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79 views116 pageselectrostaics-1
jee neet academics
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Bharat ChauhanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ELECTROSTATICS - 1
1, INTRODUCTION:
(a) Introduction : Electromagnetism is a science of the combinatin of electrical and magnetic phenomenon.
Electromagnetism can be divided into 2 parts :
(1) Electrostatics : It deals with the study of charges at rest.
(2) Electrodynamics : It deals with the study of charges in motion (discusses magnetic phenomenon).
In this chapter we will be dealing with charges at rest i.e. electrostatics.
(b) Structure of Atom :
‘An atom consists of two parts (1) nucleus (ii) extra nuclear part. Nucleus consists of neutrons and
protons and extra nuclear part has electrons revolving around nucleus.
Ina neutral atom,
number of electrons = number of protons.
charge of electrons = charge of protons = 1.602 x 10-"* coulomb.
Normally positive charges are positron, proton and positive fons. In nature practically free existing
positive charge are positive ions and negative charges are electrons.
(c) Electric Charge
Charge of a material body or particle is the property (acquired or natural) due to which it produces and
experiences electrical and magnetic effects. Some of naturally charged particles are electron, praton,
ecparticle etc.
(a) Types of Charge
(i) Positive charge : It is the deficiency of electrons compared to protons.
(ii) Negative charge : It is the excess of electrons compared to protons.
(e) Units of charge
Charge isa derived physical quantity. Charge is measured in coulomb in S.. unit. In practice we use mC
(10°C), uC (10-* C), nC (10) ete.
C.G.S unit of charge = electrostatic unit = esu.
1 coulomb = 3 x 10° esu of charge
Dimensional formula of charge = (M°L°TT}]
(f) Properties of Charge
(@ Charge is a scalar quantity : It adds algebrically and represents excess, or deficiency of
electrons.
(1) Charge is transferable : Charging a body implies transfer of charge (electrons) from one body
to another. Positively charged body means loss of electrons, i.e. deficiency of electrons. Negatively
charged body means excess of electrons. This also shows that mass of a negatively charged
body > mass of a positively charged identical bady.
(1) Charge is conserved : In an isolated system, total charge (sum of positive and negative)
remains constant whatever change takes place in that system.
(IV) Charge is quantized : Charge on any body always exists in integral multiples of a fundamental
unit of electric charge. This unit is equal to the magnitude of charge on electron (1e = 1.6 x
10"? coulomb). So charge on anybody Q = + ne, where nis an integer and e is the charge of
the electron. Millikan's oil drop experiment proved the quantization of charge or atomicity of
I
I
I
I
{
charge ! +1 Recent the eneténce ot petites a charge # J ara Ze hasbeen postlited. Mend pares
arecaleéqurks but sl tis snot eoridered asthe quantum of charge because these oe unstable
(They have very short span of life.)
(1) Lite port charges repel eachother nl nt point charges tract each ote
(vi) Charge is always associated with mass, i.e., charge can not exist without mass though mass
can ist wiht charge: The pre such es photon or reuine which Rove mo (es) mass
con over havea charge
(v8). Chocgets rlthewsaly invent: TH earth chips ls tnspendne offence
recharge ens boty doesnt chonge whatever be lrspeed. The ropa leworth rennin
eS can eno Wma 9 68) ocpeusSoTe speed a Hesoboes IN oO
feared
(viii) A charge at rest produces only electric field around itself; a charge having uniform motion
broauces elec os wales magnetic Weld eound se whle’s crore having acclorated
Moon emits closvomagrtieasaton
(9) Conductors and Insultators
Any object can be broadly classified in either of the following two categories :
(i) Conductors:
(ii) Insulators
(Conductors : These are the materials that allow flow of charge through them. This category generally
comprises of metals but may sometimes contain non-metals too. (ex. Carbon In form of graphite.)
(ii) Insulators : These are the materials which do not allow movement of charge through them.
(h) Charging of Bodies :
‘An object can be charged by addition or removed of electrons from it. In general an object can either
be a conductor or insulator. Thus we are going to discuss the charging of a conductor and charging of
an insultor in brife.
@_— Charging of Conductors :
Conductors can be charged by
(2) Rubbing or frictional electricity
(b) Conduction & Induction (will be studied in later sections)
(©) Thermionic emission (will be study the topic *heat")
(4) Photo electric emission (will be studied under the topic modern physics)
Charging of Insulators :
Since charge cannot flow through insulators, neither conduction nor induction can be used to charge,
insultators, so in order to charge an insulator friction is used. Whenever an insulator is rubbed against
a body exchange of electrons takes place between the two. This results in apperance of equal and
opposite charges on the insulator and the other body. Thus the insulator is charged. For example
rubbing of plastic with fur, silk with glass causes charging of these things.
wr To charge the bodies through friction one of them has to be an insultator. 2. COULOMB'S LAW:
Coulomb, throught his experiments found out that the two charges 'g," and /'q,' kept at distance 'r' Ina
medium as shown in figure-1 exert a force 'F' on each other. The value of force F is given by
+41 +92
This law gives the net force experienced by a, and q, taking in account the medium surrounding them.
Where
F gives the magnitude of electrostatic force.
4g, and q, are the magnitudes of the two interacting charges.
K Is electrostatic constant which depends upon the medium surrounding the two charges.
This force F acts along the line joining the two charges and is repulsive if q, and q, are of same sign
and is attractive if they are of opposite sign.
Let us take some examples on application of coulomb's Law.
Ex.1 Charge 5.0 x 10°C, -2.5 x 10°’Cand 1.0 x 107 Care Fac
fixed at the corners A, B and C of an equilateral triangle
Of side 5.0 cm. Find the electric force on the charge at
C due to the rest two.
Fag = 2x1 SH 1107 _
ne as 18 Nt
9x10" x-2.5x10"7 x1x107
Tose ONE
, 5 5 A @ 8
' Net forceon Cis Pye = Pact Pac a8 1070 2-25» 10-70
1
1 Ls
ie Ae
t | = WFnc! + Fock + 2Fuc)(Fec) 605 0 [o = 120°)
15588 Nt
Ex.2 If charge q, is fixed and q, is free to move then find out the velocity of q, when it reaches
distance r, after it is releasé from a distance of r, from q, as shown in figure (Assume friction is
absent).
Find v of q, when it reaches distance r, after it is released from rest. Sol,
x4
Sol
2a
kad
joo at9ce fee mapa a] abel
} mix > 27 mi, al > m in
Ten charged particles are kept fixed on the X axis at point x = 10mm, 20 mm, 30mm,
100 mm. The first particle has a charge 10-* G, the second 8 x 10-*C, the third 27 x 10°C and
‘50 on. The tenth particle has a charge 1000 x 10“C. Find the magnitude of electric force acting
ona 1 Ccharge placed at the origin.
Kat Kay x1 Kage
d0x10"¥ + @oxi0"¥ * Gox10F
Force of 1C charge
Kx108[P 23 3 10°] oe 10-8
= ot [aoe TR Tage | = 9% 10? 104 > 55 = 4.95 x 107 NE
[7 cists rahe Sc mip ET Kaa. or GEIR Wed
Tecnc ores atte origins equal to sem ofthe inbvidual lest Trces onthe 1 charge]
[block’A’ofchargeq, ified and second block of mass
‘und chargo'grf sllaweato ec onthe Naor ro ma
findout therange of, for which the partite at rest. Ta ‘
Maximum friction = jx mg
k————4
umgr?
a er
ka;
_umge? _ _umgr?
a a
Vector forms of Coloumb’s law
(F,, {force on g, due to a,) wer Head of 7 points at that position where force has to be calculated,
wr 7, & F depend on origin but ¢ does not.
wr 4g, and q, should be put along with sign.
x5 Givena cube with point charges q on each of its vertices. Calculate the force exerted on any of
the charges due to rest of the 7 charges.
Sol. The net force on particle A can be given by vector sum of force experienced by this particle due to all
the other charges on vertices of the cube.
For this we use vector form of coulomb's law
> kaa > >
mh Bo -)
not
From the figure the different forces acting on A are given as,
> Kat(-ak
The net force experienced by A can be given as
Free = Fy, +Fa, +Fa, +Fa, + Fa, +Fa, +Fa,
41
oka? |/_4
a |\wv3
1
v2
Ex.6 Two particles, each having a mass of 5 gm and charge 1.0 x 10”7G, stay in limiting equilirbium
‘ona horizontal table with a separation of 10cm between them. The coefficient of friction between
each particle and the table is the same. Find the value of this coefficient.
gz 1076 q-t07
isi]
x 100n ———+8 Sol, Consider particle A. Forces acting on A are coulombic force and frictional force under limiting condition
friction will be limiting and will be equal to coulombic force.
kq@? _ 9x10°x(107?
Kae =9107N
r (10x10
N= mg = (5 x 10 x 10)
1 (5x 10°)
For equilibrium, we have
9x 103
H(S x 107) =>
Ex.7 Two identical charge, Q each, are kept at a distance r from each other. A third charge qis placed
on the line joining the above two charges such that all the three charges are in equilibrium.
What is the magnitude, sign and position of the chargeq ?
Sol. Suppose the three charges be placed in the manner, as shown in fig
‘The charge q will be in equilorium ifthe forces exerted on It by the jy + 4]
charges at A and C are equal and opposite. A a
o_o
Force of repulsion F, between + 4e and +q = Force of repulsion F, between + e and +4
1 4exq_ 1 exq
or Gee x?” day (a0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(Bn OO sree te 1
xe pap Os 1
1
or xerox or x=
: '
Since the charge at A is repelled by the similar charge at C, so it will be in equilibrium ifitis attracted
by the charge q at B, l.e., the sign of charge q should be opposite to that of charge Q. 1
Force of repulsion between charges at A and C !
Force of attraction between charges at A and B 1
1
Qa QQ Q
k rog=
(ay eo 1
Ex.8 Two point charges +4e and +e are fixed a distance ‘a’ apart. Where should a third point charge!
be placed on the line joining the two charges so that it may be in equilibrium ? Inwhich case |
I the equilibrium will be stable and in which unstable. '
1 Sol. Suppose the three charges are placed as shown In fig. “ se 1
! Let the charge a be pastve F '
1 For the equilibrium of charge +a, we must have —* mE 1
1
1
1
1
1
or ata-xP ax?
or @-x)=4x
2a
x3 or 2a
‘As the charge q is placed between +4e and +e, so only x = 2a/3 is possible. Hence for equilibrium, the
charge q must be placed at a distance 2a/3 from the charge +4e
We have considered the charge q to be positive.
If we displace it slightly towards charge e, from the equilibrium position, then F, will decrease and F,
will increase and a net force (F, - F,) will act on q towards left i.e., towards the equilibrium position.
Hence the equilibrium of position qiis stable. Fx.10
Sol.
Now if we take charge q to be negative, the force F, and F, will be attractive, as shown in fig.
ae = s
rn aa
‘The charge ~q will still be in equilibrium at x = 2a/3. However, if we displace charge ~ q slightly towards
right, then F, will decrease and F, will increase. A net force (F, ~ F,) will act on ~q towards right I.e.,
‘away from the equilibrium position. So the equilibrium of the negative q will be unstable.
Two ‘free’ point charges +4e and +e are placed a distance ‘a’ apart. Where should a third point
charge -q be placed between them such that the entire system may be in equilirbium ? What
should be the magnitude and sign of q ? What type of a equilibrium will it be ?
‘Suppose the charges are placed as shown in fig.
As the charge +e exerts repulsive force F on charge +4e, so for the equilibrium of charge + 4e, the
charge ~q must exert attraction F’ on +4e. This requires the charge q to be negative.
For equilibrium of charge +4e,
ste x 3
F FF F,
ogee
For equilibrium of charge -9,
F, between +4e and -q
F, between + ¢ and -q
1 4exe_ 1 exq
Amy x? Ame (a-x
or x= ala-xye 2 X= 2a/3
ew _e 4a _4e
Hence a= f= SS
Acharge Qis to be divided in to two smalll objects. What should be the value of the charge on
the objects so that the force between the objects will be maximum.
Let one body have charge q and other hence Q = q
Ka(Q- a)
P a Q-g
oF
ForFtobemaximum qu =0
Here force between the charges F
KQ_2kg _
ia, qe &
PoP a2
Thus we have to divide charges equally on the objects. Ex.t1
Ex.12
Two identical positive point charges Q each are fixed apart at a distance 2a. A point charge q
lies mid way between the fixed charges. Show that
(i) For small displacement (relative to a) along line joining the fixed charges, the charge q
executes SHM ifitis +ve and
For small lateral displacement, it executes SHM i
oscillation in the two cases.
‘The two situations are shown in figure
it is -ve. Compare the frequencies of
(i) Let x be the displacement ofthe charge +a from 4a oyta #2
the mean position. Now net force acting on the charge @———@+@—_—O
q toward its equilirbium position is Joma
r= Oa, — MOH, e
a-x @x
sa a x0
4KQaax _ 4kQaax a
= Gane Wsx< sinedo
Net electric field strength due to dq at point P in x-direction is
or
or £, =“Qicoso, ~cosa,]
Similarly, electric field strength at point P due to dq in y-direction is
aE, = dE cos 0
KQax
OOK cose
or oF = Fe)
Again we have x=rtane
and x = rsec? #6
KQ cog 5828 gy _ KQ
us we have MDeos 0x
Thus we hi =, Franz? = “2cosode
Net electric field strength at P due to dq in y-direction is
= 08, ="2 f cosean
or hy sino]
or
KQrsing, + sine]
KQfsino, + sine, Thus electric field at a general point in the surrounding of a uniformly charged rod which subtend
angles @, and 6, at the two corners of rad can be given as.
ko a
in [I-direction _E, = Fo(0080, ~c050,) = (cose, ~cos8,)
2 in, sng) « sing sine)
sr __risthe perpendicular distance of the point from the wire
we 8, and@, should be taken in opposite sense
in 4 -directionE,
Ex.25 In the given arrangement of a charged square frame find field at centre. The linear charged
density is as shown in figure
2K,
Sol. EF dueto t= MA isinase+sinasey = 2
5 3
EF due to2 = - N20; :
1
5 ola 1
EF due to 3 = S24}
is @
EF due to 4 = SY2Kt “a
Ener = Eaue tor + Edue 292 + Eque o 2 + Egue oo 4
Jie,
2K. _ 4K.
2K 5, 14./3K
Ex.26 Given an equilateral triangle with side « Find Eat the
centroid. The linear charge density is as shown in figure.
Sol. The electric fleld strength due to the three rods AB, BC and CA are as shown in figure
ay
Exe = HE (2sin30-\(c080% + sins)
Exe FE; (281n307(cosoi- sin)
Bye = FE @sin307j
“Ws 33 vie tete cee tenn ete UE)
Here we have to find the electric field at point p due to the given
Infinite wire, Using the formula learnt in above section which
: '
For above case, 9 = 8 z 1
!
ea at earn 2 '
!
3.4 Elect field dueto semtinfinite wire !
'
ror this case '
'
'
'
'
: '
wel! 1
Ex.27 Consider the system shown below
Ifthe charge is slightly displaced perpendicular to the wire from its equilibrium position then
find out the time period of SHM.
t
t
t
Si Ax agit poston wight ot ve parle te wabancae by tawteehe force '
= mg=ae '
mg ~ 92 wef)
Now ifthe particle is slighty displaced by a distance x, (where x <« d) ne force on the body, '
2k t
oa = 218 ng 1
+x !
from (1) 1
_2kig_2kag _ -2kqx
Fret “Gax d d(d+ x) 3.5 Electric field due to Uniformly Charged
Case -1: Atits Centre
Here by symmetry we can say that electric field strength at centre due to every small segment on ring
is cancelled by the electric field at centre due to the segment exactly opposite to it. As shown in
figure. The electric field strength at centre due to segment AB is cancelled by that due to segment CD.
This net electric field strength at the centre of a uniformly charged ring Is zero
Case II: Ata Point on the Axis of Ring
For this look at the figure. There we'll find the electric field strength at point P due to the ring which is
situated at a distance x from the ring centre. For this we consider a small section of length d/ on ring
a5 shown, The charge on tis elemental section fs !
Q t
d= oop de [Q = total charge of ring] 1
1
tat
'
t
P dE cose. t
1
dE '
dEsina 1
1
1
3
' i
! Chit a eaten letra seenge ae pote PAN Be gun i
{ i
| kag i
1 EB e 1
‘The component of this field strength dE sin « which is normal to the axis of ring will be cancelled out
due to the ring section opposite to di. The component of electric field strength along the the axis of
ring dE cosu due to all the sections will be added up. Hence total electric field strength at point P due
to the ring is
5 = foecos fa,
a Re) Re
an
zs KQx
or 5 J BRR? +P
kx 7G,
~ mage ey? [4
KQx
2nR(R? +
spre aR
Ex.28 A thin wire ring of radius r carries a charge q. Find the magnitude of the electric field strength on
the axis of the ring as function of distance | from centre. Investigate the obtained function at |
>> r. Find the maximum strength magnitude and the corresponding distance ¢
Sol, See figure (Modify for maximum E)
We know due to ring electric field strength at a
distance from its centre on its axis can be given as
Kae
@ary? my
1
For ¢>>1,wehave E= Zo % 3
Thus the ring behaves like a point charge.
2y8/2 4 3 2g (22
(222 p 2a Kee +A? x21
oe ;
di 4ney (e+ep =
or (et epen 3 6 AY a28
Solving we get, ¢
(2)
‘Substituting the value of / in equation (1) we get
ete 2) __2ka
Sr = 357
er] Ex.29 A thin fixed ring of radius 1 meter has a positive charge 1 x 10° coulomb uniformly distributed
‘overt. a particle of mass 0.9 gm and having a negative charge of 1 x 10°* coulomb is placed on
the axis at distance of 1.cm from the centre of the ring. Shown that the motion of the negatively
charged particle as approximately simple harmonic. Calculate the time period of oscillations.
Sol, Let us first find the force on a ~ q charge placed at
a distance x from centre of ring along its axis.
1 1
1 Figure shows the respective situation. 1
! Th thin onse tres on patie Ps es pf
{ —KOx x a '
48 == 0. GREP
For small x, x << R, wecan neglect x, compared to R, we have
1
_KaQx 1
> 1
& 1
1
Acceleration of particle is !
[Here we have x = 1. cm and R = 1 m hence x << R can be used] 1
This shows that particle P excutes SHM, now comparing this acceleration with a = ~°x 1
We get !
1
2e_5,[me? 5 [ 09x10 Gy x t
Thus time period of SHM is T = <= 2a/7—— = 2n)/-—— 5 —__- ss = ~ seconds 1
i © \KaQ ~ **Yox 10? 10 «10% ~ 5 1
1
1
Ex.30 A system consists of a thin charged wire ring of radius Rand a very long uniformly charged
thread oriented along the axis of the ring with one of its ends coinciding with the centre of the
ring. The total charge of the ring is equal to q. The charge of the thread (per unit length) is
ws . 4. Find the interaction force between the ring and the thread. '
Sol, Force of on the wire = da € '
i
i kg i
a Kar ad
i eR i
i i
xdx
Kaaf 2
ch TIF !
i
i
i
al
1 aternate t
| Due to ire electric feld on the points of ring in y-direction s| |
{ 5; 1
Ka
i me i
i BR i
Thus force on ring due to wire is '
Ken da i
TR OR are
and E,=0 (As cancelled out)
(Here x components of forces on small elements of rings are cancelled by the x component of diametrically
1
1
opposite elements.) !
1
1
1 Ex.31 A thin half-ring of radius R = 20 cmis uniformly charged with a total charge q = 0.70 nC. Find the
magnitude of the electric field strength at the curvature centre of this half-ring.
Sol, The situation is shown in figure
Here the semicircular wire subtend an angle x at the centre,
we known that the electric field strength due to a circular
arc subtending an angle o at at it centre can be given as,
2Kqsine/2 _ 2kq
SRE (Here
x)
— 4
Be ey RE
Substituting the value, we get
_ 7x10"
2x (3.14) (8.8510) x(0.2P
= 100V/m
3.6 Electric field Strength due toa Uniformly Surface Charged Disc:
Ifthere is a disc of radius R, charged on its surface with surface charge density « coul/m?, we wish to
find electric field strength due to this disc at a distance x from the centre of disc on its axis at point P
shown in figure.
coul/m?
To find electric field at point P due to this disc, we consider an elemental ring of radius y and width dy
Here due to the elemental ring electric field strength d& at point P can be given as
! in the disc as shown in figure. Now the charge on this elemental ring da can be given as !
! aq= ony dy Tarea of elemental ring ds = 2ny dy] !
t Now we know that electric field strength due to a ring of radius R. Charge Q at a distance x from its '
1 centre on its axis can be given as i
Kox 1
Ge eR27p72 —_ [ASdone earlier] 1
1
1
k¢ax Ko2aydyx
GP? = Ga ype
Net electric field at point P due to this disc Is given by integrating above expression from O to Ras
de=
co fate em,
% avay
co | GE ayTE = KOK Case: (i)IFx>>R
ayn 55) thigher order terms}
oR? oR? =
ane?
= ep xt Amey?
Le. behaviour ofthe dls stke a point charge.
Case (ii): Ifx< 1
om a [im 0 1 1
0 7 !
‘a ©) ©)
Consider a body of mass m being raised to a height h vertically upwards as shown in above figure. The
work done Is mgh. Suppose we take the body along the path as in (b). The work done during horizontal
motion is zero. Adding up the works done in the two vertical path of the paths, we get the result mah
once again. Any arbitrary path like the one shown in (c) can be broken into elementary horizontal and
vertical portions. Work done along the horizontal path is zero. The work done along the vertical parts
add up to mgh. Thus we conclude that the work done in raising a body against gravity is independent
of the path taken. It only depends upon the intial and final positions of the body. We conclude from this
discussion that the force of gravity is a conservative force. Examples of Conservative forces.
(Gravitational force, not only due to Earth due in its general form as given by the universal law of
gravitation, is a conservative force.
(i) Elastic force in a stretched or compressed spring is a conservative force.
(li) Electrostatic force between two electric charges is a conservative force.
(iv) Magnetic force between two magnetic poles is a conservative forces.
Forces acting along the line joining the centres of two bodies are called central forces. Gravitational
force and Electrosatic forces are two important examples of central forces. Central forces are
conservative forces.
Properties of Conservative forces
® Work done by or against conservative force depends only on the initial and final positions of
the body.
© Work done by or against a conservative force does not depend upon the nature of the path between
initial and final positions of the body.
If the work done by a force in moving a body from an initial location to a final location is independent of
the path taken between the two points, then the force is conservative,
= Work done by or against a conservative force In a round trip Is zero.
If a body moves under the action of a force that does no total work during any round trip, then the
force is conservative; otherwise it is non-conservative.
‘The concept of potential energy exists only In the case of conservative forces.
= The work done by a conservative force is completely recoverable.
1
Complete recoverability Is an important aspect of the work of a conservative force. 1
1
© Work done by conservative forces {
1
T*format : (When constant forceis given)
x33 Calculate the work done to displace the particle from (4, 2) to (4,5). if F=4i+3}
Sol. dxi+dyj+dzk )
Fr (4 =
(dis 3p.d+dyjeaeky) = aw
dx + 3dy
fac + [90 w= [ae oye
jo
= (16-4) + (15-6) > w
2+9
1 Joule
Ti format : (When Fis given as a function of x, y, 2)
WER R IRR
then
doy = i+ jo Fad (chi + dyie deh) > aw
dx + Edy + Fede
x34 An object is displaced from position vector #, -(2i+3)m to % -(4i+6))m under a force
F (8x71 + 2y))N. Find the work done by this force.
Jlaxtéx+ 2yay)- 1° +¥7183} =83) ans,
2yiy ee + ay) + deh I ird format (perfect differential format)
Ex.35 IfF =yi +x) then find out the work done in moving the particle from position (2, 3) to (5, 6)
Sol. dw = F.ds
dw = (yi x))(al +0
dw = yx + xdy
Now ydx + xdy = d(xy) (perfect differential equation)
= dw = d(xy)
for total work done we integrate both side
fow= Jar
Put xy =
then at (2,3) k=2%3=6
at (5, 6) k, = 5 x 6 = 30
then w= Jor=[K]p = Ww = (30-6) = 24 Joule
4.1 NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES:
A force is said to be non-conservative if work done by or against the force in moving a body depends
upon the path between the initial and final positions.
The frictional forces are non-conservative forces. This is because the work done against friction
depends on the length of the path along which a body is moved. It does not depend only on the initial
and final positions. Note that the work done by fricitional force in a round trip is not zero.
The velocity-dependent forces such as air resistance, viscous force, magnetic force ete., are non
conservative forces.
Ex.36 Calculate the work done by the force F = yi to move the particle from (0, 0) to (1, 1) in the
following condition
(a)y=x (bya?
Sol. We know that
dw = gag = dw = (yi) (dxi)
dw=ydx (1)
In equation (1) we can calculate work done only when we know the path taken by the particle.
either
y=x or
(a) when
x! so now
x
fous prdx > w= Luouie
(©) when
Jow= [tax = w= quoule Difference between conservative and Non-conservative forces
| conservattestorcen | non-conservative foroae
&. harkcdnne dcesinor depend |Work done depends on path.
' soon path !
{ 3 [Work done Wi RSURETAB IN| Work done Wa Found HBTS t
' es potzaty i
{ Forces are velo i
1 3 [central in nature ldependent and retarding in !
nature
iter wl weneonneeai
force acts Witin 2 aycien; 1
fnekinetic energy and.” work done against a non- 1
4: [potential enerpy can chenge.|eonservetive force may be '
However ther sum, the |dssipated as heat eneray. !
riachentoal erate at Ue 1
|system, does not change. t
1
[work done i completely [Work done isnot completely
one recoverable
5. _ ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ENERGY :
(a) _ Electrostatic Potential Energy :
Potential energy of a system of particles is defined only in conservative fields. As electric field is also
conservative, we define potential energy in it. Before proceeding further, we should keep in mind the
following points, which are useful in understanding potential energy in electric fields.
(i) Doing work implies supply of energy
(ii) Energy can neither be transferred nor be transformed into any other form without doing work
(ili) Kinetic energy implies utilization of energy where as potential energy implies storage of eneray
(iv) Whenever work is done on a system of bodies, the supplied energy to the system is either used in
form of KE of its particles or it will be stored in the system in some form, increases the potential energy
of system,
(v) When all particles of a system are separated far apart by Infinite distance there will be no
interaction between them. This state we take as reference of zero potential energy.
Now potential energy of a system of particles we define as the work done in assembling the system in
agiven configuration against the interaction forces of particles.
* Electrostatic potential energy is defined in two ways.
())__ Interaction energy of charged particles of a system,
(i) Selfeneray of a charged object (will be discussed later)
(b) _ Electrostatic Interaction Energy :
Electrostatic interaction energy of a system of charged particles is defined as the external work
required to assemble the particles from infinity to a given configuration.
When some charged particles are at infinite separation, their potential energy Is taken zero as no
interaction is there between them. When these charges are brought close to a given configuration,
external work is required if the force between these particles is repulsive and energy is supplied to the
system hence final potential energy of system will be positive. If the force between the particles is
attractive work will be done by the system and final potential energy of system will be negative.
1
1
Let us take some illustrations to understand this concept in detail :
1
1
1 {c)__ Interaction Energy of a System of Two Charged Particles :
O00
ef & ae F
Figure shows two +ve charges q, and q, separated by a distance r The electrostatic interaction
Sol. Energy conservation
Kady
2
Momentum conservation _ (as E.F is action-reaction pair)
mv? +2 2myd - Kaiee
2 r
' energy ofthis system can be gives as work done in bringing G, from infinity to tne given separation
I from d,-fcan be calculated as 1
I 1
I bbecd 1
! wefP a= [-ve sign shows that x is decressing] '
Kay
w- $4% wen F
Ex.38 A proton moves froma large distance with a speed u m/s directly towards a free proton originally
at rest. Find the distance of closest approach for the two protons in terms of mass of proton m
and its charge e.
As here the particle at rest is free to move, when one particle approaches the other, due to electrostatic
repulsion other will also start moving and So the velocity of first particle will decrease while of other will
Increase and at closest approach both will move with same velocity. So if v is the common velacity of
each particle at closest approach, then by ‘conservation of momentum’ of the two protons system.
8
a
2
my+mvie, Vv
‘And by conservation of energy Ex.39 Two fixed equal positive charges, each of magnitude 5 x 10-* Care located at points A and B,
Separated by a distance of 6 m. An equal and opposite charge moves towards them along the
line COD, the perpendicular bisector of the line AB. The moving charge, when it reaches the
point Cat a distance of 4 m from 0, has a kinetic energy of 4 joules. Calculate the distance of
the farthest point D which the negative charge will reach before returning towards C.
! 199A
'
! 3m
i a
! am
3m
+988
Sol. The kinetic energy is lost and converted to electrostatic potential energy of the system as the
negative charge goes from C to D and comes to rest at D instantaneously,
Loss of K.E. = Gain in potential eneray
4=U,-U,
oF 4ne9(6) 4ne9(6) 4neqv9=16
aq, 20-0) L aq, 24-2) |
4meg(6P Ane v9+ x? |
2¢
“ep
jaa]
5 Yo+x? |
[zx _a
OAD x (Sx 105F x (9x 10) 5 T
45
429
% V9+x
> = 72 =8.48m
5.1 Motion of a Charge Particle and Angular Momentum Conservation :
We know that a system of particles when no external torque acts, the total angular momentum of
system remains conserved. Consider following examples which explains the concept for moving charged
particles.
Ex.40 Figure shows a charge +0 fixed at a position in space.
Froma large distance another charge particle of charge
+q and mass m is thrown toward +Q with an impact om
parameter d as shown with speed v. find |
the distance of closest approach of the two particles. 5.2
Here we can see that as +4 moves toward +Q, a repulsive force acts on -q radially outward +Q. Here
as the line of action of force passes through the fix charge, no torque act on +9 relative to the fix
point charge +9, thus here we cen say that with respect to +Q, the angular momentum of +q must
remain constant. Here we can say that +q will be closest to +Q when it Is moving perpendiculariy to
the line joining the two charges as shown.
If the closest separation in the two charges is r,,, from conservation of angular momentum we can
write
md = MV, Fay el)
Now from energy conservation, we have
Lan? = Lav? + KaQ
mv? = bing +
2m
vd
Here we use from equation (1) v,
4 kK
opm ~@e eof)
Solving equation (2) welll get the value ofr,
Potential Energy for a System of charged Particles :
a
a is
When more than two charged particles are there in a system, the Interaction energy can be given by
sum of interaction energy of all the pairs of particles. For example if a system of three particles having
charges q,, 4, and q, is given as shown in figure. The total interaction energy of this system can be
given as
Kad , Kaas , Kaods
nob Tn
u
Derivation for a system of point charges :
(keep all the charges at infinity. Now bring the charges one by one to its corresponding position
and find work required, PE of the system is algebric sum of all the works.
Let W, = work done in bringing first charge
W, = work done in bringing second charge against force due to 1 charge
W, = work done in bringing third charge against force due to 1* and 2~charge.
ntn=1)
Wy W, + Wt essseeesseseee (This will contain, "c, terms)
(i) Method of calculation (to be used in problems)
U = sum of the interaction energies of the charges.
= (Uy + Uys F oorenect Ung) # (Uys + Uay + #Uz,) + (Ugg + Uys #
(li) Method of calculation useful for symmetrical point charge systems
Find PE of each charge due to rest of the charges.
Usy) + @
(b)
IF U, = PE of first charge due to all other charges.
wd
U, = PE of second charges due to all other charges.
(Ug, Ua t csesese Ua)
+U, +
2
U = PE of the system =
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL :
Electric potential is a scalar property of every point in the region of electric field. At a point in electric
field, electric potential is defined as the interaction energy of a unit positive charge.
If at a point in electric fleld a charge q, has potential energy U, then electric potential at that point
can be given as,
uv
V= gy Joulle/coulomb
As potential eneray of a charge in electric field is defined as work done in bringing the charge from
infinity to the given point in electric field. Similarly we can define electric potential as "work done in
bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to the given point against the electric forces.
Properties :
(Potential is a scalar quantity, its value may be positive, negative or zero.
—ioule PLT SE
(i) Sil. Unit of potential is volt = <4 and its dimensional formule is [NLT 12].
(li) Electric potential at a point is also equal to the negative of the work done by the electric field
in taking the point charge from reference point (i.e. infinity) to that point.
(iv) Electric potential due to a positive charge is always positive and due to negative charge it is
always negative except at infinity. (taking V.=0)
(v) Potential decreases in the direction of electric field.
Electric Potential due to a Point Charge in its Surroun
We know the region surrounding a charge is electric field.
‘Thus we can also define electric potential in the surrounding P
of a point charge.
‘The potential at a point P at a distance x «
from the charge q can be given as
Where U is the potential energy of charge q,, if placed at point P, which can be given as
ya Ka
x
‘Thus potential at point P is
ka
‘The above result is valid only for electric potential in the surrounding of a point charge. If we wish to
find electric potential in the surrounding of a charged extended body, we first find the potential due to
an elemental charge dq on body by using the above result and then Integrate the expression for the
whole body.
%
Electric Potential due to a Charge Rod:
Figure shows a charged rod of length L, uniformly charged with a charge Q. Due to this we will find
electric potential at a point P at a distance r from one end of the rod shawn in figure shown. x
Oba
—— LO
For this we consider an element of width dx at a distance x from the point P. Charge on this element is
1 wll t
1 agery ox 1
7 The potential dV due to this element at point P can be given by using the result of a point charge as ‘
1 = Kda _ KO gy '
av= Ki = Ky
Net electric potential at point P can be given as
ve fo PSS er. HOinag = Bia")
r
(©) Electric Potential due to a Charged Ring: Q
Case I: Atits centre
To find potential at the centre C of the ring, we first find
potential dV at centre due to an elemental charge dq on
ring which Is given as
ay Kea ad
Total potential at Cis v= fav
Kg _KQ
RR
As all da’s of the ring are situated at same distance R from the ring centre C, simply the potential due
to allis added as being a scalar quantity, we can directly say that the electric potential at ring centre
is “2, Here we can also state that even If charge Q is non-uniformly distributed on ring, the electric
potential at C will remain same.
Case IT: Ata Point on Axis of Ring
If we wish to find the electric potential at a point Pon the
axis of ring as shown, we can directly state the result as
here also all points of ring are at same distance /? Re
from the point P, thus the potential at P can be given as
KQ_
WR
GRAPH «@)
Ex.41
Ex.42
Electric Potential due to a Uniformly Charged Disc :
Figure shows a uniformly charged disc of radius R with surface charge density « coul/m?. To find
electric potential at point P we consider an elemental ring of radius y and width dy, charge on this
elemental ring is
dq = 6. 2ny dy
Due to this ring, the electric potential at point P can be given as
‘avout?
kdq_ Ke.2nydy
ay = Kaa
ees
Very = heey’
Net electric potential at point P due to whole disc can be given as
Consider the following rod & find the potential due to itat P
oP =d, x=dtan6, dx =dsecrs do
"t" kdsec? den 1
kd fay = x
asecs2 IY" | aseco i)
nel
“
via. f seco)
an
V= kA [In(sece + tane)]/4,
V= ki lin (2 + 1] - ka Ln (YB - 101
karin + 1?
4 any? + 4 9, KIO
Applying energy conservation 5°™i* py =O+ g Ex.43 A ring of radius R is having two charges q and 2q distributed on its two half parts. Find the
electric potential at a point on its axis at a distance 2v2R from its centre.
4
Distance ofP from periphery of ring is JR? (2/2R)” = 3R
Electric potential = Potential due to upper half + Potential due to lower half
= Ka, 2a _, 3Kq_ Kg
~ RGR > GRR
(e) _ Electric potential due to a closed disc at a point on the edge
Let us calculate the potential at the edge of thin disc of radius 'R' carrying a uniformly distributed
charge with surface density o.
Let AB be a diameter and A be a point where the potential is to be calculated. From A as centre, we
draw two ares of radii r and r + dr as shown, The infinitesimal region between these two arcs is an
element whose area is dA = (2r8) dr, where 26 is the angle subtended by this element PQ at the point
A, Potential at A due to the element PQ is,
odA _ 2ertdr _ 20edr
aves. =
Ancor 4xtgr ARE
From 4 APB, we have
r= 2R cose
dr =-2Rsinads
Hence
ay = ~408R sina
‘nz,
_ f 9R0sine 4p
-9c050+sinof,.- sen( 18) 7. _ RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL :
(a) Foruniform electric field :
Se
1 wo
1 ———
! (Potential difference between two points A and B
! Vp Vy = 8.48
(b) Non uniform electric field
av av
=-Y 6, --2N,
0 ax oy 1
1
1 = 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
~ grad V ‘
1
av 1
Where 5\ = derivative of v with respect to x (keeping y and z constant) !
av t
‘ay = derivative of V with respect to y (keeping 2 and x constant) t
1
av a" ‘ 4 1
oY = derivative of V with respect to 2 (keeping x and y constant) '
1
(c) If electric potential and electric field depends only on one coordinate, say r: i
i @ + t
1 0 a 1
1 SP 1
! where ; Is aunit vector along increasing r !
a 1
Ww fav=-feéd '
1
1
- 1
= \-V, 1
di is along the increasing direction of r
(i) The potential of a point
v--feae
‘Area under E - x curve gives negative of change in potential.
Negative of slope of V - x curve gives the electric field at that point.
-
- Ex.44 V=x"4 y, Find €.
Sol 5,7 2%, Gynt and 57 =O
Electric field is nonuniform.
Ex.45 Forgiven 3yj find the potential at (x, y) if Vat origin is 5 volts.
Sol.
[ir— jsf
2x? _3y?
22
v-s=- =
Ex.46 The electric potential in a region is represented as
V = 2x + 3y ~z. Obtain expression for the electric field strength.
Sol, We know
2 [ive ava
e--|%j7,4j.&
Loe” ay?" Ge
a
= flex +3y-2
Here,
a
gy ses
E--@i+3j-%
8. ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
The idea of electric lines of force or the electric field lines introduced by Michael Faraday is a way to
visualize electrostatic field geometrically.
The properties of electric lines of force are the following :
() The electric lines of force are continous curves in an electric field starting from a positively
charged body and ending on a negatively charged body.
Electric lines of force due Electric lines of force due
to positive charge to negative charge (ii) The tangent to the curve at any point gives the direction of the electric field intensity at that
point.
(ii) Electric lines of force never intersect since if they cross at a point, electric field intensity at the
point will have two directions, which is not possible.
(iv) Electric lines of force do not pass but leave or end on a charged conductor normally. Suppose
the lines of force are not perpendicular to the conductor surface. In this situation, the component
of electric field parallel to the surface would cause the electrons to move and hence conductor
will nat remain equipotential which is an absurd asin electrostatics conductor isan equipotential
surface.
Fixed point charge near
Infinite metal plate
(v) The number of electric lines of force that originate from or terminate on a charge is proportional
to the magnitude of the charge.
(vl) As number of lines of force per unit area normal to the area at point represents magnitude of
Intensity, crowded lines represent strong field while distant lines weak field. Further, ifthe lines
of force are equidistant straight lines, the field is uniform
= —
— fay =
— pete, = —_—
—
— —~ ON
—
Magnitude is Direction is Both magnitude and Both magnitude and
not constant ‘not constant direction not constant direction constant
K NE
Electric lines of force due to two equal positive charges (field is zero at 0). Ois a null point
wr Acharge particle need not follow an ELOF.
wer Electric lines of force produced by static charges do not form close loop.
Ex.47 If number of electric lines of force from charge q are 10 then find out number of electric lines of
force from 2q charge.
Sol. No. of ELOF ~ charge
an
q io =N
‘So number of ELOF will be 20.
29.10 =20
a Ex.48 A solid metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field. Which of the lines A, B, Cand D
shows the correct representation of lines of force and why ?
@
D
Sol. (D)
The line (A) Is wrong as lines of force start or end normally on the surface of a conductor and here it
isnot so. Line (B) and (C) are wrong as lines of force does not exist inside a conductor and here itis
not so. Also lines of force are not normal to the surface of the conductor. Line (B) represents the
correct situation, as here line of force does not exist inside the conductor and start and end normally
on its surface.
Ex.49 A metallic slab is introduced between the two charged parallel plates as shown below. Sketch
the electric lines of force between the plates.
Sol. Keeping in mind that
(i) Electric lines of force start from positive charge and
end on negative charge.
(ii) Electric lines of force start and end normally on the
surface of a conductor.
(iil) Electric lines of force do not exist inside a conductor,
the lines of force are shown in the adjacent figure.
9. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
As shown in figure if a charge is shifted from a point A to B on a surface. M which Is perpendicular to
the direction of electric field, the work done in shifting will obviously, be zero as electric force is normal
to the direction of displacement.
‘As no work is done in moving from A to B, we can say that A and B are at same potetials or we can say
that all the points of surface M are at same potential or here we call surface M as equipotential
surface. Following figures show equipotential surfaces in the surrounding of point charge and a lang charged wire
Point charge
Spherical equipotential surfaces Linke iste
Cylindrical equipotential surfaces,
Every surface in electric field in which at every point direction of electric field is normal to the surface
can be regarded as equipotential surface.
Figure shows two equipotential surfaces in a uniform electric field €. If we wish to find the potential
difference between two points A and B shown in figure, we simply find the potential difference between
the two equipotential surfaces on which the points lie, given as
Vy = Ed
Mi Me Acoul/m
Figure shows. line charge with linear charge density 4.coul/m. Here we wish to find potential difference
between two points X and Y which lie on equipotential surfaces M, & M,. To find the potential
difference between these surfaces, we consider a point P at a distance x from wire as shown. The
electric field at point P is
Now the potential difference between surface M, and M, can be given as x50
Write down the Electric field in vector form ?
Sol. v,-vy=E % 0.1 x cos 30°
2=exo1x YB
2
Ex.51 Find out equipotential surface where potential is zero?
oe
(a0)
‘a
ka =0 ——
rca = Jecatayaat fiecahayraat
squaring both sides
—
Verae licapay ee
10. ELECTRICDIPOLE:
A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance is called electric dipole,
shown in figure. Every dipole has a characteristic property called dipole moment. It is defined as the
product of magnitude of either charge and the separation between the charges Is given as.
Bag
e—_;—_®
e “4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
positive pole. t
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
! @
Electric field due toa Dipole
(41) Atan axial point
Figure shows an electric dipole placed on x-axis at origin
ka
| (ar
“4 “4
4
2.0) (0)
— 1
feng
Here we wish to fing the electric field at point P having coordinates (7 0) (where r >> 2a). Due to
positive charge of dipole electric field at P is in outward direction & due to negative charge it isin
Inward direction.
kq kg. dkgar
Feat P= (oar Gray * (P-#F
we can neglect a w.nt. ¢
2kp
E.at P= F
[AS we can observe that for axial point direction of field isin direction of dipole moment
zNectorially, & =P
r ka
(2) Atan equatorial point. +e
‘Again we consider the dipole placed along the x-axis & we
wish to find, electric field at point P which is situated
equatorially at a distance r (where r >> 2a) from origin. «
Vertical component of the electric field vectors cancel out Era
each other, se
a Feat
E,,atP= 2E cose [where E= 35]
xq a 2
Be at P= Fa Tea Poe
2kaa ko
Feet “GE y a = GF aatp = (2.0) ° 0
(aay = Geary? (ASp=2aq) (-20) (20)
‘As we have already stated that r > > 2a
ko
E,ate=
We can observe that the direction of dipole moment & electric field due to dipole at P are in opposite
direction.
*: Vectorially
Bake. (b) Electric field at a general Point due toa dipole
Figure shows a electric dipole place on x-axis at origin &
‘we wish to find out the electric field at point P with
coordinate (r, 8)
E,,at
1 1
i / aKP cos: ke 1
1 { 508 1
1 et a penser} 1
1 1
1
kpsing
a
tana = 2kpcosd '
fe 1
1
tane
anu 1
a 2 1
1
i
(©) Electric potential due toa dipole.
1. Atan axial point i
1
1
fa (a0) . t
4 i 4 (r>> 2a)
~—:—_— !
1
' We wish to find out potential at P due to dipole (with p = 2aq) i
1 1
' Ve = Ao t
1 a (+a) t
2akq
Vee = SS 1
8)
1
kp 1
Vou = (AS P = 2aq)
2. Ata point on perpendicular bisector
‘At an equatorial point, electric potential due to dipole is always zero because potential due to +ve
charge is cancelled by -ve charge. (3) Potential due to dipole at a general Point
t 1
1 a 1
' , 1
t ® Psina 1
1 1
kpcose 1
Potential at P due to dipole = “PES
+ BASIC TORQUE CONCEPT
ixF
> If the net transational force on the body is zero then the torque of the forces may or may not be zero
but net torque of the forces about each point of universe is same
= Ifwehave to prove that a body is in equilibrium then first we will prove F,,. Is equal to zero & after that
we will show s,, about any point is equal to zero.
= _ Ifthe body is free to rotate then it will rotate about the axis passing through centre of mass & parallel
to torque vector direction & of the body is hinged then it will rotate about hinged axis,
14, DIPOLE IN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD :
Figure shows a dipole of dipole moment p placed at an angle 6 to the direction of electric field. Here the
charges of dipole experience forces qe in opposite direction as shown,
thus we can state that when a dipole is placed in 2 uniform electric field, net forces on the dipole is
zero. But as equal and opposite forces act with a separation in their line of action, they produce a
‘couple which tend to align the dipole along the direction of electric field. The torque due to this couple
can be given as
‘= Force x separation between lines of action of forces
ex dsine
= pesin
or vectorially we can write the torque on dipole is
t= Bxt ¢
{
{
| £x.52 Write down torque about A, B, C
Sol, «,=2F10
aie
Fi
FI@
> 14.2
14.1 Potential Energy of a Dipole in Uniform Electric Field
When a dipole in an electric field at an angle 0, the torque on it due to electric field is
sin®
In the figure shown, the torque is in clockwise direction. If we rotate the dipole in anticlockwise
direction from an angle 6, and 6, slowly, we have to apply an anticlockwise equal torque, then the
‘work done in process wil be given as
we Jaw = [9
e[- cos ole
= pe (cos®, - cose)
w, —Wcrcoce
Wareneron = ~ PE (C05 8, ~ COS 8,)
‘As we know that for conservative forces
W.D. = ~ aU
AU = pE (c0s0, - cos 6,)
Uy, -Us, = (-PE 050, ~pEc050,)
We can generalise that
~ pE cose
In vector notation we can write potential energy of dipole in electric field is
pe
[where potential energy at = 90° = 0]
Stable and Unstable equilibrium of a Dipole in Electric Field :
We've discussed that when a dipole in an electric field E, the potential energy of dipole can be given as
We also know that the net torque on a dipole in electric field can be given as
sin®
It shows that net torque on dipole in electric field is zero in two situations when 9 =o? and = 180° as
shown in figure We can see that when 9-9 as shown in figure(a) when torque on dipole is zero, the dipole is in
equilibrium. We can verify that here equilibrium is stable. If we slightly tilt the dipole from its equilibrium
Position in anticlockwise direction as shown by dotted position. The dipole experiences a clockwise
torque which tend the dipole to rotate back to its equilibrium position. This shows that at g =, dipole
is in stable equilibrium. We can also find the potential energy of dipole at 4=0, it can by given as
U=-pe (minimum)
Here at 9-0, potential energy of dipole in electric field is minimum which favours the position of stable
equilibrium,
Similarly when @ = 1808, net torque on dipole is zero and potential energy of dipole in this state is given
as
U=pe (maximum)
Thus at‘ = 180°, dipole is in unstable equilibrium. This can also be shown by figure(b). From
equilibrium position if dipole is slightly displaced In anticlockwise direction, we can see that torque on
dipole also acts in anticlockise direction away from equilirbium position. Thus here dipole is in unstable
equilibrium.
14.3 Angular SHM or Dipole
When a dipole is suspended in a uniform electric field, it will align itself parallel to the field.
Now ifitis given a small angular displacement # about its equilibrium, the (restoring) couple will be
pe sine
of, C= pE 8 [as sind = 6, for small 8]
‘This is standard equation of angular simple harmonic motion with time-period T|
will execute angular SHM with time-period
33)
i &x.53
Find out the angular frequency of the dipole when it crosses the mean position.
Sol. 0- PE cos 37° = S10?
At? =PE
2
2m? 2qlE [2ae
i i
11.4 Force on an Electric Dipole in Non-uniform Electric Field :
IF in a non-uniform electric field dipole is placed at a point where electric field is e, the interaction
energy of dipole at this point can be given as
U=-p.e
Now the force on dipole due to electric field can be given as
-au
For unidirectional variation in electric field, we have
d
ox
If dipole is placed in the direction of electric field, we have
de
ax
(B.)
Ex.54A water molecule is placed at a distance /from the line carrying linear charge density 2. Find the
maximum force exerted on the water molecule. The shape of water molecule and the partial
charges on H and 0 atoms. as shown in figure.
Sol. The figure can be resolved as combination of 2 dipoles. 3
Dipole moments of each p= ad.
Here that dipole moment of system is al
Pree = 29d 0s 8/2
Now 4
za 08
Faby
het ay 5 ae
For maximum force, the angle between P,,. and Gz is 0°
d (2kx)
x)
& Pras =2adeose /2
a
6
" = 2qdcos 22k:
sg adcos
=4Kadacosa/2
x i
4kqd2cos 9/2
| Fi
4Kqdi.cos 0/2
nay z [ Exercise -1 I
1. A point charge S0uC is located in the XY plane at
the point of position vector f, = 2i +3]. What is the
electric eld at the point of position vector ¢ = 81-5}
(A) 1200 v/m (B) 0.04 V/m (C) 900 V/m(D) 4500 v/m
Sol.
2. Apoint charge q is placed at origin. Let E,,f, and
2, be the electric field at three points A(1, 2, 3),
B(1, 1, ~1) and C(2, 2, 2) due to charge q. Then
(E,28, (PE I=4 IE c1
select the correct alternative
(A) only [i] is correct
(B) only [i] Is correct
(C) both [i] and [il] are correct
() both [i] and fi] are wrong
Sol.
3. Two Identical point charges are placed at a
separation of /.P is a point on the line joining the
charges, at a distance x from any one charge, The
field at P is E, E is plotted against x for values of x
from close to zero to slightly less than /. Which of the
following best represents the resulting curve ?
(Objective Problems) ]
Fy Ei
a) KS (8)
oe ° met
ef E
co ex (0) x
Sol.
4. A particle of mass m and charge Q is placed in an
electric field € which varies with time t ass E = E,
sinat. It will undergo simple harmonic motion of
amplitude
25 QE. [QE Oo
Ae BRS Cnr) me
Sol
5. Four charges are arranged at
the comers of a square ABCD, as
shown. The force an +ve charge
kept at the centre of the square
(A) zero
(B) along diagonal AC
(©) along diagonal 8D (D) perpendicular to the side AB 6. Two free positive charges 4q and q are a distance !
apart. What charge Q Is needed to achieve equilibrium
for the entire system and where should it be placed
form charge a ?
(A) Q= Sainegativeyat 4 (B) Q= S a(positive)at 4
9 3 8 3
(6) = a (postive) at £ (0) = a negate) at
sol
7.Six charges are placed at
the corner of a regular hexagon
as shown. If an electron Is
placed at its centre O, force
on it will be
(A) Zero (B) Along OF
(C) Along OC (D) None of these
8.A charged particle of charge q and mass m is
released from rest in an uniform electric field E.
Neglecting the effect of gravity, the kinetic energy of,
the charged particle after time 't' seconds is
ae
ma
Eqm
2P
E
ae @
Sol.
™
© )
9. Two identical positive charges are fixed on the y-
axis, at equal distances from the origin O. A particle
with a negative charge starts on the x-axis at a large
distance from 0, moves along the +x-axis, passes
through © and moves far away from O, Its acceleration,
a is taken as positive along its direction of motion.
‘The particle's acceleration a is plotted against its x-
coordinate, Which of the following best represents the
plot ?
Zt *
“ )
© = ©) = 10. Four equal positive charges are fixed at the
vertices of a square of side L. Z-axis is perpendicular
to the plane of the square. The point z = 0 is the
point where the diagonals of the square intersect each
other. The plot of electric field due to the four charges,
‘as one moves on the z-axis.
14. A nonconducting ring of radius R has uniformly
distributed positive charge Q. A small part of the ring,
of length d, Is removed (d<> x, the particle will
undergo oscillations along the axis of
symmetry with an angular frequency
that Is equal to =
[ae [aQx
A) aco? ©) YaregmR*
. 2g ax
13, The direction (0) of € at point (©) aregmR™ (2) aregma®
P due to uniformly charged finite rod
will be =
(A) at angle 30° from x-axis
(8) 48° from x-axis,
(C) 60° from x-axis
(D) none of these
Sol.
16. A charged particle having some mass is resting in
equilibrium ata height H above the centre of a uniformly
charged non-conducting horizontal ring of radius R.
The force of gravity acts downwards. The equilibrium,
of the particle will be stable -
(A) for all values of H (8) only fH > R/V2
(C)only if < R/ WZ (0) only if H = Ry V2 17. In space of horizontal EF(E = (mg)/a) exist as
shown In figure and a mass m attached at the end of
a light rod. If mass m is released from the position
shown in figure find the angular velocity of the rod
‘when it passes through the battom most position.
3]
(8) f
w ie © 7
Sol.
18. Find the force experienced by the semicircular rod
charged with a charge q, placed as shown in figure.
Radius of the wire is R and the infinitely long line of,
charge with linear density 2, Is passing through its,
centre and perpendicular to the plane of wire.
ag
“reg
ha
© eer
Awheel having mass m has charges +q and -q on
diametrically opposite points. It remains in equilibrium
on a rough inclined plane in the presence of uniform
vertical electric field E =
fe
“0
a
©
mgtane
2g
o@ o® (O)none Sol,
20. An equilateral triangle wire frame of side L having
3 point charges at its vertices is kept in x-y plane as,
shown. Component of electric field due to the
configuration in z direction at (0, 0, L) is [origin is
centroid of triangle]
a
ka
S39 GG) zero (¢) 289 (©) None | 22. The potential aference between points A and 8
BL BL in the given uniform electric field is :
= ir:
Nat |,
(A) £3 (B) Eyla? +b?) (C) ED (D) (Eb/ V2)
Sol.
a)
21. A simple pendulum has a
length ¢, mass of bob m. The bob
is given a charge q coulomb. The
pendulum issuspended ina uniform |~—————>E
horizontal electric field of strength
E as shown in figure, then ——}——*
calculate the time period of
oscillation when the bob is slightly
displace from its mean position is_§ —*"——> 23, An equipotential surface and a line of force
(A) never intersect each other (B) intersect at 45°
(C) intersect at 60° (D) intersect at 90°
Sol.
24, Which of the following is a volt ~
(A) Erg per cm (B) Joule per coulomb
(C)Ergperampere (D) Newton / (coulomb x m=)
Sol.
25. fin infinite nonconducting sheet of charge has a
surface charge density of 10? C/m®. The separation
between two equipotential surfaces near the sheet
whose potential differ by SV is
(A) 0.88 cm (B)0.88mm — (C) 0.88 m (0)5x 107m
Sol.
26. In a uniform electric field, the potential is 10 V at
the origin of coordinates, and 8V at each of the points
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). The potential at the
point (1, 1, 1) will be ~
wo (av
csv (o) 10
Sol,
27. Ina regular polygon of n sides, each corner is at a
distance r from the centre, Identical charges are
placed at (n ~ 1) corners. At the centre, the intensity
is E and the potential is V. The ratio V/E has magnitude.
rn (B)r (n= 1) (C)(n-1)/r (D) e(n-1)/n
Sol.
28. In a certain region of space, the potential is given
«sss? y2+ 22], The electric field at the point
(1,1,1) has magnitude =
(A kve — (B) 2kVe_ (0) aks
Sol.
(2k,
29. When the seperation between two charges is,
Increased, the electric potential energy of the charges,
(A) increases (8) decresaes
(©) remains the same
(D) may increase or decrease 30. When a negative charge is released and moves in
electric field, it moves toward a position of
(A) lower electric potential and lower potential energy
(B) lower electric potential and higher potential energy,
(C) higher electric potential and lower potential energy.
(D) higher electric potential and higher potential energy
Sol.
31, Four equal charges +9 are placed at four corners
of @ square with its centre of arigin and lying in yz
plane. The electrostatic potential energy of a fifth
charge +9 varies or x-axis as
w a
am AN @ SIN
" a
o KR =
32. Two identical thin rings, each of radius R meter
are coaxially placed at distance R meter apart. If Q,
‘and Q, coulomb are respectively the charges uniformly,
spread on the two rings, the work done in moving a
charge q from the centre of one ring to that of the
other is
(A) zero
(B) GQ, -Q2)(V2 - 1) (V2 Ane gh)
(C) a2 (Q, +0) / 4207
(D) 4 - Qa)(v2 +1) /(v24Re)
Sol.
‘33. Two positively charged particles X and ¥ are initially,
far away from each other and at rest. X begins to
move towards ¥ with some initial velocity. The total
‘momentum and energy of the system are pand E.
(A) IFY is fixed, both p and E are conserved
(B) IFY is fixed, E Is conserved, but nat p
(C) If both are free to move, p is conserved but not E
(D) If both are free, € Is conserved, but not p
Sol. 34, Two particles X and Y, of equal mass and with
unequal positive charges, are free to move and are
initially far away from each other. With ¥ at rest, x
begins to move towards it with initial velocity u. After
a long time, finally.
(A) X will stop, ¥ will move with velocity u
(8) X and ¥ will both move with velocities u/2 each
(C) X will stop, ¥ will move with velocity < u
(0) both will move with velocities