Electrical Power

Notes & Formulas

Copyright © 2022 by PSPT

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|First Edition, 2022 | PSPT | 17 Island Bay Dr., Ontario Canada|
| www.getpspt.com | graham@getpspt.com|
 Index

1) DC Circuit Analysis – 4 Pages

2) AC Circuit Analysis – 2 Pages

3) Power Analysis in AC Circuits – 3 Pages

4) Digital Electric Circuits – 4 Pages

5) Electrical Trigonometry – 6 Pages

6) Derivatives – 1 Page

7) Per Unit Analysis – 2 Pages

8) Symmetrical Components – 2 Pages

9) Short Circuit Analysis – 2 Pages

10) Protection and Control – 5 Pages

11) Three Phase Transformers – 2 Pages

12) Metering – 2 Pages

13) Rotating Machines – 5 Pages

14) Low Voltage Electrical Wiring – 7 Pages

All 14 sections are numbered individually.

 1) DC Circuit Analysis

SI multiples for watt (W)

Submultiples Multiples
Ohm's Law Value Symbol Name Value Symbol Name
10−1 W dW deciwatt 101 W daW decawatt
Current, Voltage & Resistance 10−2 W cW centiwatt 102 W hW hectowatt
−3 mW milliwatt
10 W 103 W kW kilowatt
10−6 W µW microwatt 106 W MW megawatt
10−9 W nW nanowatt 109 W GW gigawatt
10−12 W pW picowatt 1012 W TW terawatt
10−15 W fW femtowatt 1015 W PW petawatt
−18 aW attowatt
10 W 1018 W EW exawatt
10−21 W zW zeptowatt 1021 W ZW zettawatt
10−24 W yW yoctowatt 1024 W YW yottawatt
Common multiples are in bold face

Series & Parallel Circuits

Conductance

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law:

The sum of the potential drops (voltage drops)
around any closed loop is zero

Electric Power
1 coulomb = 6.241 x 1018 electrons
Work Done = Volts x Q(charge) Joules
Work Done = Volts x I (amps) Joule Kirchhoff's Current Law:
Power = Work/time (sec) Watts All currents entering a note sum to zero
Currents entering “+”
Currents leaving “-”

Circuit Theorems
Homogeneity (scaling) property

Additive property
 Page 2

Voltage and current sources Thevenin’s Theorem

A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source
VTH in series with a resistor RTH

Source Transformation
The transformation of a power source from a
voltage source to a current source, or a current
source to a voltage source.

Norton’s Theorem
A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
INorton in parallel with a resistor RNorton

Superposition Theorem
In a linear circuit with several sources, the current
though and voltage drop, for any element in the
circuit, is the sum of the currents and voltages
produced by each source acting independently.

Mesh-Current (or Loop) Analysis

 Page 3

Ohm’s Law and a Capacitor

Electric Fields and Capacitance

 Page 4

Energizing an Inductor

Electromagnetic Induction
 2) AC Circuit Analysis

Sinusoidal Waves and RMS Values

 Page 2

Harmonic Frequency

Reactance & Impedance

 3) Power Analysis in AC Circuits

Electric Power Electric Energy

SI multiples for watt (W)

Submultiples Multiples
Value Symbol Name Value Symbol Name
10−1 W dW deciwatt 101 W daW decawatt
10−2 W cW centiwatt 102 W hW hectowatt
10 W −3 mW milliwatt 103 W kW kilowatt
−6 µW microwatt 6 MW megawatt
10 W 10 W
10−9 W nW nanowatt 109 W GW gigawatt
10−12
W pW picowatt 12
10 W TW terawatt
10−15 W fW femtowatt 1015 W PW petawatt
10−18 W aW attowatt 1018 W EW exawatt
−21 zW zeptowatt 21 ZW zettawatt
10 W 10 W
10−24 W yW yoctowatt 1024 W YW yottawatt
Common multiples are in bold face
 Page 2

AC Power Complex Power

4) Digital Electric Circuits

Gates
 Page 2

Flip – Flops and Multi-Vibrators

 Page 3

Counters and Shift Registers

 Page 4

Adders
 5) Electrical Trigonometry

Angle Measurement
 Page 2

Triangles

Angle Sum Property of a Triangle The Pythagorean Theorem

 Page 3

Unique Triangles & Ratios

Trigonometric Functions and Tangent

Lines
 Page 4

The Unit Circle Unique Triangles

 Page 5

Unique Angles The Law of Sines

The Law of Cosines

Trig Identities
 Page 6

Product to Sum Formulas Double Angle Formulas

Sum to Product Formulas

Cofunction Identities
 06) Derivatives

Limit Properties Common Derivatives (Cont’d)

The Slope of the Tangent

to Any Point on f(x) = x2

The Squeeze Theorem

Common Derivatives
 7) Per Unit Analysis

Phase Relationships Transformers & Per Unit Analysis

Δ - Y Conversions

Three Phase PU Analysis

Normalization
 Page 2

Transformer Connections
Star – Star (Y - Y)
yy

Change of Bases
 8) Symmetrical Components

Asymmetrical Phasors Symmetrical Components

The “a” Operator

Page 2
 9) Short Circuit Analysis

Asymmetrical Three Phase Faults Phase to Phase to Ground or Faults

Single Line to Ground Faults

Phase to Ground with Impedance

Phase to Phase Faults

3 Phase Faults
 Page 2

Single-Line Diagrams for Network Modeling: Transformers (cont’d)

Components

The Generator

Modeling: Synchronous Generators

Zero Sequence through a Transformer

Modeling: Transformers Modeling: Transmission Lines

 10) Protection and Control

Electrical Devices

1 – Master Element 37 – Undercurrent or Underpower Relay

2 – Time delay Starting or Closing Relay 38 – Bearing Protective Device
3 – Checking or Interlocking Relay 39 – Mechanical Condition Monitor
4 – Master Contactor 40 – Field (over/under excitation) Relay
5 – Stopping 41 – Field Circuit Breaker
6 – Starting Circuit Breaker 42 – Running Circuit Breaker
7 – Rate of Change Relay 43 – Manual Transfer or Selector Device
8 – Control Power Disconnecting Device 44 – Unit Sequence Starting Relay
9 – Reversing Device 45 – DC over voltage Relay
10 – Unit Sequence Switch 46 – Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
11 – Multi-function Device 47 – Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
12 – Overspeed Device 48 – Incomplete Sequence Relay
49 – Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay-OLR
13 – Synchronous-speed Device
50 – Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
14 – Underspeed Device
50G - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Neutral CT Method)
15 – Speed – or Frequency, Matching Device
50N - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Residual Method)
16 – Data Communications Device
50BF - Breaker failure
17 – Shunting or Discharge Switch 51 – AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
18 – Accelerating or Decelerating Device 51G - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Neutral CT Method)
19 – Starting to Running Transition Contractor 51N - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Residual Method)
20 – Electrically Operated Valve 52 – AC Circuit Breaker
21 – Distance Relay 52a - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Open when Breaker Open)
22 – Equalizer Circuit Breaker 52b - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Closed when Breaker Open)
23 – Temperature Control Device 53 – Exciter or DC Generator Relay
24 – Volts Per Hertz Relay 54 – Turning Gear Engaging Device
25 – Synchronizing or Synchronize-Check Device 55 – Power Factor Relay
26 – Apparatus Thermal Device 56 – Field Application Relay
27 – Undervoltage Relay 57 – Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
27s - DC under voltage Relay 58 – Rectification Failure Relay
28 – Flame detector 59 – Overvoltage Relay
29 – Isolating Contactor or Switch 60 – Voltage or Current Balance Relay
30 – Annunciator Relay 61 – Density Switch or Sensor
31 – Separate Excitation 62 – Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
32 – Directional Power Relay or Reverse Power Relay
33 – Position Switch ANSI numbers IEEE Standard Electric
34 – Master Sequence Device Power System Device Function
35 – Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device
Numbers acc. to IEEE C.37.2-1991
36 – Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices
 Page 2

Electrical Devices (Cont’d)

63 – Pressure Switch
94 – Tripping or Trip-Free Relay( trip circuit supervision Relay)
64 – Ground Detector Relay
95 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
64R - Restricted earth fault 96 – Busbar Trip Lockout relay
64S - Stator earth fault 97 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
65 – Governor 98 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
66 – Notching or Jogging Device 99 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
67 – AC Directional Overcurrent Relay 150 – Earth Fault Indicator
68 – Blocking Relay AFD – Arc Flash Detector
CLK – Clock or Timing Source
69 – Permissive Control Device
DDR – Dynamic Disturbance Recorder
70 – Rheostat DFR – Digital Fault Recorder
71 – Liquid Level Switch DME – Disturbance Monitor Equipment
72 – DC Circuit Breaker ENV – Environmental Data
73 – Load-Resistor Contactor HIZ – High Impedance Fault Detector
74 – Alarm Relay HMI – Human Machine Interface
HST – Historian
75 – Position Changing Mechanism
LGC – Scheme Logic
76 – DC Overcurrent Relay MET – Substation Metering
77 – Telemetering Device PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator
78 – Phase-Angle Measuring Relay or "Out-of-Step" Relay PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit
79 – AC Reclosing Relay (Auto Reclosing) PQM – Power Quality Monitor
80 – Flow Switch RIO – Remote Input/Output Device
RTU – Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator
81 – Frequency Relay
SER – Sequence of Events Recorder
82 – DC Reclosing Relay TCM – Trip Circuit Monitor
83 – Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay LRSS - LOCAL/REMOTE SELECTOR SWITCH
84 – Operating Mechanism SOTF - Switch On To Fault
85 – Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
86 – Lockout Relay/Master Trip
87 – Differential Protective Relay ANSI numbers IEEE Standard Electric
88 – Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
Power System Device Function
89 – Line Switch
90 – Regulating Device Numbers acc. to IEEE C.37.2-1991
91 – Voltage Directional Relay
92 – Voltage and Power Directional Relay
93 – Field Changing Contactor
 Page 3

Protection Relay Schemes

Types of Electrical Faults

 Page 4

Protection Relay Schemes Basic Electrical System Structure

Instrument Transformers

Elements of a Protective
Relaying Scheme

Polarity

Zones of Protection
 Page 5

Polarity (Cont’d)

HV Circuit Breaker Types

Westinghouse (ABB)
Type CO Overcurrent Relay

Impedance Relaying

Impedance Relaying

Differential Protection

Percent Differential Protection

 11) Three Phase Transformers

3 Phase Power

Transformer Connections
 Page 2

Transformer Connections (Cont’d)

 12) Metering

Power and Energy

Electric Energy
 Page 2

Electric Power Industry Canada’s WEB Site

Specifications for Electricity Meters

Blondel’s Theorem

Watt Hour Meters

Cross Wattmeter Verification

 13) Rotating Machines

DC Machines

The Induction Motor

 Page 2

Induction Motor Rotors Single Phase Induction Motors

 Page 3

Three Phase Induction Motors

The Synchronous Generator

 Page 4

The Equivalent Circuit of a

Synchronous Generator
Page 5
14) Low Voltage Electrical Wiring

Circuit Breakers
Page 2
Page 3
 Page 4

The following 4 slides schematically

demonstrate how a four-way switch is
connected and works.
 Page 5

Standard Home Wiring Diagram Symbols

Bathroom Wiring Diagram

Page 6
 Page 7

Types of Outlets Around the World