ThiGkutss: California Bearing Ratio M/D ravement thickness ji P = wheel load inkg CBR 1/550 log, ‘CBR TEST: eat pose ‘Tri Axial Method: N OP For classifying & evaluating soil subgrade 7 & base course materials for flexible = | (23 A pavements 2n,a)* [LE Crushingtest_ Strength of Aggregates Abrasion test Hardness of Aggregate Design of Rigid Pavement: |k Impact test Toughness of Aggregate Soundness test Durability of Aggregate ne Shape test Gives idea of workability & stability of Radius of Relative Stifiness: |!") px (1,07) ae i Bitumen Adhesion test Gives stripping value of Aggregates E= Modulus of elasticity of cement concrete Softening pointtest It is done by Ring & ball apparatus pavement kg/em? to ensure safety of Bitumen oission’s Ratio, Conerete = 0.15 Float test For viscosity of Bitumen, h = Slab Thickness (em) = k = Modulus of subgrade reaction (kg/em’) ———— Equivalent redius of resisting section { Sa, & when (a < 1.724 h) | (Glodbeck’s formula) Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page LifSURVEYING Both Plan and Map are the graphical representations of the features on horizontal plane but plan is a large scale representation while map is a small scale representation. Note: The effect of the curvature of earth's surface is taken into account only if the extent of survey is more than 195.5 kn The difference in the length of an arc and its subtended chord on earth’s surface for a distance of 18.5 km is about 10 mm. Classifiaction of Surveying Based on Purpose () Topographic: & tomake a map indicating inequalites of land surface. ‘Topographic Survey is done to determine the Natural features of a Country. Scale range is 1 : 25000 to 1 1000000, Hydrographic Survey: It is conducted on or near water bodies. Marine survey is also one of it’s type. i) tion of new routes (roads & railways)~Al (ui) Engineering Survey: Itis used for design etl dy calculate for route alignment aN (iv) Geological Survey: It is conducted to ovlain data of Error due to use of wrong scale: Correct length RF of wiong scale pe |e stanmonsesle) length ~ [RLF of correct scale aoe Correct Area RFof wrong scale = (Bot wmosseale) cacutted Area (RFor ed " Principal of Least Square: 6745,| 2 Bs sone of Measurement =03m Tyard= 310 Thectare = 2.471 acre Tinile = 1,609 kin Tacre = 43560 sq.ft T Nautical mile = 1.852 kn "Used in Large Survey Area pe Itisa point in chain survey where two me meet Geological Survey: tis co ‘nian da or) 0 + line: Chain line joining two main survey geological studies. y, i i (0) Cadastral Survey : Itisused japfayée plans of prop- ideale Ba amon Seationcn suney ine erty boundries for legal purpé ‘he revenue P) (Proof line ot che@K line: Provided to check the accuracy used in cadastral surveying Algpelled public be field Py v (vi) Astronomic Survey: It is @Budlucted for determina- tion of azimuths, latitudes, longiuides, various places on the earth bobservit ies, Absolute location of a poiitah earth surface is ob- tained by it. Note: + Archacological survey is done to colidetinfésfnation about old and nelic structures, + Reconnaissance Survey is a kind of pre Trica O be which is performed to find out method of surveYto-be: adopted and its rough cost. Classification based on instrument used - Chain surveying . Compass surveying, Theodolite survey, Lev- elling survey, Contouring, EDM survey, Photogram- ‘metric survey, Tacheometric survey. Correct Sequence of Surveys (a) Traffic Survey (b) Reconnaissance Survey (c) Preliminary Survey (@)_ Detailed Survey/Location Survey Principles of Surveying: () Work from Whole to Part: So as to localise the error and prevent theiraccumulation, (ii) Locate a Point by Atleast two Measurements: S.SOROUT 9255624029 (c) Offsets: These" afd lateral measurement made w.rt STER'*) be oblique or perpendicular in Ss] Base line: Loutest survey line from which direction of all other stuye¥éhines are fixed. @ Chane: Distance measured along the main survey line diféetion of progress of work. Iine‘field book is most commonly used for ;oFding ordinary chain survey work. ‘onditioned Triangle: Triangle in which all intersections of lines are clear. Angle's between the lines for clearintersections should be 30 to 120°. An equilateral triangle is the most appropriate well conditioned triangle. Note: As per IS specifications, every metre length of the chain should individually be accurate to within + 2mm when measured under a tension of 80 Newton, (a) I mile= 80 Gunter’s chain (b) 1 acre= 10x (Gunter's chain)? (c) The overall length of chain should be within the limits snbelow () 20m 5 mm for 20 m chain. ai 18Gi) 30 m8 mm for 30 m chain i) Tapes (ii) Pegs: To mark definite points on ground temporarily (iv) Arrows: It provides a check over the length of line as entered in the field notes. (v) Ranging rods: To locate intermediate points such that these points lie on straight lines joining the end stations, (vi) Offset rod: Similary to ranging rod with a sout open hook at the top Equipments for Measurement Right angles 0 a staff aa bd lh Frencctos a Nags MM A s s Eastern Declination Western Declination Magnetic Declination At any place horizontal angle b/w True Meridian and Magnetic Meridian is called magnetic Declination. For Eastern Declination: a= b + q, or 1B = MB +4, For western Declination: a= b~q, or [B= MB ~q, Fore bearing and Back Bearing: B'B = FB + 180° Local Attraction: If the difference biw fore bearing and ‘back-bearing is 180°, the the adjoining stations are free form nic Dine: Lines passing through the points on ‘at which the declination is the same at ot ti eV, rediate from North and South pole ‘Open cross stuff and follow ilar paths. + Accuracy of the french Ci is O77 than that (ii) Agonic Lineszskines passing through points of zero of an open cross staff. Bat fifich Cross staff. declination ‘True meridian and magnetic meridian coin- srt outa an angle of pga pe Civ (ii) Optical Square: Pocket instrument, more et aE accurate than a cross staff. * Optical Square is used to So AES = oo angle. The principal use: le . Hence, Angle between tyomntfttors is 45°. S <6 Tap Corrections Correction for Slope: soba C, <2 Correction for mean sea level Comenion ter Thppeioan c a(T-T)L P-P, Correction for pull or Tension: C,: (Se _ Law? 2P Bearing: Direction of line with respect to fixed meridian is called bearing True Meridian/Bearing ® True meridian is a line joining True North pole, True South Pole end and point of reference. Itnever changes with time ® Angle measured for any line wrt True Meridian isealled Ture bearing, Bearing Taken W.rt magnetic meridian is called magnetic Correction for Sag: C. NOI Dik to meio ot sanaont ts | dstbanese emo at | Sekt poke imdiy suman tne, Drs magni ears magnetic ick Tinea measurement (a) Taping oF chaining (Dy Tacheometi method (@ Bkeironie distance measuring Instrument (EDM @ Method of detection ange WNeihod of areata (@) Method offnchded anak Accuracy order: Coordinate method > Method of included angle > fast needle method > Loose needle method, Dip: The angle made by the lines of magnetic foree with the carth’s surface is called dip. Magnetic needle becomes horizontal at equator but becomes vertical at magnetic poles. Latitude and Departure Projection of a line on N-S direction is called latitude. [L = Hieos0] Projectione of a ine on E-W direction is called deparature. sind] Adjustment of closing Error. Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 19Sum of all internal Angles of a closed Traverse. = (2n— 4) < 90" where n = No. of sides, Sum ofall deflection Angle = 360° Sum of latitude [EL = Sum of departure [= =) Very +epy Bowditch’s Method (Compass Rule) Closing error In the Traverse Permissible error in linear Measurment = xvi Permissible error in angular measurement = ‘The true difference Elevation: H Hh, hy) +(h, +b, 9] Determining Areas: Mid ordinate rule D = Area = Aver- age ordinate « Length of base p= Ort OL ‘Simpson’s One Third Rule D = $00, +0,)+2(0, +0, #4) +40, +0, +..0, ,)] 1 Correction to latitude: C, = EL «=> Correction due to departure: C,, L ‘Transit Method: C, = =L~7~ Axis Method. Correction of any length = Thal gion being Tor Sensitivity of level tube can reased by increasing radius, diameter of tube. length of decreasing the temperature, viscosity of liquid, the 1e88,of the inner wall of the tube, 4, NO Length of Axis Simpl Der s RL Check in Height of Instrument Method \p=- 4-5 Radian] Row Fixed Hair Method = 100 (Multiplying Constant) Addition C O=(f+d) S = Staff iniokcept, Stadia interval, focal length o TeReena/2 sin 2 Xbiteylevél To measure slope, cross section, to find ‘radient DBS- EFS =¥ Rise —¥ Fall = Last RL-First RL Planimeter To measure area very accurately Note: First reading made on a point of known reduced Pantagraph Used to reduce/enlarge the maps level is always a Back sight reading, Handlevel_ To trace contours € Sextant ‘To measure horizontal & vertical angle Curvature: C, =~ = — 0.07854". =4 ve Refraction: C,= >| 3g Final Combination Corretion C= - 0.06735 = 3gsJh. d=in km and h=in meter. Reciprocal Levell S.SOROUT 9255624029 20Plain table with accessories “Methods of orientation By trough compass Met eo By back sighing By ssc ee gyi Characteristics of Contour When no value is represente i Two contours intersect hindicates a flat terrain, ees seen » AVI ed r only ‘ten nee OOS LR ii) Equally spaced contours represents uniform slope: (iv) A watershed or edge line contour crosses the valley contour at right angle. Converally the contours are not visible on the grounds excepts in the case of shore lines. (¥) Direction of steepest slope is along the shortest dis- tance between the contours. (vi) Two contour lines having same elevation cannot unite and continue as one line. aoe e yi IL AGP Ratio: ‘N NO 2 | pewaeicarme | tem=25hm ian (0)70e pane a ORE oe pmcase |p Sa0 zw (0 Fest ete toms 026ten IRRIGATION ENGINEERING Methods of Irrigation: Free flooding, Border flooding, Check flooding, Basin flooding, Furrow Irrigation, sprinkler Inigation, Drip Irigation. é Depth of wat red in root zone: (9. =F —M}} mn biw alana Delta: 3648 4 = 558 meter) Dp uneten| mec se = Duty ies fater ERY w, wai ion Effi 2 fe fart root-zone +R,+D, Water stored in the root zone Water delivered to the form, Surface run off deep percolation Water use efficiency (n,): ‘w, = water used beneficialy wy = water delivered. Water Storage Efeiciency (W,): w, Wa water needed in the root zone prior to Irrigation, (field capacity-Available moisture) p(y average numerical deviation in depth of water Water ribution Efficiency (n, Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 21average depth stored during Irrigation (4). Consumption Irrigation Requirements (CIR): [EIR=C, —R, ‘eld Irrigation Requirement (FIR): a lor = Gross Irrigation Requirement: Some Faets 1. Idduki Dam ~ Arch Dam 2. Most of gravity Dam constructed in India are straight solid gravity dams. ex-Bhakra Dams. 3. Bhakra Dam (A conerete Dam) and Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (A stone Masonry Day) are rigid dam in India. 4, Best/Most economical Central Angle in an arch Dam is the one whose Value is equal to 133° 34¢ at mid-height in constant radius dam. 5. A check Dam isa Soil Conservation Structure 6. The Tehri dam is highest dam in India. It is asmulti Perennial canal: those canals which gets continuous supplied from the source whole year. The source of supply for these canal is perennial river. These ea nal can supply water for irrigation whole year during the crop period, (ii) On lining basis -lined canal & unlined canal Following are the various causes of failure of earthen dams - (a) Seepage failure - Due to piping through foundation or dam body, sloughing progressive removal of soil from wet downstream face, (b) Structural failure - Due to liquefication slides, earthquake, sliding of slopes, water soluble materials ete. (©) Hydraulic failure - Due to overtopping, erosion of U/S face & D/S toe, gully formation in D/S face, cracking due to frost action ete. Some Special Topic *"Wreross Drainage Work is a structure constructed for car- catal, across a Natural drain (river intercepting the purpose rock & earth-fill embankment Bhagirathi river near Tehri (UK) ow tL y oe as t0 Wispose the drainage water without Inter- Kennedy’s theory: 0.55 my (0.00133) _m ne Cc Lacey’s Theory: Q= Discharge [F=1.76 dan Hydraullic Mean depth: Gr] a ‘Area of channel section P3750) Classification of canals - (i) On purpose basis - Irrigation canal, power canal & navi- gation canal. (ii) On nature of source of supply - Permanent canal: It is the canal which is fed by a permanent source of supply. It is of two types- Non-perennial canal: Those canal which get their supplies only for a part of the year. The source of supply for these canal is a non-perennial river, There- fore these canal can. supply water for irrigation only during some time of the crop seasons Bed slope wetted perimeter S.SOROUT 2 COOSTER 9255624029 Tupting the Ort nuous canal supplies. + Inonderto the No. of Cross drainage works, the alignment Of canals should be generally along the water- Canal taken below drainage channel inage channel taken below canal. iydraulic structure which carries I cross & above the drainage. Super Passage everse of an aqueduct + Inan Aqueduet, er ‘no uplift problem + A level crossing is @ross drainage work in which the drain- méet each other at approximately at the Drainage Siphon +-SpillWay: Acts as safety Values for the Dams. + A spillway may be located either within the body of dam/at one end of the danventirely away from the dam in a saddle as on independent structure. jpillway Type Saddle Earth dam across main river, Syphon Medium Irrigation Project in Interior area. Ogee Masonry Dam on good Rock Surplus Minor Irrigation Work, ‘Chute Spillway is simplest, low cost and provided easily on Earth and Rockfill Dam and also called waste weir. + Low ogee weir is known as its control structure + An ogee spillway is also called overflow spillway. + Stilling Basin isa structure in which a Hydraulic Jump used for Energy Dissipation, 22‘Sona epi oT Sonata 4. ‘pal € Max) finer Sept-Oct) ‘Ako caled Morin cop Ao called spite crop Rogainda tof wer ‘swum clit forced Depo pon vial lite fr owt of rps Optimum number of stations N = = Allowable degree of error, Generally e = 0.1 Normal Precipitation: Average Value of rainfall 30 yrs data of particular date or month. ‘Average Annual Precipitation: Average Value of annual Maprompsaemue Gm what rainfall values for last 38 yrs. < =a Estimate of Missing Data Harvesting moat fiom Harvesting moet om Annual precipitation values P.,P,.P, P.atMsta- Spc oar Maho apa . tions 1, 2, 3, Mrespectively HYDROLOGY Estimate of Missing, Data Tele amy [Peon Tp Tansy] Hhgrnet | | iba Pre BB t Bt th Ly’ p ‘Wind speed | Anemometer | | Tsohyets_ Rainfall N No ana pt Ontromser | | ont _| Sw 5. BALEBAL tat Ay “Tnspton —| Piptnetr Tagen 7 2B = BATRA tt Pee Frapormsniaion | Lysimeer Tigpinion] Thiessen Mean Method: P= "(ay 4,4. A,) Exaponion | Ainonetr San Tsoliyetal Method: L Water Budget Equation: [P- where P = Precipitation, G=Net Ground Waterflow. R = Surface run off, E= Evapore T = Transpiration, DS = Chang@in'Storage Various types of precipitation- ‘mountain barrier (b) Cyclonie- It occurs duc to pi difference Cc IV ‘to fitating of air ( temperz rographie- Due to (©) Conveetive - It occurs due ture difference) (d) Frontal - It isa type of cyclani curs due to warm & cold air m: a BOOS: osm) Gy aon) mi pecan stent ‘in Tpeet Gaps Nonecording ain gauge | Reconing in gage |otow much ein cccured)| (iowa wen ist occured) onions pot of il asst ne ‘Sina nin ne | Tine bocket | Wening wpe] Nal] sineaty of | «Misano «A cae Raita |" rain |" Pups PtP, +..4P, 1 Mean Rainfall P, Where n = total number of rain gauge station P,, P, = rainfall recorded at stations | and 2 ete. 2. Standard deviation (P=P,y +0, Py ++, Py @-D ifn <30 then s, ,, Otherwise s, s, 3. Coefficient of variation C, Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page is of an event: |P. Ss The Probability’ IL ‘The reoccurrence infer rd maximum rainfall ation of the series iency/ factor. ‘ion: Daily Potential evopotranspiration wean of s = stant k pane AH, +6, At A = Slope of the saturation vapour pressure VS ‘Temp.curve E = Parameter including wind velocity. H, = Net radiation in mm of evaporable water per day: g = Psychrometric constant = 0.49 mm of mercury Pe. ion capacity: Infill [F=fwhenist,,f=iwhent =] f+(f-fe™ Horton’s Equation: f, = Infiltration capacity at any time t f= initial infiltration f, = Final steady state infiltration. 23FLUID MECHANICS Some specific fh mass, 1. Density properties (measured in kg/m). volume 2. Density of liquid & gas is directly proportional to pressure and inversely to temperature 3. Specific gravity/telative density Density of liquid = Density of water at #C 4, IFR.D <1, then fluid is lighter than water. eae _ Weight of substance «Specific weight = re ormubstance? 6. Some Important Relation 1 milibar= 10 bar =100 Nim? 1 mm of Hg= 10° m of Hg = 10° « 13,6 m of water = 10 © 13.6 * 9810 Nim? = 133.42 Nim? 1 N/mm? = 10° Nim? (= rgin Nim’) N Te By = SSO = 9.81 8. Bec = 13.6 8, O) 1 [NV 9. Specific volume = 981N 1 Kgflem’ = 5-4, 7 = 98.1 « 10° Nim ee oN WL spedla in 2, Idcal fluids ® No-viscosity 8 no “No slip" condition 3. Noslip condition is due to fluid viscosity, Pressure Inside The Liquid Drop: Pressure Inside The Liquid Jet: Pressure Inside the Soap Bubbk Expression For Capillary Rise: Poca Shsoime ‘Buoy ait f ee erenict of distance of body from free surface of idalso the density of solid body + Mechanical ‘ate used for measuring high pressure values which d requires high precision. 3 Dey () + Air cavitation ig [8s damaging than vapour cavitation Aaa > CIV he relees Viscosity: |" ©} G-= | =n rn Nima Na aS paints | pee ene Kinematic Visoc ER; ‘es pclae in dling ain be) Ex (a) Thixotropic Ink, Ketchup, Enamels ete. (b) Bingham plastic Sewage, Sludge, Drilling mud, Gel, ‘Toothpaste, Cream (©) Rheopectic Gypsum in water & Bentonite slurry (@ Pseudo Plastic Paint, Paper, Pulp, Blood, Syrup, Polymer, Lipstick, Nailpaint (e) Dilatant Quick sand, Sugar in water, Butter Special Points: 1. Wetting property is due to surface tension, S.SOROUT 9255624029 Dirt To measyefeset a pish “To measure he presse dierence v Invent ire mee Micro naar of s¥R@ ot Wanoretar Fae Types Pressure measurenan] +. | Plezometer Lule Poste (Gauge pressure) 2. | Utubeenomeia] Gat quae | Bein postive s| oes Negative Pressure fs. | tnciea tube | Gases ‘Bomn (ve 8) Manometer {tr vety ow pressure] most v=) fe | onerentara Inverted Dierentat | Both iqua& | Pressure gierence pases Between 2 pins 5. | Bourdon Pressure] oth quid & | treasures pressure owe gases atapot Facts about pressure L. Longer runway’s needed at higher altitude due to reduced drag and lift. 2. Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude because of difference in body's blood pressure and atmosphere 24pressure 3. Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude. 4, Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes. Buoyancy And Floatation [Weight of body = weight of fuid displaced] cera ee ae ee Surface = yA = AR P= yas L I,sin?@ +e +aee (ore eas ¥ &¥X, forsame horizontal plane surface from liquid TT, L Rotational Stability: When a small angulaf ex sets up arestoring couple, then stability isknogn as fota stability. oy fae Couple aorine) ai ational. Submerged body Stable equilibrium G below B a - BG = +Ve Unstable equilibrium MbelowG a GM eo BGS Gand Beoincic Neutral equilibrium and G GM=0 Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of lines of action of buoyant force before and after rotation. Continuity Equation: [A,V,=A.Vj Hydrostatic Force Horizontal [F= WAX] [n=] ‘Vertical [F = WAX] |h=% +ael Inclined [F=Was] |n=X+2sin’ | Ax Note: We generally follow Eulerian concept, as its difficult to keep the track of a single fluid particle. Types of fluid show: 1, Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location, the flow and fluid properties do not change with time, then its Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page steady flow otherwise unsteady eee aoa 2, Ustforat an-Now-Cinifoom Flows Afow in weld to be uniform flow in which velocity & flow both in magnitude and direction do not change along the direction of flow for given instant of time. 3. One, two or three Dimensional Flow: If flow parameters varies in one dimension wrt space only then its one dimensional otherwise its 2 or 3 dimension respectively V = V(x, ) Bone dimensional V = V(x. », ® two dimensional V = V(x, ), 2,1) ® three dimensional 4, Laminar and Turbulent Flow: In Laminar flow, the particles moves in layers sliding smoothly over the adjacent layers while in turbulent flow particles have the random and erratic movement, intermixing in the adjacent layers. ‘Which causcs continuous momentum transfer. ‘of blood in veins and arteries occurs as a viscous Bence, Paminar flow. ‘Aewater pipe carries water at high speed leading to rapid'mix Gh causes highly turbulent conditions. 5. Rotationabar tational Flow: When fluid particles rotate about theigffiass\centre during movement, Flow is \erwise irrotational. to be rotatior Cc IV jonal Flow ® Forced Vortex, Flow inside boundary layer. rer ‘low oy Vortex, Flow outside boundary GAP OOS FEBS ae roughness, the ae ee does not vary across the length of the Flow above jefce. Uniform flow. draiat having a wash basin isa free vortex soi Oy nal flow). ols J€ and Incompressible Flow: In ble flow density of fluid changes from time to \ ee in Incompressible flow it remains constant Pow ts Stream Line: origin at centre. Stream lines neither touch nor eross each other. Tracing of motion of different fluid particle ‘There are a set of concentric circle with a = = Equation of stream line Streak Line: It is line traced by series of fluid particles passing through a fixed point. It is formed by continous introduction of dye or smoke from a point in the flow. Path Lines: It is actual path traced by a fluid particle over a petiod of time. Itis based on lagrangian concept ‘Two path lines can intersect each other. ‘Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to time, 25Type offtow | Aovstraton | Acsteaton Steady & uniform 0 0 Steady & nonuniform | Exists 0 Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists Unsteady & non-uniform | Exists Exists Acceleration Of A Fluid Particle R+R+R+R ma (a) Navier-stock equation of motion nai E+R+h (iv) Buler’s equation of motion +R =m Special points: + Energy equation can be used to find the pressure ata point ina pipeline using Bemoulli’seq + Continuity’ eq. is used to find out the flow at two sections of tapering pipes. + Euler equation based on momentum conservation while Ber- noulli is based on energy conservation. xe a ae + Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the force i a, ona moving vane So sot) + Concept of moment of momentum (Angular momentum a isused in lawn sprinkler problems) ve any IL ¥ 2 Consant convective local tangential — convectiye Ex in tangential acceleration normal Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure acceleration acceleraGiBn acgeleration rss head ead =, Stata = wT CIVIL ~* Euler’s Equation: {E584 + vv =0) == OS:EE. = at fort constant. = 28 — Qua, Rotameter is/usédl® measure discharge while current Rotational Component ana (F-3] Special points: N 1._ Velocity potential exists only for ideal and irotational 2. Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing potentiat function 3. Equipotential line is the line joining points having same potential function & Velocity Potential Function (f): nr | yi Stream Funetion (v): |" =~3| a Itis the study of motion of fluid along with the forces causing the motion. (0 Newton’s equation of motion RaQ eR sR RE (ii) Reynold’s equation of motion S.SOROUT 9255624029 meter is used tofimeasufe velocity in open channel Hoe Vip Atgomper: Usd for measrement of In soi ee ‘city and temperature at a point in flow. jischarge: AARPsh at Sy Percentage Error In Discharge: error = 2 — 2x. 100] [Peer = 0 C,)x 100] NOTE. When Pressure Difference Measured by Manometer When heavier fluid in manometer & lighter fluid in pipe. Pe] 2, ® Specific gravity ofheavier liquid: 8, ® Specific gravity of lighter liquid x ® Reading Manometer h® Reading Piezometer. 26Or meter: Cy A Avy2ah Yar =As Where CC. ® Coefficient of Contraction. C\® Coefficient of Discharge C,® Coefficient of Velocity >| A Cae Cu G +L 2g PB Pitot Tube —Velocity Of Flow: Constant} Reynold’s Number: ‘Nature of flow according to Reynold’s number (R.) Flow inpipe R<2000 2000 4000 Flow between R.< 1000 1000 << 2000 > 2000 parallel plate Flow in open channel R, < 00 Flow through soil__R_<1 50020007 I A T Also called ‘Trapezoidal Notch: Streaming or trnsqu 2c, 2eLH" hd Critical F=1 6 ms en vou, B>1 Shooting ‘M. ols flow, rapid flow, tor- Entrance length in a pipe is the length where. bi eoaarnae layer increases and flow is fully developed. ION For Laminar Flow 07RD For Turbulent Flow L,= 50D ) Note: nee Hele Show flow: Laminar flow between parallel plates gy _/So& Stoke’s Law: Settling of fine particles. Dynamic eq. for GV.F: SY =|) Hagen Poiseuille flow: Laminar flow in Tubes/pipes. Major Losses Head/Loses Hydraulic Jump Eq. 19°) |, "| 2g? Qa-y" «= Tops | 2a 1. Pays t7) 2. Energy Loss B, = “3 jumber Equation — Uses Jer + _Y920 +9) Reynolds No. Aeroplanes, 3. ¥, 3lViF8F =) 4, 2 cueriaaae submarines, pipe flow “Types of Jump Fr E, JE, Water surface — & ¥ . Undular 1-17 »0 — Undulating Eulers No. VF £ Cavitation problem Weak 17-25 5-18% Small rollers form Visit Oscillating 2.5-45 18-45% Water oscillates in random CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 2‘manner Steady 45-9 45~70%Rollerand jump action strong 39 370% Very = and choppy N > (for Pump) ae (for Turbine), Ny = a ) Tee ee acer ot ion war, teria en tite cetacean see! = 2s pies ie 2 ion ea ihc {getnionen ng Fo te Pd > Evatt Design Period (\) Units Service Reservoirs (overhead og grqund level) 15 years Pipe Conneetons tothe seve Saget 30 years Distribution system 30 years &6 ‘Water Demands: (9 Domestic Water Demand: 135 to 225 S (i) Institutional and commerical water demand (a) School & colleges : 45 to 135 Iped (b) Offices : 45 Iped (©) Restaurants: 70 Iped (@) Cinema & theater : 15 Iped (€) Hotels: 180 Iped (8) Hospitals: When hed < 100 ‘When bed > 100 (ii) Fite Demand: 1 Iped (a) Kuichting’s Formula, Q=3182 JP Vmin P= Population in thousands 340 Iped 450 Iped Variation of Demand S.SOROUT cli: mnrmeen 2 (BOOSTER, & 2.00 9255624029 Maximum daily Consumption = 1.8 avg. daily consumption. Maximum Weekly Consumption = 1.48 Avg, weekly Maximum Monthly Consumption = 1.28 « Avg. monthly Population Forecasting Mehtod Arithmetic Increase Method P, = P, +n Geometric Increases Method P, Incremental Increase Method 5to 1ONTU ‘Tintometer Limit = 20PPm ‘BTaste tha ge?T08 = 143) ® Temperature 10°C desirable (+ 25°C) Chemical Chatactisties solids and stispended soils Limited to 550ppm PH=— log H’ (6,0898)5) (2 ) ® Carbonate, ET = min of total hardness or alkalin- ity @Chil Od Prescribed limit — 120mg/L. ‘N Odds BS ce tinereconmone 10 15up ‘Organic Nitrogen + 0.3 mg/I, nitrite should be zero, ni- trate + 45 mg/l Measurement (i) Free Ammonia-by simple boiling of wa- ter, (ii) Organic Ammonia ~ By adding Kmno,, (iii) are known as kjeldahl Nitrogen Nitrate and Nitrate by - colour Matching M/d. Chemical (Mn =0.05 mg/L) (Iron ~ 0.3 mg/L), (Fluride -1.0 -1.2 mg/ is) (Sulphate : 250 mg/L) (Cyanides = 0.2mg/L) Screening Velocity $0.8 to Imisec 28Principle is based on stokes law. Q v Ye Setting velocity Vs= 5 Design Criteria Over low rate = ep 500-750 lithr/m? for plain sedimentation, Depth - (03 to 4.5m Width B » 10m Congulants 1, Use of Alum 2. Use of copperas: (FeSo,,7H,0) 3. Use of chlorinated copperas (Fe,(So,),+FeCl,), 4. Use sodium Aluminate (Na,AI,0,) 1 SLOW SAND FILTER ow a fey . J a Section at end 1.Minor Methods. () Boiling, Gi) Treatment with excess lime. (ii) Treatment with ozone (KMNO,) (iv) Treatment with silver or Electrokatadyne Process, 2.Major Method Chlorination (Disintection with Cl,) Cl, +H,O—" > HOCI+HCL HOCI—"*>H" + OCI HOC] 5H" +0Cl- NH, + HOCI—> NH,CI+H,0 pa Grr J Nowe ‘NH, + HOC1 is called combined chlorine. 0 Destruction offchlora 1 {andere organic comp} + Fomaton of towne i Sompound’ and chon ae eee m 3 D1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 (Chlorine Added (p.p.m) 1, Treatment with Copper Sulphate (CuSO,H,0) Added to open reservoir and lakes to kill algae or to cheek the growth. 2. Treatnient with KMNO, Kg as oidizing agent fo remove to taste, odour and coloufai to kill bacteria. 3. Aerations For inereasi yen to remove CO,, upto some extent removakef Fe and Mn. Aton Necessary FO ime. Add Naf or Na, Si TER ap content between I to 1.5 mg/ (1) De-Fl tion. (if F > 1.5 mg/L) In India, Tie igdone by Nalgonda Technique (Use F éducing flurides) \ioactive Substnces By coagulation and ‘6-Desalination () By evaporation and distillation Gi) Blectrodialysis, (ii) Reverse Osmosis, Pipes except the service connections are usually made of cast. iron with some type of coating to avoid rusting ice connections galvanised iron pipes (9) Dead end or tree system (®) Grid system or reticular system (ii) Ring or circular system (iv) Radial system APPURTENANCES IN PLUMBING SYSTEM 1, Ferrules Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 292. Goose Neck Air & Noise Pollution. 3. Service Pipe Primary pollution. 4. Stop Cock (a) Sulphur dioxide (So,) 5. Water Meter (b) Lead (pb) Hydraulic design of sewers © Co (@) Nitrogen oxide No and No, Velocity of flow in channel V = * (manning, formula) 1 n (©) Hydrocarbons Oxgen Demand () HS, HF, Fluorides a, Srexi Srevcrure “a 7 BLL =L, 10" Permissible stress in Steel Structural Members BOD, 1 -1,=1,[1-10"] Types of stresses Notation sess FOS [BOD, = 0.6841, ‘Axial Tensile stress 1.67 KK yp =KD,, [1.0477 ‘Maveaxial Comp Stress s,, 1.67 Note: Minimum velocity about 0.45m/see, ow 1 L. nsile stress 1515 a= ag, MaweBendi Pastresss,. 0.66fy 1.515 ee, og, tena Rar ee \ i008 Maximum shear st 4 OASfy we & 2.22 je Stress \ Rs, OTSA 1.33 NER base! ny BS 9 of sivetetl/bolted joints =" WastouaterFlow Sludge Flow —= Gases Design Criteria for Grit Chamber @) Lap joiny Butt — tw ee fees Vv, =e ‘ 18 Cy Jebélted ma cover Single cover Detention Time. 30-608, Horizontal velocity od, oO Vangie butt joint but joint 30 cm/sec. Length to breath ratio of chamber varies from 6 to 15 and length to depth ratio varies form 40 to 30, cleaning —4HR- —qAR- interval = 1 or 2 weeks, Channel length = detention time Fe x velocity of flow Double bolted Single cover single lap joint bolted Double cover single bolted Sanitary land filling AE Burining or incineration Single cover double Barging it out in to sea Disposal of Soil Wastes. Done by various Mid bolted Pulverization Double cover double bolted ‘Compositing Specification in bolting Composting~ Ex By disgestion, by bacteria largeney Minimum pitch = 2.5d Maximum pitch S.SOROUT 9255624029 30(a). Tension =min (16t, 200 mm) (b). Compression = min (12t, 200 mm) (©). Tacking bolts (. Exposed to weather = min (16t, 200 mm) (i). Not exposed to weather = min (32t, 300 mm) Note:- For 2 members placked back to back, tacking rivet should not exceed 1000 mm in tension members, 600 mm in compression member. Minimum edge and end distance (a). Sheared or hand plane cut edges (Rough) = 1.7 * hole dia (b). Machine cut = 1.5 « hole dia ‘Member ‘A member carrying compressive load resulting from dead load and imposed ‘A tension member in which reyei direct stress due to load other wind and seismic force ‘A member subjected to edt forces resulting from win provide deformation of su: does not affect stress ‘Compression flange of laterial torsional buc! ‘A member normally act: i 350 400) 6 = Strength of plate between rivet holes in ‘rension! Oo (Peds t Bearing strength of rivet. =syxdxt or =s,¥dXt. Shear Strength of rivet. Te ad? (in single shear), 2«Ty a (in double shear) d = diameter of rivet, (d= 6.01Vi] — (unwins formula) Diameter Grosss diameter = nominal diameter + 1.5 mm (if < 25mm) ‘Nominal diameter + 2mm (if > 25mm) Pitch Should not exceed 16t or 200mm, which ever is less in ten- sion member, and 12t or 200mm, which ever is less in Com- pression Members, Tacking rivets should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm which ever is less. Force due to axial load on each rivet. Force due to moment M on any rivet Mxr =h* Area along Section ABCDE, t/2-d yf A= Gxt An = Gh —ot For pair of Angle Placed back to back connected by only one lag of each angle. [Pp A =A, +A,xKy 3xA, SxA+A, ‘The area of a web of Tee = Thickness of web » (depth - thickness of flange) Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 31Gusset plate SHAPE FACTOR Shape factor For different Shapes ction |. Rectangular Section 15 2. Solid circular Section 3. Triangular Section (vertex upward) 234 k: 5.a, Diamand Section Rhombus re b. Thin Hollow Rhombus 150 6. Thin Circular ring Solid 4. Hallow circular Section 7.1 section a. About strong Axis b. About weak Axis o 12 8.T Section. gi Method of Analysis 'N Ms a Plastic moment condition (a) Lower bound theorem PP) Equilbirim condition (2) Upper bound theorem 2?) ‘Mechanism condition. meee be L S.SOROUT Fixed Beam CIVEE...\ a ity © (BOOSTER; 4+ 3. For Local Buckli RB hin Lc No, & 0.7 whole section acing >> 3 « Nominal rivet Diameter 5.For single lacing (compressive or Tensile) =) 6.No. of rivet required 2Fcos® © Rivet value. Battens : Design Specification c 450, or 0.7 times the slenderness ratio Depth for intermidiate battens (3) d> a check for longitudinal 9255624029 32te shear stress = Dxt Check for Bending Stress - M + Maximum bending moment in the purlin Wxl? 10 Gieck Mor) shear + The thickness of a rectangular slab Average shear force ea /<0.afy Check For Deflection + Thickness of a square slab base plate i a t= 10, on Check for Web Crippling ow 1 L.. hawaii formula Bending stress © oe Go fof fey oO oor (qo+@)") b=b+2h, v3 ° ref, 1 stress in Web Buckling wT Cc IV I 9 N © Compression S BOOST Re a OE “6. as Economic Depth of the girder €D Brofect management Design of Web ‘N ol yi i ctesser of He and B44 and 85. (No. Bar charts Milestone charts Network analysis 4 Vio stiffener is required) + noah > 2 2 4 3200 2| oo Gs leer of and 200. (Vertical Stiffenes ae pro -3 |_T 2 Activity ee 7 a i ~ (AOA) (AON) vided) * Time Time + Width of angle in the plane perpendicular to the roof ex by ean coveriag Mean time: ae a 5 + Width of angle in the plane perallel to the roof €0¥- peyiations ering Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 33Variance: Standard d Note: Variance is the measure of uncertainty. Greater the variance, greater will be uncertainty Expected time (t,) of an activity: The average of mean time taken forthe completion of an activity is called expected time. It is calculated by weighted average method. and the probability of completion of work on expected tiem is 0.5 edt tt, . 6 Slack: It is associated with an evenp/ It i between the latest allowable occur ine &€ earliest expected occurrence time of the event, TE the excess time byraich occurence of an even cme dazed without affecting the project completion fir ‘Types of Slack - (a) Positive stack ( $ >0 )- T, ference Itindicates that event is ahead edad $.Thiseventisalso called Sub-Critieal OS FER: condition of excess resources ate (b) Zero slack (S=0)- T, It indicates that event is on Ng have any sort of delay. This event is also c also indicate that resources deployed ‘are ‘enough, (©) Negative slack ($ <0) -T, \ Time—> & 2, Crash time (t):Itis the minimum possible time in which an activity can be completed by assigning extra resources. OR it is that time before which an activity 34cannot be completed even by application of infinte number of resources 3. Normal Cost (C,): It is the direct cost of an activity associated with the normal time. 4. Crash cost (C): It is the direct cost of an activity corresponding to crash time Crashing potential of an activity =Normal time - Crash time Cost slope indicates the increase in direct cost when the activity is reduced by one day. Note: Optimum project duration is the time corresponding to that point on that total cost VS time curve where the tangent drawn to the curve is horizontal. Crashing: The process of reduction of the total project, duration along the longest path (time wise) of the network i.e..along the critical path to obtain the optim and optimum duration. Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page 35)Door, Window, &Roof Window Width = glWwiath of room + Height of Room] Lintel: Linfel ‘Window opening Lintels are the beams provided over the openings in walls for doors & windows. Bearing of lintel should be minimum of following: (a) 10cm (b) Height of lintel (c) (1/10 ) to (1/12) of the span of lintel [Particulars Arch Tintels [Shape ‘Curved Honzontal and straight [Bed Jone Joints are radial except in | Joints are horizontal monolithic construction [Cateral thrust | Exert on vertical support [Do not exert [Rise Provided ‘Not provided sppearance | Good archiectural ‘Simple appearance appearance irengih ite strong vertical uniform) Equally strong Tor uniform & Toading but weak under —_| point loading. point loading Rafter: Tic beam (tension beam) Strut beam (compressive beam) Cross section of a roof trussBuilding Material Construction It is one of a series of sloped structural members that extend from the ridge to the wall plate supporting down slope perimeter load in truss that are designed to support the roof. The sill of a window should be located about (70 — 80) cm about floor level of the room. It should be properly weathered (slope 1:6) to drain off rain water & minimum projection is 50 mm. © Generally Height of a Door should not be less than (1.8 — 2) m © Commonly Width height relation used in India: (i) Width = (0.4 - 0.6) Height (ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m Head Top nail: aaa Holdfast Panel Style Frieze rail om Frame Bottom style Floor level Door 1. Shutters, It is an assembly of styles, panels & rails. Shutters are the openable parts of a door or window. 2. Frame. It is an assembly of horizontal & vertical members, forming and enclosure, to which the shutters are fixed. 3. Jamb- This is the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame. 4. Sill- These are normally not provided in door frames. It is the lower- most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame. 5. Reveal- It is the external jamb of a door or window opening at right angles door or to the wall faceHE Civ ii Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) 6. Horn- The length of homs is kept about 10 to 15 cm. These are the horizontal projections of the head & sill ofa frame to facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall opening 7. Transom- It is a horizontal member of a frame, which is employed to sub-divide as window opening horizontally. 8. Mullion-It is a vertical member of a frame. which is employed to sub- divide a window opening vertically. 9. Sash- Itis type of frame made of light section and designed to carrying glass 10. Hold fasts- The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm & is embedded in the masonry.These are mild steel flats (section 30 mm = 6 mm), generally bent-up into Z-shape, to fix or hold the frame to the opening. 11. Rebate- It is depression or recess made inside the door frame, to re- ceive the door shutter. e Location - The door should be preferable be located near the comer of a room ata distance of about 20 cm from the corner. © Doors of residential Buildings: (a) External Door — (1 « 2) to (1.1 « 2) m (b) Internal Door — (0.9 2) to (1 x 2)m (c) Doors for bathrooms & Water closets: (0.7 < 2) to (0.8 x 2) m © Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library) (a) (12 2)m (b) (12«2.1)m (c) (1.2% 2.25)m Sliding doors For air conditioned buildings Swinging doors For residential Folding doors For covering large openings ¢ Revolving Doors are provided in only public Buildings (Library, Banks, Museum etc) also suitable for, AC Buildings. Suitable for continuous heavy rush of traffic persists. ¢ Rolling steel shutter Door are used for Garrages. Godowns ete ¢ Designation of Door = Length x Type of Door « Height * 8 DS 20~A door opening Having width (8 « 100 mm) x Height (20 « 100 mm) with S (Single Shutter) D (Door)Building Material Construction Ea © 10 DT 21 -A door opening Having width (10 x 100 mm) & Height (21 x 100 mm), With T— (Double Shutter ) D(Door) © ~The window in a room should be located on Northen side from point of view of max-day light. Orientation of building means fixing the direction of building for maximum benefit from nature Ina residential building, kitchen is most preferred on the corner of the building in S-E direction Bedroms are recommended in north-west and south-west direction while planning a residential building because of to get plentiful of breeze during summer . 1 Minimum window area in any habitable rooms will be aoe of the total room area © The total area of window openings should normally vary from (10 — 20)% of the floor area of room. ¢ In Public Buildings, the minimum area of window should be 20% of floor area ¢ The area of window openings should be atleast 1 m? for every (30 — 40) m* of Inside content (Volume) of room. © Forsufficient Natural light, the area of glazed planes should atleast be (8 — 10%) of the floor area. © 6WS 10- Single shutter window with Width (6 x 100) mm & height (10 100) mm ¢ Generally in W.C., kitchens & bathrooms the type of door used is ledged & braced type e As compared to the floor area of a room, the glass area in a window should not be less than 15% Types of Window 1. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6. Cable (7) Dormer (8) Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lantern (11) Gable 1. The window, which projects outside the external wall of the room, is called bay window . A dormer window isa vertical window provided on sloping roof. Bay window project outside the external wall of the room. Louvered windows are provided for the aim of Ventilation & They do not permit Any outside vision. RWNHE Civ ii Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) 5. Casement windows are common types of windows provided in Buildings, which open like shutter doors 6. A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the sloping roof Such a window provides ventilation & lighting to the enclosed space below the roof & at the same time, very much improve the appearance of the building, 7. Gable Window is a vertical window provided in the global end of a pitched roof. Types of roofs: © Gable roof is a common type of sloping roof which slopes in two directions. It looks like an inverted/upside down V. These are not ideal for the areas with high wind. © Gambrel roof slopes in two direction but there is break in each slope. It is most commonly use on barns. It has the benefit of providing a good amount of space in the attic. ¢ Flat roofs are common in commercial building. ¢ Pitched roofs are use in areas of heavy rain falls and snow fall. The slope of roof shall be more than 10°. They may have slopes upto 45- 60°. These are preferred in large span structure like as workshops, warehouses, factory buildings etc. Leamto-Roof Gable Root Marsard RoofBuilding Material Construction SS an Gambrel Roof © Butterfly roofs is provide plenty of light & ventilation but not the effective when it comes to water drainage * Mansard roof isa french design & it is more difficult to construct than the hip or gable roof. It slopes in the four directions but each slope has a break. Weathering Joist Parapet wall [weathering Wall ¢Cornice plate Throating Throating Walll ‘Wall Corbel Cornice Coping Corbel: A corbel is a projecting stone which is usually provided to serve as support for roof truss, beam, weather sheds. Cornice: A cornice is a course of stone provided at the top of wall. It is weathered and throated to dispose off rain water. Coping: A coping is a coarse of stone which laid at the top wall so as to protect the wall from rain water. Throating:-It is a groove provided on underside of teh projecting ele- ments such as sills, coping, cornices ete. so that rain water can be dis- charged clear off the wall surface «Purposes of building ventilation are provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air.maintain temperature and humidity at comfortable levels.For the effective working of the ventilation system, the desired value of rate of air changes 5 m*/hour. e Ventilaters are small windows, fixed at a greater height than the win- dow (Generally (30 - 50) cm below roof level. e Air changes per hour is a measure of the air volume added to or removed from a space divided by the volume of the space. Classrooms needs maximum number of air changes per hour.“ gt ou $ s 6 | | | or oF or oF 1r ir oI Wt 1 sisAjeuy 2@an2efGO 3f ISS ONILSOD 3LVWLSEETM et U ASSN 4 IS : 1200 - 1974 —» measurement for civil work. Basic Conversion (Length) 1 meter = 3.281 ft; 1ft = 0.3048 m 1 km = 0.622 mile: Imile = 1.6093 km lem = 0.394 in: 1mm = 1000 # (micron) Imicron (1) = 10%m (Area) Im? = 10.764 ft; Ift? = 0.0929 m? 1 km? = 10° 100ha; 1 ha= 10'm?= 2.47 acres; 1 acre = 4840sq yards = 0.4047ha (Volume and Discharge) Im’ = 35,307 ft; 1ft} = 0.028232m* Icumec = 35.307cusecs: Icusec = 0.02832 cumec Tha.m = 8.13 acre ft: 1m‘ = 1000litres (L) Igallon = 4.546 litres The first stage of construction is the initiation of the proposal Description Unit Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshade m* Surface/Shallow Excavation, shutter, panal, batten m? Pointing, Soling, DPC, Plastering, door, window m2 Steel/Iron Work kg/Quintal Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall m? Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Jali Work m* © Comice (unit running meter), Cleaning & fixing Glass panel — No. Dados shall be measured in running metres & glazing is measured in m* Skirting shall be measured in running metres, stating height. © Cutting of tree - No., Lime concrete in Jefferies of roof terracing-(m’).