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Impedance Relays

Impedance relays monitor the impedance between the relay location and a fault. They operate if the impedance falls within the relay setting. The basic construction is a balanced beam relay, where the torque on the beam from the operating coil must overcome the torque from the restraining coil for the contacts to close. Offset impedance relays, also known as Mho relays, have a characteristic circle that is offset from the center on an X-Y graph. Resistance and reactance relays have straight line operating characteristics. Distance relays provide multi-zone protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and operating instantaneously, zone 2 reaching the adjacent line with a time delay, and zone 3

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210 views7 pages

Impedance Relays

Impedance relays monitor the impedance between the relay location and a fault. They operate if the impedance falls within the relay setting. The basic construction is a balanced beam relay, where the torque on the beam from the operating coil must overcome the torque from the restraining coil for the contacts to close. Offset impedance relays, also known as Mho relays, have a characteristic circle that is offset from the center on an X-Y graph. Resistance and reactance relays have straight line operating characteristics. Distance relays provide multi-zone protection, with zone 1 reaching 80-90% of the line and operating instantaneously, zone 2 reaching the adjacent line with a time delay, and zone 3

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IMPEDANCE RELAYS 

   NEMA number 21

Impedance relays are used whenever overcurrent relays do not provide adequate
protection. They function even if the short circuit current is relatively low. The speed of
operation is independent of current magnitude.

Impedance relays monitor the impedance between the relay location and the fault. If the
impedance falls within the relay setting, the relay will operate. The basic construction for
impedance relays on which the principle of operation is easily explained is the balanced
beam.

Figure: Principle of Impedance Relay

The relay consists of a balanced beam. At each end of the balanced beam is a coil that
exerts a force on the beam at that end. One coil is connected to a current from a current
transformer, the other coil is connected to a potential transformer. The voltage coil
functions as a restraining coil, the current coil functions as an operating coil. Under
normal conditions, the contact of the relay is kept open. During a fault, the voltage drops,
and the current rises. The torque due to the current coil overpowers the torque due to the
voltage coil, and the relay closes its contact.

The torque caused by the current through the current coil is

where Ki is a constant of proportionality that depends on the relay construction

The torque caused by the voltage coil is

where Kv is a constant of proportionality that depends on the relay


construction

When the torques are balanced,


The ratio of voltage and current is the impedance the relay detects at the point of its
connection.

To close its contacts,

The contacts will close anytime the impedance the relay sees is less than a preset value

given by

This can be represented on an impedance graph X vs R

Figure: Operating Diagram of an Impedance Relay

This type of impedance relay is not directional. It will detect a fault in any direction. If it is used, it is used
together with a directional relay that eliminates  half of its characteristic.

Figure: Operating Diagram of an Impedance Relay with a Directional Unit

 
OFFSET IMPEDANCE RELAY 

Offset impedance relay is also known under names ADMITTANCE RELAY or MHO
RELAY

Phasor Diagram

             

The torque of the watt element is

where Kw is a constant of proportionality that depends on the


relay construction

The torque caused by the voltage coil is

where Kv is a constant of proportionality that depends on the relay


construction

Relay operates if
The phase angle  depends on impedance Zs . Zs can be chosen so that  = 0. Also, both
voltage coils are connected to the same voltage V. ( )

It follows that

Similarly as for the impedance relay, this impedance can be represented by an X vs R


graph. This time the circle is offset from the center.

Figure: Operating Diagram for an Offset Impedance Relay with Characteristic Angle equal to 0

If impedance Zs is chosen so that   0, the circle shifts:

Figure: Operating Diagram for an Offset Impedance Relay with Characteristic Angle Different from
0

For impedance relays detecting short circuits on transmission lines, impedance Zs is


chosen so that  is the same as the impedance angle of the line. This relay will detect a
fault in only one direction.

RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE RELAYS


 

The torque of the watt element is

where Kw is a constant of proportionality that depends on the relay construction

The torque caused by the current coil is

where Ki is a constant of proportionality that depends on the relay construction

Relay operates if

The phase angle  depends on impedance Zs . Zs can be chosen so that  = 0. Also, both
current coils are connected to the same current I.

It follows that

The operating characteristic of this relay is a straight line


Figure: Operating Diagram for a Resistance Relay

Figure: Operating Diagram for a Reactance Relay

All distance relays are connected to the power system through instrument transformers.
The relay monitors the impedance in secondary ohms. Secondary ohms are related to the
primary ohms by the equation

where CTR is the current transformer ratio

PTR is the potential transformer ratio

Zones of Protection

In general, distance protection includes three steps of protection, with each step reaching
a fixed preset distance and operating in a preset time.
Zone 1 reaches 80 - 90% of the protected line. The tripping is instantaneous.

Zone 2 extends beyond the protected line up to about 50% of the adjacent line. The
tripping has a time delay, usually set to a value between 0.3 s to 0.5 s.

Zone 3 covers the protected line, the adjacent line, and up to 25% of the line next to the
adjacent line. Tripping is delayed between 0.6 s to 1.0 s.

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