The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive

metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water. Name: Sodium Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu Melting Point: 97.72 C (370.87 K, 207.9 F) Boiling Point: 883 C (1156 K, 1621 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 11 Number of Neutrons: 12 Classification: Alkali Metal Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 0.971 g/cm3 Color: silvery Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 1

Isotopes

Isotope Na-22 Na-23 Na-24

Half Life 2.6 years Stable 14.96 hours

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1807 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: soda (Na2CO3) Symbol Origin: From the Latin word natrium (sodium) Uses: medicine, agriculture Obtained From: table salts and other foods

Name: Potassium Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu Melting Point: 63.65 C (336.8 K, 146.57 F) Boiling Point: 774.0 C (1047.15 K, 1425.2 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 19 Number of Neutrons: 20 Classification: Alkali Metal Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 0.862 g/cm3 Color: silvery Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 8 5. Fourth Energy Level: 1
2.

Isotopes

Isotope K-39 K-40 K-41 K-42 K-43

Half Life Stable 1.28E9 years Stable 12.4 hours 22.3 hours

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1807 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: potash Symbol Origin: From the Latin word kalium Uses: glass, soap Obtained From: minerals (carnallite)

The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature. Name: Magnesium Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu Melting Point: 650.0 C (923.15 K, 1202.0 F) Boiling Point: 1107.0 C (1380.15 K, 2024.6 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 12 Number of Neutrons: 12 Classification: Alkaline Earth Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 1.738 g/cm3 Color: grayish Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 2

Isotopes

Isotope Mg-24 Mg-25 Mg-26 Mg-27 Mg-28

Half Life Stable Stable Stable 9.45 minutes 21.0 hours

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: Magnesia (City) Uses: airplanes, missiles

Obtained From: sea water Name: Calcium Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu Melting Point: 839.0 C (1112.15 K, 1542.2 F) Boiling Point: 1484.0 C (1757.15 K, 2703.2 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 20 Number of Neutrons: 20 Classification: Alkaline Earth Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 1.55 g/cm3 Color: Silvery Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 8 5. Fourth Energy Level: 2
2.

Isotopes

Isotope Ca-40 Ca-41 Ca-42 Ca-43 Ca-44 Ca-45 Ca-46 Ca-47 Ca-48 Ca-49

Half Life Stable 103000.0 years Stable Stable Stable 162.7 days Stable 4.5 days Stable 8.7 minutes

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: From the latin word calcis (lime) Uses: life forms for bones and shells Obtained From: chalk, limestone, marble. 3.5% of crust Name: Barium Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Mass: 137.327 amu Melting Point: 725.0 C (998.15 K, 1337.0 F) Boiling Point: 1140.0 C (1413.15 K, 2084.0 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 56 Number of Neutrons: 81 Classification: Alkaline Earth Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 3.51 g/cm3 Color: Silver Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 6

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 18 5. Fourth Energy Level: 18 6. Fifth Energy Level: 8 7. Sixth Energy Level: 2
2.

Isotopes

Isotope Ba-130 Ba-131 Ba-132 Ba-133 Ba-133m Ba-134 Ba-135 Ba-135m Ba-136

Half Life Stable 11.7 days Stable 10.5 years 1.6 days Stable Stable 1.2 days Stable

Ba-137 Ba-137m Ba-138 Ba-139 Ba-140 Ba-141 Ba-142

Stable 2.6 minutes Stable 1.4 hours 12.8 days 18.3 minutes 10.7 minutes

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: From the Greek word barys (heavy) Uses: Medical applications, among others Obtained From: barytine, whiterite The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field. Name: Iron Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Mass: 55.845 amu Melting Point: 1535.0 C (1808.15 K, 2795.0 F) Boiling Point: 2750.0 C (3023.15 K, 4982.0 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 26 Number of Neutrons: 30 Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 7.86 g/cm3 Color: Silvery Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 14 5. Fourth Energy Level: 2
2.

Isotopes

Isotope Fe-52 Fe-54 Fe-55 Fe-56 Fe-57 Fe-58 Fe-59 Fe-60

Half Life 8.3 hours Stable 2.7 years Stable Stable Stable 54.5 days 1500000.0 years

Facts

Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients Discoverer: Unknown Name Origin: Latin Symbol Origin: From the Latin word ferrum (iron) Uses: steel, hemoglobin (carries oxygen in blood) Obtained From: iron ores Name: Zinc Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Mass: 65.39 amu Melting Point: 419.58 C (692.73 K, 787.24396 F) Boiling Point: 907.0 C (1180.15 K, 1664.6 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 30 Number of Neutrons: 35 Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 7.133 g/cm3 Color: bluish Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 4

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 18 5. Fourth Energy Level: 2
2.

Isotopes

Isotope Zn-62 Zn-63 Zn-64 Zn-65 Zn-66 Zn-67 Zn-68 Zn-69m Zn-70 Zn-72

Half Life 9.26 hours 38.5 minutes Stable 243.8 days Stable Stable Stable 13.76 hours Stable 46.5 hours

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1746 Discoverer: Andreas Marggraf Name Origin: From the German word zin (meaning tin) Uses: metal coating, rust protection, brass, bronze, nickel Obtained From: zinc blende, calamine

The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, 4, and -3.

Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu Melting Point: 660.37 C (933.52 K, 1220.666 F) Boiling Point: 2467.0 C (2740.15 K, 4472.6 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 13 Number of Neutrons: 14 Classification: Other Metals Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 2.702 g/cm3 Color: Silver British Spelling: Aluminium IUPAC Spelling: Aluminium Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 3

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 3

Isotopes

Isotope Al-26 Al-27 Al-28

Half Life 730000.0 years Stable 2.3 minutes

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1825 Discoverer: Hans Christian Oersted Name Origin: From the Latin word alumen Uses: airplanes, soda cans Obtained From: bauxite Name: Lead Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Mass: 207.2 amu Melting Point: 327.5 C (600.65 K, 621.5 F) Boiling Point: 1740.0 C (2013.15 K, 3164.0 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 82 Number of Neutrons: 125 Classification: Other Metals Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 11.34 g/cm3 Color: bluish Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 6

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 8 4. Third Energy Level: 18 5. Fourth Energy Level: 32 6. Fifth Energy Level: 18 7. Sixth Energy Level: 4
2.

Isotopes

Isotope Pb-202 Pb-203 Pb-204 Pb-204m Pb-205 Pb-206 Pb-207

Half Life 53000.0 years 2.16 days Stable 1.12 hours 1.5E7 years Stable Stable

Pb-208 Pb-209 Pb-210 Pb-211 Pb-212 Pb-214

Stable 3.25 hours 22.3 years 36.1 minutes 10.64 hours 27.0 minutes

Facts

Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients Discoverer: Unknown Name Origin: From the Greek word protos (first) Symbol Origin: From the Latin word plumbum (lead) Uses: solder and shielding against radiation, batteries Obtained From: galena

Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators Name: Boron Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu Melting Point: 2300.0 C (2573.15 K, 4172.0 F) Boiling Point: 2550.0 C (2823.15 K, 4622.0 F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 5 Number of Neutrons: 6 Classification: Metalloid Crystal Structure: Rhombohedral Density @ 293 K: 2.34 g/cm3 Color: brownish Atomic Structure

Number of Energy Levels: 2

First Energy Level: 2 3. Second Energy Level: 3

Isotopes

Isotope B-10 B-11

Half Life Stable Stable

Facts

Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphry Davy, J.L Gay-Lussac Name Origin: From borax and carbon Uses: heat resistant alloys Obtained From: kernite