engiGUIDELINES FOR COURSE FILE

1. Course Files should be strictly according to given guidelines.

2. It should be neat & clean.

3. Everyone has to prepare their course file separately (may be they are taking

same subject as other).

4. If any teacher is taking same subject for last 03 years. He/she has to prepare

different course file of the same subject every year.

5. Everyone needs to plan 8-10 tutorials in their subject. Tutorial should be of

one period and should consist of analytical or case study based question.

Tutorial exam should be open book and notes and should be pre-declared.

Questions in each tutorial may be 1-3 (depending on the size of reply).

6. Everyone needs to plan 05 unit test in their subject.

7. Course files should be separately maintained for laboratory.

8. Lecture plan and course plan should be properly made mentioning the place

of tutorial, unit test, assignment, mid sem etc.

Executive Director TGI

TIEIT | TCST | TIP | TISC

TRUBA Institute of Engineering & Information

technology Bhopal

COURSE FILE
OF

Faculty Name: Prof Prachi Parashar

Subject: Analog Communication

Subject Code: EC-403

Academic Year: Feb-May2023

Semester: IV

Designation: Asst. Prof.

 Electronics and Communication Engineering

CONTENTS
1. Cover Page & Content
2. Vision of the Institute and the Department
3. Mission of the Institute and the Department
4. PEOs and POs
5. Course objectives & course outcomes (COs)
6. Mapping of COs with POs
7. Academic calendar
8. Course Syllabus and GATE Syllabus
9. Time Table
10. Student List
11. Lecture Plan and Course Plan
12. Assignment Sheets
13. Tutorial Sheets
14. Mid-Sem Question Papers
15. Old End Semester Exam (Final exam) Question Papers (last 03 years)
16. Question Bank
17. Power Point Presentations
18. Lecture Notes
19. Reference Materials
20. Content beyond syllabus
21. Research articles relevant to subject (to provide the students about latest
development in the subject)
22. Results
23. Result Analysis
24. Quality Measurement Sheets (Attainment)
a. Course End Survey
b. Teaching Evaluation
 Vision of the Institute

To make TRUBA one of the “Leading Lights” of Technology in India.

Vision of the Department

To create Engineers Par Excellence, provide the industry with creative and innovative
performers.

Mission of the Institute

To Create World Class National and Global Technical Man Power.

Mission of the Department

Creating a strong research environment for students and training them to become expert
contributors in E&C field.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO 1. Engineering knowledge-Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

PO 2. Problem analysis-Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO 3. Design/development of solutions-Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PO 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems-Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO 5. Modern tool usage Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO 6. The engineer and society Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO 7. Environment and sustainability-Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.

PO 8. Ethics-Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities

and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9. Individual and team work-Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10. Communication- Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with

the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.

PO 11. Project management and finance-Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12. Life-long learning-Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Course objectives & course outcomes
(COs)

CO 1. Understood the frequency domain representation of signals.

CO 2. Able to do analyze amplitude modulation technique

CO 3. Able to understand frequency modulation

CO 4. Design of transmitter and receiver

CO 5. Classification of noise and how can overcome of it

 Mapping of COs with POs

Mapping of CO and PO
CO’S CO’S Statement P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P06 P07 P08 P09 P10 P11 P12

Understood the 3 3 - - 1 1 - - 1 3 3 3
frequency domain
representation of
CO1 signals.

Able to do analyze 3 3 3 2 - 1 - - 2 3 2 3
amplitude
modulation
CO2 technique

Able to 3 3 1 1 1 1 - - 2 3 2 3
understand
frequency
CO3 modulation

Design of 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - 2 3 3 3
transmitter and
CO4
receiver

CO5 Classification of 3 3 2 2 1 1 - - 2 2 3 3
noise and how can
overcome of it
Academic calendar
 Course Syllabus and GATE Syllabus

Unit-1
Frequency domain representation of signal: Fourier transform and its properties, condition of
existence, Fourier transform of impulse, step,signum , cosine, sine, gate pulse, constant,
properties of impulse function. Convolution theorem (time & frequency), correlation(auto &
cross), energy & power spectral density
Unit-2
Introduction: Overview of Communication system, Communication channels Need for
modulation, Baseband and Pass band signals, Amplitude Modulation: Double side band with
Carrier (DSB-C), Double side band without Carrier, Single Side Band Modulation, DSB-SC, DSB-C,
SSB-SC,Generation of AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC & its detection,Vestigial Side Band (VSB).
Unit-3
Types of angle modulation, narrowband FM,wideband FM, its frequency spectrum, transmission
BW, methods of generation (Direct & Indirect), detection of FM (discriminators: balanced, phase
shift and PLL detector),pre emphasis and de-emphasis. FM transmitter & receiver: Block diagram
ofFM transmitter& receiver, AGC, AVC, AFC,
Unit-4
AM transmitter& receiver: Tuned radio receiver &super heterodyne, limitation of TRF, IF
frequency, image signal rejection, selectivity, sensitivity and fidelity ,Noise in AM, FM
Unit-5
Noise: Classification of noise, Sources of noise, Noise figure and Noise temperature, Noise
bandwidth, Noise figure measurement, Noise in analog modulation, Figure of merit for various
AM andFM, effect of noise on AM &FM receivers.
REFERENCES
1. Simon Haykins, Communication System, John Willy
2. Singh &Sapre, Communication System, TMH
3. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and analog communication system; TMH
4. Singhal, analog and Digital communication, TMH
5. Rao, Analog communication, TMH
6. P K Ghose, principal of communication of analog and digital, universities press.
7Taub& shilling, Communication System, TMH
8. Hsu; Analog and digital communication(Schaum); TMH
9. Proakis fundamental of communication system. (Pearson edition).
List of Experiments: 1. To analyze characteristics of AM modulator & Demodulators. 2. To
analyze characteristics of FM modulators& Demodulators. 3. To analyze characteristics of super
heterodyne receivers. 4. To analyze characteristics of FM receivers. 5. To construct and verify pre
emphasis and de-emphasis and plot the wave forms. 6. To analyze characteristics of Automatic
volume control and Automatic frequency control. 7. To construct frequency multiplier circuit and
to observe the waveform. 8. To design and analyze characteristics of FM modulatorand AM
Demodulator using PLL.

Time Table
 TIME 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10:00- 10:45- 11:30- 12:15- 1:30- 02:15- 03:00- 03:45-

DAY
10:45 11:00 12:15 1:00 02:15 03:00 03:45 4:30

MONDAY AC AC

TUESDAY AC
L
U
WEDNESDA AC
N
Y
C
THUSDAY
H

FRIDAY AC

SATURDAY

Student List
 Lecture Plan and Course Plan
Institute Name TRUBA institute of Engineering & Information
Technology Bhopal
Program Name B.Tech.
Course Code EC 403
Course Name Analog Communication
L-T-P 2-1-2
Course Coordinator Name Prof. Prachi parashar

LECTURE PLAN

Date on which
Lecture
Topics the Lecture
Number
was taken
Introduction 1
Frequency domain representation of signals 2
Fourier Transform 3
Properties of fourier transform 4
Condition of existence of fourier transform 5
Fourier transform of impulse, step,signum,
6
cosine,sine,gate pulse,constant signal
Properties of impulse function 7
Convolution theorem(time and frequency) 8
Correlation(auto and cross) 9
Energy and power spectral density 10
Introduction 11
Overview of communication system 12
Need of modulation 13
baseband and pass band signals 14
Amlitude modulation 15
Amlitude modulation DSB-C 16
DSB-SC 17
SSB-C 18
SSB-SC 19
VSB-SC and its detection 20
Generation of AM 21
Detection of AM 22
Numerical 23
Conceptual theory 24
Difference between dsb-c and dsb-sc 25
Difference between ssb-c and ssb-sc 25
Introduction 26
Types of angle modulation 27
Narrowband fm, Wide band fm 30
Its frequency spectrum, Transmission bw, Methods
31
of generation(Direct method, Indirect method)
Detection of fm 32
Pre emphasis and de emphasis 33
FM TX and RX 34
Block diagram of FM TX and RX 35
Difference between AM and FM 36
AGC,AVC,AFC 37
Introduction 38
AM TX 39
AM RX 40
Tuned radio RX 41
Super heterodyne RX 42
Limitation of TRF, IF frequency 43
Image signal rejection 44
Selectivity 45
Sensitivity and fidelity 46
Noise in AM and FM 47
Introduction 48
Noise: Classification of noise 49
Sourse of noise, noise figure and noise temperature 50
Noise bandwidth,noise figure measurement 51
Noise in anlog modulationFigure of merits for
52
various AM and FM
Effect of noise on AM receivers 53
Effect of noise on FM receivers 54
Numerical 55

COURSE PLAN

Web Links For Text Book/ Page

Lecture video lectures Reference number
Numbe Topics Book/Other s of
r reading Text
material Book(s
Introduction to Frequency R-1 1-20
1 domain representation of
signals
Unit 1
Frequency domain R-1 27-65
2
representation of signals
R-1 69-104
3 Fourier Transform
Properties of fourier R-1 133-137
4
transform
Condition of existence of R-1 138-142
5
fourier transform
Fourier transform of R-1 142-150
impulse, step,signum,
6
cosine,sine,gate
pulse,constant signal
Properties of impulse R-2 80
7
function
Convolution theorem(time R-2 82
8
and frequency)
R-2 87
9 Correlation(auto and cross)
Energy and power spectral R-2 88
10
density
Unit-2 Compl
Overview of R-1 663-683
11
communication system
R-1 433-494
12 Need of modulation
 baseband and pass band R-1 433-494
13
signals
R-1 283-28
14 Amlitude modulation
Amlitude modulation DSB- R-1 290
15
C
R-1 318
16 DSB-SC
R-1 324-326
17 SSB-C
R-1 328-329
18 SSB-SC
R-1 345
19 VSB-SC and its detection
R-1 346
20 Generation of AM
R-2 182
21 Detection of AM
R-2 25
22 Numerical
R-2 26
23 Conceptual theory
Difference between dsb-c R-1 701
24
and dsb-sc
Difference between ssb-c R-2 135
25
and ssb-sc
R-2 136
25 Numerical
Unit 3 Classif
Resona
R-1 549-602
26 Introduction
R-1 697,

27 AM TX 515,-
521
R-2 214-216
30 AM RX
R-1 619-637
31 Tuned radio RX
R-2 297-305
32 Super heterodyne RX
Limitation of TRF, IF R-2 221
33
frequency
R-1 739-805
34 Image signal rejection
 R-1 883-939
35 Selectivity
R-1 833-939
36 Sensitivity and fidelity
R-1 811-816
37 Noise in AM and FM
Unit 4
R-2 70
38 Introduction
R-1 385-424
39 AM TX
R-2 669-689
40 AM RX
R-2 669
41 Tuned radio RX
R-2 669
42 Super heterodyne RX
Limitation of TRF, IF R-2 669
43
frequency
R-2 669
44 Image signal rejection
R-1 424
45 Selectivity
R-2
46 Sensitivity and fidelity
R-2
47 Noise in AM and FM
R-1 424
48 Numerical
Unit-5 Nyquis
R-2 771-779
49 Introduction
Noise: Classification of R-2 771-779
50
noise
Sourse of noise, noise R-2 771-779
51 figure and noise
temperature
Noise bandwidth,noise R-2 771-779
52
figure measurement
Noise in anlog R-2 771-779
53 modulationFigure of merits
for various AM and FM
Effect of noise on AM R-2 771-779
54
receivers
 Effect of noise on FM R-2 771-779
55
receivers

REFERENCES
R1. Simon Haykins, Communication System, John Willy
R 2. Singh &Sapre, Communication System, TMH
R3. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and analog communication system; TMH
R4. Singhal, analog and Digital communication, TMH
R5. Rao, Analog communication, TMH
R6. P K Ghose, principal of communication of analog and digital, universities press.
R7Taub& shilling, Communication System, TMH
R8. Hsu; Analog and digital communication(Schaum); TMH
R 9. Proakis fundamental of communication system. (Pearson edition).
 Assignment Sheets
Assignment 1
1. The first five points of the eight point DFT of a real-valued sequence are {0.25,
0.125−j0.3018, 0, 0.125−j0.0518, 0}. Determine the remaining three points.

2. Compute the eight-point circular convolution for the following sequence x1(n) = {1,
1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0} x2(n) = sin 3π 8 n; 0 ≤ n ≤ 7

3. Let X(k), 0 ≤ k ≤ N−1, be the N-point DFT of the sequence x(n), 0 ≤ n ≤ N−1 we
define Xe(k)=( X(k), 0 ≤ k ≤ kc, N−kc ≤ k ≤ N−1 0, kc < k < N−kc and we compute
the inverse N-point DFT of Xe(k) , 0 ≤ k ≤ N−1. What is the effect of this process on
the sequence. Explain.

4. Determine the circular convolution of the sequences x1(n) = {1, 2, 3, 1}, x2(n) = {4,
3, 2, 2} using the time-domine formula.

5. Consider a finite duration sequence x(n) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

(a) Sketch the sequence s(n) with six-point DFT S(k) = w ∗ 2 X(k) k=0, 1,.....6
(b) Sketch the sequence y(n) with six-point DFT Y(k) = Re |X(k)|
(c) Sketch the sequence v(n) with six-point DFT V(k) = Im|X(k)|

Assignment 2
6. Consider the sequences x1(n) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, x2(n) = {0, 1, 0, 0, 0},x3(n) = {1, 0, 0, 0, 0} and their 5
point DFT. (a) Determine a sequence y(n) so that Y(k) =X1(k) X2(k) (b) Is there a sequence x3(n) such
that S(k) =X1(k) X3(k)
7. Determine the eight-point DFT of the signal x(n)={1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 } and sketch its magnitude
and phase.
8. Let x(n) be an N-point real sequence with N-point DFT X(k)[N even]. In addition , x(n) satisfies the
following symmetry property. x n+ N 2 = −x(n); n = 0, 1, 2.... N 2 −1 (a) Show that X(k)=0; k= even .
(b) Show that the values of this odd harmonic spectrum can be computed by equating the N/2 point
DFT of a complex modulated version of the original sequence x(n). 10
9. (a) Determine the Fourier Transform X(ω) of the signal x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0} ↑
(b) Compute the 6-point DFT V(k) of the signal v(n)={3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2} (c) Is there any relation between
x(n) and v(n).
10. Suppose we have two-point sequence x(n) and h(n) as follows. x(n) = cosπn 2 ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3 h(n)
=2 n ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3 (a) Calculate the 4-point DFT of x(n) and h(n) (b) Also calculate the convolution
directly and using Inverse DFT.

Tutorial Sheets

Tutorial 1

Short and Medium Answers

1. Differentiate between a static system and a dynamic system.

2. Draw the basic block diagram of a DSP system. Give two advantages of digital signal
processing over analog signal processing.
3. What are energy and power signals? Give examples for each.
4. Define a causal system. Determine the given system is causal or non-casual y(n)=x(-n+2).
5. Give the general form of difference equation of an Nth order linear time invariant (LTI)
discrete time system. Define natural response and forced response.
6. Evaluate the step response for the LTI system represented by the following impulse
response. h(n) = δ(n)−δ(n−1)
7. Define a stable system. Determine the range of ‘a’ for which the system is stable when the
given impulse response of a system is h(k)=a k u(k).
8. Define a linear system. Show that the discrete time system described by the input-output
relationship y(n)=nx(n) is linear?
9. Determine if a discrete time signal described by the input output relation y(n)= x(n)coswn
is time invariant.
10. Determine whether the system described by the input-output equation y(n)=y(n-1)+x(n)
is a BIBO stable?
 Tutorial 2

Short and Medium Answers

1. What is the basic difference between the Fourier series representations for continuous
time and discrete-time periodic signals?
2. What is the relationship between Fourier series coefficients of a periodic sequence and
DFT.
3. An input sequence x(n)={2,1,0,1,2} is applied to a DSP system having an impulse sequence
h(n)={5,3,2,1}. Determine the output sequence produced by linear convolution.
4. Given two sequences of length N=4 defined by x1 (n)={1,2,2,1} and x2 (n)={2,1,1,2},
determine the output sequence produced by circular convolution.
5. Give the number of multiplications and additions required for computation of N-point
DFT by expressional method and FFT method respectively. Calculate the same for a
sequence of length N=1024.
6. Distinguish between linear an
d circular convolution of two sequences.
7. State time reversal property and circular time shift property of DFT.
8. Calculate the 4-point DFT of a sequence x(n)={1,1,0,0}.
9. Differentiate between DIT and DIF algorithm used to compute DFT of a sequence.
10. What is zero padding? Mention its importance in signal processing.

Tutorial 3

Short and Medium Answers

1. Given X(Z)= Z (Z2−5Z+6) , Sketch the region of convergence (ROC) if the sequence x(n) is a
two sided sequence.
2. Determine the Z-transform and region of convergence (ROC) of the signal x(n)=[3(2n)-
(3n)]u(n).
3. Define ROC with respect to Z-transform. Mention the properties of region of
convergence.
4. Determine Z-transform and ROC of the finite-duration signal x(n)={1,2,5,7,0,1}
5. Calculate the unit sample response of the system described by the following difference
equation y(n)=0.5y(n-1)+2x(n).
6. With reference to Z-transform, state the initial and final value theorem.
7. State the scaling and time reversal properties of Z-transform. Also give the details of
corresponding ROC.
8. Calculate the Z-transform of even and odd components of a signal.
9. Define system function. Calculate the system function of a system described by the
equation y(n)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+2y(n-1)-y(n-2)
10. What are the different types of realizations available? List out the basic building blocks
of realization structures. e)Define Multiplexer and applications of multiplexer?

Tutorial 4

Short and Medium Answers

1. What are the properties of butterworth filter? Give the equation for the order ‘N’ of
butterworth filter.
2. Name the different types of window functions that are used to design FIR filters. Which
window has the smallest ripple i.e. peak amplitude of sidelobes.
3. How phase distortions and delay distortions are introduced in filter characteristics?
4. Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of IIR filters other than low
pass filter?
5. What is meant by frequency warping? What is the cause of this effect?
6. Under what conditions a finite duration sequence h(n) will yield constant group delay in
its frequency response characteristics and not the phase delay?
7. List out the applications for which the symmetrical impulse response can be used?
8. List out few advantages and disadvantages of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters.
9. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable?
10. What is a Kaiser window? In what way is it superior to other window functions?
 Tutorial 5

Short and Medium Answers

1. Define down sampling. What is the spectrum of a signal down sampled by a factor 2 if the
spectrum of a sequence x(n) is X(e jw).
2. What is the purpose of using an anti-aliasing filter prior to down sampling?
3. What is the purpose of using an anti-imaging filter after up sampling a signal?
4. What is meant by multirate signal processing? Give some applications where multirate signal
processing is used.
5. What is the condition to be satisfied to avoid aliasing in down sampling? If the Z-transform of a
sequence x(n) is X(z) then what is the z-transform of a sequence down sampled by a factor M?
6. Give the characteristics of interpolator. If x(n)={1,4,6,8,10}, then what is the output when it is up
sampled by a factor of L=3.
7. Define up sampling. If x(n)={1,2,3,4,5,1,3,7,2,3}, then what is the output when it is down sampled
by a factor of M=3.
8. State the first noble identity to obtain an efficient filter structure for decimation. Draw the block
diagram representation of decimation using a polyphase filter and a commutator.
9. State the second noble identity to obtain an efficient filter structure for interpolation. Draw the
block diagram representation of implementing an interpolation system by a factor of M=3 using a
polyphase structure making use of the second identity.
10. Draw the block diagram representations of multistage implementation of decimation by a factor
of ‘D’ and interpolation by a factor of ‘I’ respectively.
Mid-Sem Question Papers
Old End Semester Exam (Final exam) Question Papers (last 03 years)
Power Point Presentations
Lecture Notes
Reference Materials
Content beyond syllabus
Results
Result Analysis
Quality Measurement Sheets (Attainment)
1. Course End Survey

2. Teaching Evaluation