Mr.

M Raj Kumar
Dean of Academics
Department of Pharmaceutics
HOW TO START GPAT PREPARATION
 HOW TO START GPAT PREPARATION

PROCESS INVOVLED IN GPAT PREPARTION

Unit operations involved in GPAT preparations
1. Fixing the Aim
2. Attending GPAT Classes
3. Understanding the Concepts
4. Preparation
5. Assessing yourself
6. Clearing your doubts
7. Application of what you learn
8. Getting result
The combination of unit operation is called process which gives you the
product (result)If your process is validated time to time by assessments
and rectify your mistakes than finally you will get a good and useful
product.
PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS
DONT FEAR ABOUT MATHAMATICS

ADDITIONS

SUBSTRACTIONS

MULTIPLICATIONS

DIVISIONS
Two systems of Weights and Measures
The imperial system The metric system
Avoirdupois Apothecaries
system system Kilogram(Kg) is the standard

Pound(Lb) is Grain(gr) is
the standard the standard
CONTENTS
REDUCING & ENLARGING
CALCULATIONS
PERCENTAGE CALCULATIONS

ALLIGATION METHOD

ISOTONICITY CALCULATIONS
PEDIATRIC DOSE CALCULATIONS

PROOF SPRIT CALCULATIONS

 REDUCING & ENLARGING CALCULATIONS
The pharmacist is often required to reduce or enlarge a formula
Example for reducing calculations:
What quantities should be used to prepare 100g of paste from the fallowing formula
Rx Total parts of ingredients in the formulation
= 6+1+2+200 = 209 Parts
Mineral oil - 6 parts Need to prepare for 100g than
Nystatin powder- 1 part Mineral oil – 6 parts in 209 parts
x g in 100 grams
Hydrocortisone powder- 2parts x=6/209*100 = 2.87g of mineral oil in 100g of paste
Zinc oxide Ointment - 200 parts Nystatin– 1 parts in 209 parts
x g in 100 grams
Formula for 100g x=1/209*100 = 0.48g of Nystatin in 100g of paste
Mineral oil - 02.87g Hydrocortisone powder– 2 parts in 209 parts
Nystatin powder- 00.48g x g in 100 grams
x= 2/209*100 = 0.96g of Nystatin in 100gof paste
Hydrocortisone powder- 00.96g Zinc oxide ointment – 200 parts in 209 parts
Zinc oxide Ointment - 95.69g x g in 100 grams
x= 200/209*100 = 95.69g of Nystatin in 100g of
paste
 REDUCING & ENLARGING CALCULATIONS
Example for Enlarging calculations:
What quantities should be used to prepare 300g of paste from the fallowing formula
Rx Total parts of ingredients in the formulation
Mineral oil - 6 parts = 6+1+2+200 = 209 Parts
Nystatin powder- 1 part Need to prepare for 300g than
Hydrocortisone powder- 2parts Mineral oil – 6 parts in 209 parts
x g in 300 grams
Zinc oxide Ointment - 200 parts x=6/209*300 = 8.61g of mineral oil in 300g of paste
Nystatin– 1 parts in 209 parts
Formula for 300g x g in 300 grams
Mineral oil - 008.61g x=1/209*300 = 1.44g of Nystatin in 300g of paste
Nystatin powder- 001.44g Hydrocortisone powder– 2 parts in 209 parts
x g in 300 grams
Hydrocortisone powder- 002.87g x= 2/209*300 = 2.87g of Nystatin in 100g of paste
Zinc oxide Ointment - 287.08g Zinc oxide ointment – 200 parts in 209 parts
x g in 300 grams
x= 200/209*300 = 287.08g of Nystatin in 300g of
paste
 PERCENTAGE CALCULATIONS

% W/V (Percentage Weight in Volume)

% V/V (Percentage Volume in Volume)

% V/W (Percentage Volume in Weight )

% W/W (Percentage Weight in Weight)

 Preparation of 1% Solution

Preparation of 1% W/V Solution in Imperial system

1 gr solid in solvent to produce 110 minim
4.375 gr solid in solvent to produce 1 fluid ounce
35 gr solid in solvent to produce 1 fluid ounce

Preparation of 1% Solution in Metric system

1g solid in solvent to produce 100ml -1% w/v
1g solid in solvent to produce 100g -1% w/w
1ml solid in solvent to produce 100ml -1% v/v
1ml solid in solvent to produce 100g -1% v/w
 % W/V (Percentage Weight in Volume)
Example for percentage calculations:
Calculate the quantity of sodium chloride required to prepare 400ml of a 0.9% solution

Calculation
1g in 100ml-1%
1g with solvent to produce 100ml makes 1%
w/v solution 0.9 g in 100ml -x
1 × 0.9 g with solvent to produce 100ml
makes 0.9% w/v solution 1g -1%
(0.9 × 400)/100 g with solvent to produce 0.9 g -x
400ml makes 0.9% w/v of solution X = (1 × 0.9)/1
(0.9 × 400)/100 g = 0.9%
=3.6 g
Hence 3.6g of sodium chloride is dissolved in
water to produce 400ml makes 0.9% w/v
solution
 % V/V (Percentage Volume in Volume)
Example for percentage calculations:
Prepare 600ml of 60% alcohol from 95% alcohol

Calculation
Volume of 95% alcohol to be taken
= Volume required × Percentage required
Percentage used
Volume Required = 600 ml
Percentage required = 95%
Percentage used = 60 %
Than
= (600 × 60)/95
= 379 ml
 % W/W (Percentage Weight in Weight)
Example for percentage calculations:
How many grams of drug substance should be used to prepare 240g of a 5% w/w
solution in water

Calculation
Drug substance to be taken
= weight required × Percentage required
Percentage used
Volume Required = 240 g
Percentage required = 5%
Percentage used = 100 %
Than
= (240 × 5)/100
= 12g
 ALLIGATION METHOD
When the calculation involves mixing of two similar preparations of different
strength to produce a preparation of intermediate strength, the allegation method
is used

Stronger Percentage Weaker Percentage

Required percentage

Required percentage - weaker Stronger Percentage - Required

Percentage percentage
 ALLIGATION METHOD
When the calculation involves mixing of two similar preparations of different
strength to produce a preparation of intermediate strength, the allegation method
is used

MODEL 1 – Preparation from 1 concentration and water

MODEL 2 – Preparation from 2 concentration

MODEL 3 – Preparation from 3 concentration

MODEL 4 – Preparation from 4 concentration

 ALLIGATION METHOD-MODEL 1
Calculate the volume of 95% alcohol required to prepare 600ml of
70percent alcohol

95 0 Stronger percentage = 95 %
Weaker percentage = 0 %
Required percentage = 70 %
Required volume = 600ml
70
No of parts of 95% alcohol = 25 parts
No of parts of water = 70 parts
70- 0 = 95- 70 = Total parts = 25+70 = 95 parts
70 parts 25 parts Amount of Alcohol should be taken from 95%
= (70×600)/95 = 442.10ml
Amount of Water should be taken
= (25×600)/95 = 157.90ml
 ALLIGATION METHOD-MODEL 2
How many grams of 2.5 % hydrocortisone cream should be mixed with
360g of 0.25% cream to take a 1% hydrocortisone cream ?

2.5 0.25 Stronger percentage = 2.5 %

Weaker percentage = 0.25 %
Required percentage = 1 %
Required volume = 360g
1
No of parts of 2.5% cream = 0.75 parts
No of parts of 0.25% cream = 1.5 parts
1- 0.25 = 2.5- 1 = Total parts = 0.75+1.5 =2.25 parts
0.75 parts 1.5 parts Cream should take from 2.5%
= (0.75×360)/2.25 = 120 g
Cream should take from 0.25%
= (1.5×360)/2.25 = 240 g
 ALLIGATION METHOD-MODEL 3
Calculate the proportion of 15%, 8%, 3% alcohol required to make 6%
of alcohol 500ml

6-3= Stronger percentage = 15%

15
3 parts Stronger percentage = 8 %
Weaker percentage = 3 %
Required percentage = 6%
8 6 3 parts Required volume = 500ml
No of parts of 15% alcohol = 3 parts
15-6= 9 No of parts of 8% alcohol = 3 parts
3 9+2=11 No of parts of 3 % alcohol = 11 parts
parts Total parts = 3+3+11 = 17 parts
Amount of Alcohol should be taken from 15%
& 8% alcohol = (3×500)/17 = 88.24ml
Amount of Alcohol should be taken from 3% =
(11×500)/17 = 323.52ml
 ALLIGATION METHOD-MODEL 4
Calculate the amount of 70%, 60%, 40%, and 30% should be mixed to get
50% alcohol of 500ml.

Required percentage = 50%

Required volume = 500ml
70 20 Parts
No of parts of 70% & 30% alcohol = 20 parts
No of parts of 60% & 40% alcohol = 10 parts
60 10 Parts
50 Total parts = 20+10+10+20 = 60 parts
Amount of Alcohol should be taken from 70% &
40 10 Parts
30% alcohol = (20×500)/60 = 166.67ml
Amount of Alcohol should be taken from 60% &
30 20 Parts 40% = (10×500)/60 = 83.33ml
Total = 166.67ml + 166.67ml+ 83.33ml+83.33ml
= 500ml
 ISOTONICITY CALCULATIONS
Isotonicity pertains to the state of being isotonic, or having equal tension or
tonicity. At the cellular level, isotonicity may pertain to a property of a solution in
which its solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration of another
solution with which it is compared.
Freezing point depression or cryoscopic method

Molecular concentration method

Sodium chloride equivalent method

White Vincet method

Freezing point depression or cryoscopic method

% of adjusting substance needed = (0.52-PSM*a)/b

PSM= Percentage strength of medicament

a= freezing point of unadjusted solution
b= freezing point of 1% w/v of adjusting solution
Molecular concentration method

% of adjusting substance needed = 0.03 M/N

M = Gram Molecular weight
N = No of ions into which the substance is ionized
Sodium chloride equivalent method

% of adjusting substance needed = 0.9-PSM*E

PSM= Percentage strength of medicament

E= Sodium chloride equivalent
(quantity of Nacl i.e equivalent to 1 g of drug )

White Vincet method

V=W × E × 111.1
V= Volume of isotonic solution in ml that can be
prepared by dissolving drug in water
W= Weight of the drug
E= Sodium chloride equivalent
 Freezing point depression or cryoscopic method
% of adjusting substance needed = (0.52-PSM*a)/b
PSM= Percentage strength of medicament
a= freezing point of unadjusted solution
b= freezing point of 1% w/v of adjusting solution

Find out the concentration of sodium chloride required to make a

1 percent solution of boric acid, isotonic with blood plasma
Given: The freezing point of 1%w/v solution of boric acid is -288° C
The freezing point of 1%w/v solution of Sodium chloride is -0.576° C
Apply formula
= (0.52 – 0.288 × 1)/0.576
= 0.403% w/v
 Molecular concentration method

% of adjusting substance needed = 0.03 M/N

M = Gram Molecular weight
N = No of ions into which the substance is
ionized

Find the proportion of dextrose needed to form a solution isotonic

with blood plasma
Molecular weight of dextrose =180
Dextrose is nonionising substance (N=1)
Than 0.03 ×180/1
= 5.4g/100ml
 Sodium chloride equivalent method

Calculate the gram of sodium chloride needed to make 30 ml of a 2%

isotonic physostigmine salicilate solution using sodium chloride
method.
E value of physostigmine salicilate = 0.16
PSM =2.0 %
Volume of preparation required = 30 ml
For equation PSM = 0.9 – (PSM E of medicament)
= 0.9 – (2 × 0.16) = 0.9 - 0.32 = 0.58 %
The above strength is valid for 100 ml since is expressed in percent. It should be
prepared from 30 ml of solution For 100 ml of solution, sodium chloride required =
0.58
For 30 ml of solution, sodium chloride required =?
30 × 0.58/100 = 17.4/100 =0.174 g of sodium chloride