Useful! for/All Civil! Engineering/Competitive) Exams==Civil Engineering CAPSULE 2.0 Useful for All Cony JE Exam ive © UPPSC AE * UKPSC AE * BPSC AE * CGPSC AE * MPPSC AE * RPSC AE * UPSSSC * SSC JE * DMRC JE * LMRC JE * JMRC JE * BMRC JE * DSSSB JE * UP Jal Nigam. * UKSSSC JE + RSMSSB JE * MPPEB SUB ENGINEER * HPSSC JE * HSSC JE. * Punjab JE * CGPEB SUB ENGINEER * BSSC JE * DRDO JE * ISRO JE * UPPCL AE/JE * UPRVUNL AE/JE * JVUNL JE * SAILJE © GAIL JE* BHEL JE * NTPC JE * DFCCIL, * COAL INDIA LTD. JE * RRB JE ete. Chief Editor Mr. Anand Mahajan Compiled & Written by Er. Maneesh Kr. Yadav (Highway Engineer Delhi) Er, Pradeep Kr. Gupta Er. Anees kr. Verma Eaditorial Office 12, Church Lane Prayagra-21 1002 @ Mob. : 9415650134 Email: yetap12@gmail.com website : www.yetbooks.com/rww.yetfasthooks.com © All rights reserved with Publisher Publisher's Declaration Edited and Published by A.K. Mahajan ‘and printed Om Sai OMet,Prayagnj for YCT Publications Pw. Lid In order to Publish the book, fll care ha been taken bythe Editor andthe Publisher, sill your cooperation and suggestions are needed. Cen In the event of any disput, the Judicial area will be Prayagraj.coooogoooDoooOooOGoHoonoGoooooo eG Building Material: Conerete Technology. CPM & PERT. Building Construction and Maintenance Engineering. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machine Strength of Materials. Applied Mechanics Soil Mecha 3-16 16-21 21-23 23-27 28-43 44-51 52-54 55-68 Highway Engineering __________ 69.77 Railway Engineering. Bridge Engineering ~ Tunnel Engineering Airport Engineering Reinforced Cement Concrete Steel Structure —— Structure Analysis: Building Estimate, Costing & Evaluation Public Health Engineering Surveying Engineering Advance Survey Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering Auto CAD Engineering Drawing: 78-82 83-83 84-84 85-86 87-98 99-106 107-110 111-117 118-132 133-141 141-143 144-155, 156-157 158-160Building Materials Rock minerals Quartz, Mica, Gypsum, Dolomite, Amphibole, Calcite, Feldspar ete. Hardness of stone based on Moh's scale- Tale 1 sme Gypsum 2_bythe fingernail Calelte 3 Scratched Fivorite }: ty ‘Apatite 5 knife Fes || 6 Sexy ted Quartz 7_by kaife Topaz 3 Not seratched Cora he wy Diamond 10 kite Properties of Minerals- ‘Measurement of the capability of some minerals to split along Cleavaze | certain planes parallel to the erysal faces Seek | COBH Oe nea in power Shine on the surfice due to {Lustre | refection of light ofa mineral Tks defined as shape, arrangement, Texture | diswibution and coarseness of rains of mineral, Classification of Rocks- 2. Physical ‘Unstratified Rock| Stratified Rock Ex-Granite Ex-Lime Stone Basalt, Tap Sand Stone, Diorite, Dolerite | shale, Gypsum Dolomite, Syenite | Later ete Gabbro ete Foliated Rock Ex-All stratified Rocks except marble ‘and quartzite Ex-Gmaite, Basall, Trap, Syenite, Gneiss, Sand Stone, Quartzite etc Argillaccous Rocks Ex,-Laterite, Shale, Kaoline, Slate, Schist etc (On the basis of Percentage of silica rock- 1. Geological Based on percentage of ca Igneous Sedimentary Metanorphic Aciie Rock Basie Rock Ex-Basa Ex-Sand Sins, Ex.Gneiss, (Silica> 60%) (Silica =60%) Trap,” Limestone,” Quartte, Ex. Granite, Syen ‘Ex. Basalt, Gabbro, Doletite, Later, Marble, ehyolte, Andesite. Dolomite, Dolrite ee Granite, Dolomite, Slatc, Sheute) GypuimSiae, —Sehistete 1M Classification of Rocks on the Basis of Mineral Gabbroete, Chalk. Available. Mamesitete ‘Name of Rock Example ‘Mono mineralic Rocks [Quartzite, Marble (Composed of only one mizerl)_|& Gypsum Extrusive/Volcanio/Effusive Intrusive |Granite, Trap, ‘Extremely fine) Polymineralic Rocks _{Basalt, Sand Stone, Ex Basalt, Trap, Pumice ete Shale, Slate = Metamorphism of Rocks- ‘Original Rock, Metamorphie form Plutonic Hypabyssal Granite Ganeiss (Deep Depth) (Shallow depth) Sreite Grciss (Coarse Grained) (Fine Grained) ‘Sand Stone Quarwite Ex Granite, Syenite Ex. Dolerite, Diorite Lime Stone Marble ‘Givil Engineering Capsule 2.0 3 yerMai Marble 1 Methods of Quarrying Dolomite Marble ‘Method |___ Suitability Example Shale Slate [Wedging |Costly, So andlSand stone, Mud Stone Slate Swatified rock. [Lime stone, Dolerite/Basalt Schist Laterite, Marble . and Slate ec Descriptive Elasticity (egfem) [Heating [Those rock whose| Granite, Gneiss Very stiff rock T0160 [thermal expansion iste, Sif rock 42105 B10 ery low. Medium sifess rook | 2x10" 4 x10 [Digging [To get stone at a[Serpentine, Less stiffness rock 1x10°- 2x10" jsmall scale. |Gypsum, Yielding rock 03x10" 1x10 Aerie, High yielding rook 0.2510°- 0510 [Channeling] Obtaining stone in the . form of block. ‘Types of rock/soll par bear [Blasting [To obtain stone at a " capacity donnetn?) ergo seal Clay shale 100 Boring» Cleaning» Charging» Tamping-» Firing Compacted and sone En © Quantity of Explosive- Loose graval 25 N= (LLR(a mF x1.5(n gm} Sof ch 10 Compressive strength of different types of stones- ‘Compressive strength Stone in MPa) Trap 350-380 ELLR(n em? | Gneiss 206-3707 et Basalt 150-185 ‘ME xplosive Material Used in blasting- Slate 75.207 ‘Name of ‘Chemical Composition Dolerte 50-150 Explosive Syenite 30-150 | Niroalyerine (0396) + Gun- colton 75-127 a, ine sone a Ptetng Gelatin len dep well, anderround Sand stone 64 works, n wet conditions. 1m Uae of various types of stone= [Gun Coton [Coton with the soliton al ‘Name of Rock Use tos |HNO;+H50) - a Railway talast, Roofing, lpowerfi) __[Use-whnere demolitions are required ie Abutment, Pier and Sea walls Nog vine (75%) + Fine sand Marble ‘Ormamental work. Dynamite Lime Stone Manufacture of cement = ese inde water and sarfice Sie Potassium nitrate (65%) > Sulphur ‘Quartzite Retaining wall Blasting’ 25%) + Garcoal poder co Basalt ‘Marine work, RuDbIe masonry [Gunpowder |(isein quanying lage Blocks Kankar ‘Manufacture of Hydraulic Potassium Chlorate (75%) + Nivo Lime leocka-Rock — /bev20l (21%) Tools Used in Quarrying of Stone \Use-Under water and damp stati Tamper "To make hole biasing “| Seraping spoon | For Cleaning hole types of Stones Finishing- Dipper For making deep hole Priming Needle | To make space for fuse For tamping of explosive ‘Tamping Rod | Length- 600 mm It is done by a tools [Boasted [For making non-continuous parallel] {finishing —_|marks on the surface of stone. called boaster. Dia @)- 16 mm [Furrowed [Sides are sunk up to 20 mm widlh| ‘Crowbar To removed the wedge finishing and the middle portion is projected ‘Wedge For split the rock slab by 15 mm. Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 ‘yerPotshed [Provided tor ables, granite which] | Dorey Testing Machine Test- fins lave mosiy sed for foo les. mon Faoe ag STR WOT [Reticulated [A margin of 20 mm wide is marked| Friction Factor =20-- > fini [on te ids of surface and inepu Sinking type Sais is made is the|| [ rieion Factor Type of ak nite aren O14 Saft rock Footed Ha isa classic Tash whieh con 47 Medion hard parallel continous mais D7 Hard rook eating Rout sce di eid a tp Te an removing, begilr projects ca|| (ra — the stone surface by the scrabbling ee — ce Ree 19 or More Very tough see Itoi? Moderate ough finn our and Hae worm etn 16 orbelow Poor tough appearance, sm Antsion Test- ote- Friction Coaiclnt [__ QualiyofStones 7 "Tine renuired for peftet seasoning of sone is 2% Good G12 month. ™ Median iistone crusher and enulpment- S%orMore Useless ‘Crusher Type ‘Equipment. . Primary [Fay impact and Gyratory (Had aT a [ead a Ba artnet Seong — [Wall she, Cone crusher [Conedum —[Itisn Amery typeof tone Tatar, | Ball Roll il snd Rod [Ammonia [Used for tuneing in sof rock mill ldynamite sacle Gravity of Varlous Types oftone= ae esis Shingle [waver bound pete ime Se Spas avi Iron eg] 6 sed for manuticurng 0 Marble 2.7-2.85 \garlic stone. Granite 205-279 [Bania solalo|it is used on sone Suhr Bast 26-3 [Bartm. /preservative materi ‘Slate 2.72 -2.89 [Hydroxide Laterite 2-22 \(Ba(OH)2) ‘Lime Stone 2-275 |Spalling [It is used for rough dressing of Gaies 23-27 Iemmet [stone 1 Various types of test and purpose for stone- ‘Note- TE Determine oF ]| % Chronological order of Hydraulic conductivity ae Se Weseular basil > Fractured meumorphie rok >] {berry ee uct Lime sone > Sand tone “ast Test Hardness, Toughness || Black marble is obtained from Jaipur. Gabe Tatng Machine) | 224700 wearing |] Hydrolysis is type of chemical weathering under Tesistance_ which granite is convert into clay. ‘rashing Svengih Te’ —] Compesvewegir || m_ Sse e's vous works geri) ary Hardstone Used Ribble masonry wane SoBe Cros eat sow 18 wed . oe al May mater for cutting. ard Te roa rata Baers a a a Citallzaon Test ——] Durbil - Conlin y Tight weightstone | Tn Arch mason fladnes Tes Tne Note- (Mos Seale) = Cakeium hydroxide i used to poet stones fom fri, Sulphate ack is Indus pat Machin nd a Water Absorption Test | % Voids 95% for good Composition of sand stone_| Quartz, Lime and Sil Wat Asan = Gomposton of granite | Quan Felipr Mi Gio gineering Capsule ZO 5 yorCommon Brick Size- Efficiency of Kiln- Brick | Uoualsize Nominal size ery | es Game > > Types oftin | Brick onventiona 353" | ovals outcome 9%a2 123 | ose! aa! Teaaonay | 45 23 | MAD Tea soax_|—— im rd [(23%11.2%7.0) em 231 1.4%7.6) en} ‘Allahabad kiln, 60-70% [Intermittent Standard | 52525) em [aoaostoyem | [Bulls Tren ki | 70-80% | Soniconinaos ae THofian's kin | “80-90% [Continuous ingredients of Good DVci Eani> 15 Clast of Brick on the Basis of Strength Tngredients ‘ein ek 18: 10719857-1970 Silica (S10) 3060 Cass Comp: Strength Alumina (Al,0,) 20-30 ‘£140 kgicm™ Time (C20) 25 Grade AA = Tron Oxide (F303) 355 Grade A 105 kgien?™ Magnesia (MzO) Tngredients Funetion Grade #35 kp Imparts Strength . ses of Refractory Bricks and its composition Silica ExceseBritle aa Comanelion (Due to loss ofcokesion) 5 oP Tropart plasticity Acid Refectory | time 12% Alumina Exces-Crcks developed ‘Magnesia 85% (max) sed as flux (Reduce meltin Basic Refractory | CaO- 25%(max) Gees x (Rete meting Silica _5.5%(max) Lime Pace Brick over burt and || | Nevtal Chrome Tron ore + Bauxite shape changed Refiactory ret Silla + Magnesia Red colour, Used as fux || m Etorescnce Teste According to I 195 (part) 1992 Tron Oxide Excess- Provide dark blue or ‘White patches Atkalies a Upte 10% Sight lio colour and its preven s 7 Magnesia woshrinkage, 1 Moves Excess-Give yellowish colour 23 severe nae L Bases Give yellowish oleae |! 5 Sea alge amount Serious 1 Sts mould brisk are goo compas to wood Sample Requited for Various Beek Test eater we ain fn wr waa tat | OE [Re Mold are made by se or tnkr of Shisha Copenteaeegiin| teeter! Te Frag OTT ST ae]) [iistrabsomiiontest —[3495-ran i]s i Genxtennlezs Elrescence test 3a95-Pan | — Sete og) Warpags test 3495-PartIV | 10 Pallet Board 30cm x 12cm x Lem Dimension test 1077, 20 (Tory the brick) ‘= Totrance in brick dimension tet- lScquence for the Preparation of Bick Earti- Fer20brick | Dimenslon | Tobrance ‘Unsoling > Digging —» Weathering» (cm) (am) Blending -rTomperng/Kneeding Length 380 £80 mBurning Zone of Bricks. a a = Burning Temperature. 900 1200°C ‘Dehydration | Oxidation | Vitrification Height ‘Zane Zone Zane (sem 180 £40 so0.es0-c_| 6s0.900° | 900-1200 Gidem] 80 £20 ‘Givi Engineering Capsule 2.0 6 Yer1 Special Forms of brick m_ Defect of Bricks- E Brick | igure | Brick Under burnt [Caused dusto insaficent host. Name; Name |Over bumt | Occurs duc to extremely high heat ED | Rasmeed | = | Cant Lime bursting] Caused by the hydration of quick sod. problem lime particles, CD [Pam | Sp | Comm |) [tors [ou to rset atalino Sul ep, | Focd]| [OM [Cunt y ern wae lav nosed ~ st Blister [Duc to air imprisoned during ther Sep [voto | Sy | Sone molding Zea | tm King [Lamination [lt produce thin lamina on brick] Clie |w | as ee © [2on ; | Ba |Cause-Entrapped air in lay voids. bal |G Brick Bloating | Defect observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of bunt brick, [a Occurs eto exces 0 ‘Types of oe [carbonaceous matter and sulphur in| Roewet | shor | Strength | Use tion (%) | _(Kg/em’) [brick clay. Class 220 ios | Facing work [Checks or [Occurs due to presence of lumps of eae [Cracks lime or excess of water. 2 ctass <2 om | tien Black core [Prime cause of brick Black core is Temporary improper burning. chase a2 | 3s [trick pats [Due to presence of kon sulphide in masonry brick earth class atte || f@rammaor | iot2 | 350. feonere Docking Process of put all the bricks fn wale os foundation, ust ater they removed fom the kiln. road metals (Spal [Disintegration of stone/bricks in form| Pecdorated Partition lof stone chips or broken brick. Bricks 1s roast (as 2222) a ‘Arrises [Edge formed by the intersection of Fanaa lnane surfaces ofbrick. Htow Bricks ica proot. || [Foraterte [Brick made fom Olivine rock to (as 3952) 20 35 |rsund oot |] prick which magnesia added in the po manufacturing process. aap ocing pre Paving Bloom —[Forwation of dull patches occurs on reves 6 so {fed lhe fnished and polished surfice. as. 3565) Pevem [Specific |Machine moulded brick =2 Sing Sotngor lgravity [Hand moulded brick = 1.6 1.7 Bricks <20 50 road 'm ‘Types of Lime Obtained After Calcinations of - as 5779) Pure lime stone Pure lime Retay nine Dolomite Mages Tine Bricks 410 | 350 |fenee Kenkar Hydraulic Time as ean} | combustion. ‘Chalk Pure lime Eee Gps Pare ime Casal 4s | >ns_| prc Calcined Tinestone | Quick lime Mlisorey dra caso | 7 75 | Veatang” |] | Calin doomite stone | Nor torautc 15-25 van senyeie i =21 7 ‘Shale Pure lime ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 7 ‘Ycra Type of lime Slaking time cae etiae wet Cato eaborne | Tine Sone He" ume hae ise Fa | 203i [Cacos] Jime, White lime Quick lime, Lamp Hydraulic lime, Poor lime, | 121048 hrs. atin onise(Cu0y | Hoe win wi || [SSeS time Parting | Gaiam Wyte Sadie, Fane SS [ear tin | gt [Rare] ae Cin Supine | aT E a tcaso,2i,0} Impurities Gain Suphas | Cam Sucking [evinnes| Lo? | Tea [CaSO, . 2H,0)] ‘Sweek or | Tweck or | I days or @ Chemical Reaction of Lime Setting action more, more more ee frac _| Fey [ee [ee 1. CaCO; —earrenian > pEAO +O; t Fore For [ueincy 2 0410-0 (0Hn ine arias | ane | dee 5. Ca(otty + 0,29 CAC0s+ 1.0 + Heat nam | meat @ Slaking of lime- work. Classification of lime as Per B.LS. (IS :712) vasa noe a Simo heneine ——SSoene ine tine * site rie ‘+ Usedin Hydali Sure *Useinmasonry work eusein or Dolomite lime ste in masonry mortar ‘Coestesmenet "incentive Cee ctig wd creme Conse sag Dl sting te 2 hours and final sing ine 48 hous 1 Chemical Components of Portland Cement- (28 cayo7Sgion* § Chemical Compositions or Bogue’s compound of Oxide/Compostion Function cement- Average composition Chemieavmogues | CompostOn | Function Time (CaO) ‘Strength & soundness Compound | compa ton 60.65% 63% _ | control Tia Sila (105) Due to excess reduces © (Alie) 25.50% = 42% | hardness 17.25%=20% _| strength & srengh | ‘Alumina (A1:03) oe CS (Belite) 20.45% 32% ee 347667 | towers strength CA CCatte) | E1306 ATS [Flash set Tron oxide(Fe0) | Usedas tux Poorest "05.6% = 3% CAF (Felt) — | 6-10%=9% | cementing 2 value Magnesia (MgO) Timparis cofour & ee 0) a oa eR for various grade of OPC= pam Used as raarder Grade | _ Compressive strength (MPa) 3.663% 5 319-365 Sulphur (505) Trpart soundess a jessalt 13% =1% ¢ 417-4855 ‘Alkalies ‘Used as flux & D gases 02.1% 0<1% _ | Imparis efflorescence 5 si5-564 ‘Gist Engineering Capsule20 8 yerDecreasing order of Bogue's compound based on "Temperature | Thrust your hand into the eement the following properties: test tag. Te must give you a cool Strength CPCS GASCAF Feeling When coment ribbed between Reaction with water | GA=CAr>C8>68 Heat of hydration | C.A>C8>C,AF=cs falng Te “howld be smoote Rate of hydration _| C.AF>CyA>S>C8 ‘Smell test | A thin paste of cement with water Tf quantity of GS is increase and C:S is deerease then Should fel sticky between the Increase the rate of hardening, rate of heat of| Angers. hydration and increase 28 day's strength. Strength test | Cement block given below should + Decrease the ultimate strength, capability to resist pot fail while loading (340) is the chemical and Sulphur attack. Applied in that manne, Mf fineness of cement Is increases then- Strength of cement, rate of hydration and rate of heat ‘of hydration i ineeases. eee ‘© Noeect on total heat oFhyration. 4 Nocffecton setting time Tab ToUPhysical Tet ‘© Rate of gain of strength increases Fineness Test [IS : 4031 (Part-D]- ‘© Value of svinkagelcontacton increases. (@) Sieve method. M % Value of C,A is increases then “Types of eement rene + Intl seing ime is decrease. ‘Ordinary Portand Cement ae + Rate ofhydration is increase. (oP) + Theale of total heat ofhydraton is increase Roni Herring Cement 5 4 There sno effet on strength (RHC) MAL % value of C3S ts increases and CS is] | Porton ?ustilenacement 5 decreases then- (0) AirPermeabiliy or Nurse & Blains Method- + Inrease the ultimate strength ‘Cement type [Surface area em'igm The value of 28 day's strength is decreases. ‘OPC, HAC 2250 '* Increase the capacity to resist chemical attack, PPC 3000 {Vat oft ht of yon ders tH 200 + Prefer in the construction ofhydraulc structure. a ae Note- Hydrophobic cement 3500, © Sukhi is added to lime mortar to impart] Soundness te: haydralicity. © Le-chatelier's method- + Lime is mixed with brick earth fo prevent shrinkage. | Unsoundness cement is due to free lime only. : ‘expansion “Type of cement hen reacon of cement wih water is an sehen oat - mim Seting cement, Fi Water required for hydration ee mee Sell « Bound water= 23% by weight of ceme sulphate cement Bound water = 25% by weight ofeement (Gi) Kutoclave Test- + Gel water= 15% by weight of eement Its used to determine soundness of cement due 10 . both free lime and free magnesia, '* Total minimum water for Complete hydration = 38% | > % expansion of the mould for OPC should not [Note-Cement reaction isan exothermic exceed 0.8%. eae ese J Read Comey tr Vries Comet tt at Cobar tes | Colne of OFC od || Pintare aT ea [OSE Soundacas test Oar Tamp Test [Cement should te tee from || | SuRdReRs x presence of ay lumps, ‘aterSéie-i6Ninnt | (243.5 ‘Float test Cement particle should sink in After 7 days - 22 Nimo? 4 water it should not float over the |] | Tensile srengh test P water surfs tess 20ant | (2425) ‘Aker day Nina ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 9 yerLime Saturation Factor (L5F)- was sad as OFC ‘se — G0 ) 2H, IIA,O, TOFD, Whie Fisscr cng as aa Cement ‘Omamental 33 Grade 0661.02 Coloured works Terrazo BGrale 61.02 Coa fmt 33 Grade 081.02 asisor) 1 Reduction in comp. strength of cement due to} | Hydrophobic Warr ating Cement |e |e | stctrcin Sons 20% asian) tasemeat 6 months 30% ‘Masonry a Masonry 12 months 40% ‘Cement wy. | 24H. | works 24 months 50% 3460) Effect white adding Pozzalana in OPC W Setting Tle & uve of various pe of coment Cement | —Seting tne Use Shrinkage + Type [nial [Final aaa) | nial Seng + Rapid 30 ‘maintenance Hardening | 432, | tors | mi Heat ofhyraton 4 . in. pairing S:8041) weak 7 port # Workablty trace, > curing pod 7 High 30 refractory Curing peri 7 Alumina | Min- Bric wed |] [6 capacity of sulphate suck vesinance pen 330 | SH | rere’ Capacity of sulphe ack resistan¢ (IS: 6452) Hrs. chemical © Noeffect on overall strength. seks are ‘more - Foundaion || insta0 [visa special gpe of cement wed auick basset leement fo. manuficture sleeper in Indian Seting | Min | 300i, | met ater Raiwey. Sexing setae, ass concreterat ; Concrete Limians _JASdcd vo rkmce te prose Tov tiew | qe) gop 7p Mascine | [Caminm and ropes for X-Ray sheng ‘Cement work such as Hydrogen | mortar. asia | M® | Min | Dam Fe riland Running war ‘Laitance. JIn this defect cement and water) Posten | 30 | 600 | souctue jstury coming on the top and ‘(Cement Min. | Min. | foundation, |setting on the surface. (sien wena || Fracimne [tb tet © pene Be | ao | gm sheet] ss bottom surfie of coment bg. Portand — | 432. | 60 | atackismere, |} [Dormant or | Wea waters poured into cement ‘Cement Bydrmlic induction |then cement particle starts reaction | 8 scucture period |with water. This reaction proceeds} Sulphate Seana lowly for 2 to 5 he \d is called] Resstng | 30 | 600° | works sewers, slowly for 205 hours ands eal ‘Cement ‘Min. | Min. | lining of |dormant period. 0811233 canals wal oa ae ee ee Lewat — forcas.crsn ‘Slag Cement | Min. Min. | concreting = JOPC - 53* 4% Gre gineering Capsule ZO 0 YorTimber classification on the Basis of Growth- ‘According to growth Moisture content 10-12% : Shrinkage 0.1-0.3% along fibers Exogedous Tree reodectires Tree Swelling 0.1-0.8% along length Growth-Ouward GrowtheInwvard Sound Conductivity | 2-17 time more than air (Along the circumference) (song the ln Ex.-Mango, Shishum ete. phar = Ex.-Bamboo, coconut, Conifersfevergeen tree (Gof wood) DeciduolsSeasional __Evergfeen/Conifers ‘ard wood) (Gof wood) Ex-Teak,Shishum _ExeDeodst, Chit, Poplar Maple Kail, Pine, ir, Cypress Conifers Tree- ‘These trees having pointed needle like leaves. Most Conifer tree are evergreen tree but not all of them. ‘Seasoning of Timber (IS Purpose of Seasoning- Reduce the weight of timber. Reduce the shrinkage and warping after placement in structure. Increase strength, durability and workability. Make it suitable for painting. Reduce its tendency to spit and decay. “Method of Seasoning and its property- Method! Property, (A). Natural or Air] It take long time but best quality of seasoned wood) 41) weep Pe are obtain. (Ex Larch tree (larix Laricina) or Tamarack) |e Easy and most economical method. J+ Reduce moisture upto 12 15% (@) Arial Seasoning 1. Water Seasoning Iti quick proces but clase wet [propery and strength ae rediced bz Boling Tis process fe vary qui [G -4 Hour but expensive. /3. Kiln Seasoning [Most effective and] Grsdyy economical method. mMecresiraneottspnone Tee __|_ ements bse 10 ie innermost part or core of \°AD-Airdried |p rapid seasoning Meduila Pia) | TH fanemest Ud x pk amar Heart wood | Death portion ofthe tee + Kitn seasoning causes cas Sap wood | Outer layers ofa log of wood La ere — Cambium _| To growth wood ells Scorching ood ple which slow] ak Protect the wood aginst the ground level. mechanical damage |S. Mc. Neil's Process |» Best but most expensive| “Transverse spi | The vascular tse which (15-60 days) | _ method (Medullary rays) | Encloses the pith (6. Electric Seasoning |» Timber losses _their| A cellular tissue and woody ‘strength and may split. ‘Anoualrings | fle arranged in dine J. Most expensive method concentric ctle Sawing Method of Timber- os Trunk of tee obiained afer the |] [Method Property removal ofbranches Best matiod of saving and moa] Tamber Tis log pieces of timber sawn |] | Ordinary | commonly used. into pieces of desired shape. Sawing. |+_Essies and economical method. 1 Propertics ofa Good Timber- hte ftir vey es Density 540 ke? j@ Strong possibility of twisting and) Specie gaily sd warping ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 yer[> Suitable for timber whose annual] Sawing | rings are clearly visible. J+ Sawing is done tangentially to the annual rings. |* Economical due to very less} wastage, Disadvantage J+ Low strength duc to less annual ring| and medulary rays. |- Possibility of warping and twisting] also occurs. [> Each log is sawed at a radial angl| lQuarter | into four quarters. [Sawing + This method is popular for Oak andl Maple. [Radiat [+ Sawing is done perpendicular to the| lSawing | annual ring and parallel to) ‘medullary rays. J+ Durable and strong timber pieces are obtained. |+_ Wastage of timber is more J+ Time and labor is more. ls Useful for best class of timber. im Strength of timber at 12% Moisture Content. [Ring shake [When cup shake cover the entire ring. [Radial shake |When timber is exposed to sun for seasoning after being felled down Knows ‘These are the base of branches which are broken or cutoff from the| trees, [Rind Galls [Abnormal growth or curved! swellings on the body of tre. FFoxiness It is a sign of decay appearing in the| {form of yellow or red tinge. Cause-Over maturity lack of ventilation. Burl tis a deformed growih occurs when| the tree receives shock or injury in| its young age. (Callus tis the soft tissue or akin which! cover the wound ofa tree. ‘spots are formed on the top| surface of wood. ‘Twisted fber|It is caused by wind turning the| rank of young tree in one direction, '* Reaction wood is the wood with] twisted fiber. Druxiness| Shear strength 6:5 214.5 Nin [Upsets In his case wood fibers damaged by Bending strength 102-182 Nim compression or crushing. Compressive strength | 33-77.5 Nim? [Rupture It is due to injury or impact. Tensile strength 80-190Nimm? || Defect Due fo Conversion of Timber— Defects of Timber- [Checks Longitudinal eracks which is non to the annual rings Defect ‘Description (Chip Mark [A mark or sign placed by planer on finished surface of timber. [Wane tis the original rounded surface on] Ine manufactured pat of timber. FTorn Grain [Small depression occurs on the Finished surface (slong the fiber of imber) due to falling of tol. [Diagonal [it is formed because of improper) (Grain limber sawing indicate by diagonal mark on the straight-grained surface} lof the timber. Defect due to seasoning Warp [Due to unequal shrinkage the curved deformation formed along the length of board, [Shakes [Longitudinal separation biw the| JAnnual rings. Star shake |Wide at outside and diminish inside Bow [Curve along the fice of board eavsed by] the wood on one face shrinking more than| face Heart shake |Wide at center and diminish out side [Cup shake Caused due to rupture of tissue in| Jircular direction. It is developed| [due to non uniform growth Cap [This & the hollowing of the board] taroughout its length on its bark side face “Twist [In this defect the end of timber is rotate in opposite direction Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 2 yerof Timer (IS: 401)- Tarring | It isa process of heating the coal tar to make it in workable condition Charring |It is a old method of preservation of timber. It is not suitable for exterior| wood works. (Oil Paint [It is suitable for well seasoned wood] [Dry Rot [Turing of timber tissucs into a dry} powder due to fungi attack. le It is duc to imperfect seasoning or! ventilation. [Wet Rot [Disintegration of tissues of the timber} Idue to alternate wetting and drying. Jand generally applied 2-3 coats. im Ingredients of Paint ‘Creosote |It is derived from wood or coal tar and| varenent Eroperties O11 {oes antiseptic material. Bare [provide opaque Iayer and I is applied at SO°C and pressure of] possesses binding properties and >t is applied Prevent the shrinkage and eracks in - the film on drying. Soligoum |This weatment well suitable for Ee Whi lend Red Tend, Tine LTreatment| preserving timber from white ants. tale Aivednia sakes Toe ‘AsCu it is developed at forest research exide, Lithophone et. [Treatment] institute Dehradun, Velie [Holds the constituent of paint and] Dipping [In this method timber is dipped]| | Binder | spread over surface directly in the preservative solution, «I forms the body ofthe pa [The solution penerates the timber + Most widely used vehicle Linseed eter than the case of brushing of] ot pero. Ex. Linseed oil, Nut oil, Poppy oil ADR's [itis used to make wood Fire and Tung ol Process isance, Solvent [sUsed to thin the paints and Chloride, Borex, Boric Acid, Sodium) ‘Thinners | increase the covering properties arsenate and Ammonium sulphate is + Turpentine is used extensively used in Ables Process of Preservation Ex.Petroleum, Spirit, Naptha, ot timber. benzene, Turpentine ole, Bethel It is used when max. absorption of the| Driers/ * Accelerate drying of the vehicle Process _ preservative is desired. Pasticizers| « Quantity limited t0 8% Boucherie||It is used to treatment of green wood. ‘Red lead is best for prime coat] Process over steel. Empty _|ltsaimed ata maximum penetration of Ex. Letharge (Oxidized lead), Lead cell |the preservative with a minimum net} acetate [Red lead (P,0.)] Ipressure |retention, © Reduce weight, increase] process durability Diffusion [itis the method of weaiment of timber|| — | a gutirans/| ® Best Adult is Barium! process |(poles and planks) and other plant|| | SUN | Suiphate material lke in green condition. Ex.Barium Sulphate, Calcium 1m Use of Various Type of Timber~ meat Naseecace, Sale Guava | Scientific instruments «cumin Babool | Agricultural instruments Tee EE a Mulberry | Sports Goods amp bleck, Ivory blac nel Jackirit | Musical instruments Prusslan blue Tedigo Bloe Benteak | Boat ‘Chrome yellow, Yellow orchre | Yellow Teak | Plywood say | NO! er inter ‘Burnt umber, Burnt Sienna Brown ‘Note-Swelling of Woods along fiber length-0,1-0.8% Yemulllion, ed lead, _ a © Timber can be made fire resistant by Sir Abel's Copper sulphate, Chromium oxide | Green Process White lead Lithophone White ‘Gil Engineering Capsule20 3 yerWt Ingredient for Diterent Types of Tati apag eta ‘Typesof | Base | Vehicle |Crazing. (‘These defects cracking area is} paints small. [tin Ati | Spa ang Pts 5 E (Crosdting |e Those detats hve small Pain powder | Vanish {Tower Mel : Tes suing te iege Pateaas [asters] > —|aeppmateaae]] [Crating [Formation of powder doe Feyeeet (ninmla incopyrent fete pm, led ant ung tga hang is [loom itis the dll paces ormed onthe amass aad —| Wh war finshed. ures doe to defect Past Jaspator | sitar {Ressance Ihe sualty of ait” or poe fuel | Nene tation, [oieemen Mildew It is a form of fungus which grows| esis — Plas —| Werte ooo I a ta tnt cee Pet fer ierom and) Trianing The background and is dete cn sowrooms. ‘be seen clearly. [stacey Pom Panng ea eee Pee Segging thik pant nan omar eatnose ing [thie pi Sin on dwar a [Cortsntng [Long dite of suging it [cola orbiting Wrinking ort oseur when the tp com dries Jeement (Crawling before the bottom layers and paint [Enamel — [ite Vania [Rares tine te et eer nd i i (zing las & wae sha vit Len root naa [lca] Vana alaraera |] [U0 eFGlows [Due 1 aplctin of od panto [paint [Sulphide sign board shining. OD Defects of Paint- (ppsing iste oman of Pi aks |Blistering Swelling occurs is due to oil or| the surface of @ coating as it dries. seen enue Fang oisotrtin of te pin suber Pang [Selinger seo mrp graces He [cneling risen ie o- inane + Excensqutiy often pai || [Fasiog t+ hanced ye appearance of certain glossy [patches on the painted surface. [Saponification|It is due to chemical action of '* Paint applied on glossy surface} ‘and painting on improperly] serocned wood. alkalies and formation of soap) [Flaking [Detachment of paint film from the| patches on the painted surface. surfxe. [Alligatoring |One layer of paint film sliding over [Checking I is similar to alligatoring but hair the another layer, when a hard paint leracks are limited to @ small area,| fs epplied over a soft one or vice} Various Types of Paint - ‘Types of Paint Base Vehicle Use ‘Aluminium paint | Aluminium powder | Sprit or Oil amish | Painting in Poles, Tower, Metal roofs, Storage tank ete “Asbestos paint most | Asbestos mineral = Stopping leakage in sloppy roofs fire proof paint) painting of gutters et. + is fire resistance paints, Cellulose painDuco | Methyl or ethyl | Varnish or petroleum | Painting car, ships, aero planes and paint (costly) callulose ‘other costly things. ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 14 yer‘Enamel paint White lead or zine Varnish Tris acid resistance, alkalis and water white proof, ‘© Used on both internal and external surface. Distemper paint or | Chalk powder Water ‘Used on interior surface not exposed ‘Water paint Snoweem to weather. #06 Litre water are required for 1 kg distemper ‘Bronze paint ‘Alurainium powder | Nitrocellulose or | Ir has highest reflective properties. ‘or Copper powder lacquer - ‘on new wood work- = Priming Coat > Sta [Turpentine varnish “Type of Varnish Resin or Base Solvent Remarc [> Itismost durable. Copal, Amber Joit varnish Gi eats) Bold inseedoil J+ Suinbe fir ba lnterir Sprit varnish toe Sl [> Ie dries very quickly but nt IEx- French polish, 3, Shellac it durable. lacquer and Shellac (softresin) Methylated spint |, Easily affected by varnish ‘weathering action. [> Dry quickly but not so Gomdammar, Mastic | Turpentine oil, durable, Raw Copal ‘Naphtha’ — ott is cheaper than ol vamishes [> With a thinner such as turpentine or petroleum [Asphalt varnish Meltd hard asphalt Linseed ol sprit J+ it is used over shop fabricated steel work. F Eide anon or toax aor potash i added Water varnish Shellac Howater |, era ee ae map and pictures. Flat varnish or Wax | Wax, metallic soap or [>For highlighting grain over varnish finely divided silica. Turpentine Oil wooden surface. “Types of ron | __ Manufacturing procest reno mat Nonterdus metat Pigiron [Blak firmace or electric EXRyion Wouttton, eh Arana oppor reduction fumace. Sat Sa teat, hte \Gaston [Capote omaee Tron Oe Quantity [Wrought iron [Reverberatry or pod Magnetite (Fe;O,) 2% ™ furnace by ‘AB's process Hematite [Fe:Os] 70% [Steel | Bessemer process. Limonite [2FesO3.3H 0] 60% Pig iron is classified as following type — Tron Pyrite [FeSy] 47% 1. Bessemer pig 2. Foundry pi/erey pig Sierite[FeCO,] 2% 3. Forge piphWhite pig Production proces of iron- 4. Mottled pig ‘ono = Heat treatment process and related steel ‘Maltin Blast Furnanco property- Process ‘Steel property. Tempering [Toughness neice [Annealing | Mallesbility, doc” oPinese “Te [Normalizing |Grain refinement cxdion Iardening —[Britieness ‘Givi Engineering Capsule 20 5 yorConstituent of glass and their function Concrete Technology [Constituent ‘Function [Silica/Sand Iv isthe major constituent of glass. Hime Jftmakes the glass Muidand suitable fr, Ctssication of Sand According to 15 : 650 — i ee Zone | Size of Aga. [Type of Sand [Use Zonet [475-2 [Coarse sand _ [Concrete is impart durability and toughness. Acts re a ane en et] Zonell2-0.425 [Medium sand |vork ass. Zone-H ]0425-0.075 Fine sand [Masonry [Potash |It renders glass infsible and makes} work ir resistance, [Zone-IV |= 0.075 [Very fine sand [Plastering [Lead oxide imparts colour, brightness and shine. || " Workability- 1 Various manufacturing Process of Glass— Workability < WiCrati| Buscrae Used for “Types of workability | Water cement ratio Blowing: ~ | Glars bottle ond Jar [Unworkable concrete [WIC ratio <0.40 Grane ib. Rod. window glass (Medium workable concrete [040-055 soning ass igh workable concrete [> 0. Pressing | Open pot High workable cones 3 Casting | Lens, mirror Factors Affecting Workability- Spinning sound and electric Water content or WiC ratio lator glass. fi, Admixture Commercial Forms of glass I Size of Aggregate ‘Typeof Glass | Remark ‘Teper v. Shape of aggregate Pyrexglass | It is fire resistance and use pe of aggregat for making laboratory || V& Grading of aggregate apparatus nd insulator. Vil, Time period ‘Optical Glass | It contain phosphorus, lead || _ Vil Alt entrining agents silicate and cerium oxide, |Nete- iis aboard UV ray and use || Decreasing onder of workability for making lenses. Rounded aggregate —> Angular aggregate -> flaky ‘Opal gos or | leis used where high thermal || ot longated agaregate > Cubical aguregate. silk glass shock resistance & chemical |] Modulus of elasticity of concrete- uray i deste. E, = 5700 N/mm? [18-456:1978] Ground glass | Used for bedroom, toilets and : for making black board. E, = 5000/f, N/mm?[1.456:2000] ‘Obscured glass | It is used in doors and ||» Target mean strength of concrete orPatterned | window of bedroom and glass, bathroom. fon = fy +1.659} Bullet Proof or | It produced by placing vinyl |] Standard deviation Laminated glass | plastic and glass in several Tar alternate layers and pressing |] on™ Target mean strength them with outer layer of glass |] far Characteristic strength Used in banks, Jewelry |]* Permissible shear stress of reinforced concrete stores and display window. Sheet glass | It is used for glazing door, 30 window and partition, Standard deviation of concrete- nado by blowing, available Conerete grade] Standard deviation (6) with in 2-6 mm thickness. Rina Plate Glass | It is used for all engincsring M1010 MAS, 35 purpose and is superior than M20 to M25 49 shect glass M3010 M5 50. ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 16 yerLong- Term Modulus of Elasticity. [Floating [Removing iegularities fom the surface EE -] lofconcrete left ater soreeding. 1x9] |Trowelling |Final operation of finishing. It is done to| Wher, create smooth, hard and dense surfices. E,= Short tem elastic modulus Not paandereny r acodg © BS ee a concrete mise ‘+ According to B.LS. temperature is recommended for a curing fs 27 42°C and humidity i 90%, ira SPaosPaoIY if i faite WICKP=05P-+01Y +0017]! Sieam curing isnot used for high alumina cement Method conerete [Maximum densiy —e = Type of shrinkage of concrete- rc so 5) Ds ones nan Taw lsbrinkage |to loss of water fom hardened) Fineness Moss] TAC) soa concrete Paes (ES) Fics [niew ding wit ame © shrinkage temperature. Where, | [Chemical or] Volume change occurs due to chemical = Quantity of cement by weight |Autogenous [bonding of water in the process of} YY = Quantity of fine aggregate by weight. shrinkage cement hydration Z= Quantity of coarse aggregets by weight. © Design of warehouse- Plasic ft also ovcured prior wo final set and Floor area (one bag cement) 030m shrinkage _|caused by bleeding [Height of cement bag 018m (Carbonation It occurred when the calcium [Volume covered by one bageement | 0.054m? |] sinkage hydroxide in the hardened concrete Seach a reacts with carbon dioxide |Space left all around the stack from 30cm ™ M Dittastiey- Nemerior wall It represent the rate at which temperature changes Sted bei Femcaba]) within the concrete mass. Passage widh bw the stack 90-120 em ivy = SS 1 Permissible limit for solids in concrete water as 2 ies aD Where, C= Specific heat ,p = Concrete density Material Permissible Limit noo Sear seal ‘© For concrete, diffusivity = 0.002 to 0.006 Tnorganie 3000 mg ‘= Special Types of Concrete ‘Sulphate 400 mgt (Seif healing/|Described as a material that i] Chlorides bacterial or bio-|capable of repairing self when (RCC 500 mg/l concrete |cracked. ii) PCC 2000 mg/l |Green (Fresh) [Concrete which is eco-friendly) Suspended 000 mg Jeonerete to the environment. It is made . |by adding waste materials as a| f= Batching measarement accuracy- ee For cement 2% for cement. For oggregue and water os (Cellalar/Acrated/|It is made by using sir oF px we Fibhine Oppation ot Conant foam Concrete _ ino slur. Mz Operation of Concrete [Ferro-Cement It is a composite _ material [Screding JLevelling operation or _removin lrepared by using closely Jbtriking exess concrete humps and| spaced one or muiple layers of hollows oF uniform concrete sutice wie meth, ‘Givi Engineering Capsule 20 7 YerTest of Hardened Conerete- probe test surface hardness and hence the| strength of the surface and| near surface layer. [Core test To check the compressive| strength of concrete in situ condition. Maturity of Concrete Day temperature = T"C (Curing temperature = T( 11 )= (T+ 11 1 Classification and Grades of the concrete Designa-| Mix. |Characteris| Group | No. of tion |Proporti| tic grade ‘on |Compressiv| (Cement| ¢ Strength Sand: | in Nimm* Coarse |Aggregat| ° ms | iso 5 ten | Mas | 148 | 75 — [Concrete Mio | 13:6 10 lOrdinary| Mis | 124 1s nae] 3 M20 | 1:53] 20 Mas | 12 | 25 [Sundari] 8 [Non-destructive | To obtain various properties of] Hest hardened concrete of existing| structure without damaging or| dismantling. [Rebound Hammer|To determine uniformity and) method ‘compressive strength. [Ultrasonic pulse velocity method It measure time of travel of the| ultrasonic pulse, which is indicate the quality —of| conerete [Radioactive method ‘Thickness of the concrete is| measured by this method. [Penetration/Windsor|It is used to measure the| [Concrete maturity = Z(Time x Curing Temperature Datum temperature = 11°C M30 30 [Concree Mas 35 M40 40 Mas 45 so | 50 mss | DR] ss moo | On, |_@ Mos 6 M-70 70 Mas 3 | sgn mao baa Strength) 8 Mas 85 |Cneeee M90 90 Mas 95 M100 100 Grade ofconcreie- M-25 Mix COlupessive strength of cone. Nim’ = Number of sample required for testing of cone. Cone. quantity | Number of sample Tm - 5m T sample Gat 15 Z sample 16-30 Ssample 3im?= 50m ‘4 sample > 50m -4+1 for each 0m’ work Note - | Sample = 6 cube 1m Standard deviation of concrete- Grade ofconcrote | Standard deviation (©) (Nmm) M-10 10 MALS) 35 M20 to M25 4 M-30 to M-60 5 = Environmental exposure conditions (Clauses 8.2.2.1 and 35.3.2) Environ- ment Exposure condition Mita (Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions. Moderate (Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe| rain or freezing whilst wet. Concrete exposed to condensation and rain. Concrete continously under water. (Concrete in contact or buried _under| Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 yeraragANS—Sgaand wae) pera] Fie ma ean suis steed “tom mung wads or incousl wen Ca oes ISevere [Concrete surfuces exposed to severe|| | Al-in one Age. 35-6 rain, altcrnate wetting and drying or|| | Fine Aga. 2-35 Gein fecepwaiweorseex|| [rorsnd 3-35 indoor Wet Sd 76-99 Conace conlcey inmencd in sal] [Coase Taz fcr ona cpt ocr \environment, mt Workability, Slump and Compacting Factor of Cones With 20m snd"00 mim Sr Ny [emt suriow eps wo wat [mee omy cones mae se — etapa swe Come ee fn cna vit. uid and oma |aggressive sub-soil/ground water. . : ver | 52s Jaro) 20-ao|me aed y fiom [Sue of monies in te zoel] Low we oped Monin" ‘ont bee Fo alba wi light reinforcement, Fer Manor 20mm Nominal Sx Agereat For Maxon 20 Noma Sez Aawreznte_H! 154 | 25.5 |o5|10-20]nensetedoy | Coe ire as War cern |Condition| Content (Cone. Set Cee Machines - tact _| Cow wom or ny me a we. [ace [ee [ee ae fut cneted [mma | 220 [300 | - |m20[ 060 [ass] 20 heaped sce [20 | 30 [030] 2 |]] Meum [50100] os2| 7-10 [RPreedconrc em [a0 [0 ose fod tony aoe va foced scons ith ie eae [Extreme | 230 | 360 [meas] mao oo [oso] 75 Tor sections with so. ceed Note- P.C.- Plain Concrete, High | [Og [095] <7. |Reinforcement, not RCC- Reinforced Cement Concrete normally suitable fortes Max Water Content Per Cum of Cone. For} CE. - Compacting factor Nominal Max. Size of Aggregate- 1m Permissible error in workability test~ ‘Nominal Max. Max Water [Slump test, =Smm Size of Age mm) Content (Ks) (Compacting factor tet =0001 mm 10 208 [Vee - bee time 205 sec 20 186 Types of admixture- 40 165, Plasticizer | Workability & strength concrete at the same water Compressive Strength of Conerete at Various content, Ate: [Ex LignoSulphonic acid, ‘Age Strength% polyglycol ester, Sodium and Tday 16 [Ammonium acid Baays 0 [Super [Used in making high strength Plasticizer concrete. T days 6 Be. acyl ot x. Acrylic polymer, Bi 50 sulphonated melamine 2 days 9 formaldehydes (SMF). im Fineness Modulus of Aggregate ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 19 yer[Accelerators [* Ratcofstrength &ehydraion. || [WC ratio Property [Ex-CaCl NaCl, AlCl, Sodium] [2396 ‘Complete chemical reaction [Sulphate , Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Hydsonide, 35-45% | Compe hydration [Retarder [J Rate of hydration cement & 1|| "Formwork related terminology- sting time ‘Shuttering | Vertical temporary structure sed as lEx.- Gypsum, Sugars, Starches, a mould fora structure. ICeiuloseproduets, sls of acids, Pe ‘Centering |It is done during construction 10 PIL, Ferre Sue Pech support the formwork for horizontal [air [F Worksbilty & durability. surfiees including four beams and Entertainers |) Biceding, Segregation and slabs. It provides shape of horizontal Laitance surface lex. Resins, water soluble sop, jing | Temporary structure which is used to serie cid, Sulphonic acid, a epee Remworke Effect of sugar in cement cone Raking [It is inclined member which ‘Quantity Teeet shore | provide lateral support to to unsafe 0.05% | Noefecr structure. 0.13% | Retarder 0.20% [Accelertor faring 025% | Set more Rapidly bt loose enh |) |S Gin o aifren ype of member Koes , according to IS: 456: 2000, = Sugaris consider as retarder. aaa a Ect of Fly ash in concrete - 'Veialarmwork of columa, | 16-24 Hous 4. Improve workability. ik Decrease water demand. | | mand wall Ii, Reduce heat ofhyératonty Incas ultimate stenath. | Rott of sab (rap eM NUR) Tia ‘Reduce permeability. vi, Improve durability. [offt oF beam (prop let under) 7 days Creep increases when [Removal of props for siab- 1. Aggregate content is low. tL Cement content is high. (i) Speming upto45m | 7 days A. Water cement ratio is high. v. Aientainmentishigh. (i) Spanning over 45m | 143 Y.Temperaureis high. iv. Reatvehumiiyislow. | [Removal of props for beam- Creep coefficient value based on age of concrete (i) Spamang upto 6 m 14 days ‘Age ofconcrete | Creep coefficient (i) Spanning over 6m_| 21 da 37 days 22 General Features of the Main Types of Portland $8 days 16 Cement 31 year it ‘ASTM Type ‘Classification. Water Cement Ratio- Typet__| Ordinary Porland cement 7 _Weof water r Type-ll | Moderate Sulphate Resistance MICO We of cement ~ Conerte stent (Modiied cement) = Abram's W/C Ratio Law - et Se “This law slates that "the strength of workable spe eat come ceonerete after 7 day curing concrete is only depend Type V__| Sulphate Resisting cement wlpet Type P| Portland Pozzolana cement pon water cement ratio" [Pa “TypelS | Portland slag cement “iter 7 aya curing FE) | | Stremeth of cone. crease with nge- [P= kg/m Month “Age Factor T 1 ‘Afr 28 days caring = 3 i P= 28 gem? E ave 8 6 Lis Where, x= WiC ratio a 12 ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 20 20 yerAge. Water and W/C Ratio for Various Types of |e Concrete Grade- Concrete | Age. Per | Water per | _ WIC Grade | bag bag Ratio cement_| cement MES | 600 ke M73] 625 ke, M:10_|480kg | 34 Titer Mas] 350kg | 32 liter M20] 250kg [30 iter Min, Grade of Cone. Required for Various Types} ‘of Construction- Minimum | __ Types of Construction Grade M-5, M-755 | Lean concrete base M-I5__| Plain cement conerete M-20__ | RCC (General construstion) M-30__ | Water tank, Domes: M30 [RCC in sea water and Post tensioned M40 | Pre-tensioned CPM & PERT Methods of Praject Management |. Barchartand mile 2. Network analysis method stone chart Critical Path Method (CPM) }) PERT - Method Bar-Chart or Gantt Chart- Bar chart is @ graphical representation of activities (on Y-axis) vs. time (on X-axis) introduced by Henry Gantt. Left end or starting end of bar represents the time of| start and right end of bar represents the finished time: of activity. Unit- Hes, Day, Week, Month etc. Breakdown- kis the process of breaking entire project in various activites or jobs or operations, each representing ‘manageable unit for planning and contol Mile Stone Chart- In this case certain portion of the activity that is ‘completed in terms of milestone with the help of arrow, circle or square. Each chart considered as an event of main activity. [Network analysis method- (Critical path method (CPM)- It js also knowm as critical path analysis (CP.A.) citi path scheduling (C.P.) and network management technique (NM) CPM is activity oriented method and used for planning, scheduling and controlling purpose CPM jis used in civil construction area wile PERT. isin esearch and development works. (i Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (@PERT)- PERT charts are used to plan tasks within a project ‘making it easier to schedule and coordinate team ‘members. Elements of Network Technology- (Activity Itisthe actual performance of the task. ‘Time and source both are required for activity. ‘© It is represented in arrow form. Arrows tail represent Start of activity and head represents the end of activity. i) Event Event is an instant of time which marks the stat or complete of an activity. Event may be in cireular ‘square or rectangular shape. Critical path- ‘A critical path consumes maximum resources and join critical activities. It is the longest path and ‘consumes maximum time. Dummy activity It is an imaginary activity which does not consume ‘any resources and time. It is used to connection b/w ‘events in order to maintain a logic in the network. Itisrepresented by dotted/broken arrow. Slack Activity. It is the amount of time in which a task can slip before it bumps into another task. Slack is also called float [Free Stacks [Time in which activity can be delayed without delaying immediately following (successor) activity. [An activity can be delayed without [delaying the entire project. ‘Common errors in network diagramming [Total slack [Dangling Error |To disconnect an activity before the completion ofall activities in| a network diagram. Looping cycle It shows drawing and endless lError oop in a network diagram. Redundancy [Error due to unnecessarily lError inserting the dummy activity in a Inetwork diagram. This error| loccurs in AON network. Stack= ‘The time by which occurrence of an event can be delayed without affecting the schedule completion time of project is called slack. Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 2 yerstack S=T.=T] ie Te, Slack vale may be +e, ve oF 0 set 1 i 6=T T= ort, = 1] 2 ee a 3. sock BT, —T,<0erT <7] oe - Start and finish time of aeivig~ le 25 Ben) earliest [tis the erent possible tinea wich 2 Start rime [am activiy canbe star. calcolted|| [Standard he square Tot ofthe varlnee ler) fey moving from test to last even inal] [Deviation [Pp ewort dag = t= Earliest —|l ste eariest pose tie at which 2 Finish Janactvity canbe fish. [Beta | Stra deviation fix Pastoon [Time [EFT=T,+Djor \distribution atest Irs te late posite tie by wich Stare Time [an activity ean sur without affecting in completion time of roe ltsT=trr— 1 Probability (Latest It is the time by which a specific Factor [Finish _activity must be completed. Where, t, = Scheduled completion time frime CET = S.T- drain ft ‘.= Expected completion ime i = Standard deviation Float- to = Optimistic time Is time by which suing and Anshing of an fp Pesimiate te ‘activity can be delayed without affecting the| ta = Most likely time scheduled completion ime of projet. Probability o;a,;=] 5 “Types ofloat- Factor 2) =LSTEST| PCA) 30_[eas [97 | 98T 1. Total float, |" Difference between CPM and PERT- lr, LeT-ERt| an TERT FeO [Ciel acivity Ieisased to manage tr wed to manage Fr<0- [Super ertal activity only centin actives offncerain time nl F,>0__|Sub-critical activity lany project. activities of any project. 2 Frefit lItis activity oriented [It is event oriented] Free float is the excess of time available over| — {technique. technique. activity duration, lt is deterministic model [It is probability model. . a ISsiable for constoction Suitable for projects which Only proceeding activity is a1 in free float. projects required research and Fy =Total float = Head event sie ldsvelopment, =-S, Inusesacivis for [it docs not vwel_any] \representing sequence of}dummy activities. =Total fost=Tal reat seee] | [ctv 3. Independent float, |" 5s, [Focused on cast [Focused on time control optimization Re lOretine esinaie [Tires ne eaimare 44 Interfering oa, |” Folow normal Folow B distribution unt) distribution. ws mportane Term: Note= Cost Sipe | pe Seaton —Nomnatco] | © In PERT, care project is asumed to follow normal pe = ermaltine=Crashimd| Probability distribution curve. ‘Types of Organization~ ; , Line/Miltary» Mos oldest and simplest matiod eonatng [For comlstion ofan activi. lorganization |« Author fow from top to bottom in \completion) Samre. ‘Gil Engineering Capsule 2.0 72 yor> Suitable formal construction works | Brick masonry related term- [Functional Je The quality of work is beter, wastagc]| [Face and facing [Outer or exposed front face of organization | of material is minimam and! Ihe wall is called. face and specialized knowledge and guidance| material used on face is called to individual member is provided. fine ae J° Suitable for large/heavy construction |Back and mapa — works. _— |Backing | wall is back and material used is | called backing Eine and Je Tis also known as spesiaist Hearing or] is the intemal portion betwesn statt ‘organization. iting face and back, organization |e tt has all the advantages of boththe|| —[ricoe ta sours of sous proved line and functional organizations. immediately below comice is © Event Time- called fez. T= T} +18 only one path [Perpend [An imaginary lines containing vertical joints in masonry <1 only one path Note = Bull nose/eow nose : Use for making comer or ‘Sb Cie vem ] ccurve shape in brick masonry. = Types of Bond- ‘Stretcher | All bricks are laid as stretchers on the bond | faces of the wall generally used for a 7 partion wal (10 em) Building Construction & ) | | jaaq—reamuesntm Maintenance Engineering bond | the face of wall. Use steining of well, corbels, footing... Classification of Building According to NBC- English | Aliemate couse ofheader & bond | stretcher. Mostely used in SX | Stes _|_ types of dis ‘government work. It is costly and 1._[_ Group A | Residential Building Stronger than flemish bond 2. | GroupB | Educational Building Flemish | Each course ha alternate header & 3 GroupC | Institutional Building bond | stretchers. Flemish bond give beter 4_|_ Group D | Assembly Building appesranee ian oelsh Send Facing | Bricks of diferent thickness ae to be 5__| Group E | Business Building bond | usedin he fing or tacking ofthe wall | Group F | Mercantile Building || 1ypes of bnd- 7_| Group _| Indosrial Building | GroupH | Storage Building 9._[ Group! | Hazardous Building Header bond = Various component of building- 5 : BS [Corbel — |Corbel provide a « suppor for jis ah roof rss, weather shed. : eo esas | |wall and ceiling, English bond Flemish bond [Coping |Top ofthe parapet wall finished wil) [fam ime la special course to protect in from) — (Ait gy rain water. ae OE Drip [To faite the drainage of water Single Remish bond | Doble Flemish bond Course fom the coping, a groove is cut on he underside Roominess- 1 means geting maximum advantage from the ‘minimum dimensions or space of the room, Raking bond ‘yer ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 23‘Diagonal bond Herring bone bond << Ss ee SS SS Sy me f KK ISS KK RK i Zig-Zag bond i Garden wall bond Property of Stairease- + Width of stair in domestic bulding- 90 em ‘ Width of star in public building-(1.5-1.8) m + Number of otal step in a fight 712 + Number of steps in e fight € 3 + Angle of inclinations 25-40" + Maximum pitch/sope for public building -33° «Minimum with of tin commercial building -1 m + Head room must be € 2.05 m Relation biw Riser and Tread RTO ReT= O04 xT = 40010450 ‘Where, R= Rise in em 15 em In Case of straight staircase. [Flight [Continuous series of steps in one] ldirection without any —plateform |separated by horizontal plateform. tis the outer front projecting edge o lhe tread. [Molding provided under nosing | Ibeautified the elevation of steps. I is a straight step having a parallel land equal width of tread or it is a/ rectangular steps of uniform shape’ land size, It is a triangular or wedge shaped| steps, that is used to changing the! ection. It is & horizontal platform provided| Ibetween two flights. [A triangular framing under _the| loutside string of an open string stair. It isa horizontal distance between the two consecutive risers. fNosing [Scotia Fliers Winder [Landing [Spandrit [Going Use of various stairs- Residential building | Dog-legged, straight fight Publi bull Open wel bifreated ‘To pve better ‘Geometrical star. appearance Important Members Used in Seaffolding- Standards | Vercal tube held suitable distance from the wall that ‘T= Tread in em transfer the load to the ground. Jn pubic bng the maximum ser tinted oo —T cesta member pall whe wall connected between andards, o_oftead = No.of ser] Patiog They are at right angles to the In ease of one landing and two flight- wall. [ie oftread = No. of riser ~ Stair Related Terminology- isa portion of stairway comprising] the tread and riser. isthe horizontal portion of the step. It is used to Supports standards and placed at right angle to the ledgers. To increase the strength of basic structure to carry more loads. ‘Vertical portion of sip. [Usually provided at the top and) bottom of fight. Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe structure, [Vertical member which suppor the] hand rail. It is the combination of hand rail, newel post and balusters. IK is a sloping wooden member| [employed to provides support for the| stops. Total length of stair in horizontal plane including landing. Underpinning | Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building foundations. ‘Components of Door [Frame or [A wooden structure made with (Chaukhat —_|two vertical member known as! Jpost and one top horizontal Imember known as head is called |door frame or chaukhat. ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 24 yerform Horizontal projection of tie head] [ Cavity wall Free tending wall and sill ofa fame Sold wall Curtain wall Rebate itis the eut or depression indoor]! w Door and whndow= frame to fing the shutter. 1. Doors for residential buildings iTransom Transom is defined as the| ‘© External door (12) to (1.122)m_ horizontal member of fame that + Intel door (0.92) t (1x2) is employed to horizontally sb-| + Doors for bathrooms & waler close divided « window opening. (0.752) t0 (0.82) m |Mullion ‘Vertical intermediate member of 2. Public building (School, Hospital, he fame which divide the Library): doortvindow vertically @(122)m,—— ()(12"21)m, |Post ‘These are vertical rectangular! (6) (1.2%2.25) m_ compression member of ffare|| m_ Use of Door- that support the shutter of dor. Revolving door Public biling and AC bulking si Tt i the Boviommost borizonall! — [siding doar [Bonk office garrager workshop pars or door of window. nd AC bing [Reveal The external jamb of] [Glazed and [Residential and public building. ooriindow opening at ritht|| et oor settee known lf ET ea Gamage Goan oR |Jamb- ‘This is the vertical wall face of an| shutter eyeing which sopports the tome || |S¥inang door [Resienta bulding Shutter or Leaf|Door shuter is an assembly of|] [Lowered door [Used in toilets of public and tye panel and al residential building Se Vertical outside member of|| [Collapsible |Workshop, sheds, warehouse. shutters without any joint is| |door ‘known as style, = Classification of Window- |Lock Rail It is middle horizontal member of| wal shuter in which lock is xed eat (vith, 20 em) a Panel [Are of shutter enclosed between . the adjacent rails is called panel. ws [Sach bar [It is stip of wood of metal ; [Glazing bar |separaing and holding glass Proce Revoing panels in awindow. 1 Maximam Built Up Area fora Building c. Plotarea | Maximum Built Up Area ete <200 nF | 60% of the plot area 4 200-500m™ [50% * window sa 500-1000 n? | 40% —* > 1000n? [333% 7" F 8 Cassfcation of walle Toad bearing wall] NowToad bearing wall Solid wall wih piers | Parion wall (pilasters) ‘Vineered wall Panel wall Gable window Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 25 yerFan Light window Louvered sindow Mansard Roof Gable Root Gambrel Roof Ventilator Size of Timber Chaukhat- ‘Technical Term Related to Roof- @ For door- 8% 10cm-10%12cm_ Eaves | Botiom edge of the piiched roof surfice Seem 810 cm which is projected beyond the wall. em xem Valiey | Ii a acute or internal angle ore auter|| «Located on Northen side (maximum day light formed by the intersection of two sloping wruikbk roof panes. 4 Minimum window area = 1/8 of total lor area Hip | Aridge or line of intersection of sloping roof ofroom surface having an exterior angle greater than '* Total area of window - (10-20)% of floor area 180 ofroom Gane | A wingular Shaped ca ponion ofa prchad ||" Public bling: Minimum area of window = 20% roof is called gable end. Sleheecaial ‘Term Related to Surface Finishing- Verge | ning between the eaves and Fle aad | Toossne irae proceso Hllng We Folow projecting beyond the gable end of the [paces ofthe backgrund. before Pitched roofs termed as verge. Sppiing the plaster Types of Roof Hacking |When the background sarice is make rough to act as key for plastering is called hacking Blistering/|itsthe phenomenon of swelling out we |] [Blowing ne sma patshes of the fished plaster surface mst (Grazing Extremely fine cracks over —the| Coupled Roof [plastered surface ood Ram ‘Peeling [Removal of plaster from the’ ee lbackground age [Grinning [A pattem of ots or similar breaks fa ine continuity of the surice is called y—- —— prinnin.. Coller Beam Root [Gavging [Process oF mixing various consiuens ot plasteris called gauging. Fiaking [Scaling away of plaster patches due to line absence or filure of the adhesion withthe previous coat Bullmark_ [A smal rectangular or hexagonal mark sed to ensure thickness of pas King Post Roof Truss | Queen Post Roof Truss ese to ensure thickness of pestering Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 26 ‘YerSeining Spec —wamaent provided —oal| [aap IF can smap he ond and Retred wall ie bottom most part Tec tsimulenousy Jof the interior wall up to 15 cm height| {Clam shells lit is designed to excavate| {from the floor level. Imaterial in a vertical direction. Dado Jv same a skiing only AUR | mw niference Wareham it atop om fo oo |" inte _ Shape | Caved Horizontal > Genet itis done in baroom nd on ae Stopping [Process of filling up of all nail hob — — —— Toning” [ros of Tag ve in ception terion Seed orion and vera Tove sep onthe uc one wal rr aa gue Br Nicer srplaaton afc Taeterat | Exe on vera | Donot Screeds are used to check the] thrust support exert chs of plaster Rise | Provided Rot [Screeding [Operation of removing humps and| provided atone unto sure Appearance | Goodahiecl | Simple = Reveeraton- appearance appearance Reverberation is multiple, random, blended Strength ‘Quite strong ‘Equally. repetitions of'a sound vertical uniform strong for » Ravetbun deste oily of vlad Teadng but weak | uniform ‘space and the acoustically absorptive quality of the under point loading point room fishes ioaing . Sib ring il a to cay by 6) a Types of Roof Trusses and Their Span- aie the wound race kas opped. ee eae 1 Construction Equipment and Tle Use- esos 25m eae a [Coup] close roof 45m a ee Sm [Bulldozers [Land clearing, Earth moving, [King-Post truss errr Rough grading. [Queen-Post truss Bio 2m [Motor Graders [Creating flat surfaces, road] [Bel-Fast truss (Lattice roof) up to 30m tage Norh-Light oof tus 2010 30m Heicandirs ——IMoving and Ting mates] @ Minimum Slope for the Main Roof Covering land vertically. |Backhoe/PullshovellLand clearing, land seraping,| |Back shovel excavating. [Tower Crane [Used in construction of tall Jouitding for moving heavy| |vcight machines, materials land [Truck mixer for | A mobile unit for hauling andl lr.m.c. lmixing concrete in transit Jarum. [Asphalt mixing [Used to create hot mix|| [Roof Covering Materials lant |(Asphatt. GL Sheet [Dragiine It is enormous mobile| lexcavating machines used in| lopen cut mining or surface|] | Asbestos Sheet Inning. Roof Tiles Power Shovel [Used to excavate all types of learth and load it into truck. [Derrick Crane [Moving material horizontally} Arch Components ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 27 yerFluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machine 1m Properties of Fluid © [we =55t,]at 20°C Properties Tait inenion — T_. For iguia rt Jat Desi wot | Me Pt [n= constant ‘Specie For aases rT |ut = MULT? feat PT |u= constant 8 Unit of Viscosity- ‘SI -N-s/m? or Pa-s won Unites | Pesen CGS - dyne-slen? MKS. kgf-s/m? 1 poise = -EN-stn? wing | MOL 7 1 Centipoises~ 10° Poise 1 Kinematic Viscosty- Nim? | ML“T- [,- Dumamie Viscosity _ 7 an Mass Density) ay oN Note- Sauce ok mre |]% Bac 152 vousat 20°C enon 7 rn? For liquid tt + 2 rase(, of) | Ni 2 or i y Pie | Ralv-) | eas. [Mer Sen Pr ‘veonstant| 1 Newton’s Law of Viscosity [For gases Tt vt au Pt vt ‘ay du Unit. St- m/sec SF veloty ardent Cos _enThecorsickn 1 m?/sec or 1 em*/sec 20. Rate of shear strain or shear deformation 1 stoke = 10" milsecor Lens a I m/sec = 10' stoke i Dynamic Viscosity (1)- Note= Uy > Vine v= Surface tension- ud) ‘Surface tension is due to cohesion only. Note- © Viscosity of uid is measured by viscomcter| Surface tension,Jo = FO%* ||, Work done_| instrument. Its measure only on flow condition. Length || Increase in area by Rheometer. Sayboll,edwood and englerdevices used to measure kinematic viscosity of fuid. Viscosity of liquid in varying condition is measured | a- For tiguid- surfice tension (decrease) with 1 (increase) in temperature. For gas(ET 07) ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 28 yerRelation between surface tension and pressure- Condition + Pressure inside droplet (Solid as sphere) ' Pressure inside bubble or Hallow bubble (Like soap bubble) « Pressure inside liquid jet d= dia of bubble = Surface tension Note- ‘© Surfice tension is measured by tensiometer and| stalagmometer/stactometer/stalogomete, Tn this hear sires isnot proportional to the rate of shear stain. This Suid does not bey Newton's law of viscosity, Ex. Human blood, Toothpaste 4 Viscosity changes with veloety gadint. Note- ‘+ No slip condition at rigid boundaries is applicable to Flow ofall non-Newtonian uid. = Capillarity- g Capilary stion is due to both cohesion and] adhesion. & facoi8 _ do cosd 5 + Capillary tube, {b= Acses8) itary mbes fh pad” wd a e + Parallel plate, fa = 228286] Pat = Capillary rise oF fall of liquid in- eal Fluid . (Capillary rise Adhesive force > cohesive fore Velocity Gradient (duldy)—> (0=90" [wetting surface. Typcot Field (Copllary fll,| Cohesive force > Adhesive fores|| m Now-Newtonian Fluid- (0>90 [Non wetting surface, Study of Non-Newtonian fluid is called Rheology. Ex-Contact angle- ‘© Itis follow "Powers law", (=O |For pure water and glass tube ‘A. Time independent 0-8 |For water and glass tube Pseudo-plastc | These are shear thinning Ouids (0= 128° |For mercury and glass tube In Sheer thickening fui. © Capillary action occurs due to combined effect of g skein, hevon snd nace eason [Fluids Ex.- Quick sand, Saturation! 1m Types of Flukd- sition of supe Rie starch, deal Fluid | [ti incompressible and have no viscosity has some initial strength beyond which deformation stars Real Fluid | It possess viscosity and Agamemnon [Ex Tooth paste, Sewage sindge, Teal plastic | la this shew srs & more then yield [Dring muds Ge. Cream Haid “inn ag || B- Time dependent valueind shearsiess (3) G0" Gr || Frnixotropie | Viscosity decreases with application] Fluids |of'shea sress. Newionian | In this type of fluid, shear sess |] |p ey ee Lipstick, Ketchup, Printer ins, Fluid ety roorional rte of Shar || aE ly Newtonian fuids does not change Viscosity in ie gota wo be es icone | Visas increoses wit plier Be Ware Keene paw, || [a> lEx-Gypsum paste, Bentonite shury Benzene, Ethanol Boo ‘Givil Engineering Capsule 2.0 2 yer= Buoyancy force, Fa Tis an upward force exerted by the state uid on a floating or submerged body. fra W [Body wit in fa = W_ [Body in rest condition Centre of Buoyancy @)- “The point in displaced uid through which the twoyant fore is supposed tobe act. Archimedes principle- When a body immersed in «liquid an upward thrust equal tothe weight ofthe uid displaced acts on i. 1 Metacentre (M)- ‘A point about which a submerged body starts to| cncilate when its tied by a small angle * Metacentric height, GM.=BM.—B.G] = —e__po, |r =2n,| Ming k= Least Radius of gyration, Ia, Moment of inertia Note- ‘© Metacentric height for rolling condition will be less than pitching condition, ‘+ Larger metacentric height gives greater stability to the body. '§ Floating body rotation axis in different condition ‘© Time period of Oscillation-| seal's Law- Pressure at a point in a fluid system is equally distributed in all direction. It applied to Quid at rst Pascal's law is avoid if shear stress= 0 [P. =P, =P. Ex- Hydraulic crane, Hydraulic lit, Hydraulie jack, Hydraulic brake system © Hydrostatic Law- The rate of increase of pressure in vertical direction is equal to weight density of the fluid at that point, n= Por] 26 | ‘© Hydrostatic force of curved surfaces- [Fy pear] ‘A-- Projected Area Vertical distance of €.0.6. of body from free surface. ME HEY Fi Weight of liquid block sbove curved surface. Total pressure and center of pressure for submerged plane at different surface position- ‘Pressure Head-| ‘© Resultant Force 'F Pick Te = Surface | Total Pressure | _ Center of itching. [Transverse axis a onan [Roting [Longitudinal axis iorsenal | FaoeaK noe Yawing _| Transverse axis (Perpendicular to the plane) [Position =< ‘= Equilibrium condition for Submerged and floating WAX body Verical | Fa pgax Position ~ Equilibrium | Submerged | Floating body waX condition bod Stable BisaboueG _[MiaboveG || [inclined r= pgaX Position ° Unsuble_|BisbelowG [MisbelowG = wa Neutral [Band G coincide [Mand G coincide [Curved 5, =pefndAsino Surtce t= Metacentri Height for various ships- FE =pafnanens® Typesofahip | _ Metacentric height — Merchant ship <10m Feevin th sailing ship < 130m WAR Battle ship <20m Notes River boat <350m + From P ~ pgh, pressure does not depend upon the & G Megs sip > G-Mrasengs ip, SO cargo ship is less ‘comfortable. shape and size of container. It is only depends on height of liquid surfuce or pressure head ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 30 yer1m Geometric properties of some important shapes- Plane Surface] Center of | Depth of Gravity | center of (CG) _ | pressure (cP) = Inverted Triangle Unit of Pressure- © IPa=INim? © IBar= 10°Pa + tam=10132sre + 148 =9¢na0Nmn? © 1Psi= 6994.76 Pa © 1 Torr= 133.3 Pa=1 mm Hg be Pa oo —— Pressure ‘Absolute Zero Pressure (complete vacuum) Pay isthe actual pressure at a given position. ‘Pressure Measurement Device Manbmeter ‘Simple Mandmeter -Piezometer (Only liquid) (for small & moderate postive G.P) U-Tube M.M (Positive & Negative) (Gauge pressure, High pressure) Sensitive MM (Modified form U-tube MM Vertical Single Column Inclined Single Column Mechanical Gauge Diaphragm PG Differchtial Manometer ‘Bourdon Tube PG Inverted U-Tube ‘Dead Weight PG Differential MM Bellows PG (To measure liquid pressure) U-Tube Differential MM ‘Sensitive ype DMM. PG - Pressure gauge M.M - manometer Inclined D.M.M. Micrometer DMM. ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 yerMethod of uid motion Lagrangian method- In this method each single fiuid particle is studied for its motion characteristics density, acceleration etc. ‘© Itistime taking and most accurate method. Eulerian method- In this method, the velocity, acceleration, density ‘ic. are described at a point or certain section in the slow field Types of Fluid Flow- alysis- [Steady Flow Fluid property like density, pressure, velocity does not change! with time. Hoo, Bao, Bo an aan” [Unsteady Flow |Fluid property changes with time Roo, Bao, 2, Zre Gea Seo [Uniform Flow |At a given time, fluid property Idoes not change with respect to] Irrotational [Fluid particle docs not rotate about its own axis in both circular as well as straight line motion. > a a Local/Temporall ti the rate of increase of velocity| |Acceleration | with respect to the time at a given| point in flow field av, Ow ana ‘or © Local acceleration on moti Path Line- It is a path travelled by a single| fluid particle at the different] instant of time. resents the direction of ofa single fluid particle given ti ‘Stream Line In a stream line flow each fuid particle has definite path and the paths of individual particles do not cross each other. Je It represent the direction of motion of many particle. (Convective [It is the rate of change of velocity \Acceleration [due to the change of position of lown axis in both the circular as} well as straight line motion. [v=$] emconstane [te space. uid in a fluid low. (2) =0 28) camer ‘Type of | Localor | Convective | Total or |Non-Uniform | At a given time, velocity changes| ‘Flew | Temporal ete Seno, _[A Stig w= pectin) Anecne [ect & oO #) seas] 0] o ae [Uniform [Laminar Flow |Fluid particles move along well- Flow Sted pao sem needa] fUmacagy] |e firme ins ae sagt all [C CS ee Kom Pea aie ron > Wis dao onvn ae streamline] [Gpacaag] Plo iow rons toe lsat chee lrurbulent —_|Fluid particle moves in a zig-zag|| [Uniform Flow lor in random order. Flow 7 | concave couprostic omy of ast ngs onl? SEY | 9 Coes mere et put o Gay wef fet Peta Pena fom ve pal) [Ot at fem [acomprenibc [Deny mina maar l= p =| « Forced Vor Flow comoresie [om Tey et apie |Rotational During flow along streamline, | = Angular velocity teat ee bars (eae shou ta] © Free Vortex Fo Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 32 yer‘Forced Vortex Flow | _ Free Vortex Flow > For this some external foreettorque required ‘orotate fluid mass. | rotate fuid mass. lex. Ex 1. Flow of water through| 1. Flow through kitchen| There is no external torque required to} fewmcoawe| sek How ot gud ing. gid om ough l tough “tmpeler of) ne tthe bo cenmeslnorns. | cme p. Ron of Wate in. 8 hic in Stange |e Vat tat | Row flee 1 Pag ag ag, me 5. Lisl ow ron f= at of pana] Hai tow wand “hi cece pipe. % HK SmwteFiow Sk lo Goward (vad a0) ‘denna ow) Doublet/Dipole/Double source- > Itisthe combination of source and sink flow. ‘¢ Kinetic Energy correction factor- Continuity Equation- equation is based on conservation of ‘mass principle {Ps ArV, = prAzVal- Compressible Fluid 2 a ‘Velocity Potential Function 2 (pvy+2(pw)=0 for mompsie ait (02) ©O+F¥)=0 for many a | [rs a © Stream Function ey svat ew Ee ean ru esl 21 ay} lay & «Angular Deformation t Yoo, +40, Strain Rate © Shes etal CE |*" ICE Calculated ffom average velocity ‘* Momentum Correction factor- ‘Actual inear momentumise. near momentunvsec. calculated from V,, | Flow Condon [a n [Laminar towinpibe | 2 133 |} circulation: [Laminar flow biw 1543 12 It is defined as the line integral of tangential [parallel plates ‘component of velocity about a close contour in 8 rubulentfowiapipe | aor] 12 fai Row 3 vertickye + Fale equation I bused ox Conservation of] I isthe ratio ofcrulation and area of closed Momentum principe contour irl «+ Bernoulli's equation = [PY 42 =¢ Vert pe 78 im Equation of moti * Bemoul's ution is based on- Conservation) |" "Newon's Equation of Motion © Each term of Bernoulli's cquation represents| Fun Fyt Poth tht Fe Enc por wat eight 2. Reynok's Equation of Motion ‘© Rate of Flow or Discharge- F-Fyt hth +h 3. Naver Stokes Equation Wray F,=F,+F,+F, Cross ctional ara of pipe = Ft Ppt reheat 4.Bule's Equation of Motion Unit = m’/sec. Fi = Fat Fp Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 33 yer‘* Ruler's Equation For inverted Tube § [ffb fot: fror cons] [manometer (when ve[i-$] : emactard Sell S)= SG. of lighter liquid * Bernoulli's Equation lighter than lowing i liquid) 1 Important point ‘Type of flow | Gost [Accuracy] Head loss meter Venturimeter High [High [Low forince meter [tow [Low [High Flow Nozale [Medium [Medium [Medium 2 Potential head. w= Instruments & Thelr Measuring Parameter- Piczometric Head = P+ 2 Tnstrument | Measuring parameter Ps |Venturimeter |Discharge or flow rate [Orificemeter [Discharge or flow rte Flow nozzle [Discharge or low rate ‘© Bernoull's equation for real uid Etbow meter [Discharge in vertical segment] [earths Bre tirs, +h [or How rate pe 2g ' og 2e "| [Nozzle meter | Discharge or flow rate Yenturimeter- Pitot ube Velocity of uid fow ‘Angle of convergence, 20° - 25° rand ube | Velocity of tid ow Angle of divergence- 6° - 7° |(Boundary layer aa, |theory) [2m “c | [current meter | Velocity in open channel * lWeirs [Discharge in open channel ‘Cy=Covefficient of venturimeter 0.97 - 0.99) © Orificemeter or orifice plate- Rotameter annie on discharge in qu Saanfiah oewire For measuring the gat ora [Ascmomeer —__filocty ae aneame Anemometer | Velety wih high eauacy C= 065-070 Pyrometer (High ‘emperatare Los of eergy ini CT] ntuemen Pitot Tube- lydrometer \Specific gravity ygroneer [Humiiy + [Me =) v= foo BB) ovine. ‘© Pi/pg Stagnation head * Paipg ~ Static head Piezometeric head (b) calculation Hydraulic Co-efficient— © Co-efficient of velocity, C, ss T Aaual wisi ofa wes soaaca 7 [For Differential “Theoretical velocity Va Piczomete C,= 0.98 for sharp ed; = 098 fr say cigs rio Sha act gaa] © Co-tcient of Contraction, fewer “than = tewag|. LS Ara ofjavescourca (2) Kiquid) 'S,=8.G. of heavier iquid ‘Area of orifice -@ S.=S6. offoving iad C=O sap edge ifn ‘ia gnearing Caprae ZO 3 Yor‘© Co-efiicient of Discharge, Cy [__Actual Discharge _ Qu +l" Theoretical Discharge" Qy a eh Note 1m Value of Hydraulic Co-efficient- [Coefficient of velocity] 095-099 [=098 (c) Note- Weir According to Benzin's- 3. Triangular Notch or Weir~ (Coefficient of 061-069 |=0.64 |contraction, Ce Je Fc, yPesen0/2.H4 [Coefticient of Discharge] 0.61-0.64 |=0.62 Ica [Coctticient of = [=0063 Resistance, Cy 1G, Co C, for mouthpiece: ‘Mouthpiece type ala le I. External mouthpiece 1f0=90° then tan 072 = a Cy 2gh” [Q=1.417H*"] (ire = 90°) 4. Trapezoldal Notch or Wele- (@) Cylindrical mouthpiece ] 0.855 ] 0.855 | 10 |(o) Convergent mouthpiece | 0.98 | 0.98 | 1.0 \() Convergent divergent] 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.0 mouthpiece 2. Internal mouthpiece [Q= rene * Orne cy aa?*(L+S ES) le= 3 © In Sutro weir (@) Running full] 0.707 | 0.707 | 1.0 (b) Running free] 1.0 | 050 | 0.50 (Chastcation of notch pnd weir according tothe AL Shipe of tet oft Shape of ‘pening ldeson the mappe the erst LRectangulae —1.With end contaetion 1. Sharp crested 2Teangular, 2. Without endeonvaction 2. Broad crested 4. Trapezldat 4 Stepped oseets)ne[¥-S) =a ‘measurement of head for- Rec Weir or Notch (i) Triangular Weir or Noteh— 2 Ea Ea ‘Contraction value is taken 0.1H for each ends of m Effect on Discharge due to error in the 1m Discharge Over a Notch or Weir- Q 1. Rectangular Notch or Weir Note- “ s = For Cipoletti Weir or noteh ~ 2c, Sauges ts3ghN) L= Width of weir or = 14°) Ir velocity of approach ~V, > Broad Crested Weir 5 i Then, singer (ote f= 01-04 25 ora = fe-Zeaufialoten,y > Narrow Crested W. i ca 2 According to Francis Formular a 2, > or2 A circle of radius (£) should be inscribed in trapezoidal section. > Semi circle touch the three sides of trapezoidal section (P, QR) Walt the top widih ‘Triangular Channel be a > mor R 22 > Side slop= 1 >o= 45° |For Max. discharge- For Max, velocty- > Area of flow, A= R? #372) Type of ow Depth of low Velocity of ow Froude Number ‘Suberitical/ Tranquil Y>Ye VeVe Ft Sreaing or Tangential ow Ciest_flow (AF tie How we =e specie energy min) Supartieal oreanal Rapid vr ar FST or shooting flow Yc Cita depth = Creal Veoay 1 Clasifcation of jump based on Froude number ‘Froude number (F,) “Types of jump Water Surface 1-17 TndularUrstcady Tadaing 17-25 Weak Small Roles form 25-45 Oseitaing Water moving in random manner 45-9 seady Reiland jue ation 29 strong. ‘Very rough and choppy 1 Some Important formula fr open channel- Hydraulic mean Depth z ? Mannings Formula Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 ‘yer[Chey Formals VaCvaxt [Specific Energy v ¢ nyrwiny+ Bey 2g ” 2gA? A=By + (Trepezoidal section ) (y= depth of flow) (Critical Depth ay” % (¢) (@~ Discharge per mit width of channel ~ [Critical velocty V.=(a8)=Jeue [Condition for Critica flow ge so T [Energy lst due to Hydraulic jump viva (¥it¥) Laplace equation- specie nergy = y+ y+] Where, A=B.y +537 (or wepezoidal section) Relation Between yand E ws Force ona stationary plate (i) For Rectangular channel- |Plate is vertical to the jet IF.=pAV? (For Triangular channel- Pa ncined w hejet |Fy=pav'sino IF, = pAV'sin29 if) For Parabolic channel IF = pAVsin0 cosd Force acting in moving fukd- Av! sin20 2 2. Vicon Fore, FEA Plates curve IF.= pAV(1 + cost) 3. Gravity Force, F,= pALS 4. Pressure Force, F,= pA ae “ [Case | Force exerted and | work done per 1 Value of Ag, Vey Yer Ewan) | 3 | - its components | second by the jet 26, on the plate ee Ae Ye Ye lW = Fu pete = pA(V-w?xu jet ecaneatrfax. Vex |g (Bay, |t fsx (S) 8% 2% | [Pte Wore face F, [= PAC — uP a ee y” Jey, exe J tmedst sin?0 Fra fe. (3.9.)" foe fix 2B frrimgsar [1 7 eral Plate is PAW + |W fax ltex. (5) lax [gn |] Jeurved cos) PAW — uu (L +050) Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 a1 yerHydraulic Machine 4. Specific speed (N) Specific speed (N)_| Suitable Turbine Hydraulic efctency, |n, = MKS. | SI. Unit = Unit > Max. Hydraulic efficiency ofan impulse Turbine- 10-35] E530 | Pelion wheel with single jer 35-60 [30-51 [Pelton wheel with two or more jot Aree oftiede tn sta 0-300 | 31-225 [Francis Turbine ‘# Mechanical efficiency, "300-1000 | 225-860_| Kaplan or Propeller Turbine Efficiency of turbines- * Volumetric efficiency, “Type of Turbine | Velocity | Overall Ratio | efficiency ne + overaeicinsy a, = Pelion wheel D808 | 55%90% = 86% = Francis Turbine 06-09 [88% + Relation between effciences- ome Saar sean, rope TS27 [BEER =90% [Menent = Monat * heme * Thee Model Law of Turbine- SP. H {4 [te *"s “we (oar), (ow) greene mb (8) (8) outta] > (ch (co ‘Turbine [available at inlet ow) (oe Impulse [Only Kinetic] Pelton Turbine, Turgo| N'J_ (DIN Turbine _|Energy |Cross flow @ Model Relationship for Turbine [Reaction Both Kinacand|Francis, Kap]! | Specie § Taine fprsare nergy |Gitard,Fourneyon|| | Po" SP? [Maur] opr Twine 2. Dirstia flow thro rumner- Shape Nae «Nie ‘Type of Turbine Example (eny™ angel flow |Peton Trine 7 Penge Tai Speed Rad fow Ture Francs Turn [Axial flow Turbine |Kaplan, Propeller Turbine Unit Power Mined ow Turbine | Modem Francs Turbine WEEE 2. end avalible and dbcharge™ Types of |Discharge| Head Example @ Discharge Through a Turbine Turbine (m) “Type of Turbine Discharge High Low | >300 [Pelton Turbine alin wheal ; Head anZe.c, (ia Mum | Medion | 60.300 [FrnssTukine ea Fanci Ow BN, Low High | <60 [Kaplan & Propetier|| [Kaplan py, end urine 2 G(P Di) ‘Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 a yor+ Pe Crete, = H on we fend Co-fikent, Cy = = P * Power Coefficient, Cp = —Fo5 Degree of Reaction- Doo. Lhangein pressure energy inside therunner 1m Efficiencies of pump LP. = Impeller power Mt = Mass flow rate Percentage of slip, Max. Hydraulic effici ac) 2 (9 Angle of blade tip at outlet Max. Number of jets, generally, employed on Pelton whol are six (6) Ha = Manametric head Manometrie! | ssnomevicettieney = Mapomettic head Hydraulic |MmeMPPeC MO T terhead efficiency i Mawnan = eg INote- impeller head = Menometric head + Hydraulic tosses Mechanical Power at tho impeller Mechsiaefceny = efficiency 7° Powera esha © Minimum Dia of Braking jet= 06 d ‘© Width of Bucket fora Pelion whee! = Sd . [Overait Power output + Angle of detections, ¢=160°-170° (Avg. Ange, = 165") | Jeficleney | OVETallefiiciency =F Vane Angleat oul, $= 1°~20° (Avg. Angle, §= 15") kt ‘© No.of Blades on Francis Turbine = 16~24 Nogat = — = Nees Tne w Kaplan Turbine spiMg ‘Runner Power vet Now Speed Ratio, (a) re Row Rata, 9) = [o=mxn] (ny Neglected) (027 agi") « festip= [Rat =? [Breadih Ratio B.-01-03) G a + Bip=Q- Qu INo. of Blades} 4 (Generally) po [Degree of Reaction D510, 1H Model Relationship for Pumps- Peripheral velocity at xD,N Dimensional Parameter | Dimensionless Parameter inet and outlet wyau, 228 © Typesof pamp- Tap Peative dpacensn ror ° ined ow rn Recfoctng Ray Al Flow "7 ee son Pamp— FrGear Pump adiat ow Plager amp f>Scew Pump oy Bucket ump Evan Pump. ‘Givil Engineering Capsule 20 6 yerStrenght of Material wm Types of Material [Poisson's Ratio Lateral Strain __ 8d/d | Homogencous ‘A material which have same HE~Tinear Strain at [Material lasic ropeties at any point ina given direction Bulk Modulus K Isotropic Material | This material has same identical properties in all direction at a point. Where, Anisotropic Te has different properties in || ¢= Compressive stressor direct stress Material all dircetion at a point in the || 2, = Volumetie strain body. ‘Volumetric strain- JOrthotropie ‘Armateral which has Material diteemt properties inthe ,, - Chaneein volume _ AV ‘mutually perpendicular “ Originalvoume VE. anes. . e Relation between E, G, K & pp ‘Types of | Total number of No. of je E=2G0+W)] ¢ E=3K (0-20) Material | dependent Elastic | Independent Constants |Blastic Constant|| |, [OKC], [| 3K-20 ‘Homogeneous| 4 2 3K+G 6K +2G} and Isotropic |For any engineering material => ‘Orthotopic 2 9 (wood) Limit »[e[x« sumengls 2 21 |Minimum Limit o | B2 | 3 . [Maximum Limit 05 | B3 | o Material Potssion’s Ratio cork = oe Concrete + 010-020 = Axial Elongation in Different Types of Bar- Wrought Iron = 030 Glass = 002-030 vps sips) ie ata Cast Iron = 023-027 Prismatie bar Due to external load Elastic Material, = 025-040 PI of Steet = 027-033 a oon WE Rubber = 050 3 i Human Tissves - 4 = sm Elastic Constant- tapered bar yaa Blastle Constant Formula . » rd aE [Young's Modotusor | Longitodinal Stress |Modulus of Elasticity | ~ “ Longitudinal Strain ain « _ Ft Rectangular tapered bar BA |Modulus of Rigidity/} Shear stress t rs 7 |Shear Modulus ‘Shear strain Shear stain ~@ ai Civil Engineering Capsule 2.0 44 yer