Notes

Assignments for chapter 4

Jian.Luo
jian.luo@nwpu.edu.cn

School of mechanical Engineering,

Northwestern Polytechnical University

November 15, 2017

Problem 1
Notes
The velocity components of an incompressible, two dimensional velocity
field are given by the equations,
u = y 2 − x2 − x
v = y(2x + 1)
Show that the flow is irrotational and satisfies conservation of mass.
Solution:
For the two dimensional flow,the vorticity is
 
∂v ∂u
Ωz = −
∂x ∂y
= 2y − 2y = 0
So the flow is irrotational.
The divergency of velocity is
∂u ∂v
∇·V = + = −2x − 1 + 2x + 1 = 0
∂x ∂y
So the conservation of mass is satisfied.
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Problem 2
Notes
It is known that the velocity distribution for two dimensional flow of
a viscous fluid between wide parallel plates is parabolic; that is,

u = U0 1 − (y/h)2

with v = 0.
Determine, if possible, the corresponding stream function.

Figure 1: The velocity profile is parabolic for a viscous fluid between wide parallel plates.

2 / 16

Problem 2
Notes
Solution:
To determine the stream function,let
∂ψ
= U0 1 − (y/h)2


u=
∂y
Integrate with respect to y, it yields
Z Z
dψ = U0 1 − (y/h)2 dy

y3
 
ψ = U0 y − 2 + f1 (x)
3h
Since v = 0, it gives ∂ψ/∂x = 0.
Integrate with respect to x, it yields
ψ = f2 (y)
In order to satisfy both expressions, the stream function is
y3
 
ψ = U0 y − 2 + C
3h
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Problem 3
Notes
A horizontal circular jet of air strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in
the figure below. The jet velocity is 40m/s and the jet diameter is 30mm.
If the air velocity magnitude remains constant as the air flows over the
plate surface in the directions shown. Neglect friction.
Determine:
(a) the magnitude of FA , the anchoring force required to hold the plate
stationary;
(b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in each of the two
directions shown.

Figure 2: An air jet strikes a stationary plate.

4 / 16

Problem 3
Notes

Solution:
The integral form of Euler’s equation,
Z I Z I
∂ρV
d∀ + VρV · ndA = ρf d∀ − pndA
cv ∂t cs cs cs
For the steady flow,
I I
VρV · ndA = − pndA
cs cs
I Z Z Z
VρV·ndA = Vj ρVj ·nj dA+ V3 ρV3 ·n3 dA+ V2 ρV2 ·n2 dA
cs AB BC ED
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Problem 3
Notes

Vj = −Vj nj , V3 = V3 n3 , V2 = V2 n2
so it gives,
I
VρV · ndA = ρVj2 Aj nj + ρV32 A3 n3 + ρV22 A2 n2
cs
The normal directions of surface are
nj = − cos 30o î + sin 30o ĵ, n2 = î, n3 = −î
The momentum flowrate across control surface gives
I
VρV·ndA = (−ρVj2 Aj cos 30o −ρV32 A3 +ρV22 A2 )î+(ρVj2 Aj sin 30o )ĵ
cs
6 / 16

Problem 3
Notes

For pressure integration, it gives

I Z Z
− pndA = − pa ndA − pndA
cs AB+BC+DE+EA CD

The resultant force due to the anchoring force and atmosphere pressure
equals the force acting on the air jet, i.e.,
Z Z
− pndA = FA − pa ndA
CD CD

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Problem 3
Notes

so,
I Z Z
− pndA = − pa ndA − pa ndA + FA
cs AB+BC+DE+EA CD

or I I
− pndA = − pa ndA + FA = FA = FA ĵ
cs CS

8 / 16

Problem 3
Notes

The Euler’s equation for a steady flow,

I I
VρV · ndA = − pndA
cs cs

Substitution gives

(−ρVj2 Aj cos 30o − ρV32 A3 + ρV22 A2 )î + (ρVj2 Aj sin 30o )ĵ = FA ĵ

In the y axis, we get

ρVj2 πDj2 sin 30o

FA = ρVj2 Aj sin 30o =
4
In the x axis, we get

−ρVj2 Aj cos 30o − ρV32 A3 + ρV22 A2 = 0

9 / 16
Problem 3
Notes

Apply the Bernoulli’s equation,

Vj = V3 = V2

so,

−ρVj2 Aj cos 30o − ρV32 A3 + ρV22 A2 = 0 ⇒ −Aj cos 30o − A3 + A2 = 0

From the continuity equation, we get

Vj2 Aj = V32 A3 + V22 A2

Combining above two equation, we get

Aj (1 − cos 30o )
A3 = = 0.067Aj , A2 = 0.933Aj
2

10 / 16

Problem 4
Notes

Water flows from a two-dimensional open channel and is diverted by an

inclined plate as illustrated in the figure below. When the velocity at
section (1) is 10m/s, what horizontal force (per unit width) is required
to hold the plate in position? At section (1) the pressure distribution is
hydrostatic, and the fluid acts as a free jet at section (2). Neglect friction.

11 / 16
Problem 4
Notes
Solution:
The Euler’s equation for a steady flow,
I I
VρV · ndA = − pndA
cs cs

For the momentum flowrate

I
VρV · ndA = ρV12 n1 + ρV22 n2
cs

where n1 = −î, n2 = sin 20o î − cos 20o ĵ.

The momentum flowrate gives
I
VρV · ndA = (−ρV12 h1 + ρV22 h2 sin 20o )î − (ρV22 h2 cos 20o )ĵ
cs

Form the conservation of mass, we get

V2 = V1 h1 /h2

12 / 16

Problem 4
Notes

For pressure integration, it gives

I Z Z
− pndA = − pndA − pndA
cs
Z AB Z BC
− pndA − pndA
CD DE
Z Z
− pndA − pndA
EF FA

The pressures on surfaces and normal directions of surfaces are,

pAB = pa + ρgh, n1 = −î; pBC = pa + ρgh1 , nBC = ĵ

pCD = pa , nCD ; pDE = pa , n2 = sin 20o î − cos 20o ĵ

pEF = pa + FA /AEF , nEF = cos 20o î + sin 20o ĵ; pAF = pa , nAF = ĵ

13 / 16
Problem 4
Notes
For pressure integration, it rewritten as
I I Z Z
− pndA = − pa ndA − ρgh(−î)dh − ρgh1 (ĵ)dA + FA
cs cs AB BC
2
ρgh
= î − ρgh1 ABC ĵ + FA
2
The Euler’s equation is expressed as
I I
VρV · ndA = − pndA
cs cs

ρgh21
(−ρV12 h1 +ρV22 h2 sin 20o )î−(ρV22 h2 cos 20o )ĵ = î−ρgh1 ABC ĵ+FA
2
In the x direction,
ρgh21
FAx = −ρV12 h1 + ρV22 h2 sin 20o −
2
Form the conservation of mass, we get V2 = V1 h1 /h2
ρV12 h21 ρgh21
FAx = −ρV12 h1 + sin 20o −
h2 2
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Problem 5
Notes

An incompressible, viscous fluid is placed between horizontal, infinite, par-

allel plates. The two plates move in opposite directions with constant
velocities, U1 and U2 , as shown. The pressure gradient in the x direction
is zero, and neglect the gravity. Use the Navier–Stokes equations to de-
rive an expression for the velocity distribution between the plates. Assume
laminar flow.

15 / 16
Problem 5
Notes
For the specific condition,
∂p ∂u
= 0, = 0, v = 0, w = 0
∂x ∂x
so the x component of momentum equation reduces to
∂2u
=0
∂y 2
Integrate twice of it,
u = C1 y + C2
For y = 0, u = U2 , we get
C2 = U2
For y = b, u = U1 , so that
U1 − U2
C1 =
b
Thus,
U1 − U2
u= y + U2
b
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Notes